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Plesiomonas Shigelloides: an Opportunistic Food and Waterborne Pathogen1

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Plesiomonas Shigelloides: an Opportunistic Food and Waterborne Pathogen1 449 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 48, No. 5, Pages 449-457 (May 1985) Copyright® International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians Plesiomonas shigelloides: An Opportunistic Food and Waterborne Pathogen1 MARY L. MILLER and JOHN A. KOBURGER* Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/48/5/449/1651472/0362-028x-48_5_449.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 (Received for publication October 5, 1984) ABSTRACT TABLE 1. Comparison of the family Enterobacteriaceae with Plesiomonas. Plesiomonas shigelloides is an oxidase-positive, gram-nega­ Enterobac­ tive rod that has been implicated as an agent of human gas­ teriaceae Plesiomonas troenteritis for almost 40 years. Reports of gastroenteritis as­ Catalase + + sociated with Plesiomonas have been increasing in recent years, Nitrate reduction + + although inadequacies in isolation techniques and recognition Glucose (acid) + + procedures have undoubtedly resulted in the underreporting of Lactose (acid) va v this organism in the past. Existing information indicates that Oxidase — + P. shigelloides, while mainly an aquatic species, is widely dis­ Flagella peritrichous lophotrichous tributed in the environment. Recent outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of oysters contaminated with P. "Variable reaction. shigelloides have resulted in an increased awareness of this or­ ganism by public health officials. tive Services, Tallahassee, FL). These outbreaks exhi­ bited the classical symptoms of a gram-negative mediated infection including diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea. This paper reviews the more pertinent literature dealing Plesiomonas shigelloides is a facultatively anaerobic, with the ecology of P. shigelloides and its significance gram-negative, nonsporeforming rod that has been impli­ as a food and waterborne pathogen. cated as the causative agent in food and waterborne out­ breaks of gastroenteritis (29,43,56). It is also of consider­ HISTORY, TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE able clinical importance as the etiological agent of many opportunistic infections (16,54,62). P. shigelloides, a P. shigelloides was first isolated in 1947 by Ferguson member of the family Vibrionaceae, can easily be mis- and Henderson from a fecal specimen of a patient whose identified as a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae clinical history was not available (19). The organism, if an oxidase test is not conducted (Table 1), which prob­ given the strain designation C27, produced Shigella-hke ably accounts for the common failure of many laborato­ reactions on MacConkey agar and Triple Sugar Iron agar ries to recognize it upon isolation from enteric culture slants and possessed the major heat stable somatic antigen media. of Shigella sonnei phase 1. Unlike S. sonnei, C27 was Although most commonly known in the literature as motile, produced indole and did not ferment mannitol. Aeromonas shigelloides, P. shigelloides was first named It was suggested by Ferguson and Henderson (19) that Paracolon C27 in 1947 (19) and received its approved this organism was related to the family Enterobac­ name in 1962 (23). While it is usually considered to be teriaceae. of aquatic origin (10,56,68), it has been isolated from In 1954, Schmid and coworkers (47) studied the numerous mammals, birds and reptiles (3,5,28,53,64). biochemical activity of the C27 strains of paracolon or­ During the spring of 1983, there were reports in ganisms and proposed the existence of four biotypes Florida of gastroenteritis linked to consumption of oysters based on fermentation of dulcitol, salicin and lactose. contaminated with P. shigelloides (Outbreak of shellfish Only 12 isolates were used, but they came from a wide associated gastroenteritis. Dept. of Health and Rehabilita- variety of sources including a man in the Belgian Congo, diarrhetic children, a sheep, goat, cow, and polecat in Ceylon. All of these isolates had the same somatic anti­ gen of S. sonnei phase 1, but they differed in their flagel­ Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 5895 lar antigens, yielding 2 distinct groups. JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION, VOL. 48, MAY 1985 450 MILLER AND KOBURGER Bader, in 1954 (4), studying a C27 strain isolated from the genus Aeromonas as a new species shigelloides based a dog with enteritis, proposed that the C27 organisms be on fermentation of sugars, positive cytochrome oxidase moved to the genus Pseudomonas with the species name test and flagellar morphology. These works included of shigelloides. He stressed that these organisms could biochemical and antigenic characterization of 71 strains not