3Ical Growth and School Progress

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION

BULLETIN, 1914, NO. 10 - - - WHOLE NUMBER 581

_ _3ICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS

A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL EDUCATION

By BIRD THOMAS BALDWIN PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION IN SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTINGOFFICE 1914 I

ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED PROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENT'S GOVERNMENT PRINTINO OMCE. WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 26 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS.

Page. Let ter of transmittal Foreword 7

I. Toe GENERAL PRORLES.1. A im of the investigation Quest ions to be solved

II.THE INVERTIGATION ( A ) Physical growth 11 1 . The data i i 2. Methods of tabulation 12 3. Height and age distribut km 13 Table 1.-Height and age dist ribut ton-V niversity of Chicago elementary and high schools and Francis W. Parker School 14 4. Weight and age distribution IS Table 2.-Weight and agedistributions 18 5. Medians of height and weight 22 Table 3.- Medians of height and weight 22 6. Individual increments In height, weight, and lung capacity 22 Table 4.-Increment s of growth in height for a group of 50 girls from 7 to 13 years of age with consecutive measurements 26 Table 5.-Increments of growth in height for a group of 50 girls f 12 to 17 years of age with h consecutive measurements ' 28 7. Average increments in height, weight, and lung capacity 30 Table 6.- Averages and average deviations of height and weight, increments of boys and girls from the University of Chicago schools and the Francis W. Parker School 32 Table 7.-Averagcs and average deviations of height and weight, increments of boys and girls from the Horace Mann School 33 Table 8.- Largest individual hicrement6 in growth 34 8, Individual growth curves 4. 37 9. The relation of physical defects to growth. . 58 10. Weigh theigh t and vital Ind 60 Table 9.-Weight-heigh vital indices at-ages 6; to 171 years for Chart I 63 Table 10.-A vertigoa ghtheight and vital indices for ago se to 171 years - Horace Mann, F. W. Parker, and Chicago schools 65 11. The correlation of growth in height and weight to sexual development 67 12. Conclusions 69 (13) Age, grade, and school standing 71 1. Curricula and methods of grading 2. The data 3. Methods of tabulating 72 Table 11.- School standing (for Chart lc).Horace Mann boys-Average mark, grade, age, and number of cases 74 4. Charts of mobilo! standing .14 77 5. Conclusions 70 (C) The relation of physical growth to school stacking 89 - I. School standing and growth In two elementary schools 80 Table 12a.-Average marks and average n .oher of subjects for pupils in the elementary schools, based on quarterly term marks 80 Table lib.-Number of pupils in elteh study in the various grades doing only fair or mediocre work 81 2. School standing and growth in height 82 b. School standing and growth in weighty 80 4. School standing and growth In lung rapacity 90 b. Educational conclusions with corollaries 98 CON:INTS,

GrAnancAt MATERIAL PRO. (A) Individual Increments of growth in height, weight, and lung capacity 98 Table 13.Increments of growth In weight for a gaup of 50 boys, with consecutive mamma ments, from 7 to 13 years of age 98 Table 14.Increments of growth in weight for a group of 50 boys, with consecutive measurements, from 12 to 17 years of age 100 Table 15.Increments of growth In weight for a group of 60 girls, with consecutive measurements, from 7 to 13 years of age 102 Table 18.Increments of growth in weight for a group of 50 girls, with consecutive measurements, from 12 to 17 years of age 104 Table 17.Increments of growth In lung capacity for a group of 50 boys, with consecutive measurements, from 7 to 13 years of age... ice Table 18.Incremknfs of growth in lung capacity for a group of 50 boys, with 'consecutive measurements, from 12 to 17 years of age 108 Table 19.Increments of growth in lung capacity for a group of 50 girls, with consecutive measurements, from 7 to 13 years of age 110 Table 20.Increments growth in lung capacity for a group of 50 girls, with consecutive measurements, from 1510 17 years of age 112 Table 21. Increments of growth In lung capacity kir a group of 50 boys, with consecutive measurements, f,rom 7 to 13 years of age 114 Table 22.Increments of growth in lung capacity for a group of 50 boys, with consecutive measurements, from 12 to 17 years of age 116 (B) Individual health notes 118 (C) Individual weight-height and vital indices 1 125 Table 23. Weight- height and vital Indices 125 (U) Individual school marks and grades 134 Table 24.Marks and grades 134 Average mark, grade, age, and number of casesHorace Mann School boys 134 Average mark, grade, age, and number of cases Horace Mann School girls 135 Average mark, grade, age, and number of casesFrancis W. Parker School boys 137 Average mark, grade, age, and number of casesFrancis W. Parker School girl. 138 (E) Individual notes oraschool progress 139

IV. HISTORICAL SITIAIIART. (A) The rise of physical measurements I 142 (B) Some general conclusions I44 1. Haight 144 2. Weight 147 3. Lung capacity 149 (C) Norms 1111 Table 25.Average American height mathematically calculated by Dr. Frans Boasfrom the data of 46,151 boys and 43,298 girls In the cities of Boston, St. Louts, Milwaukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oakland (Cal.); also absolute and percentage annuarIncreases of same 150 Table Z.Relation of precocity to weight as indicated by distribution of heavyand light children of the same age in the different grades of St. Louis schools (after Porter) 151 Table 27.Avemq height of men; 100 recruits from each State (Dickson, 1857) 152 Table M.Height as affected by nationality 132 Table 28. Height and complexion 152 Table 30.Stature of wt males arranged In order of greatest stature (Robert'sManual) 153 Table 3l.HeIghtsetli weight at certain agesForbes 154 154 Table 111.Choinati police standard (Dun) (I)) Comparative tables of height and weight 166 Table 33.Height and increment., In inches, according to various ameaurealeata 1M Table 34.Weight and increments, In pounds, according to various measure-manta 174 Bibliography of experimental studies in physical growth (336 titter) 189 213 INDRZ A 41

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pala FIOURE1.- {Chart la) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann School boys 38 Chart Ha) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann School boys 40 3.-(Chart Ilia) Height and weight curves for 'i0M1213 Mann School boys 41 4.-(Chart IVa) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann School girls 42 5.-(Chart Va) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann School girls 43 8.-(Chart VIa) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 44 7.-(Chart Vila) Height and weight curves for Horace Mann School girls 45 8.-(Chart Villa) Height and weight curves for Francis W. Parker School boys 46 9.-(Chart IXa) Height and weight curves for Francis W. Parker School boys 47 l0.-(C594 Xs) Height and weight curves for Francis W. Parker Schoolgirls 11.--(Chart XIa) Haight end weight curves for Francis W. Parker Schoolgirls. 49 12.-(Chart X Ila) Height and weight curves for Francis W. Parker School girls 50 13.-(Chart XHIa) Height anti weight carves for University of Chicago elementary and hIgh-schoolairls 51 14.-(Chart XIVa) Height and weight curves for University of Chicago elementary and highathool girls a 52 15.-(Chart lb) Lung-capacity curveslor Horace Mann School boys 53 18.-(Chart 1lb) Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann School boys 53 17.-(Chart Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann School boys l&-(Chart IVb) Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 65 19.-(Chart Vb) Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 58 20.-(Chart Vlb) Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls se 21.-(Chart VI1b) Lung-capacity curves for Horace Mann School girls 27 22.-(Chart VII1b) Lung-capacity curves for Francis W: Parker School boys 57 23.-(Chart IXb) Ltmg-eapaaity curve' for irenels W. Parker School boys 69 24.-(Chart Xb) Lung-capacity curves for Francis W. Parker School girls 69 25.- -(Chart XIb) Lung-capacity curves for Francis W. Parker School girls 61 26.-(Chart XIIb) Lung-capacity curves for Francis W. Parker School girls Si 27.- (Chart XlIIb) Lung-capacity curves for University of Chicago elementary and high schools 04 251.-(Chart XIVb) Lung-capacity curves for University of Chicago elementary and high schools 64 -29.-(Chart XV b) Periods of maturation for girls 87 30.-(Chart Io) School-standing curves for Horace Mann School boys 77 31.-,-(Chart Ilc) School-standing carves for Horace Mann School boys 78 33.-(Chart Illc) School-standing curves for Horace Mann School boys. 83 33.-(Chart IVc) School-standing curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 86 34.-(Chart Vc) School-standing curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 35.-(Chart Vic) School-standing curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 87 68.-(Chart V 11c) School-standing curves for Horace Mann Schoolgirls 86 37.-(Chart Ville) Schooltdanding curves for Francis W. Parker School boys 92 38.-(Chart IXc) School-standing suns for Francis W. Parker School boys 93 39.-(Chart Xc) School-standing curves for Francis W. Parker School girls 94 40.-Height and school standing 96 VI

LETTER OF 1'RANSNIFIT11,.

