How Did Bram Stoker Die?

Journal of Dracula Studies Volume 10 2008 Article 1 2008 The Devil and Daniel Farson: How Did Bram Stoker Die? Dick Collins Follow this and additional works at: https://research.library.kutztown.edu/dracula-studies Recommended Citation Collins, Dick (2008) "The Devil and Daniel Farson: How Did Bram Stoker Die?," Journal of Dracula Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 1. Available at: https://research.library.kutztown.edu/dracula-studies/vol10/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Commons at Kutztown University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Dracula Studies by an authorized editor of Research Commons at Kutztown University. For more information, please contact [email protected],. The Devil and Daniel Farson: How Did Bram Stoker Die? Cover Page Footnote A graduate of Cambridge (Trinity), Dr. Collins has produced editions of two Penny Dreadfuls (The String of Pearls and Wagner the Were-wolf) with a third (The Necromancer) forthcoming. Retired, he lives in County Cork, Ireland This article is available in Journal of Dracula Studies: https://research.library.kutztown.edu/dracula-studies/vol10/ iss1/1 The Devil and Daniel Farson: How Did Bram Stoker Die? Dick Collins [A graduate of Cambridge (Trinity), Dr. Collins has produced editions of two Penny Dreadfuls (The String of Pearls and Wagner the Were-wolf) with a third (The Necromancer) forthcoming. Retired, he lives in County Cork, Ireland.] This article does not claim to show definitively how Bram Stoker died. Its rather more modest aim is to analyze his death certificate, collate the data it offers with other known facts, and come to a reasonable hypothesis as to what actually killed him. A slightly more risky aim is to apply what we learn to the “mystery” illness he claimed to suffer from as a child, and see if any reasonable ideas emerge as to its nature. I emphasize the word “reasonable,” not as the opposite of “unreasonable,” but of “certain.” Any conclusions this article reaches are possible, but I make no claim that they are true. Stoker’s Medical History What is surprising is how little of this there is. Apart from a mystery childhood malady, (unnamed and unknown) and gout, there is no report that Stoker had any significant illness in his life before his first stroke in 1905, when he was 58. As a student at Trinity he excelled as an athlete. Doubtless he had the normal run of measles and chickenpox when young, and the inescapable colds and flu of adult life, but the overwhelming picture, painted by all, is of a strong, hearty, athletic man, with a gargantuan appetite for work. There are no reports of accidents or injuries. Family history yields nothing. Abraham Stoker senior died at the age of 77, his mother Charlotte when she was 83. If either of them carried a hereditary medical condition, it was not one that shortened life. None of his siblings is reported to have suffered from anything that might have been hereditary – and since three became doctors, they would have been well placed to spot it if they had. Noel Stoker, his only child, was born and grew up healthy; his wife Florence died at 78, 28 years after Bram. Stoker’s Death Certificate Bram Stoker died on Saturday 20 April 1912, at 26 St. George’s Square, Pimlico. Dr. James Browne, who was either called in or was already present, certified that death had occurred. On Monday 22 April (the earliest available day, of course) Stoker’s son Noel went along to the Registrar and gave the necessary information. The certificate states that he was present at the death, as it always says of every informant; since Noel was living nearby, at 5 Fernshaw Mansions, it may have been true. He signs his name as “N. Thornley Stoker.” Dr. Browne’s explanation clearly satisfied the Registrar, who issued a death certificate straight away: there was no thought of referring it to the Coroner’s Office. The information given is mostly uncontroversial. The causes of death are written clearly: Locomotor Ataxy 6 months Granular Contracted Kidney. Exhaustion Certified by James Browne M.D. This death certificate shows most of the sins of the genre, and one or two of the virtues. No specific condition is mentioned, such as typhoid, neither is any general area of illness, such as heart or kidney disease. But it is far more informative than some, and it seems quite straightforward, raising no real problems of interpretation. “The devil is in the details,” as the saying goes, and here the very devil rears his horned head in those first two words: Locomotor ataxy. They have become the basis of one of the most popular and sensational explanations of Stoker’s