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“One of the Lord's Democrats”: Nellie Peters Black and the Practical

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“One of the Lord's Democrats”: Nellie Peters Black and the Practical “ONE OF THE LORD’S DEMOCRATS”: NELLIE PETERS BLACK AND THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SOCIAL GOSPEL IN THE NEW SOUTH, 1870-1919 By CAREY OLMSTEAD SHELLMAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Carey Olmstead Shellman 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a journey that took years to complete. What I have really learned along the way is how to say thank you. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my advisor Fitz Brundage, who never gave up even when I wanted to. Years of emails, phone calls, and meetings attest to his insights, editorial skills, and seemingly unending patience. Committee members Louise Newman and Jessica Harland-Jacobs were with me from the beginning. Bill Link and Trysh Travish stepped in when I needed help the most. I must also thank my masters advisor and now colleague and friend, Michael Price. He was the first to encourage me to pursue a higher degree and helped me get started. Along the way there were many who read various versions of my work and I thank them all for their interest and thoughtful comments. They include: John Inscoe, Liz Turner, Glenda Gilmore, Anastatia Sims, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Laura Edwards, Nancy Hewitt, Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, and Rebecca Montgomery. I also owe thanks to the staffs at various libraries and archives who, over a span of many years, put up with my endless questions and constant visits. They include: the Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center, the Hargrett at the University of Georgia, Lane Library at Armstrong Atlantic State University, and the Georgia Historical Society. I could not have made it through graduate school without the encouragement of my good friend and fellow student, Kelly Minor. Over endless cups of coffee at the Java Lounge we deciphered our course readings, honed conference papers, and planned our futures as brilliant scholars. Other friends at the University of Florida also made graduate school almost enjoyable. Finally, mere thanks cannot express my gratitude to my family. My children, Sarah and Frederick, kept me going by telling me how proud they were of me. My husband, Reese, who traveled this and all of the other journeys with me, knows what I owe him. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................3 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................6 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1 PREFACE.................................................................................................................................9 2 “SHE WAS BORN AN ARISTOCRAT . NEVERTHELESS SHE WAS ONE OF THE LORD’S DEMOCRATS”..............................................................................................15 3 “A GOOD NAME WITH WHICH TO DO GOD’S WORK . .”.........................................39 4 “. TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE IN THE MASTER’S BUSINESS”..................................60 The Episcopal Church in Atlanta............................................................................................60 Mission Work .........................................................................................................................63 Episcopal Churchwoman........................................................................................................75 5 EDUCATION REFORM........................................................................................................88 Self-Culture and “. becoming accustomed to their own voices..........................................89 The Kindergarten Movement: “. to aide in the character building of the child.”...............94 Increasing Educational Opportunities Throughout Georgia.................................................107 6 CREATING THE “GOOD” CITY: THE POLITICS OF MUNICIPAL HOUSEKEEPING................................................................................................................114 The Cotton States and International Exposition ...................................................................116 The Atlanta Woman’s Club..................................................................................................121 Organizing for Charity..........................................................................................................124 Fighting Disease and the Great White Plague ......................................................................132 The City Beautiful Movement..............................................................................................140 7 “WHAT WE NEED IS TO MAKE LIFE ON THE FARM BRIGHT, INTERESTING, AND HAPPY. ”: AGRICULTURAL REFORM AND THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT IN GEORGIA...............................................................................................149 The Country Life Movement................................................................................................150 Practical Experience: Farmer Black .....................................................................................152 Agricultural Reformer: The Farm Rallies.............................................................................157 4 8 CREATING A “CHRIST-NATION”: THE WAR PRESIDENT AND WORLD WAR I..183 The Politics of Food..............................................................................................................186 Conservation, Motherhood, and Morality ............................................................................194 “Blessed are the Peace Makers. .” ......................................................................................201 9 EPILOGUE: “DEPART, O CHRISTIAN SOUL, OUT OF THIS WORLD. .”................212 REFERENCE LIST .....................................................................................................................217 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................238 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Nellie Peters Black.............................................................................................................14 3-1 Richard Peters ....................................................................................................................57 3-2 Nellie Peters in 1862..........................................................................................................57 3-3 Nellie Peters.......................................................................................................................58 3-4 George Black .....................................................................................................................58 3-5 Nellie Black and her daughters Louise King Black and Mrs. Lamar Rucker....................59 4-1 All Saints, Sylvania, Georgia.............................................................................................87 4-2 Sunday school class at Peters Farm, Gordon County, Georgia. ........................................87 5-1 Savannah Morning News, 15 May 1917..........................................................................113 6-1 Woman’s Building at the Atlanta Cotton States & International Exposition (1895). .....147 6-2 Throughout the tuberculosis scare, racist headlines appeared in the major newspapers prejudicing whites against their servants. ........................................................................147 6-3 Washerwoman headlines from 11 March 1910. The one on the left ran in the Atlanta Georgian and the one on the right appeared in the Atlanta Constitution.........................148 7-1 This is an undated advertisement for the Peters’ Farm. Note “N.P. Black” is listed as the “Manager.”.................................................................................................................183 7-2 Nellie Black and her nephew playing croquet at Peters’ Farm (1903)............................183 7-3 (Atlanta Constitution) ......................................................................................................184 7-4 Nellie Black in her cotton costume from the convention. ...............................................184 8-1 GFWC Canning Label. ....................................................................................................210 8-2 The patriotism of canning. ...............................................................................................210 8-3 Patriotic appeal from the US Food Administration. ........................................................211 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy “ONE OF THE LORD’S DEMOCRATS”: NELLIE PETERS BLACK AND THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SOCIAL GOSPEL IN THE NEW SOUTH By Carey Olmstead Shellman August 2007 Chair: Louise Newman Major: History My dissertation examines the broad impact of the confluence of the social gospel, progressive reform, and the power of organized womanhood in the South during the period between Reconstruction and the end of World War I. By focusing on one woman, Nellie Peters Black (1851-1919), and how she fashioned, promulgated, and even
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