DEPARTMENT Or 'FILE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF EDCCATION, WashingtonVorember 4, 1913. SIR: There is a growing conviction on the part of teachers and students of education that there must be a close relatiOn between the physical 'and mental development of children and that this relation mustbe known and respected. 1 As yet, however, we have little -definite knowledge on the subject.Guesses and theories based on scant and unscientific observations are easily made and aro numerous. Sound knowledge can be had only by careful scientific invostigation thoughtful interpretation of accurate observations/made under proper control.The accompanying manuscript, by Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, profestiorof psychology and education in Swarthmore College, embodies the results of a study of the physical growth and the school standing of a group of boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 1 8 years observed consecutively and makes, I believe, a valuable contribution to the literature of, this sub' I recommend that it be publishedias a bulletin of the Bureau o:ducation. Respectfully suhinitted. P. P. CLAXTON, Commissioner. To the SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 6 FOREWORD.

It should now bo recognized that every child-has at least five parallel ages: A chronological age, in years, months, and days; a physiological age, indicative of physical growth and maturity; a menial age, significant of intellectual capacity and ability; a school standing, or pedagogical, ago, denotative of relative position inschool grades; and a tar/ or religious age.These ages may or may not coincide iu their stages of development.In a first-class school the school 1:hauling, or pedagogical, age and the mental age would bo the same. ;This monograph, aims to present the results of a study of the physical growth, or physiological age, and the school standing of a group of boys and girls from 6 to 18 years of age ivhen observed conspeu- tively. The scope or field of the investigation includes: (1) A series of norms bp.sed on the height and age distribution, and weight and ago distribution; the averages and average variations of iedividual increments of growth in height, weight, and lung capacity; and the individual growth curves in height, weight, and lung capacity, with health notes and weight-height and vitalindexes. (2) An investigation on school stati,jWg in marks, grades, and ages. (3) The relation of physical development. in height, weight, And lung. capacity to school standing. (4) A brief historical summary of the work in this field, with an ftnnettited bibliography. The chief value of the monograph consists in the fact that it is the first attempt to follow consecutively the same groups of childrftn through the elementary and high schools, either in physical growth or school standing, or the relation of the two.Since the curves and records represent individual histories, they will be of permanent value. The monograph also aims to give the present statua*f the problem of physical growth. The contents of the monograph are discussed from four pointsof view,. in order to meet the needs of the wide range 9f interests of the individuals into whose hands it may fall.The aim, scare, methods, and results of the investigation are first discussed under the headings: (I) The genenol problem, which suggests the salient.points without data or proog the second section, (II) The investigation, includes a detailed treatment with 'Specimen charts aild tables with proofs and 7 8 FOREWORD. comments; the third section,(III) .The statistical material, gives practically arl of the data for detailed. study as a basis for further investigations; and then follow the fourth section, (IV) An historical summary of investigations in physical growth, and a fifth section, (V) An annotated bibliography of 336 titles. The conclusions drawn from the study are limited to the data at hand, which have been obtaiteed from a detailed study of limited number of individuals in a special type of schools where the facilities for measurement are excellent and where much attention is given to physical examinations and remedial training.The children, as a rule, come from "well-to-do" families.The heredity and health notes are given as far as possible for all whose growth curries are plotted...The writer has been collecting his data for several years, and no effort has beeu,spared to secure the best available material in this country.

rs PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

I. THE GENERAL PROBLEM. Teachers, psychologists, physicians, and parents are necessarily concerned with the physical 'growtt and mental development of boys and gins.So much has been written within these two fields that we'are now in a position to ask more detailed and specific questions in regard to particular periods or nodes of development.In our modern work in expefimental education we 'greatly need consecutive studies through a long series of sears, giving full, accurate, and syste-

_ matic accounts of the physical gowh and school progress .of the sonic individuals.In prevfous studies, with a very few exceptions, it has been the method to measure or s:.,lily tr large group of children for one age, another group for the following age, another for the next subsequent age, and so on for the series included, and to derive a general average or conclusion from these data.For example, 1,000 children were measured for 6 years of age, another 1,000 at 7 years of age, and another at 8, and so on.The average for these groups gave some insight into how one child grew from year to year.''Ss The present investigation makes an individual st3tly of childrens, from three of the very best schools in America, and presents consecu- 14,, tive obserVations as far as these were available.It aims to show, aside .from the conclusions that the data furnish, the urgent need and necessity of life histories in all phases of educational work, if our subject is to be developed scientifically.The period covered.is from 6 to 18 years of ago, and the children have been under school medical inspection, directed play, and phyRical education.That these factors are iMportantseducatienal agencies is shown by the fact that, onthe average, these children from the Horace Mann School, theUniver- sity of Chicago Elementary anA_High School, and the Francis W. .Parker School are taller and heavier than any other group of children so far recorded among offer a million studied.The 33,840 measurementssare unusually good, since they have beenmade* con- tinuously on nude children by trained anthropometrists who recorded the age in days, the measurements in small units, and the various .heplth notes. . ..Xmong the important questions that this monograph aims to help answer are the following: What is the normal rate ofgrowth fo; a (.4.4 9 10 PHYSICAL OROJir AND SCHOOL PROORESS.,,

child within a given gimp IHow do children grow fromyear to year IWhat are the periods of acceleratedor delayed growth I What relation does the growth of any oneage or period have to subsequent periods ?I\o children retain their relative positions in height, weight, and lunicapacity throughout their school course? If so, will these individual studies help to anticipate howtall a normal child will be at any subsequentyear ?What is the relation of growth in height to weight, and the relation of growthin lung capacity to weight, since these are the best criteria of nutritionand robustness of an individual 7Are some children more mature phys- iologicallt at a given chronologicalage than others?If so, what relation does this accelerated physiological maturity bearto growth? How is growth enhanced, how arrested ? We' shall never be able to answer all these questions'completely until we have complete individual histories for all classes ofchil- dren, but the individual records and the growth-curves which we have worked out should be of value for such comparativestudies. The individual records are given in Tables 4, 5, attd13 to 22 and figures 1 to 28. For purposes of comparison with anorm (or average child for this group) the distribution Tables 2 and 3may be consulted, and also the . averages in Table 3. The increments of growth or the amount the child grows from year to year, or halfyear to year, may be obtained from Tables 4 and 5, and the largest individual measurements withper cents of gain frop Table 8.Tho general conclusions are givenon . page 69, and while they have a very general application in various directions, they arc limited in their strictest_ validityto the data included in this investigation. The second'section (B) of the; investigation follows thesame individuals through their school subjects from gradeto grade- The data consist of 21,682 final term marks from the Horace Mann and Francis Parker Schools.It must be recognized, sincewe are investigating the school standing ago and since the promotionsare based on marks, that these records must be taken at their face value, becausethey - represent school-practice and because they offer tangible criteria of the efficiency of the individual and of the school. The 11 charts give graphically the average mark, theage, and school grade from year to year in the school .. progress.These con- elusions may be found on page 79. . After the question of normal, accelerated, and retardedschool. progress. has been discussed empirically, the relation of physical for school standing is taken up on pages 71-97 in regard to. --height, weight, and lung capacity, with educational corollaries.The statisticarmateriallgllows,,and after this the historicalsummary. PHYSICAL GROWTH 42,Ip tiCHOOL PROGRESS. 11 1

IL THE INVESTIGATION. MO.

(A) PHYSICAL GROWTH.

1p THE DATA. fa The investigation on physical growth, as here reported, is based on the consecutive measurements al yearly and half-yearly intervals, or both, of 861 boys and 1,063 girls from the University of Chicago elementary and high schools, the Francis W. Parker School of Chi- cago, and the Horace Mann Same' of Teachers College, Columbia University. The records include consecutive measurementson the same individuals for periods of from 3 to 12 years, giving a sum total of 12,300 measurements for height 11,220 for weight, and 10,120 for lutig capacity, or 33,840 measurements. In the generalaverages ofliie increments, the measurements of the Horace Mann Schoolare for ti ve. or more consecutive years, and were taken, asa rule, at yearly intervals during the three fall months. The Francis W. Parker records were taken semiannually, during October and June, and the University of Chicago schools-semiannually in about one-fifth of the records included and in the remaindei annually. The individual- 'records from these latter schools contain, in the distribution tables, few consecutive measurements for periods of less than fiveyears. The measurements were made by the regular trained examiners and anthropornetrists in the various schools, except ina feW instances in the University of Chicago schools, where they were taken by the writer..'The children were nude, and .the records fordkeight were taken in millimeters or tenths. of an inch; for weight theywere recorded in decigrams or in tenths of a pound; for lung capacity deciliters or tenths of a .cubic inch were used. At the Horace Mann School the unit of weight was changed from pounds to kilograms in 1905; at the University of Chicago schools-kilograms and inches were changed to pounds and centimeters in 1904 and back to kilograms in 1910.The units also varied in a few cases at the Francis W. Parker School. r This changing of units necessarily introducesa small error 'involved in the reduction of a fractional part ofa large unit to a smaller unit, since it is more difficult to measure accurately with large units, and to further subdivide the'unit after the measurement has heed made ine'reaht any slight error involved in measuring.

