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Mains Test Series 2020 ` BYJU’S IAS MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 ` ANTHROPOLOGY (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) EXPLANATION SECTION- A 1. Write short notes on the following questions in not more than 150 words each. 10 X 5 1. (a) H.D.Sankalia (10 Marks) Approach Part 1 Give brief introduction of H. D. Sankalia. Part 2 List his contributions and famous work. Answer Introduction: Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia, born on 10 December 1908, was the founding father of modern Indian archaeology. He was an Indian Sanskrit scholar and archaeologist specialising in proto- and ancient Indian history. Body: He learnt archaeology by going through the two volumes on “the prehistoric antiquities in India” by Robert Bruce Foote, the father of Indian prehistory. He explored Gujarat in 1940, taking clues from Bruce Foote and located new Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites in the Sabarmati valley of Mehsana district. He also jointly excavated Langhnaj, the famous Mesolithic site with Iravati Karve, finding microlithic and other tools as well as faunal remains and human burials. In 1943-44 he investigated the Godavari Valley and its tributaries in the Nasik district of Maharashtra and found a flake tool industry made of chert and jasper. This became part of the Middle Palaeolithic in India. In 1952 he found a basalt industry in Gangapur near Nasik in the Godavari sediments exposed while constructing a dam. In 1957-58 and 1958-59 he excavated Navdatoli. They found through this largest of all, excavations at that time a Chalcolithic village of second millennium BC. Links were found to Iran and he thought that it must have contained an Indo-Aryan speaking people. In 1954-56 and 1959-61 he excavated Nevasa in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. He found remains of a Chalcolithic site here and after a gap the later historical periods. This region, then, as a whole, had sites from the Lower Palaeolithic to the present. In the 1960s he explored Saurashtra and found more sites. He excavated Sangankallu, a Mesolithic and pre-Mesolithic site in Bellary district, Karnataka. In 1961-62 he excavated the Chalcolithic site of Ahar near Udaipur in Rajasthan. It was a large settlement from the late third millennium BC to the mid-second millennium BC. In 1969 -70 he explored the Liddar River at Pahalgam in Kashmir and found a few early Palaeolithic tools there. He also excavated Inamgaon, in Pune district, Maharashtra, later carried out by his students, for twelve years in an elaborate manner. It was dated from 1600 BC to 700 BC and contained over two hundred human skeletons. He had also excavated Tripuri near Jabalpur in 1966 (Chalcolithic habitation) and Tekkalakota (Bellary district, Karnataka). He also excavated Dwarka in Gujarat but was unable to find anything beyond the Christian era. Main Test Series (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) 1 ` Conclusion: He is considered to have pioneered archaeological excavation techniques in India. With several significant discoveries from the prehistoric period to his credit, Sankalia received the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak award in 1966. Main Test Series (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) 2 ` 1. (b) Tribe- caste Continuum (10 Marks) Approach: Part 1 Give an introduction by writing about emergence of tribe –caste continuum concept. Part 2 Write Similarities and differences between tribe and caste preferably in tabular format. Part 3 Give a 1-2 line conclusion, which highlights the crux of the topic. Answer: Introduction: Tribes have never been fully separate since the very beginning. There has always been a constant interaction between tribal people and the civilization. This has led to diminishing of the boundaries between both the populations. Sometimes tribes are so immersed in the structure of society that it is hard to differentiate between tribe and caste. Anthropologists have differed on the question relating to tribe and caste. According to Ghurye tribal people are backward Hindus differing only in degrees from the other segments of Hindu society. This is because many tribes have been seen following Hindu religious practices in their very crude form. Body: Similarities Differences Marriage within the clan is forbidden both in Max Weber writes in Social Structure that the tribe as well as in the caste. Both when an Indian tribe loses its territorial generally don't encourage marriage outside significance it assumes the form of an Indian the group. Both tend to maintain their group caste. In this way the tribe is a local group identity whereas caste is a social group. Many of the tribals now speak the regional According to D.N Majumdar the tribe looks language and do not have a distinctive upon Hindu ritualism as foreign and extra - language of their own. Sometimes one tribe religious even though indulging in it and in may speak different languages in different the worship of God and Goddess where as in regions. The Bhil in Rajasthan speak Hindi the caste these are necessary part of the and the Bhil of Gujarat speaks