Timeline / 1860 to 1890 / ALL COUNTRIES Date Country Theme 1860 Tunisia Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The restoration of the Aqueduct of Zaghouan is completed, running water arrives in Tunis. 1860 - 1863 Tunisia Economy And Trade Restoration of the Zaghouan Aqueduct, Tunisia’s largest water-service network, allows supply to the capital and its suburbs. 1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts 7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i. 1860 France Travelling First trip by Napoleon III to Algeria; the second will take place in 1865. 1860 - 1870 Jordan Reforms And Social Changes By the 1860s, population density has decreased drastically. The border of the sawn cultivated land had been pushed westwards under the pressure of the nomadic tribes from the east. Several reasons are suggested for this decline, including maladministration and the taxation policies of the Ottoman Empire. Some of the regions south of Ajlun, including Amman area, and along the escarpment of the Jordan valley were almost completely abandoned. Recovery starts during the last quarter of the 19th century. 1860 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces The unification of Italy leads to urban expansion outside the old city walls, which have lost their defensive value. Medieval urban buildings are often demolished in order to build monumental architecture. 1860 - 1870 Italy Fine And Applied Arts In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini, Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow. 1860 Italy Political Context The right to vote is reserved for a small elite of men who have certain levels of income and education: only 2.2% of the Italians can vote. 1860 - 1865 Greece Fine And Applied Arts Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Date Country Theme 1860 - 1874 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos writes a five-volume History of the Greek Nation, a highly influential historiographical work about the continuity of Greek history since antiquity. 1860 Austria Migrations Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is born in Moravia; he emigrates from Moravia to Vienna. 1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware. 1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM) The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian religious art in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque features. 1860 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The birth in Prilep of the first Macedonian composer Atanas Badev (d. 1908). He studied music in Russia and was conductor of several school choirs and of the first city choir in Prilep. 1860 - 1870 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) Marko K. Cepenkov (1829–1920) was born in Prilep. Among the greatest collectors of Macedonian oral folk literature, during the 1860s he was prolific in recording folklore creations. The importance of his collecting activities lies not only in the volume but also in the diversity of folklore traditions recorded, including proverbs, sayings, tales, songs, riddles, charms, beliefs, dreams and interpretation, and children's games. 1860 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) Grigor Prlichev's epic poem "The Serdar", written in Greek, wins first prize at the annual poetry competition held in Athens. Prlichev (1830–93) was born in Ohrid. This prolific Macedonian poet and translator was a dedicated advocate of introducing the native spoken language in Macedonian schools. He was referred to as a second Homer, having translated the "Iliad" into the Macedonian language. 1860 Lebanon Political Context Date Country Theme Yusuf Bek Butros Karam, a Lebanese Maronite born in 1823 fights in the 1860 civil war and leads a rebellion in 1866-67 against the Ottoman Empire’s rule in Mount Lebanon. His proclamations have been interpreted as an early expression of Lebanese nationalism. 1860 Lebanon Political Context A full-scale war erupts between Maronites and Druze. Napoleon III of France sends 7,000 troops to Beirut and helps impose a partition: Druze control of the territory is recognised as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites are forced into an enclave. This is ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861. 1860 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Under the liberal educational reforms, Lyceu Nacional de Aveiro (Aveiro High School) is the first school in Portugal to occupy a building designed specifically for this function. Previously schools occupied existing buildings, often old convents. The school had been created as Colégio de Aveiro in 1848. 1860 Portugal Travelling Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, namely around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills. Travel became refined and even a simple journey to the countryside required such accessories as this travel case for meals. 1860 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes October: First private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists,Tercüman- # Ahvâl, published by Agah Efendi and #brahim #inasi. 1860 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion October: Journalists #brahim #inasi and Agah Efendi publish the first private Muslim newspaper Tercümân-# Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events). 1861 Tunisia Political Context Muhammad Sadiq Bey promulgates a constitution limiting his powers. Tunisia’s first constitution is the culmination of the reformist policies of the 19th-century Husaynid beys. 1861 France Travelling Embassy sent by King Mongkut of Siam (now Thailand) to Napoleon III. 1861 Italy International Exhibitions First Italian National Exhibition of Agricultural and Industrial Products and Fine Arts opens in Florence. 1861 Italy Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme The pre-unification laws on the protection of cultural heritage of the individual Italian states remain in force even after unification. Until 1902, different Italian regions are thus subject to different disciplines. 1861 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) Collection of Macedonian poems compiled by the Miladinov brothers is published in Zagreb. Konstantin Miladinov (1830–62), a prominent Macedonian poet, folklorist and educator is a major contributor. Despite a reference to Bulgarian songs in the title, the folk literature recorded by the Miladinovs originated mostly from the areas of Struga, Ohrid, Prilep, Kukush and Bitola. 1861 Lebanon Political Context In the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war in 1860, the Ottoman authorities impose a new system of government for the mountain districts of Lebanon. Formerly, the region had been divided into two districts, one with a Maronite Christian administrator and the other with a Druze. The Ottomans combine them into a single district, known as the mutasarrifiyya. 1861 - 1876 Turkey Political Context Reign of Sultan Abdülaziz. 1862 France Rediscovering The Past Creation of the Museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman Antiquities by Napoleon III in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 1862 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The British India Company establishes a regular steamer service in the Arabian Gulf, first as a mail service, and later enhanced by cargo and passenger services. 1862 Italy Economy And Trade Law on the unification of currencies passed: the lira becomes the Italian currency. 1862 Portugal International Exhibitions The “International Exhibition on Industry and Art” in London distinguishes Portugal with 165 Medals of Honor and 240 mentions. 1862 France Fine And Applied Arts The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to Impressionism 1862 Germany Political Context Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister of Prussia. Date Country Theme 1862 Turkey Travelling Steamship company Fevâid-I Osmâniyye is founded. 1862 Turkey Travelling April: Sultan Abdülaziz visits Egypt. 1863 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The literary society Junimea, which had an important role in promoting Romanian literature, is founded in Ia#i. In 1867 it begins publishing a periodical in which the works of Romanian writers appear and also translations from worldwide literature. 1863 Romania Reforms And Social Changes December: the National Gathering of the United Principalities adopts the law through which the land owned by monasteries (more than a quarter of Romania’s surface) becomes property of the state. 1863 - 1889 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of the 167.5 m high Mole Antonelliana in Turin, initially conceived as a synagogue. It soon becomes the city’s landmark building. 1863 - 1885 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of Rome (1873), Naples (1882) and Palermo (1885). 1863 Italy Travelling The Club Alpino Italiano is founded in Turin. Its goal is “to promote the knowledge of mountains, and especially of Italian mountains, their ascent and scientific