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Franca Iacovetta ologies of male dominance underline not lives of female farmers in Sudan. She has resulted in an "alliance" between Is- only traditional religious values and so- delineates categories of women's labour lamic leaders and the managers of indus- cial mores, but also the determination of on these farms. She demonstrates that trial capital in Jakarta, West Java. the market value of female labour in a women's farm work is unacknowledged Part three contains three articles: capitalist economy. They try to show how but nevertheless crucial. Women perform "Working for Lipstick? Male and female patriarchal beliefs, which are corner- various farm chores during peak times in labour in the clothing industry in Mo- stones of the Islamic and capitalist sys- the production cycle. They initiate and rocco;" "Gender, Pay and Skill: manual tems, combine to reinforce women's participate in income-generating activi- workers in Brazilian industry;" and subordinate position. They raise funda- ties both in the agricultural and nonagric- "Resources, wages and power the impact mental questions about the long term ultural sectors. In addition, women's of women's employment on the urban impact of economicdevelopment policies work in the home, which is generally Bengali household." They all attempt to and whether the movement of women into disregarded, is shown to be of central compare the way that women are per- the paid labour market has had a positive importance in sustaining the rural econ- ceived (that women in the clothing indus- or negative short term effect on women. omy in Sudan. Other articles discuss the try in Morocco are working for 'lipstick,' The implied response after reading the role of the colonial state and of capitalist i.e. luxuries) with the reality: that women bookis that women's position is declining development strategy and how they have are forced to work in order to support with the coming of industrializationto the shaped the pattern of female land owner- themselves and their families. countries studied. ship in Malaysia; the position of women In sum, the articles hold little that is new The book, which is introduced by its in rural Iran; and the effects that ex- for anyone who is well-read in the devel- editor Haleh Afshar, is divided into three tremely high fertility rates have had on opment field. At best, it contains a good pm: "Women in Rural Areas," "The rural women in Bangladesh. standard collection of articles about spe- Proletarianization of Women," and Part Two focuses on the lives of women cific regions and topics. The approach is "Women, Resource, Wage and Industrial in the wage labour market: from a case balanced if not innovative. While they Employment." Part One discusses the study of the increased influence of the raise questions about the way that various experience of rural women whose work, cash-based economy in Avatime, Ghana; ideologies affect the lives of women and though both productive and reproductive, to the effect that the essentially ideologi- they point the way towards an explanation is only recognized as contributing to soci- cal concept of a family-wage (paid to of the dynamics of ideology and how ety by reproducing and nurturing future men) has had on the wage rates of female different ideologies act on one another, generations. In her article "Farm and proletarians in Tanzania. There is also an they don't live up to their potential. The Hearth: Rural Women in a Farming informative and well-researched article authors never quitecome to terms with the Community," Lina Fruzzetti analyses the on the ways that patriarchal norms and the theoretical questions that their studies impact of mechanized agriculture on the need of capital for a docile labour force raise. LIBERAZIONE DELLA Europe and North America, it stands as a learned from the past while it projects a DONNA: FEMINISM IN ITALY model monograph expertly summarizing new society in which abuse and violence, important theorists and party positions, as well as rigid politics, give way to Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum. Middletown, documenting major political turning "respect for the beauty and diversity of Connecticut: Wesleyan University points, and bringing alive for us not only human life." Press, 1986. the leading personalities of the movement It is also marked by an identification but the actions of rank-and-file women with marginalized "others" - the Franca Iacovetta who spit at fascist soldiers, set up lumpenproletariat (Southern peasants in women's cultural centres, sign petitions Northern industrial slums) and Jews, and Drawing together women from diverse and march in demonstrations. later, nuns, lesbians and black migrant backgrounds into campaigns for constitu- Bimbaum begins with the premise that women. The lasting vitality of contempo- tional rights, including legal divorce and while feminism is global, culture largely rary feminism is related to having tapped abortion, and in protest movements determines the particular configurationof "subterranean" as well as rational