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Freedom Fighter, Doctor, Communist, Lakshmi, Sahgal Is No More BUSINESS Cases in Corporate Ethics: Contemporary Challenges and Imperatives; Strategy & General Management, Ethics and Social Justice, Organizational Behavior, Human Resource, Operations, Technology and Innovation. Case 3.2: A Life of Struggle: Freedom Fighter, Doctor, Communist, Lakshmi, Sahgal is no more Ozzie Mascarenhas SJ, PhD DRD Tata Chair Professor of Business Ethics, XLRI Jamshedpur, India | Published: June 2015 | Redistribution or use without the expressed, written permission of The Global Jesuit Case Series is prohibited. For information on usage rights, contact the Global Jesuit Case Series at [email protected] ________________________________________________________________________ Cases in Corporate Ethics: Contemporary Challenges and Imperatives Jesuit Series, Madden School of Business, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY Donated by: Ozzie Mascarenhas SJ, PhD JRD Tata Chair Professor of Business Ethics, XLRI, Jamshedpur, India June 15, 2015 The fifteen cases in Business ethics included here represent the first installment of the thirty cases promised to the Cases in Business Ethics – The Jesuit Series at the University of Le Moyne, Syracuse, NY. We have added three more. The remaining eighteen cases will follow shortly. The thirty three cases illustrate and depend upon the content of corporate ethics outlined in Table 1. As might be clear from Table I, the Course in Corporate Ethics has three parts: Part One explores the ethical quality of moral agents embedded in the capitalist markets such as the human person, the fraud-prone person, the virtuous actor (virtue ethics) and the trusting executive (ethics of trust). Part Two investigates the ethical quality of moral agencies of executive decisions, choices and actions when supported by ethics of critical thinking, moral reasoning, ethics of rights and duties, and ethics of moral leadership. Part Three examines the ethical quality of moral executive outcomes as seen through the ethics of executive moral responsibility and ethics of corporate social responsibility. Even as research method and methodology are determined by the specific subject matter of inquiry, so also a course method and pedagogy and business cases are dependent upon the specific subject matter of managerial ethics. The Business ethics theoretical framework visualizes eleven chapters as indicated in Table 1. Each Chapter is illustrated by three contemporary business cases, cases that happened or that got closed during the course of the semester when the courses was taught in 2012-2015. In general, one of the three cases is international in character, one is national (relating to the Indian economy and markets), and the third relates to industry market situations. The ethical questions provided at the end of each chapter are best answered with the aid of the corresponding chapter content. The cases and content are part of the Book on Corporate Ethics: Contemporary Challenges and Imperatives that is prepared for publication (Sage) by the end of 2015 by the author of the Cases. Most of the cases capture major current market events during 2012-2015, and the content of the cases is presented without much stylizing and dramatizing as is usual with formal cases. The cases pose several ethical and moral questions, responses to which welcome group dialog, debate and discussion. Some of the cases reflect “Shades of Grey Areas” in business ethics that do not necessarily require one correct answer in terms of right or wrong, good or evil, true or false, just or unjust, fair or unfair. The cases stimulate ethical and moral reasoning, deliberation, dialog, discussion, decision, choice, analysis of decision-choice consequences, and responsibilities of due compensation for harmed stakeholders. Multiple competing answers should be encouraged, and 1 the students should argue which solution alternative is better, more objective and defensible, and more socially desirable. Table 1: Business Ethics Theoretical Background for Situating the Cases Part Corporate Chapter Title Business Ethics Cases Focus: 1. Ethics of Free Enterprise Case 1.1: Worldwide Collapse of Financial Markets in 2008 Capitalism: Case 1.2: Europe’s Boat People: A Moral and Political Disgrace The Free Case 1.3: Radiation Village: The People of the Nuclear Test Market Fallout 2. Ethics of Capitalism Case 2.1: The Enron Corporate Fraud Context: Abused: Fraud and Case 2.2: Satyam Computer Services Ltd PART ONE: Corruption Case 2.3: Sherron Watkins and Whistle Blowing at Enron Ethics of 3. Ethics of the Corporate Case 3.1: Nelson Mandela and his Great Human Personhood Corporate Human Person Case 3.2: Freedom Fighter, Doctor, Communist, Lakshmi Sahgal Business Case 3.3: Dr. Amar Gopal Bose, Acoustics Pioneer and The Inventor Inputs 4. Ethics of Corporate Case 4.1: Panama Nature Fresh Pvt. Ltd. Corporate Virtue Case 4.2: The Horrors of Chicken Farms Moral Case 4.3: Sexual Harassment at the Workplace: A Violation of Human Personhood Agent 5. Ethics of Corporate Case 5.1: Managing Trusting Relationships in Indian Organized Trusting Relations