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Florida Torreya Pub11-16 Endangered Species: FLORIDA TORREYA FLORIDA NUTMEG Torreya taxifolia (Yew Family) by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia The Florida torreya is a small to medium sized, evergreen tree with a pungent, aromatic odor. Trees have horizontal and spreading branches with drooping tips. Mature height is 10.6 meters (35 feet) tall and mature diameter is 18cm (1.5 feet). Needles are stiff, pointed, 2.5-4cm (1-1 1/2 inches) long and 3mm (0.13 inches) wide with the upper surface shiny dark green and lower surface pale green to silvery green with two distinct whitish bands. Periderm (bark) is brown to dark brown with an orange cast. Male and female cones are on different trees (dioecious). Cones appear in March and April. Female cone (seed) is 2.5-3cm (1-1 1/4 inches) long, dark green in color, with a fleshy outer-layer with a purple cast and whitish bloom. Ripe seeds are similar in appearance to a large green olive. A similar species is the Florida yew Taxus floridana which grows in the same area. The Florida yew has a low spreading crown and short, soft needles that are pale yellow-green below with no distinct white bands. The Florida yew has a female cone partially surrounded with a bright red cup. The Florida torreya is found in rich, hardwood hammock forests along the Apalachicola River and its tributaries in western Florida and far southwest Georgia. Sites have rich, moist, sandy-loam soils. Figure 1 shows the general regional distribution. This species is only native in four counties: Georgia (1 county) and Florida (3 counties). This species is federally listed as endangered. There are no large mature trees left in the native range. A few large mature trees of both sexes exist outside the native range of the species. Figure 2 provides a county distribution for Georgia. Publication WSFNR-17-34 April 2017 The University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources offers educational programs, assistance and materials to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, age, gender or disability. The University of Georgia is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. Burning, soil/site disturbance, thinning or clearing overstory vegetation can destroy habitat and stems. Wild hogs have destroyed many seedlings. In the early 1960s, a root-rot/needle blight pest complex began to destroy most of the older trees. Natural pest cycles, destruction of habitat, and stress patterns constraining ecological competitiveness have lead to the decline of Torreya and reduction of its range. Several photographs of mature trees in Columbus, GA (i.e. outside native range of species) are shown. Figure 1: General distribution in the Southeastern US. WS MI SD PA NJ IOWA OH DE MY NE IN IL WV VA KY KS MO. NC TN S C AR OK GA AL MS TX LA FL Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 2 Figure 2: General distribution in Georgia. DADE CATOOSA FANNIN TOWNS RABUN MURRAY UNION WALKER WHITFIELD GILMER WHITE CHATTOOGA LUMPKIN GORDON STEPHENS PICKENS HABERSHAM DAWSON FRANKLIN HALL BANKS HART FLOYD CHEROKEE GEORGIA BARTOW FORSYTH JACKSON MADISON ELBERT POLK BARROW COBB GWINNETT CLARKE OGLETHORPE PAULDING OCONEE HARALSON WALTON DEKALB WILKES LINCOLN DOUGLAS FULTON CARROLL ROCKDALE MORGAN GREENE NEWTON COLUMBIA CLAYTON HENRY TALIAFERRO COWETA WARREN McDUFFIE FAYETTE HEARD JASPER PUTNAM RICHMOND SPALDING BUTTS HANCOCK GLASCOCK PIKE BALDWIN JEFFERSON BURKE TROUP LAMAR MONROE JONES MERIWETHER WASHINGTON UPSON BIBB WILKINSON JENKINS HARRIS TALBOT CRAWFORD JOHNSON SCREVEN TWIGGS EMANUEL MUSCOGEE TAYLOR PEACH LAURENS HOUSTON CHATTA- BLECKLEY TREUTLEN BULLOCH HOOCHEE MARION MACON CANDLER EFFINGHAM SCHLEY PULASKI DOOLY DODGE EVANS STEWART WHEELER TOOMBS SUMTER BRYAN CHATHAM WEBSTER WILCOX MONTGOMERY TATTNALL CRISP TELFAIR LIBERTY QUITMAN TERRELL LEE JEFF RANDOLPH BEN HILL DAVIS APPLING TURNER LONG CLAY IRWIN CALHOUN DOUGHERTY WAYNE WORTH COFFEE BACON McINTOSH TIFT EARLY BAKER PIERCE BERRIEN ATKINSON MITCHELL GLYNN MILLER COLQUITT BRANTLEY COOK WARE LANIER DECATUR CLINCH GRADY THOMAS LOWNDES CHARLTON CAMDEN SEMINOLE BROOKS ECHOLS Background map from Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia. Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 3 Male and female trees side-by-side in historic residential neighborhood. (photographic credit = Dr. Kim D. Coder) Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 4 Upward view into crown base and periderm (bark) surface of main stem. (photographic credit = Dr. Kim D. Coder) Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 5 Foliage / needles. (photographic credit = Dr. Kim D. Coder) Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 6 Young female cones, fallen mature female cones, and male cones on underside of needles. (photographic credit = Dr. Kim D. Coder) Dr. Kim D. Coder Warnell School University of Georgia page 7.
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