beliefs. against sexual violence and nuclear arms, a specific woman's movement. For Italy, As Birnbaum writes, "Figures on the sash the contemporary feminist movement in feminism must be understood as having of this ancient and advanced feminism Italy emerged out of the dramatic social developed within a country that is the seat fuse into one another: the primordial earth and politicalchangesof the sixties. Yet its both of Roman Catholicism and of the mothers Graeco-Roman goddesses, early roots lay far deeper, for Italian feminists largest communist party (Pci) in the west. judeo-christian women, popular madon- drew on a vast history of peasant prechris- Only by exploring the dialectical relation- nas, familiar saints, persecuted witches tian beliefs, fransiscan and liberation ship between the "world of catholicism" and healers, peasant godmothers, peasant theology, left catholicism, workers' and the "world of communism," she women socialists, feminist socialists, movements, antifascism and the resis- notes, can we fully grasp the major shifts women marxists, antifascist women par- tance, Gramscian marxism and Italian and turns in Italy's women's movement tisans - and contemporary feminists, communism. and its particular contemporary vision of who are a galaxy of different women from Birnbaum, an Italo-American woman, a libertarian, self-managed socialist soci- catholic matrons and housewives to pros- a new left feminist and a historian of ety marked by a diversity of interpretation titutes, lesbians, nuns, and others." beliefs, has written a compelling and and lifestyle and a respect for individual Employing Sicily as a quasi-case study, provocative account of the history of Ital- conscience. Italian feminism, she con- Bimbaum's early chapters deal with the ian feminism, In the recent proliferation cludes, is both ancient and forward-look- historical relationship between the two of studies on women and left politics in ing in that its vision is grounded in lessons worlds of catholicism and communism. 120 CANADIAN WOMAN STUDIESLES CAHIERS DE LA FEMME As she observes, catholicism encom- ian partisan movement. show greater sympathy with the disad- passed far more than the history of the After the war, the Pci's critical role in vantaged and which reconciled catholi- Catholic Church and its doctrine. Rather, the resistance was translated into a strong cism and marxism into a humanistic it included the pre-christian beliefs of base of electoral support when Italy cele- framework. One of the consequences of peasants that persisted into the modem brated its transition to a republic by stag- this period was the Pci's growing toler- world despite deliberate attempts on the ing the popular elections of 1945. But it ance of differing interpretations of marx- part of the Church hierarchy to abolish was never enough to defeat the Catholic ism and its decision in 1979 to permit non- them. Peasant culture thus witnessed a party - Christian Democrat - a situ- marxist and catholic members to join. plurality of beliefs, with pagan rituals and ation which held real implications for Pci (Earlier, the Pci had loosened its ties with belief in the supernatural co-existing with post-war strategy. Women's ties to the the Soviet Union and, rejecting Lenin's Catholic doctrine. It is this sense of cul- resistance also translated into important theory of violent revolution and vanguard tural pluralism that feminists later recov- votes for the Pci-Psi popular front and led leadership, was formulating a strategy of ered. Also important to them, Birnbaum to thecreation ofUdi, the Italian women's a parliamentary transition to democratic argues, was the acute sense of class op- union, in 1944. By 1948, Udi became a socialism that, it claimed, was more in pression and justice that permeated peas- women's alliance of the Pci-Psi popular keeping with Italian cultural and political ant culture, a situation that was linked to front following the expulsion of both realities.) the indignity they suffered at the hands of parties from the Dc-controlled national Another consequence was the articu- absentee landlords and bureaucrats. This government. lation of a strong feminist critique of the value system, observes Birnbaum, laid Udi is commonly associated with male left and party structure, culminating the basis for a radical interpretation of Italy's "first wave" feminism, which was in Udi's decision in 1982 to break with the Catholicism and one which was ex- intimately linked to the left, especially the Pci -although this did not occur without pressed, after World War I, in the overt Pci, and emphasized the importance of some tensions between some of the Udi actions of peasants and workers, includ- everyday needs, a response to the scarcity women and younger apolitical cultural ing women, engaged in the occupation of and devastationof war. This feminism did feminists. Yet at the same time, Birnbaum unused lands and factories during Italy's not really challenge women's traditional stresses, the feminist rage of the seventies first surge of socialism.
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