l The writer Li indebted to Prob. Charles 11. Jbdd, Matter F. Dearborn, and Frank N. Freeman for lief Out suggeetIons in methods of undertaking th7investicat ion ; to Dn. Ray croft, 1. Anna Norris, Walter D. Wood, William H. McCastiine, Clement I,. Vaughan, and to Jeannette Seibert and Mho Fkra L. Cook for assistance in obtaining records.The following graduate students have helped V check some of the tabulated remits: Mires Miriam E. Doak', Carrie Saunders, and Julia Cooper, of the Universityof Tem, and J. A. Blackburn and Grim W.Greene, of Swarthmore.c.%11ags. 12 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. . A large majority of the measurements were reported in millimeters, _ tenths of pounds, and tenths of cubic inches, and these units are used in the preparation of the tables and charts presented in this study. 2. METHODS OF TABULATION. In order to facilitate methods for using the data and to obtain the yearly and half-yearly increments, each individual's records, together with the name or number, date of birth, and date of physical examination, were copied on small cards and later transferred to large sheets with the measurements and increments in opposite columns in order that the correlations between the initial measurement and the appended increments could be noted.This made it possible also to determine the effects of accelerated or attested growth on succeed- ing periods, since a number of increments on the same individual were available. Horace Mann School. 4 Name, 2007 (bo born 3,nne 2,1209.

I Data of meesuremen t.Iasi.6,Oct. 27,Feb. 8,Nov. 1, Nov. 19,May 4,Dec.6,Dec. 9, 1903. 1903. 1905. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1907. 1908. Alie (pm me. da.)....3-7-74-4-255-8-16-4-297-5-177-11-28-8-4 9-6-7 36.25 Wei8111--1Coingnansi' 4.1 V 240. 772 171. 73 11: Ls 26.7 ,43 V: 710 e361). 14 Hefght .oecatimetere. 103.4 108.0 116.4 121.4 127.5. 130.4 133.7 139.2

L,1° gicubic Mello'. 33 30 74 . 90 106 108 118 120 Vi&a: ate% .33 .49 1.21 1.47 1.93 1.96 ElIrDIOIS. Wet Wielght .160 .170 .173 . 178 .197 .197 .200 .217 .019 .0.16 .057 .067 .071 .1'0 .071 .064

Height and weight measurements of Horace Mann boys with yearly gains.'

Me. 1. Gala. I Gain. Gain. Otin 144 . , 16 15; . 16 163 H t (centimeters) 164.3 .170.1 5. i; 171.7 3.1 W t (putuale) 100.0 111.4 9.4 12.1 9. --. No. IL 143 15 154 ' 16 blit (cmitImeters) 171.7 175. 8 4. 1 114. 2 .. W t (pounds) 134.5 140.6 6.0 149.6 9.1 No. S.

years)en) _11 15 153 16 1531 t Onotimptars) 159. 2 168. 7 9.6 173 0 6.: W t (pounds) 102.0 117.5 15.6 128.0 10.,

rho nouod. balsas of a boy 15 yom dam la 164 ceotlesetan, mul Lb* normal ire& 106 pounds. Specimen transfer sheet. This method is illustrated on the increment sheets that follow- Tables 4,5, and 18-22.For averages and average variations of increments, six-month intervals were used.Fo example: 12-121,121-13, 13-131, 12-13, 121-13i. ' THB IBMESTHUTTOIT. 13 b To find the increments of growth in height, weight, and lung cal5ac- ity for each individual, the ages at the time of measurement were first found for years, months, and days but, in order to place the measurements for each individual into groups of yearly and half- yearly intervals, those made within three months and nine months above the year were considered as half years and the following interim, between nine months and the next three months, as full years.If two measurements fell within a six-months' period, the measurement nearest the age required by the interval was taken. No child's measurements, when placed in the yearly or half-yearly group, are more than three months from the exact age of the child, based on the date of last measurement and the date of birth.All measurements for more than a year's interval were necessarily eliminated in the calculation of the increment.t

3. HEIGHT AND AGE DISTRIBUTION. The height and age distribution table includes records of three or more measurements of pupils in the University of Chicago schools and the Francis W. Parker School.The roman numTrals refer to boys and those in italic to girls. The table otherwise is self-explanatory.In general, there is a fairly normal diitribution of individuals slightly above the average or height found by other investigators.These norms were found in order to determine the relative median heights and weights(i. e., the measurements above which and below which lie an equal number of individual measurements)' of the Chicago schools for a means of comparison with the groups of children studied by former investigators and for comparison with the norms used by Dr. Wood, of the Horace Mann School.The derived norms show, among other things, that the Chicago schools and the Horace Mann School form practically a homogeneous group in regard to height and age distribution of pupils. The differences of the two groups will be,notesd later, when a comparison of the growth curves of individuals is made.

The writer wishes to take this opportunity to emphasize the urgent need of a long aeries of consecutive measurements on the same group of Individuals, taken at the same time of day, by the seine' examiner, at regular alx.months' intervals from the child's birthday, using throughout uniform units of Measurements. n + I The formula le 2 14 PH-YEROAL GROWTH AND ROBOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE I.-Height and age distribution-Univeisity of Chicago iNumlwrof Individuals-Boys, 601; girls, 703; total, 1,334.

Age In yeah.

Height. 1 94 9'Iey

1 1 .1 i 13. G. 13.G.B. O. 13., G.nio.,B.10.11.110.1113.1G. 111013. G,I1.! 4; _ _ _ I Centimeters. Inches. 115 45. .3g! 24 3 116 2: t 1 2 117 1 26; 1 1113 4 2 E 2 3 119 3 A 2 12 11 4

120 47. $ 2 4 6 I 1 . I 1...1 121 1 I 3 I4, 5 1221 1 I tl 4I t I.5 1 8...2 1 4 3, 2 3 2 8 124 1 11 7' 11 6 2 7.4! 5 3: 4 ...I 4: 2 ...; 2 123 49.113g ...1 3 1,...' 6 3 2 1, 4i 2, 6 2 L 2 1 1._ I 126 1, r .1 41-9 11: 31 6 5 4 21 I

127 .1... I I 3' 4 6, 31 1 6 4 ...II 1 1! 5!2 6 4! 6,3 6, II 1. I, I ' 11: 1 3 4 3. 31 131 71 21 11 ' 5 r 51 2 6. ; S Sif 13I 3 1 3 /1 91 2, ' - 3! SI 1! 1 3: -4I 1 6 5 9 6 4. 4-.1I ' I 133 I 11 I 1 i 4 1!5: 31. 1 3" 61 11 6.3 1311- .. ,...... ;...... 1 SI 3, 2 6 I 61 3 5. 9 '11 101 4

1 53.164,..1...... L...... I . 1 r. 21 /:5'si 31!0! 414. 6 4 4

1 1 ...I.. 11... 2, 1, li4; 51 6ig 137 4114!2,4: 7; 2 : 4 N. ..- ...... 1...1 ...I 11 /!, 2'31 V , 3 9 1 1't; 11 2 41 . 2!...:F..: 5 I 55.1 ...... !,11..., 21 SI 1,...

1411 2 . 11 4 91 1 3 4 1 9 1 2 5 1 4 5 I I 51 1 3 1 4 3.6 - 2 2 1. 3 4, .? 1 2 1 1! I 4 A, 3 146 ...... 1 1,61 10 1 147! 1.. .1 2 1 6 4 144. 6 /: 4 5' 149 1 / 1 150 59.066 I 3 1' 151 ...... 1 1 11 2 I. i. ..j .

j I 1, ..... -1

15 1 1'

1 62. 161 1 163 164 16. 64.9451 4..

167 .1*

1 1 65. ... 171...... ,- -

17 1 66.

Number of individual:I 4/ 43 68i 4 54 87 4871 781 Medlen 11 14 1 11121 111 11$ 125115 131Ise 131 1 134 /31 196 I I THE INVESTIGATION. 15 eitine,.:ary and high schools and Francis W. Parker School. Number of messuremente-Boys, 1,586; girls, 2,358; total, 3,944.1

Age In years. . No. of Med. 111 12 121 i 14 141 15 151 16- 16; 17 171 18

1 R.15-1,B.0B.10.1B.10. B.0.B. G.B.0.B.10.B.10.B.0.B.'0.1B.0.11310.B.C.B.G.

! i I i I I I I I _....