death: that he had tertiary syphilis. The Devil and Daniel Farson Daniel Farson’s biography, Bram Stoker: The Man Who Wrote Dracula, first appeared in 1975. Much of it consists of précis and quotation from Stoker’s Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving (1906), together with lengthy expositions of his novels and short stories. There is also (as might be expected) a great deal on vampirism in general, and Vlad the Impaler in particular. Though Farson was the grandson of Bram’s brother, Thomas, his biography contains little that is new from family sources; what there is, is sometimes confusing. What sort of interpreter of fact is Farson? He is definitely not a man to damp down his speculations, or to underplay his conclusions. He finds the devil in everything. Typical of the book is the following: The more I learn of Bram the more schizophrenic he appears. Prepared to use his fists, he “knocked down two ruffians and dragged them to the nearest police station,” when they tried to rob him as he returned to his hotel after a lecture to Edinburgh University; ready to risk his life, he jumped into the Thames from a passing boat when he saw a man drowning; but he was no less afraid to champion Walt Whitman when his Selected Poems were attacked by William Michael Rossetti in 1868 and were attacked as morally offensive. (19) A diagnosis of schizophrenia seems premature on the basis of such behavior, and we may struggle to see any contradiction at all between these events. Perhaps Farson sees a dichotomy between being a manly man and admiring a homosexual writer? If so, we needn’t take much notice. From Farson’s biography, there emerges a picture of Stoker as a man of great physical strength, and with a highly developed sense of honor. Girt about with both qualities, he would have both the ability and the inclination to jump in and save the day (quite literally, in the second case), and also to stand up for someone who was being attacked, as he saw it, wrongly. Bram’s madness is not yet proven. Farson provides another anecdote, this time quoting his own late mother: [S]he told me often how eccentric he was and how he took her to a royal procession, probably the Coronation of George Vth, when she would have been thirteen. Bram relished such occasions and went with Florence to 1 Stratton Street on 22 June 1897, as the guests of Mr and the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, to watch Queen Victoria go by on that “never to be forgotten day” of her Silver Jubilee [sic]. “He was rather dotty,” said my mother. “How dotty?” “Well, really very dotty. He had Bright’s Disease, you know. I remember how his behaviour startled the crowd, when he handed out oranges from a large paper bag.” (232) Dotty indeed! Clearly Farson’s memory is at fault, if he cannot remember the occasion: I am sure Mrs. Farson would not have forgotten a Coronation.1 The “never to be forgotten day” of Victoria’s Silver Jubilee was in 1862, not 1897, and its celebration was muted, due to the Queen’s devastating loss the year before – Prince Albert had died in 1861. The year 1897 marked her Diamond Jubilee, and the day was celebrated with near-ecstatic behavior throughout the Empire. On the whole, handing out oranges from a sack (if it was this day – Farson is not clear) does not seem demented, or even particularly excessive. The crowd may well have been pleased, rather than startled. In any case, though Bright’s Disease, as a catch-all term for kidney conditions (see below), has many symptoms, a compulsion to hand out oranges is not one of them. On a day of universal celebration, Bram Stoker handed out oranges to the crowd. It was probably good nature, or good advertising for Irving’s company. And good advertising for Stoker, too, and his new book.2 The rest of Farson’s theory must be judged in accordance with his handling of the above. He states as a fact that “Bram died of tertiary syphilis” (233). A fair rule is that, in biography, any statement can be made, and every statement must be backed up. Farson duly quotes the death certificate, about which he consulted a doctor. He goes on as follows: 1 The Coronation of King George V took place on 22 June 1911. 2 Assuming this happened in 1897, not 1911. My doctor was astonished that Dr Browne had not used a customary subterfuge, such as “specific disease.” “Locomotor ataxia” is the equivalent of Tabes Dorsalis and General Paresis, better known as GPI – General Paralysis of the Insane. (233) Farson begins well, though not entirely accurately. “Locomotor ataxy” is an old term for “tabes dorsalis,” which may be caused by syphilis.

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