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Download Full Article in PDF Format anthropozoologica 2019 ● 54 ● 16 Food worthy of kings and saints: fish consumption in the medieval monastery Studenica (Serbia) Ivana ŽIVALJEVIĆ, Nemanja MARKOVIĆ & Milomir MAKSIMOVIĆ art. 54 (16) — Published on 29 November 2019 www.anthropozoologica.com DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION : Bruno David, Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Joséphine Lesur RÉDACTRICE / EDITOR: Christine Lefèvre RESPONSABLE DES ACTUALITÉS SCIENTIFIQUES / RESPONSIBLE FOR SCIENTIFIC NEWS: Rémi Berthon ASSISTANTE DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITOR: Emmanuelle Rocklin ([email protected]) MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT: Emmanuelle Rocklin, Inist-CNRS COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD: Cornelia Becker (Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Allemagne) Liliane Bodson (Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique) Louis Chaix (Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, Genève, Suisse) Jean-Pierre Digard (CNRS, Ivry-sur-Seine, France) Allowen Evin (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Bernard Faye (Cirad, Montpellier, France) Carole Ferret (Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, Paris, France) Giacomo Giacobini (Università di Torino, Turin, Italie) Véronique Laroulandie (CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, France) Marco Masseti (University of Florence, Italy) Georges Métailié (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Diego Moreno (Università di Genova, Gènes, Italie) François Moutou (Boulogne-Billancourt, France) Marcel Otte (Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique) Joris Peters (Universität München, Munich, Allemagne) François Poplin (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Jean Trinquier (École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France) Baudouin Van Den Abeele (Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgique) Christophe Vendries (Université de Rennes 2, Rennes, France) Noëlie Vialles (CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France) Denis Vialou (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Jean-Denis Vigne (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France) Arnaud Zucker (Université de Nice, Nice, France) COUVERTURE / COVER : Détail de la fresque du 16e siècle Le baptême du Christ (Personnification du Jourdain), dans la partie ouest du nef de l'église de la Vierge Marie, monastère de Studenica (courtoisie du fonds BLAGO) / Detail of the 16th century fresco The Baptism of Christ (Personification of the Jordan river), in the western bay of the naos of the Church of the Virgin, Studenica Monastery (courtesy of the BLAGO Fund). Anthropozoologica est indexé dans / Anthropozoologica is indexed in: – Social Sciences Citation Index – Arts & Humanities Citation Index – Current Contents - Social & Behavioral Sciences – Current Contents - Arts & Humanities – Zoological Record – BIOSIS Previews – Initial list de l’European Science Foundation (ESF) – Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) – Research Bible Anthropozoologica est distribué en version électronique par / Anthropozoologica is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org) Anthropozoologica est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, avec le soutien du CNRS. Anthropozoologica is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris, with the support of the CNRS. Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Zoosystema, Geodiversitas, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie, Mycologie. Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél. : 33 (0)1 40 79 48 05 / Fax : 33 (0)1 40 79 38 40 [email protected] / http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2019 ISSN (imprimé / print) : 0761-3032 / ISSN (électronique / electronic) : 2107-08817 Food worthy of kings and saints: fish consumption in the medieval monastery Studenica (Serbia) Ivana ŽIVALJEVIĆ BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21 000 Novi Sad (Serbia) [email protected] (corresponding author) Nemanja MARKOVIĆ Institute of Archaeology Belgrade Kneza Mihaila 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia) [email protected] Milomir MAKSIMOVIĆ Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11 000 Belgrade (Serbia) [email protected] Submitted on 7 May 2019 | Accepted on 7 October 2019 | Published on 29 November 2019 Živaljević I., Marković N. & Maksimović M. 2019. — Food worthy of kings and saints: fish consumption in the medieval monastery Studenica (Serbia). Anthropozoologica 54 (16): 179-201. https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a16. http://anthropozoologica.com/54/16 ABSTRACT The paper focuses on fish consumption and long-distance fish trade in them edieval monastery Studenica in Serbia, from the perspective of archaeozoology