. . I . ... I to. i . .. 19 I 1 1116

. 11ff . 14

...... 11 1230 19 1753 248/ 36 I .1

I 1 33 ...... I 37 - - ...... 2133 . 39

1 . . . 1...... SO ...... I...... - SO . .. . 3035 . .. ,...... 3433 3 S 5 S 3 1..1.. 1 I...... 3.41 . 4348 4 SG'7 2 1 P 1... 1 ...... 4 3 1 4 4 .. 3536 !6 8 46 5 6 G 3 215 4...1 1 1 2 32...1...... 4 5 9 3 1 .4 2 3 1 P...... 7"16 7 7 1 4 51 1 4 6 2 1 2 I 1 I I I. . 3237 6 9 . .... 4737 2 6 u ' 7 4 4 3 4 6 1 1 1 3 1...... 1...,. 48 . 3444 1 410 6. . 4 1 3 2 I,... 9 1 4 3 I 'a...... !. 24 4 1 4 4 -1 6 56'...I...2...1...... 1. ... 56 3 66 a 91 6. 8 II 4 3 4 8 1 ' 1 1... 1 'I 7 7 4 3 364 4 6 1 e 1 1...itir...... /3761 4 I 1 e 3, 4 5612 f 11 2 1 S... .. "85 7 7 6, 6 91 3. 5 3 4 --1 -66 .. 1 I... 3...t... 69 1 3- 1 4 3 4 411 6. 5193t 3 6.../ S...I. - I 1 28 2 41 610214 211 21 I 8 1 . '78 I 3 6/ . 9 IP S 9 '71 6 7 311 4 9 3 3 1 8 a 4 80 8. 4 6 .. 6'7 16 1 8 611 1 6 1 6 4 1 4 1 * 2888 1 I1.8 2181 ...J... 8 3 1 I 65 /I S.11/il 1 11 - 1 4 8 .. 1 5 7 g 811 1 e.. 8 6...1... 6ao77 ...... 3 1 6 4 17rv-rri-t"-Y I11 2II 4.. ... 4 1771

1 1 23 7 6 3 I... 3 7 1 e-i--4 ...1 .. S 1 31 Sf 4 3 8111 5 .. 6 3 8 1. . . 1 4 1 1 5 1.SI 8. ..9 4 ...14 3 4 4 7 1 8 1 11.- 1 1 4 a 3 9 ; 4 1 2 339 I12/t1 /I-1-e2X I 0'111_,4118211111.68 ...... "...... 8 1 3 9 3 '1 284428 1 Si 1 1 IvAl 2I 2 r 26 2035 . 5 t 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 I 6 26PI 4 3 3 1 r 2 1 1 9 1'/ I I 1417 ...... 1...... 2 1 S.. 4 1 211... 1 1 1 ii, 1 1 1 61212

/6... 1 fli 2 32 .. 2 I 191 ...... Iir... 1 2...1... 12 4 3 /1...... /10I

Z118M 8010707 43 1 L13. 85801 1111885597 62109 661( 1382.5 562877 /1 14447148150/55 1561671391 1441 1641591671601 1 1,100170 161170161 1gl 16 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOLPROGRESS. In order to accommodate Table 1 to the size of theprinted page; it has been necessaryto take out the following that table: measurements from At 106 centimeters girls,one 64 years old; at 106 centimeters girls, boys, one 6 years old; at 109 centimeters one 6 years old, one 64 years, and girls, two 6 years old, and hays, 110 centimeters girls, one 6 years old, one 6 years old, Iwo 7 years; at dye 64 years, one 7 years, two 74years, and boys, two 6 years old, and two 64 years; at Ill centimetersgirls, two 6 years old, two 64 74 years; at 112 centlm6tersgirls, eleven years, and boys, one 6 years old, two 6 years old, one 7 years, one 8 one 7 years; at 113 centimetersgirls, three 6 years, and boys, three 6 years old, two 64 years, one 7 years, two 74 years old, one 64 years, one 8 years, and boys,two &years old, years, two 8 years; at Ili centimetersglrls,six 6 years old, one 64 years. three 74 years, and boys, one 6 years old,two 64 years, four 7 years, one 74 motersglrls, one 154 years old, one 16 years, ono 84 years; at 176 caRst i- years, and boys, one 14 years old, one 154years, three 16 years, one 164 years, two 17 years, one 174 years,one IS years; at 177 centimeters one 18 years, and bdys, one 16 years old, girls, one 17 years old, one 174years, one 184 years, one 17 years, one 174years, one 18 years; at t76 centimeters- -girls, one 144years old, and boys, one 15 years old, two IS years; at 170 centimetersboys, one 154 years, one 16 years, two 17 years, IS years; at ISOcentimetersboys, one 144 years old, one 154 years, tw o 17years, one 174 years, two one 15 years old, one 174 years; at 141 centimetersboys, one 154 years old, one 18 years; at 182 centimetersboys, one 144 years old, one 16 144 years old, one 164 years; at 184 years; at 1513 centimeters -- -toys, one years old. centImetersboys, one 16 years old; at 186centimetersboys, one 114 The extremes in growthto be noted are marked, in that boy at 154 years of the tallest, age is 49 centimeters taller thanthe shortest ; the tallest girl at 131years of age is 39 centimeters taller shortest.The widest than the range of differences is during theadolescent age, where there is a slight tendencytoward bimodal distribution (i. e., two groups ofcases appear with central tendencies this appears for boys for each); at-1:3 and for girls at 12 The boys are taller than the girls from 6to 11 years of age; the girls and remain so until 14i, then become taller when the boys are taller.This is graphically shown by the solid and the leader lines drawntransversely in the charts.Those below these lines are short individuals. are tall individuals and those above

4. WEIGHT AND AGEDISTRIBUTION. This distribution, like that of height, was taken forthe University of Chicago schools andthe Francis W. Parker find a working School, in order to norm.It is to be notedthere is a much wider of cases here than in range the height distribution,and a more irregular surface of frequency for each age.The widestrange of differences is found during theadolescent age, and in 15 years, where the heaviest particular at theage of boy weighs 110 poundsmore than the lightest, and the heaviestgirl 104 pounds. The boys are heavier more than the lightest. than the girls from6 to 12i years ofage; the girls then become heavierand remainso until 16, after which the boys again are heavier. The norms, like thoseof height,are above the averages derived byother investigators whiohave used but measurement for each individual. one The table is self-explanatoryand is uniform in that of height. construction with TEZ INVEZNIATION. 17 The norms obtained in this table are, of course, least satisfactory for the lower and uppe4 ages, where there are few-cases.For several 'ages the same,individual measurements occur, thus making the table approach what it would be if a homogeneous group were used for all ages from 6 'to 18. The weight table-is- uniform in construction with the height table, and the same individuals are used.Since the measurements here were taken in pounds, in place of kilograms, the distribution of pounds is retained for years and half years, and the kilogram equivalents are given for every 5 pounds, beginning with 35 pounds. 7168°-14-2

1 18 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE 2.Weight (Number of IndlvldualsBo, 4; girls, 63)4; total 1,098.

Age In years.

Weight. 6 64 7 . 8 24 9 91 10 16) 11

B. 0. B. 0. Bi0.B. 0B. 0.113. 0.B. 0: B. G.B.10;11. GAS.1 G.'

Pound.. 3515.276 ...... se 37 I 3.. - ss ! ! - 39 '. 1 . . 401814..1 1 1! . I 1 1;.. 1 , 42 1 4... 1 3S.. ,. - 43 I 2 41 1 24 2 - 44 24.34 4 7 - 451 20.412 6 .0 2 - 48 1 11 1 t3 3.3 1 3 1 3.26 1 62 1.II" 48 4 1 3 4.1 2 2 -

49 1 I II 1 1 2 1 /1 1 3i., 6022.03 2 41 2 .1 3 6 1 S ; I 61 2 2 1 62 SIo436i6 62 1 "127 1 4 1 6' 1 6 2 2 ...... 63 .... 4 2 31 1 23 1 3 3 6 1 33.113.. 64 2 1 3 12 3 3 4 4 1 4... 1 65 1 24 948 2 2 1423 6, 4II 1 4...2 1. 3 1 2 61 4 1 61 243 1 1 1 67 2 3 6 2, .4 R. 34 4 1 1 6 1 4 as 2 3 8;26 3, 1 352 3 89 1 3. 45 28 I,.424 2,6 8027.252 1 1 t 4 6 1 4 61 11 2 4 2 7 I 4 8 62 2 1 1 33 32 4 2 2 63 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 64 2 I I 4: 6 2S3 9 6529.484 1 1 2 I 1454 66 3 18 2 41 252 6 67 3 1 1 1 3 58 3 h 4 6 1 4 a 4 23 70.31.752 - 2 2' 71 - 6 1 4 2 72 1 5 4 3 1 2 73 C. 11 4 74 ... 1 60 75 34.020 1 4 1 76 2 03 77 1 23 78 2 1 3 1 79 1 8030.287 232 3 81 3 1 2 82 - 2 1 3 3 83 1 21 84 . 2 1 es38.662 2 1 66 2 1 87 3 88 1 89 1 00 40.8118 I 91 92 93

:t ii:oii 96 97 96 99 ..... N THE INVESTIGATION. 19 and age dialribution.

