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Cockatoo Island Has a Long and Illustrious History Dating Back to the Time of First Settlement, Playing a Significant Role in the Development of Sydney and the Nation

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Cockatoo Island Has a Long and Illustrious History Dating Back to the Time of First Settlement, Playing a Significant Role in the Development of Sydney and the Nation SUMMER SEMESTER TOP EDUCATION INSTITUTE 2017 COCKATOO ISLAND STUDENT FIELD TRIP OUR HISTORY Cockatoo Island has a long and illustrious history dating back to the time of first settlement, playing a significant role in the development of Sydney and the nation. The following is a brief timeline covering key events. Pre 1788: Frequented by sulphur-crested cockatoos, the island’s first visitors were most likely the Eora people, the Aboriginal people of Sydney’s coastal region. They called the island Waremah. It would have been a great base to fish from for them, in their bark canoes made from the red gum forests that once covered the island hill. 1839-1850: In 1839 the Governor of the colony of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, chose Cockatoo Island as the site of a new penal establishment to alle- viate overcrowding on Norfolk Island. Convicts were put to work building prison barracks, a military guardhouse and official residences. 1850-1870: The Fitzroy Dock and a workshop are built by prisoners to service Royal Navy and other ships. 1870-1880: Prisoners relocate to Darlinghurst Gaol and the island is used for an Industrial School for Girls and a reformatory. The ship, Vernon, is anchored nearby to train wayward and orphaned boys. 1880-1900: Shipbuilding and repair activities expand steadily and Sutherland Dock is completed. The island reverts back to a gaol from 1888-1908 due to overcrowding elsewhere. 1900-1930: Cockatoo Island becomes the Commonwealth Naval Dockyard in 1913 and Australia builds its first steel warship on the island. 1930-1945: The island becomes the major shipbuilding and dockyard facility for the South West Pacific in WWII following the fall of Singapore. 1945-1965: Additional buildings are constructed for shipbuilding and repair. The refit of T-Class submarines occurs and the Navy destroyers, HMAS Voyager and HMAS Vampire, are built. 1965-1992: The island’s work includes service and refit of Oberon Class subma- rines and construction ofHMAS Success. The dockyard closes in 1992, machin- ery is sold off, and about 40 buildings and several wharves are demolished. 2 2001-present: Cockatoo Island lays dormant for a decade until the Sydney Har- bour Federation Trust assumes control of the island and embarks on major res- toration works. After extensive remediation works, Cockatoo Island was opened to the public in 2007. The Harbour Trust continues to actively rehabilitate the island. 2010: Cockatoo Island, together with 10 other historic convict sites in Australia, is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. 3 CONVICTS Cockatoo Island was largely undisturbed until 1839 when Governer Gipps chose it for the site of a new penal establishment to alleviate overcrowding on Norfolk Island. Convicts were put to work initially quarrying stone for various projects around the colony. They also built stone prison barracks, a military guardhouse, granary silos, official residences and commenced work in 1847 on the Fitzroy Dock which took ten years to complete, all now part of the island’s heritage. Escape from Cockatoo Island was rare, not least because few prisoners could swim. Supposedly shark-infested waters around the island also tested the resolve of those bent on escape. But amongst the few that did, Frederick Ward managed it. In 1856 Fred Ward was sentenced to seven years on Cockatoo Island for stealing horses. In September 1863 Mary Bugg, his devoted part-Aboriginal wife, took the risk and swam to the island and left him the tools he needed to break free. Two nights later Ward and his mate Fred Britten made a swim for it. Britten drowned, but Mary was right there on the shore waiting for Fred Ward, along with a fast, white steed, right beside where the Dawn Fraser Pool is now. Fred and Mary got away, and galloped off into the sunrise. As the bushranger Thunderbolt, Ward menaced northern New South Wales until shot by police at Uralla in 1870. The prisoner’s accommodation was appalling. In 1869 the settlement was closed and the prisoners transferred to Darlinghurst Gaol, which marked the close of the island’s convict period. The prison complex on Cockatoo Island was soon put to other uses; an industrial school for girls and a separate reformatory. In 1888, the girls moved to Parramatta and the old penal settlement reverted to a goal to ease the crowded conditions at Darlinghurst Gaol. When the prison finally closed in 1908, it marked the end of an era. In 2010 Cockatoo Island, together with 10 other historic convict sites in Australia, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. 