Gujarati. religion. In some areas of India, castes occupy certain In caste individuals generally pursue their villages or a whole area and are a society own definite occupations because functions within themselves similar to that of a tribe. are divided under the caste system. Members For example, ingonia, a remote village in of the same tribe have to pursue different Rajasthan belongs to nats caste people. occupations because they are a society within themselves. ● These points of differences and similarities between caste and tribe led to confusion about definition of the terms. In such a scenario it is hard to differentiate between the two. ● This continuum can also be understood as a result of interaction between Redfield's little and great traditions. Here Jati or caste can be taken as a part of great tradition while tribe as a Main Test Series (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) 3 ` part of little traditions. The presence or references of tribes like khasis and bhils in the epics and texts of the great traditions like Mahabharata and Ramayana etc go to prove that despite their general isolation the tribes did maintain, though occasionally cultural contacts with the larger Hindu society. Figure: The Process of TCC ● In certain cases the process of hinduisation of tribes, due to intimate cultural contacts, has been so rapid that such tribes remain tribes for the namesake only. Bailey himself clarifies that both these societies are fast changing in India and these are merging into a system which is neither one nor the other. Hence this model has limited practical value. Conclusion: It is hard to distinguish between tribe and caste. According to the tribe-caste continuum concept, there are no tribes or castes in the strict sense, but various communities varying in their proximity to either of these. Main Test Series (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) 4 ` 1. (c) Tribal Panchsheel (10 Marks) Approach: Part 1 Give an introduction by writing about the govt. shift to the integration model of tribal development. Part 2 List the Nehruvian Panchsheel Part 3 Write its relevance in present times. Answer: Introduction In the post-independent period, the British policy of isolation was switched to the integration model of tribal development. Programmes were started in the tribal areas for bringing about social and economic change among the tribal people. There are two great influences on tribal policy in India. They are Verrier Elwin and Jawaharlal Nehru. Verrier Elwin proposed by policy of isolation to administer tribals, whereas Thakkar opposed it and proposed the policy of assimilation and development. Nehruvian Tribal Panchsheel: Nehru pursued the policy of integration. Jawaharlal Nehru, based on his integrationist model gave the policy of panchsheal. The main characteristics of the policy were: S.no Nehruvian Panchsheel People should develop along the lines of their own genius, and the imposition of 1 alien values should be avoided. 2 Tribal rights in land and forest should be respected Teams of tribals should be trained in the work of administration and 3 development. Tribal areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity 4 of schemes. Results should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by 5 the human character that is evolved. Nehru also reflected on the mode of administration. He was against over administration in tribal areas, which is an assimilation attempt by imposing ideas and opinions. Nehru worked for active participation of tribals in administration and development The approach of Integration was implemented through five year plans and other policies. Nehru’s concept of tribal integration was reflected in the successive five-year plans. Recognition was given to the indigenous techniques involved in the economic structure of tribal India and efforts were made for evolving an amicable economic planning with the assistance of the resources available in these areas. Nehru’s emphasis was on optimum utilization of the tribal genius embodied in the techniques of the production process and tribal agriculture. Conclusion: Jawaharlal Nehru’s Tribal Panchsheel is still the guiding principles to formulate policies for the indigenous communities of India. Since independence, it has enlightened laws dealing with tribals and indigenous people. Main Test Series (MTS-ANT-FLT-02) 5 ` 1. (d) TRIFED (10 Marks) Approach: Part 1 Give an introduction of TRIFED. Part 2 Write its role in tribal development and empowerment Part 3 List measures taken by TRIFED. Introduction: Tribal Co-operative Marketing Federation of India (TRIFED) is a national level cooperative body under the administrative control of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. In order to empower the downtrodden tribal community it started the procurement of tribal art and craft items firstly in 1999 through its retail outlet called TRIBES INDIA Body: TRIFED is mandated to bring socio-economic development of tribals of the country by institutionalising the trade of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) & Surplus Agricultural Produce (SAP) collected/ cultivated by them.
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