Number of meospremenls-Boys, 1,475;girls,2,103, total, 3,3651 \._...) Age In years.

llj 12 ..12i 13 1 13i 14 14i 15 i I 154 18 184 17 173 18 D.0.

--, r- 1 3S G IS.G.:B.1G.13.!G.13.:G.B.G.B.G. B.. G.D.G.B.G.B.G.B.G. 13ip.B.G. I I i 1 I

...... 1 ...... - ...... - ...... 4 -- It ...... - ...... -- 11 ...... 721

. 14 ...... 910 --- ...... 1018 - 11es 23 . .17 ...... 31 30 eo eo 39 19 33 5 18 40 ... 1 1 4/ 1... 1...P...... 1 ...... 2118 7 6 4 4 2.. 1 31 / 1 3 2 :3 2...I ...... t7 3 ...... 29 1 is :2 ...... I...... 27In 3 6 2 I 2 Is 10 l'2 2 2 4 5 1 3 I..... 2... 4...... 39 18 2', 1 2, 4 4*3 1 2...... 1,...... 2'6 4 1 1 1 14 ...... 1 1 1 I-...... to ...1 3 6 4 6 2 1 1 1 ... 2 . . es to 25

3 1 al-1 1 t 1 2 3*I i i ...... ,. .. 16 rla I I l 2 17 2 4 23 4 4 3 / 2 1 3 / 1 . . . / 3 4 2 3 4 ... I' 1 5 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 16 I 1 4 - 1 4 I 5 3 2 3..... 1 I 3 1 4 .1 2 - 2 1 2 4 4 2 '2 19 ... 3 62 4 / 18 ... 4 3 . 1 2 2 t 1 i 1 1...-1 2- 1...... i..i...i... .1 2117 1 1 1 6 1 1 ! 2 1 1 21 1 ...... I.19 1... 1 4 4 ... 1 i 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 18 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 i / 4...... 1...... I S3 ... 1 I.... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1.. ... 41, .. 1 3 1 1 1 r 4... 1 i...... i...i....., 11 1 1 316 1 4 2 1 1 4 1 4.. S II...,...... 1 1 4 1 1 I... 1 ... 1 I...,.. 11 1 I 1 8 1. 1,,. I,.t.... .N...... II .....3 e 1 I 1 i:...i....i,..... 20 'PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE2. Weight aiui age

Age to fem.

We 101 61 Si I 8 9 94 10 101 11

13.(1. D.G.B.G.D.0.I B.G. G.B. O.B.0. D.G.B.G.D.!G

Potted,. 100 45.359 101 102 1 103 104 105 47.627 106 107 .... 108 ... 102 110 49.895 111 112 113 114 o 115 52.167 116 117 IN 119 12054.431 121 122 123 124 12550.090. 126 127 128 129 130 58.967 131 132

134 13560.235 136

Number of cases 3 6 446 1 4 741 MI 6454 8 71 7831638?90 (08 ?led len weight.. 4 5 4 481 58 8 611601 6655.68636 6 66, 09ee7167i TUE INVESTIGATION. 21 4 di.gributionContinued.

Age 9I Yew*.

111 12 121 13 131 14 141 15 164 16 l8i 17 171 11 B.Q.

B.,IG.B.G. B.0.B.G.B. O.B.G. a.0.BO.B. 0.3 Q.B.0. B.G.B. 0.B O.

/...1.../14..23II2 1 2 I 1 2 13... . 11..... 11 26 ...... 2 7...2 2 712 21 1 1 3..2. .. 1 15.26 ...... 2.. 1 5 I 1. .. 4 4 3 1 2 6 1 4 2 l I ...... 17 28 1 1. . . 1 ...... 1 2 6 3 1 5 3 4 3 3 1 4...... 1 1 1826 21 1 1 26 1 11.. :.... 2 12 t7 ...... 1.,..... /6 6..2...431 1 1 I .4. 25...2...... 16 22 1 .. 1...... 3 1 3 2 1 1 22 4 2 6 4 1 2 ...... i 11 27 ...... I3 ../2...35111612 1 2.., .. 10t1 I. . . I , 1 1_ 1. . 6 r 1 3 5 1 I Z 31.2 1 1...... 117 18

1..2,. t...2... 6 19 57 ...... 2... 1 1 6 12 4 9 1 3 1 .. 4 J.__... 1 10 94 1...i 6 1 ....I.. / ...l...... 1 6 9 29 -- 1 2 ...... 3 1 1 2 7 1 1 2/I.. 1 1 3 1... I 12 21 2 1 1... 1 1 1 6 4 1 1 1* 1 ...... -- 1... .1...... 2 3 13 19 1 t ... 1 1 2 S$ 1 219 1 1... 1 1 1 1.,. 1 ...1...6... 7 3 a...11..... 1 1 10 28 4 so 1 i ...1 .. 1...2... 22 1.. 1 1 1... 4 19 i1 .. 1...... 1 8 24 1 1 8 1 1...211.. .. 1 1...2 7 ii .. 1...1 4 13 ...... a...... it... 1 i 4 9 1 1 8 2 i\... 1 1... 1 i 19 .... 1 1. . . 1 2 1 _ 1 ! 1 t.. 1.. 1 . I 1 2... 1 12 9.15

1 1 2...1...108 ...1... 2 6 .. . .. 3 1 1 2. 1...... 1 6 11

...... i ...... i... 3 212 1 ..ia...... 111 ...is 14 ...... 1 1 1...a...t2 . 1 1 4

... .. 1 2. 1 1 I...... 63

1 I.. / . 34 ...... 4 1 9 . . . 41 9 7 8-6 12*iiII2-, 2237 192 Wel 62 105 1. 104 98 87 128,' 78116/8675998y331-449a 45 978798 33 4926 2117 83la 4...... 73 73 767 83 136 9587 95 90 103103104108 112109 111112108115 111123113128117121118......

I 22 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND BOH OM. PROGRESS.ESS.

5. MEDIANS OF HEIGHT AND WEIGHT. This table represents the median heights and median weightsfor 'boys and girls, for six-month intervals from6to 18 years of age, as deriVed from a study of the distribution of thetwo schools.

TAnix 3.-- Medians of height and weight. 9 Number of Mellen height. Malian weight. Number of eases' mem. Age. -- Soya. G irld. Boyd. G irle. 01,,1.. BOy8.Girls. 11°Y.. Afr ,/ / anti- Cinli- Kilo gilo- =eters. Inches. meters.Inches. prime.Poundal 6 grows. round,. r 116 45.7 114 45.1 21 41 21.3 47.0 1 19.0 43.0 64 32 38 110 46.9 117 46.2 29 11 23.1 51.01 21.2 46.8 29 7 121 33 47.5 121 47.6 43 22.5 49.6 I 21.8 48.2 38 53 74 125 45.2 ', 1M. 48.4 47 54 25.5 56. 2 1 22.2 49.0 43 21 8 128 50.3 125 49.2 52 87 25.9 67.2 23.2 51.3 47 72 84 131 51.5 126 49.7 48 71 27.2 60.0 I 9 25.2 65.6 50 64 131 51:6 ,,130 51.1 66 89 26.6 SR. 6 26. 1 91 58.1 5 t s8 134 52. 7 131 51. 5 78 101 9 59. 3 10 136 71 100 53. 5 las 53.0 78 93 30.55 67.2 29.7 7 104 139 65.5 71 SJ 54.7 137 54.2 76 85 31.2 68.8 20.8 65.8 63 82 11 139 54.7 141 51.4 103 110 32.3 711 , 30.2 66.8 11 i 142 90 199 65.9 144. 56.6 61 96 33.0 72.7 32.9 72.5 62 105 12 145 % 57. 1 146 57. 4 112 128 34. 8 34.2 1113 126 147 194 57.9 148 68 .1 80 107 35.2 77.8 37.7 .0 82 96 13 150 69.0 153 60.2 97 143 39.0 86.0 43.0 94.8 87 125 (34 152 59.8 455 60.9 68 115 39.5 R7.0 43.1 95.0 79 714 14 153 60.9 137 61.8 123 185 43.6 96.1 144 46.5 1022.6 116 165 159 62.6 157 62.0 80 132 46.4 102.5 47.0 101 5 15 164 75 99 64.5 159 62.6 84 158 48.2 107.5 50.8 112.0 $2 142 154 164 64. 7 159 62.6 55 97 49.1 108.5 16 50.2 111.2 75 97 167 65.7 160 62.9' 52 109 8 1.12.0 49.4 164 166 108.8 57 98 65.6 160 63.0 33 61 51. 114.5 51.0 112.5 33 17 170 59 66.5 160 62.9 41 89 56. 124.7 51.4 113.2 28 61 174 170 66.5 161 63.4 25 36 68. 128.5 52.8 116.5 18 170 17 33 66.5 162 63.8 28 77 59.1 130.5 51.4 115.7 19 64 Total number of came 1,587 2,372 1,464 2,101 Total number nullidnubx 501 706 ' 460 638