and historical evidence. Medieval written sources on the subject suggest that fish was available primarily to particular social classes – the royalty, nobles and monasteries. Preserved muniments indicate that during the 13th-15th centuries the majority of distinguished monasteries had their own fishing ponds, fishing grounds and their own fishermen. Fish consumption occupied an important role in monastic contexts, both in Christian religious practices (e.g. Lent) and in celebrations commemorating the Virgin Mary and the monastery founder, dur- ing which high-quality fish was obtained from greater distances. The ichthyoarchaeological remains discussed in this paper originate from waste deposition areas within and outside of the ramparts of the Studenica Monastery, accumulated during the 14th and the first half of the 15th century. Apart from the remains of the species available more or less locally (Wels catfish [Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758], carp [Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758], pike [Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758]), the faunal assem- blage contained the remains of migratory sturgeons (beluga [Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758], Russian sturgeon [Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833], stellate sturgeon [Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771]) most likely transported from the Danube area, about 200 km away as the crow flies. KEY WORDS Skeletal element distribution, butchering traces and size estimations (of beluga in particular) indicate Medieval fish trade, that large specimens (c. 2-3.6 m in total length) were brought whole to the monastery, possibly dried ichthyofauna, or salted. Their occurrence is an additional indicator of long-distance fish trade recorded in muni- sturgeons, religious celebrations, ments, and it offers new insights into economic, social and religious practices inm edieval Eastern Studenica Monastery. Orthodox monasteries. ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2019 • 54 (16) © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.anthropozoologica.com 179 Živaljević I. et al. RÉSUMÉ Une nourriture digne des rois et des saints : consommation de poisson au Moyen Âge au monastère de Studenica (Serbie). Cet article concerne la consommation et le commerce à longue distance de poisson au monastère médiéval de Studenica en Serbie, du point de vue de l’archéozoologie et des sources historiques. Les sources écrites médiévales sur le sujet révèlent que le poisson était destiné en priorité à certaines catégories sociales – royauté, nobles et monastères. Les vestiges conservés indiquent que du XIIIe au XVe siècle, la majorité des monastères de haut rang possèdaient leurs propres étangs, lieux de pêche et pêcheurs. La consommation de poisson jouait un rôle important en contexte monastique, à la fois dans les pratiques religieuses chrétiennes (par exemple durant le carême) et dans les cérémonies de commémoration de la Vierge Marie et du fondateur du monastère, à l'occasion desquelles des poissons de qualité supérieure étaient acheminés de plus loin. Les vestiges ichtyologiques étudiés dans cet article proviennent de dépôts de détritus situés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur des remparts de Studenica, et qui se sont accumulés au cours du XIVe siècle et de la première moitié du XVe siècle. À l’exception des restes d’espèces disponibles plus ou moins localement (le poisson-chat [Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758], la carpe [Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758] et le brochet [Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758]), la faune découverte contenait des restes d’esturgeons migrants (le beluga [Huso huso Lin- naeus, 1758], l’esturgeon russe [Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833] et l’esturgeon étoilé [Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771]) provenant vraisemblablement du Danube, à environ 200 km à vol d’oiseau. La disposition des squelettes, les traces de découpe et les estimations de taille (en par- MOTS CLÉS Commerce de poisson ticulier du beluga) indiquent que les grands spécimens (entre 2 et 3,6 m de longueur totale) étaient médiéval, transportés entiers jusqu’au monastère, probablement séchés ou salés. Leur présence est une preuve ichtyofaune, supplémentaire du commerce du poisson à longue distance, déjà attesté par les sources, et offre de esturgeons, célébrations religieuses, nouvelles perspectives de compréhension des pratiques économiques, sociales et religieuses dans les monastère de Studenica. monastères orthodoxes orientaux. INTRODUCTION Church) spread from the early Middle Ages. The Byzantine food culture was rooted in culinary traditions of the Roman Fish remains from archaeological sites, especially those of world, dietary habits of the Eastern Mediterranean,
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