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Ecological Safeguards for Deep Seabed Mining Final Report

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Ecological Safeguards for Deep Seabed Mining Final Report TEXTE 113 /2019 Ecological safeguards for deep seabed mining Final Report TEXTE 113/2019 Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Project No. (FKZ) 3715 25 200 0 Report No. FB00209 Ecological safeguards for deep seabed mining Final report by Dr. Sabine Christiansen, Dr. Aline Jaeckel, Katherine Houghton IASS Potsdam On behalf of the German Environment Agency Imprint Publisher: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Study performed by: Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e. V. (IASS) Berliner Str. 130 14467 Potsdam Study completed in: May 2018 Edited by: Section II 2.3 Protection of the Marine Environment Hans-Peter Damian Publication as pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4804 Dessau-Roßlau, November 2019 The responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the author(s). Ökologische Leitplanken für den Tiefseebergbau - Endbericht Kurzbeschreibung Dieser Bericht ist ein Ergebnis des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojektes "Ökologische Leitplanken für den Tiefseebergbau", Oktober 2015 bis Dezember 2017, in Auftrag gegeben durch das Umweltbundesamt, UBA. Aufgrund des in den letzten Jahren wiedererwachten Interesses für einen Abbau von Rohstoffen in der Tiefsee, und Anstrengungen, den notwendigen Rechtsrahmen in nationalen und internationalen Gewässern zu schaffen, wird jetzt dringend auch ein Konzept für den effektiven Schutz der Meeresumwelt vor den Folgen des Rohstoffabbaus erforderlich. Im sogenannten "Gebiet", dem Meeresboden jenseits nationaler Grenzen, hat die Internationale Meeresbodenbehörde, ISA, die Aufgabe, den Meeresboden und seine Rohstoffe im Namen von und zum Vorteil der gesamten Menschheit (‘for the benefit of mankind as a whole‘) zu verwalten. Dazu gehört der Erlass von Regeln, Bestimmungen und Verfahren, welche die Auswirkungen der mit der Erkundung und dem Abbau von Rohstoffen im Gebiet zusammenhängenden Tätigkeiten in einem Rahmen hält, welcher die Vorgaben für den "effektiven Schutz der Meeresumwelt vor den Folgen der Tätigkeiten", wie im internationalen Seerecht gefordert, einhält. Der vorliegende Text zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, wie die ISA mit dem Instrumentarium des modernen vorsorgenden und präventiven Umweltmanagements die regulatorische Kontrolle über die Umweltbelastungen durch Tätigkeiten im Gebiet ausüben kann. Angesichts der großen Wissenslücken über die potentiell betroffenen Tiefseeökosysteme und die möglicherweise eingesetzte Technik scheint es allerdings zur Zeit unmöglich, auch mit den besten Verfahren den Grad der zu erwartenden Umweltschäden einzuschätzen. Daher ist schon der Weg das Ziel, indem die ISA sich als moderne, umweltbewusste Organisation präsentiert, welche den Vorsorgeansatz und internationale Verpflichtungen zum Schutz der Meeresumwelt und zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung ernst nimmt und ihr Mandat unter Einbeziehung der derzeitigen und voraussichtlich zukünftigen Veränderungen der Meeresökosysteme bis in die Tiefsee ausübt. Abstract This report presents findings from the research and development project "Ecological Safeguards for Deep Seabed Mining" commissioned by the German Environment Agency (UBA) to the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) (October 2015 - December 2017). Interest in seabed mineral mining has renewed in recent years for various reasons and new offshore mining legislation is currently being developed for national and international waters. For this reason, agreement on the meaning of ‘effective protection of the marine environment from adverse effects arising from activities’ related to mining is needed. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is mandated to manage access to and benefits from the seabed, subsoil and its mineral resources in the Area on behalf of mankind as a whole. This legal mandate comprises the development of rules, regulations and procedures for mining-related activities in the Area, which must prevent, reduce and control harm to the marine environment and ensure that such harm does not breach the standard of ‘effective protection’. The present text provides suggestions for how the ISA could effectively regulate the environmental effects of activities in the Area using a toolkit of modern, precautionary and preventive governance and management instruments and measures. However, due to large gaps in ecological knowledge and technical experience pertaining to the deep sea, it is currently impossible to predict with any certainty the degree of risk mining activities pose to deep sea ecosystems. By developing such a toolkit, the ISA could spearhead a modern, comprehensive approach to precautionary governance of the Area in line with today’s environmental challenges. 4 Ökologische Leitplanken für den Tiefseebergbau - Endbericht Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 45 1.1 Deep seabed mining - development of a new industry in sensitive ecosystems ................. 45 1.2 The environment of deep seabed mineral resources ........................................................... 46 1.3 The legal framework ............................................................................................................. 47 1.3.1 The Common Heritage of Mankind .................................................................................. 47 1.3.2 Development of the Mining Code .................................................................................... 48 2 The Knowledge Base for Developing Ambitious Environmental Standards ......................................... 50 2.1 Development towards Deep Seabed Mineral Mining .......................................................... 50 2.1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 50 2.1.2 South West Pacific ............................................................................................................ 50 2.1.3 South East Pacific ............................................................................................................. 54 2.1.4 North Pacific ..................................................................................................................... 54 2.1.5 Indian Ocean .................................................................................................................... 54 2.1.6 North-East Atlantic ........................................................................................................... 55 2.1.7 Mediterranean Sea ........................................................................................................... 56 2.1.8 European Union ............................................................................................................... 56 2.1.9 The Area ........................................................................................................................... 57 2.1.10 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 62 2.2 Progress towards the Protection of Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................ 63 2.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 63 2.2.2 The challenge of effective biodiversity conservation ...................................................... 64 2.2.3 The way forward for the High Seas .................................................................................. 65 2.2.4 Contribution of the ISA..................................................................................................... 66 2.2.5 Outlook ............................................................................................................................. 68 2.2.6 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 68 2.3 The known, the unknown, and the unknowable about the deep ocean ecology ................ 70 2.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 70 5 Ökologische Leitplanken
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