6. INDIVIDUAL INCREMENTS INHEIGHT, W.F.IGHT, AN LUNG CAPACITY. the writer has aimed,as far as space will permit, give the original data with results in such form that furthercomp ons and correlations may be worked out.Tables 4y 5, and 13-22 give the initial measurements in height, weight, and lu pacity, with the yearly increments and per cents of gain and loss for50 boys and 50 girls from 7 to,13 years of agt, and for 50 boys and50 girls from 12 tq 17-'Years of age.The individuals are arranged ,in an ascending scale in Accordance with th6 initial height at 7 and12 years'of age. Many individuals with the longest series ofmeasurements have beefs omitted on4aaricost of the records has'ing been made beforeor after thQ interims included in these tables.All the individuals with long records, however, are represented in the charts of individualcurves TEE INVESTIGATION. which follow. the tables.The individuals represented in both tables may be found by means of the cross references given in the explanation of the curve charts. In the tables the serial numerals at the left refer to the respective individuals.The heights are in centimeters, the weights in pounds, the lung capacities in cubic inches;' the-respective increments are of the same units of measurement. The per cent of gain is the proportion of the increment to the previous measurement. The averages and average devi tions of increments and the averages of the per cents itr tho midd e of the table are for the fast 25 shorter indiz viduals and those athe bottom of the table are for the 25 taller individuals.The a erage height, weight, and lung capacity for each year and half year t the bo4om of the tables are for the 50 in each group and offer means of comparison between the medians or norms folind in the distribution tables where there were more indi-D viduals, but fewer repeated measurements. No mitasuremeilts here, as indicated in the discussion on the method of procedure, can be morn than three months front the exact chronological age. These tables are given in' ordeethat the individual differences may be closely noted, that the differences between gain in absolute increment and gain, in percent may be compared, and'-that these data 'tnay be accessibly for future comparisons in this study and for those who wish to make further correlations. The boys and girls are from the three schools and represent a fairly normal distribution, except that the Fraecis W. Pdrkerboys are slightly inferior to the others in height aAthe Francis W. Parker girls, who were measured more frequently than those of the °then schools, show more individual fluctuations.

,E1011T.4 From the years 6 to. 1.3i, the yearly increment varies from 1 to 8 or 9i centimeters. At the age of 12 there is a surprising jump in the increase, which reaches as high as 12 centimeters; the rapid increase continues up to 17 years of ago.The increase from 6 to about 7i has no uniformity, and seems to depend on the individual. From thu years 8 to 12 the usual increase is from 7 to 9 centimeters.Irev, too, is the greatest uniformity of increase, that is more boys increase, the same number of centimeters than at. any other time. 'In some sporadic cases the increment is as much as 10 centimeters. From 13 to 17 the increment is larger. PHYSICAL' GROWTH A/CD SCHOOL PROGRESS.

1r 11181/T.

From the years 6 to 71 there is little uniformity in weightincrb- ment, for it varies all the way from 2 to 15 kilograms.At 71 the -increase begins to be a little more uniform, anda rough average can be taken.This is about 4 kilograms.In two cases there was a loss, of 2 and of 5 kilograms, respectively; but loss israre. The average stays almost the same up to 13 years.But some individuals increased from 14' to 22 kilograms.These cases, were, however, sporadic.The greatest uniformity occurs from 91 to 10i and again from 14 to 15/.The least uniformity of increase is from 12to 13. The average increment in the ages between 11 and 17 is from6 to 10 kilograms.The greatest increase, 18 to 23 kilograms,is found to occur between the ages of 12 and 16i.In one case between 16.and 17 the increase was remarkable, 35 kilograms.There were four cases of loss varying from 1 to 4 kilograms.The increase from 11 to 17 is so irregular as to make it almost impossible to strikean average.

II' LUNO CAPACITY. As a rule, the greatest relative gains in breathing capacityoccur between the first and the second measurement, which isprobably due to the fact thiit the child has not learned howto use the spirom- eter, which involves a voluntary reaction as wellas a physical measurement.The cases where children lose in breathing capaCityare, as a rule, near the first measurements or are caused by colds at the time of measurement. There is less uniformity in lung capacity than there is inweight. For example, between the ages of 7i and 81 the incrementvaries from a loss of 16-cubic centimeters -to an increase of 49.Before the age of 7i there is absolutely no uniformity; after this theaverage may be roughly estimated at 8 to 16 cubic centimetersincrease.In the ages from 10 to 13 there is a great fluctuation; all theway from 2 to 22 cubic centimeters, and 2 cases of loss.Uniformity is almost lost from 11 to 17.The ages of greatest uniformityare from 13 to 15. To give a few examples of the extreme fluctuation, andto give an idea of the difficulty in striking evena rough average, the following cases. may be cited: From 11 to.12 years of-age the lung capacity varies from a loss of 2 tQ a gain of 46 cubic centimeters;from 13 to 14 it varies from a loss of 16 to a gain of 56 cubic centimeters;from 14 to 15, from a gain of 2 to a gain of 86 cubic centimeters; from16 to FT, from a loss of 2 to a gain of 56 cubic centimeters. . THE THVESTIGAVON. 25. It is to be noted in reading these tables that the initial height, weight, and lung capacity are given in the first column after the individual's number. The yearly increment dr gain in growth is given just after the initial measurement and the gain per cent just after the increment.For example, number 1 was 112 centimeters tallat 7 years of age and 116.8 centimeters at 8 years of age.This girl grew 4.8,centimeters, or 4.3 per cent, during the year. At 9years of age this girl was 119.6 centimeters tall, and she had, therefore, gained 2.8 centimeters, or 2.4 per cent. 26 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE 4.-Increments of growth in height foragroup of 50

7 years. npers. 8 years. 81 years. 9 yeas. 91 years. 10 years.