be members of the Enterobacteriaceae, which are of C27 organisms and again recognized the antigenic peritrichously flagellated if motile, because the C27 heterogeneity of this bacterial group. Although this strains possess lophotrichous flagella. The species name nomenclature was changed in 1962 by Habs and Schubert shigelloides was justified by its biochemical and antigenic (23), the designation Aeromonas shigelloides has per­ resemblance with S. sonnei. sisted in the literature until the last few years. Cowan, in 1956 (11), proposed that paracolon C27 and The new genus with only one type species, P. shigel­ S. sonnei might be put in the genus Esherichia, species loides, was proposed by Habs and Schubert in 1962 (23). sonnei. This suggestion was not considered seriously be­ They concluded that the C27 strains should not be in­ cause the organism could not be a member of the En­ cluded in the genus Aeromonas mainly due to their lack terobacteriaceae, and there were many biochemical differ­ of exoenzyme production. Aeromonas species are strong Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/48/5/449/1651472/0362-028x-48_5_449.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 ences between these organisms and S. sonnei. producers of lipases, diastases and proteinases. The name To this time all the C27 isolates studied had shared Plesiomonas (plesio-neighbor; monas-to Aeromonas) does the major somatic antigen with S. sonnei phase 1, but indicate that these organisms are related to Aeromonas in 1959 Sakazaki et al. (44), comparing 21 isolates with and belong in the same family (Table 2). the original C27 strain from Ferguson and Henderson, Like Habs and Schubert, Sebald and Veron in 1963 found that only 9 of the 21 cultures tested possessed that (51) also proposed a new genus with one type species, somatic antigen. He concluded that the organisms posses­ Fergusonia shigelloides, for the C27 strains in honor of sing the S. sonnei O antigen are only a part of the soma­ Ferguson. The new genus designation was based mainly tic sub-groups within this bacterial group. Sakazaki and on the guanine-cytosine ratio of the DNA of Aeromonas, Namioka (44) agreed with Bader that these organisms be­ Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Spirillum, Vibro and C27. long in the genus Pseudomonas but disagreed with the They concluded that the G + C ratio was so different from species name of shigelloides because only a part of the the other organisms tested that the C27 strains should be group share the O antigen with S. sonnei. Sakazaki and placed in a separate genus. Namioka (44) proposed the name Pseudomonas michigani Eddy and Carpenter, in 1964 (15), confirmed the name because the organism was first isolated by Ferguson and P. shigelloides because it was validly published before Henderson in Michigan. the name proposed by Sebald and Veron (51). Their Ewing and Johnson in 1960 (18) and Ewing et al. in study, based on an Adansonian analysis of a large 1961 (17) proposed that the C27 organisms be placed in number of C27 and Aeromonas strains, indicated that the C27 organisms belonged in a separate genus from Aeromonas. The authors had intended to propose the name Scatomonas for this genus and did suggest that the TABLE 2. Distinguishing characteristics of members of the specific epithet michigani suggested by Sakazaki et al. family Vibrionaceae. (44) might have been more appropriate by the same Aeromonas Vibrio Plesiomonas reasoning as Sakazaki gave, but concluded that there was Oxidase + + + no valid reason within the Bacteriological Code of Lysine - + + Nomenclature for changing the species name shigelloides. Mannitol + + - Inositol - + Hendrie et al, in 1971 (24), agreed that P. shigelloides 0/129 Ra Sb S should be included in the family Vibrionaceae which in­ Gelatinase + + - cludes Vibro and Aeromonas and separate from the fam­ ily Spirillaceae, but Hendrie et al. (24) also stated that aResistant. b these organisms should be classified in the genus Vibrio Sensitive. as Vibrio shigelloides. They refuted some of the G + C ratio work done by Eddy and Carpenter (15), and argued TABLE 3. Plesiomonas shigelloides; historical review of its that these organisms could not be excluded from the nomenclature." genus Vibrio based on biochemical or morphological Authors Year Name characteristics. According to Vandepitte et al. (60), this position is in contradiction with the definition of the C27 Ferguson and Henderson 1947 genus Vibrio (44); therefore, the validly published, legiti­ Cowan 1956 Escherichia Bader 1954 Pseudomonas shigelloides mate name of P. shigelloides still stands. Sakazaki et al. 1959 Pseudomonas michigani Table 3, excerpted from Vandepitte et al. (60), shows Ewing and Johnson 1960 Aeromonas shigelloides the changing nomenclature of P. shigelloides. Habs and Schubert 1962 Plesiomonas shigelloides MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL
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