Retailing Case 5.2: Bain sues EY over $60-m loss in Lilliput Kids-wear Case 5.3: Building Indo-Japan Trusting Business Relationships 6. Ethics of Corporate Case 6.1: GAIL Pipeline Blast Kills Critical Thinking Case 6.2: Closing of Nokia Plant at Chennai Corporate Case 6.3: POSCO: South Korean Mining Project in Odisha, India PART TWO: Agency: 7. Ethics of Corporate Case 7.1: Dassault Aviation and the Defense Ministry, India Moral Reasoning Case 7.2: Arun Jaitley, Modiy’s Chanakya Ethics of Decisions Case 7.3: Mukesh Ambani: The New Media Moghul in India! Corporate Dilemmas, 8. Ethics of Corporate Case 8.1: The Glory and Decline of Merrill Lynch: Violation of Business Acts and Moral Rights and Duties rights and Duties? toward all Stakeholders Case 8.2: The Debacle of “Paid News” Media in India Process Actions Case 8.3: Vedanta’s Rights on Bauxite Mining in Niyamgiri Hills, Odisha 9. Ethics of Moral Case 9.1: Infosys: Leadership Crisis with Top Management Corporate Leadership Case 9.2: Headhunting for CEOs Case 9.3: SBI Complies with BASEL III Reforms PART Corporate 10. Ethics of Corporate Case 10.1: The Tata House: Icon of Corporate Responsibility Justice Case 10.2: Dubious Outcomes at Starbucks Coffee Company THREE: Decision- Case 10.3: Bajaj Auto: Chakan Plant Relocation and Labor Ethics of Outcomes & Displacement Corporate Social 11. Ethics of Corporate Case 11.1: Should Reliance Industries Ltd Reform? Responsibility Case 11.2 : Maruti Plant Violence at Manesar and Thereafter Business Externalities Case 11.3: India’s Super Rich: The High Jumpers Outputs 2 ________________________________________________________________________ Case 3.2: A Life of Struggle: Freedom Fighter, Doctor, Communist, Lakshmi Sahgal is no more Ozzie Mascarenhas SJ, PhD JRD Tata Chair Professor of Business Ethics, XLRI, Jamshedpur, India June 15, 2015 Life in Brief: • October 24, 1914: Lakshmi was born in Madras (Chennai), India • 1928: She first met Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Calcutta • 1938: Graduated MBBS from Madras Medical College • 1940: Went to Singapore. • 1943, December: Met again Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose • March 1943-45: INA Action & Capture by British • Up to March 1946: Capt. Lakshmi Prisoner in Burma Jungle. • March 1947: Set free in India, married INA Capt. 1971: Joined CPI(M) • 1981: founding member of All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA). • 1998: Padma Vibhushan • 2002: Contested for President’s post. • Died: 23-7-2012, Kanpur 1 Her Early Years Lakshmi Sahgal was born as Lakshmi Swaminathan in Madras Presidency on 24 October 1914 to S. Swaminathan, a talented lawyer who practiced criminal law at the Madras High Court, and to A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Ammu Swaminathan, a social worker and freedom fighter (and who would later be a member of independent India’s Constituent Assembly). She was also a social worker and independence activist from the Vadakkath family of Anakkara in Palghat, Kerala. Lakshmi Sahgal was a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Sahgal is commonly referred to in India as "Captain Lakshmi," a reference to her rank when she had been taken prisoner in Burma during the Second World War. Capt. Lakshmi’s parents had an inter-caste marriage. Most of the servants were Dalits and they shared food with them much to the surprise of others. Lakshmi studied in vernacular Government schools. Her first rebellion as a child was against the demeaning institution of caste. From her grandmother’s house, she would often hear the calls and hollers from the surrounding jungles and hills, of the people who in her grandmother’s words were those “whose very shadows are polluting.” The young Lakshmi one day walked up to a young tribal girl, held her hand and led her to play. Lakshmi and her grandmother were furious with each other, but Lakshmi was the one triumphant. Ammukutty (Lakshmi’s Mother) had a very constrained childhood as her father had died and her mother struggled to raise and marry off her daughters. Resultantly, when Ammu was 13, her mother arranged an alliance for her which conformed to the Sambandam system. Her consort was Dr. Subbarama Swaminadhan, an educated Tamil Brahmin gentleman who was more than twenty years older than Ammu. Both of Ammu's daughters, Capt. Lakshmi and Mrinalni, were to recount in their memoirs that while their paternal family acknowledged them (as was traditional) by including them at family events such as weddings, they would be served their food separately from other family members and subtle distinctions would be evident in the way they were treated. Ammukutty was a socialite, nationalist, social activist, and an ardent supporter of Indian National Congress (INC), and a freedom fighter (and who would later be a member of independent India’s Constituent Assembly). Lakshmi’s mother instilled the nationalist fervour in Lakshmi by taking her to meet Netaji, harbouring or hiding freedom fighters, burning imported clothes, etc… She instilled egalitarian values, independence of thought in Lakshmi by setting an example due to her own deprived childhood.
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