11. si e t.. . - No ii I to '$ 1 jl.4.' 1 iii i

g zg b c b

Cm.Cm .1 Cm Cm.CM, CMCM. CmOni. IS"m Cm. Cm. 1 ..112. Cm ...... __I-116.:4.64.3 119 2.2.4 2 ...... 1.3....7 1 5.04.1 112.81 118 6 0i53 123 3 129 6.04.9 126. 4 113- -. 113.1...... "81.5."0119.1.1.96.2112232. .4..3.9 6 -- ...... 2.1.:.1.7 6 ...... 114.34.94.5116. 6.45.1 ...... 121. 6.34.6123...... 121 3. 73.1 ...... 7 114 . 119 4 84 2 8 .- .....116. 122 2.812.3 ...... 121. 5.04.3 126. 5.614.6 9 ...... 117...... 123. 6.25.2 10 iii..6". . ii,) 4.3 4 MS5.24.3 11 120 1 -- .....130.11:63.8 12& 6 61 .. 131 1 3 12 ...... 117.4...... 123.115.5.6'; ...... 128. IS. 4.1 131.: 13 3 8 9, 117.1...... 120.2...... 122.14.43.71Z.i&4.8128. 5.94.9 14 ...... 117.9....'...1=. 1.._. 1M.16.74.8 ...... 129.35.74.6 15 .. :118.4 . - ...... 4.1&6121.2...... 123. 5.24.4126.56.34.4121 5.04.1 131 6.7,53 16 114 46 45 7 '125 6,7 26 1 1^9 4.23 31 136 $ 6 24 h. 17 118.6. ' .1122..4.93.3 128. 45.84. _134.46.04.7 18 1 6.65.9. . 118.: 124. 5.64. 7 .129.14.6 19 119.0....1...1V. 3.7. -. ..1 ...... '.. ...128.9...... 130.,.. . 133: 6.133.9' 20 . 119.2 1 124.1...... 129 :.6.21;1. _ ...... 21 119 4 ,125 05.64 125 22 130 4 63 6133 9 119 1122 2 127.14.83. 1131 4 2 3 4.43. 119. 4 64.0. 122 3. 6 24. 126. 3.831129.:..._. -I-120. I . 123.0. 127.84.23.5 25 121.06.05.2 .131. 3.63.0 . 124.4342.: 1.29.45..4.0 .133. :4.13.4 Av 5.85.1 6. 1 5 14 6.14. 3. 4.73.8 5.63. Av.ver 1.01 .61 .7. 1 .8,... 1 26 116.25.85.3 ...... 122.4 .... 6.24.3 -.1127 4.63.: ..7133 6.04.7 ....IC... 120.3...._ . 123. 4.12676.45.3129. 28 120.5 5.34.3 ....,- ...... 123 ...... 126.36.54.: . ..128. 92.62.1131. 29...- . . ._._. 134.25.34.1 ...... 21.. 126. 4.23.1 129. TO 4.63.7134.....1 iii.6...... '12ti. & 414.6 ...... 130.44.03.2 . .36. 6.24. II ._...... 22. 6.11 6 87.. ioi6 134.446.21...... - 1212...... 125.43.2,T.. 177.7 83 7.31:8190. 12.2..21:23. 1 126 4.23.4 123.4 . 131,16.615.3133. 4.23.1 11 17.1 6 . 134 5 44.2.131 139 116 .... 123. 3.12. 6.131...... 125.6...... 128.45.04.1 ..1....136.17.76.0137. 87 124...... I...128.6. 134.66.04.7 .140. b. 38...... 124. 6. 1...... 6.' 130.6 .135.44.83. 89 ...... 124. 121.. .137. 7.2S. . 4 0 126 0 129 4.6'3.7 135.'6.44 13i .4-23.1 41 ...... _127.5...... 129.3 36.57.25. 138.3 42 5.54.1 .,. 141. 8. 127.. . 183.66.6.2 .140. ,6.44. 43 ...... 131...... 183.214. . -.....-. 136 3312 132 44 .. 127 3 . 129.1 31.26.24.1 137, 7.96.1 .142. 6.3 1 45" - 127.2 4.1 8.' 133.06.45. , 138. 5..3. 46...... 128. 6.,4.1 ...... 132.84.43...... 47 ..... 128 0 .133.66.64 .138 5. 48.. . 128...... 4.3.133.0..-...-134.66.14. 137 &3. 139 . _ 49 ..11 123.8. . 136.4 4 0.66.1. . 1416.44. .149 6.4 80 ...... 13&9 137.14 2141.9 ...... 694.414&29.16. 416.4.152. & 136.17.5.. AT .120 5.96.2122. 4.: 176.4 554.5 123. 0A 34.1245.14.139.15.6.14. 136. 5. Av. var.-...... 1. .8 13. .. I.. THE INVESTIGATION. 27 girt. from 7 to 13 year. of age with consecutive measurements.

to; years. It ran. 111 years. 12 years. Iii years. 13 year,

I. A i. .6. D. 7...... , - d a-_ E -.., No. :, .,... ..: - p,. li--t i . _e IF.1 !.. O "3 a 10 o., a :..: ,.S. a; a .

Cm. Cm Cm. Cm. Cm.0. Cm. Cm. Cm.Cm Cm. Cm. 1253 5. 4.1 . .- . .-.....130.74.43.5,13.12_ _.137.46.76.1142.5 7.36.4 1. 134.4 4.43.4 ...... 142.5 8.. 6.4 ...... 148.2 5.03.9 2. 130.. 4.3.7 136.f5& 4.6 ...... 142.0 5.4 130. 4.0 3. 3.5128 134.03.3.0 .140.6 60 1311 4. 454. 3...... 133.06.&9. '...... 138.46.444.1. ia: . 5. Mt . 3.42. 139.3. 6. 126 3. 2...... 130.64.'3.7 7. 132.4 5. 4. I...... 142.09 7 7 I' 147.46.43...... 134.' 5.614.3 . 4...... 138.6 3.0. . . .143.6/1/20&. . . 9. , i;3.-. i...i.i.5. iiii*.i.:(ia."7 iii:ii.i. 10. 1358i4.83.7 ki ...... 140.043.1 ...... 14424.23.1...... 11. 141 6 12. 132.7 4.73.7134.6 ...... 136.03.32.5140.3 5.74.2143.47.4&146.6 8.3 131, 5.913. 143.2 4.4W2 151.2 8.05.614. 143.0 5.64.1146.97.26.2152.4 9.96. 15. 141.4 6.44.7 147.0 5.64.0 153.66.6 139.. 4. It 4.6$4 145.4 6.44.6 17. 3.6. 133.6 4.6 4.5...-... .1... 14505.4 18. 136. 4:4 5.8 138.0 4.13.1 ...... 144.1 6.14.4151.0.-....152.4 tii5.819. 1356 7 . 05 . 41 4 4 . 1 .. _ . -.._...... 1 5 1 . 2 151.43.2 4.4 2.120. 19,. 5.8 138.9 5.03.7144.94.43.2147 5 A&6.2149.88.96.3. ... 21. iiki i.i/...i2. 143 5. 6. 4.8 1513.2 6.74.1 136.6 5.03.8. 142 0 &44.0 14&0 6.04.?24...... 138. 5.03.7141.6...... 144 6 &814.2...... :.116.4 15.84.026. 5.1 4.0 5.0 3.7 &I3.9 '6.1, 4.4 6.24. 1717374-.5 8 Av. 1.2...... 1.2 1 2 Av .vv. ==,=- .,, - 138.85.8 4.4 147.2$46.1 153.2 6.04.126. 134.25. 3.9136.2.-.._...... I._.ICJ.-....144.4.....27. 137. 5.64.3138.44.2 3.1...... 147..1&96.4151.7-....164. 6.64.528. ,142.07.2 5.3. 148.86. 4.9 167.0 &25.529. 140.84. 2 3.1. . 147.06.24.4161.5...... 30. 139, 4.63.4 13...... 1.3.5.0 4..a... .. 149.14.1i...i...... 31. 13279. 0 . . 6.9lii.i.....:. . iii.iI:' eii151 -...... 32. ms.5.64.3 ...... 19.1.83. 4.2 152.07. 28.0 ...... 33. 141. 3.22.3 .. 148.2& &5157.27. 8.ICA6.24.2. iii..2 . 34. 143.04.0 2.9. 147.74.73.3 153.6 3& 6.6 4.1146.1...... 1/3.06.94.711&5 ... 36. I 145.0,1.6 3.3 iiiieji:3.9 . 155 2 4.81:137. 141.4 4.4 i .6.0 ...... 148.47. 4.9. 166.09.66.5, ...... 11$ 14586.64. 154.8 39. 144.85.6 4.0 12.5 1E4.6 $214.240. 1453_.... 149.37.7 5.4153.07. 6.3156.0&4.5 162.2 6.34..41. 146.65.64.0. .-..-..-.152.0644.4. 158.46.44.2 ...... 42. 144.64.9 3.6...... 151.0444.4152.7...... 48. 149.37.04.9 159.55.6ai.6 ...... 44. 144.45.84.2 150.454.2. 155.95.53.7 ...... 44 144.2584.2 151.67. 5.1...... 156.44.83.2 ...... 46. 146.27.4&3 .153.87. 5.2. 47.. 143.44.119146.6. . 148.5&I3.6151.7&I3.5161.712.78.6 48...... 164.4i..8 1.2 160.25.83.8 167.0 6.84.249. 168.1 170.4 60. 157.55.74.2 140.35.6 2.9144.664.6146.86:54.6/150.76.94.7'161.16.14.0Av. . 1 0 1.0r . 1.4 1.6.... 1.0 Av. var. 28 PHYSICAI: GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE 5.-hurementaof growth in height for a group of

12 years. 124 years. 13 rem. 184 years. 14 years. 144 years.

.4. LI' 4 i No. 4 E I ii. .E --1 i i - -@ k 4: ci.. 31 A. a. . .