4 5 REFORM SCHOOL Globally, the nineteenth century saw rapid change and social upheaval. These changes also affected the young colonies of Australia. The cities of New South Wales were fast growing and with that came the problems associated with urban life such as poverty and overcrowding. In addition many men had left for the Victorian Gold Rush, leaving their families behind and without support. By the mid-nineteenth century there was a serious problem with orphaned children and juvenile delinquents who roamed Sydney in street gangs. In 1866 the legislative assembly of New South Wales brought two acts to pass to attempt to deal with these problems: An Act to establish Juvenile Reformatories and an Act for the relief of Destitute Children (The Industrial Schools Act) it was followed by the Reformatory Schools Act in 1869. Newcastle Industrial School for Girls was one institution set up to deal with wayward girls. It was renowned for terrible conditions, an inconvenient location and frequent rioting. In 1871 the girls from Newcastle were moved to Cockatoo Island to live in the prison that had been vacated in 1869. In an attempt to provide psychological distance from the notorious prison years the institution was renamed Biloela, an Aboriginal word for Black Cockatoo. The institution was split into two parts: the Biloela Public Industrial School for Girls and The Biloela Reformatory. The reformatory was for girls who had broken the law while the industrial school was intended to operate more like an orphanage. However, these girls mixed together which meant that girls who had been neglected or orphaned were housed with petty criminals; all of them living in the dire conditions of the convict cells. In 1871 a school ship for boys, The Vernon, was docked off the Island. The ship housed neglected boys and was intended to teach them nautical skills. Although both run from the Island the two institutions had different management and vastly different ideologies. The school ship was run under strict standards by benevolent and thorough masters who had faith in the possibility of reform, the boys learnt nautical skills such as vegetable gardening, compass, lead line, sail drill, reefing and rowing as well as such as shoe-making and school lessons. Yet girls were treated as hopeless cases, trained for domestic service jobs and were left without occupation or amusement and sometimes in squalid conditions. 6 7 Parramatta Wharf (Currently being upgraded) Cockatoo Island BBQ Northern Apron Park North Campground Northern Eastern Stair Apron Slipways Historic Residence Tunnel Precinct a Dog-Leg Tunnel Ship Design Precinct Tunnel Convict Precinct Industrial Precinct Southern Tunnel Stair Dog-Leg Powerhouse Tunnel Area Sutherland Dock Fitzroy Dock TICKETS Docks Precinct Camber Wharf Rivercat Service Ferry to Woolwich, to Rydalmere Greenwich, Birchgrove, Balmain Legend and Circular Quay S ET CK TI Lookout BBQ BBQs Visitor Centre Ferry Tickets PLEASE NOTE: Did you know we Café Emergency Tennis Court Conference Centre Cockatoo Island is a former are self-funded? Assembly Point industrial site. There are occasional Donations to the Harbour Toilets Stairs Kayak Area Accommodation unmarked and uneven surfaces, voids, trip hazards, cliffs and steep Trust go directly towards Accessible Toilets Tunnel Basketball Court Campground drops. There are also a number preserving and enhancing of construction activities and the our heritage sites across Camber Wharf Access Through Tunnels Parramatta Wharf (Sydney Ferries) Chess (Currently being upgraded) presence of vehicles. To ensure you Sydney Harbour. Drinking Fountain Lockers Shipyard Stories at enjoy your visit, please mind your Biloela House Cockatoo Island Convict Site part of step, wear appropriate footwear, Vending Machine Picnic Area Dog Leg Tunnel Cinema keep a close watch on any children with you and take care at all times. Trail to Visitor Centre UNESCO World-heritage- Restoration Workshop listed buildings 8 Parramatta Wharf (Currently being upgraded) Cockatoo Island BBQ Northern Apron Park North Campground Northern Eastern Stair Apron Slipways Historic Residence Tunnel Precinct a Dog-Leg Tunnel Ship Design Precinct Tunnel Convict Precinct Industrial Precinct Southern Tunnel Stair Dog-Leg Powerhouse Tunnel Area Sutherland Dock Fitzroy Dock TICKETS Docks Precinct Camber Wharf Rivercat Service Ferry to Woolwich, to Rydalmere Greenwich, Birchgrove, Balmain Legend and Circular Quay S ET CK TI Lookout BBQ BBQs Visitor Centre Ferry Tickets PLEASE NOTE: Did you know we Café Emergency Tennis Court Conference Centre Cockatoo Island is a former are self-funded? Assembly Point industrial site. There are occasional Donations to the Harbour Toilets Stairs Kayak Area Accommodation unmarked and uneven surfaces, voids, trip hazards, cliffs and steep Trust go directly towards Accessible Toilets Tunnel Basketball Court Campground drops. There are also a number preserving and enhancing of construction activities and the our heritage sites across Camber Wharf Access Through Tunnels Parramatta Wharf (Sydney Ferries) Chess (Currently being upgraded) presence of vehicles. To ensure you Sydney Harbour. Drinking Fountain Lockers Shipyard Stories at enjoy your visit, please mind your Biloela House Cockatoo Island Convict Site part of step, wear appropriate footwear, Vending Machine Picnic Area Dog Leg Tunnel Cinema keep a close watch on any children with you and take care at all times.
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