Cm.Om. Cm.Cm. Cm.Cm. Cm.Cm Cm.Cm. Cm.Cm. 51 128.0.. 134.0 ..,. 139.45.44.1 143.26.414.2 52 132.85.24.1 114. 8.06.0 144.43 2.6 83 134 6 139..5. 3.9 149.09.26.6 54 134.42.41.813,0.. 144.07. 5.1 55 136.03.12.3139. 144. 5. 3.o 56 137.r3.02.2140.2 148.46. 4.4 . 152.25.88.9 57 137.03.82.8114.08.50.3146. 9.16.6 147.9LI .7153.0...... 58 138.26.14.9 145.67.45.4 . 150.44.03.3 59 38. 144.8 6.21.5 14s.4, 3.6 2.5 60 38.8 6.64.91 113.8 5.13.6149.44. 153.64.63. 51. 39.' 4.23.1 143.0 4.02. 140.0 5. 3. 62 39.4 6.04.5. 140.84_5.03.7 147.36.5 4.4.151.8. 63 89.7 143.43.72.6147.3...... 144.5 5.1 3.6152.14.08.3 54 40.3 8.36.3 146.06.74.1149.0...... 151.2 5. 3. 155.05.23.5 65 141.05.64.1145.4. 152.cl. 6. 4.5 66 141.4 5.74.2 149.27.86. 154.3...... 157., 8.5 5.7158.74.42.n 67 142.' 9.06.8 144.9 147 2.71.9148.0...... 68 143.2 4.43.2 146.8. 153.48.64.5....,...... iii.i)6. e.4. i 86 - 143. 151.8...... 157.66.48.0 70 143.45.43.9 150.47.04. 164.64.22.8 71 144.4 149,24.83.3 151.11.91.3 72 145.4 4.23.0 150.85.43.7 1.55. 6.03.3 73 145.8 6.21.1 148.42.81. 150. 2.21.5 74 147.04.83.4 149.02.0' 1.4 151 02.0I 3 75 147.6 9.67.0 .. 153.6 6.04 1 1 100.42.01 Av 6.04.5 513.0 5.71.1 5.413.9 4.53.1 6.33.6 Avivsz 1.6. 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6.. 1.2 76 143.1 . 151.48.45. -159.4-8.0&3 77 145.4 3.82.7 1:2.I 6.64. 157.45.43. 78 146. 7.46.3 'In e 7.46.1158.6...... 165.16.64.1 79 146.06.24.4 153.46. 4.6 . 160.16.74.3 80 146.58.05.8 . 148.3I. 1.2152.1...... 154.46.14.1 81 147.2 ii6..i a..i . 158.17.2 4.0 82 147.3 7.37.8 151.1 3.72.:154.3...... 159.18. 6.3163.08.75.6 to 14,5.6 155.2 7.45 )157.6. 159.44.2 2.7 84 148.4 164.0 5.63. ., 156.1I 1.3 86 140.7.. 152.46.4.7163.5 6.4 160.,6.2 3.3162.1..... BB 149. 6.28.6 157.4 8.25 . 162.'4.8 2. - 87 149.8&I8.7151.P. 162. 7.1 4.8 86 1842.4 .. 154.110..6.9168.2lit. .6. 162. 4. 2.5162.9...... 80 161. 3.22.2 160.0 8.36. 90 161.4 9.'6.3 158.66.2 3.4 . 168.0i.i 1.5 91 154.4. 160.15.1 3.3163.7.....164.74.71.9 92 1b& 11.57.9 161. 6.23. 163.12.0 I. 164.6...... 93 156. 167.7. 139. 8.'2.'162.04.3 2.7162. 3.2 2)0 94 167.010. 7.5. 160.68.6 2.3162...... 96 156. 7.04.6 167. 7.24. 167. 3.14 1.3 96 158.' 8.06.3 156,7 . .4161.2.,...... 162. 3.3 2.1162.21.0.6 97 156. 164.8 5.:3. 167. 2.2 1.3 98 161.07. 4.5. 167.R6.8 1.2 . 189.41.6I. 99 163.65. 8.5 167.03.1 11 .168.01.0 . 100 164.28. 5.3. 186.04.8 2.9 . 170.61.6.' Av 145. 6.64.7 117.17.75.3161.3 6.'4.1153.94.6 3.1155. 1.73.0158.74.22. Av. var 1.0. 1.5. 1. 1.2.. 1.7 2.5. THEINVESTIGATION.

50girls fromIt to 17 years of age with consecutite measurements.

15 rms. 154 years. 16 years. I 164 years. 17 years. .. . + A I 4 . 1 1 - ii ..: .:Ia No. le,... 121 it § -a 93 g 6. 4 4 9.. al 9 a 03 a

Co.004. Ors.Ow CIF. I C.a. Cos. Cm 046.Cm. 148. '3.02.1150.0. 150.1 2.i 1.4 51. 160., 6..3.9 . . 1.511 OA0.5 ...... 150. 0.'0r62. 154 000:1 53. 117.02. 2.0 ...... 150.42.6 1. . 151.1. 64. 150. 6. 4.4 154.1 3.5 2.3 16.6.4 1.3 1. 55. 1.8 H. 154.0i:ii:ila,1.1H157.73.7 2. 4ISCk 100 2.31.557...... 163.2 2.8 1. 51 151.12.'2 1 6 .153. 2 151 1 59. 166.011.4 .9 . 1. ea iii.O-i...2.7 ..,... 163.8 .1.81.."156. . . . 61. 156.2& 2. 157.1 AS. 1. 1.0 158.7. ea. 152.1 & 2.4 152.1 - .1- . 155.0 8. 2. 7 iii. 7 . ..64. 156.04.0 2. . . 158.71 2. 70 !'3 .. . 1.7 .665. 159.6I. 1.216.4 1.7161. 1.9 1.2 iii :i ig:' 149.1 151.0 1. f 1.3 67. 168.2 3.22.I 161 .4 61 161.0...f. 100.. - .1- .3 166. 643.469. 166.62 1.3 156 2-- 70. 155. 0ya 92. 155 0 154 5- 5- 371. 150.0 11. 2.1 ' 150.8 .8 160 . .471 152.1 1.5 1.0 152.3 .2 .1 152.3 . . 73. .4 74. 136.0.2 151.6 .6 4 1(. 1.19 1.2 1822 , I 154 15R.4 .0 . 75. 3.52.3 3.0 2.. 1.61 I. 1.1 .7 1.0 .7 - 1.11. 163.03 2.3 165.' 2. 1.2 167. 20 76 163.0 5. 3.6. . . 167.0...... 394.9i.12.5170. ,1 1 9 1711 ...... 163.83.92.4 .. 164. 1 ...... 79...... 811 ira. 6 3.3161.0.."6. 2164.4.1.2-.." let"'" 164. 2 & 3...... 104 32.1- 1.3 168 lit .7 . 4&NI 162. 6 3. 2 1 164. 2.01.2 164. .0 .0183. 148. 2. I., . 159.4 .8 159. .2 .11N. Ia. . 2.3 1.4 . 164. 4 . ...&& les., 4. 1 2.. 167. le& 11.0 . 88 164. 2. 1.4 . 169.214, 2.9 . ... 170. 1.6 . 87. 144. 4 1. 1. 166., 2.11 1.3 , 106. .2 1461...... 60 187. . 168.81.2 .7 ...... 170.1 1.8 . 89. 160.3 .9 iiiii , . . la HA 2. I. 166. 1. 1.1 . 167 I 167.7 91. iiii- 167 . 99. 163.0 163 5 93. 142. .1 100. 2. Y. 2170.4...... - 182. III .3 .8 .2152 "..lila..li! la 1111-:i99SS: 170.4 2.42., .1 170. . . 97. 12.l!:. 171. 1 .1 fel 168. , . 1 99. 171.4 .5 171.4 . .. .I.. 100.

186 , 2. 1. 160 2 41. 191 1.7 1. 161. . 4 141.1 .8 1. . 1.6.. 1.0 80 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

7. AVERAGE INCREMENTS INHEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND LUNG CAPACITY.

A study of the individualmeasurements in height reveals different .correlations in growth forgIboys and girlsabove the median (average) from those below.That is, the rhythms of fluctuationsof growth for tall children differ materiallyfrom those for short children.This is demonstrated by thenorms found, which serve in this connection as a temporary expedient for estimating therelative heights of this group of children and as a means for dividing theminto two general groups, those lying on and above the median andthose lying below the median.There, are some whocross the median, and others whose curves fluctuate toward or from the median.Those lying above the ynedian height begin and endtheir periods of acceleration and arrest earlier than those below the median.The increment tables following give theaverages and average variations in yearly and half-yearly increments for boys andfor girls in height and weight in the two Chicago schools and in theHorace Mann School. As will be noted, the results give thegreatest absolute increment and the greatest average deviationsduring the adolescent period, beginning at 12 years ofage for boys above the median height and beginning at 10i years for the girls abovethe median.This marked acceleration continues until 15} forboys and until 13 for girls. For those below the median heightthe greatest average acceleration begins at 14 years for boys, andat 111} years for girls, and continues, for the boys, until 17i and for the girlsuntil 15i.The tables also show there is a period of slightlymore marked acceleration or arrest, from 6 to 8 years ofage, depending on the relative height and the median.There then follows a gradual decreasein absolute and relative increment until the advent ofthe pubescent increase.The results hold for each school separately andfor the groups collectively, for boys and .for girls. No individuals were eliminated whosemeasurements and ages were found to be accurate, butas stated above there were some whose g:st measurementswere below the median and whose lastmeasurements were above the median; thesewere grouped with those above the median.There were a few others whose firstmeasurements were above the median and whose lastmeasurements were below the median; these were grouped with those below the medially.The flustuations in the growth of these latterchildren tend to obliterate ,the characteristics of the two maingroups, i. e., they tend to destroy rather than accentuate ti.e most common pubescent tendencies of each group.It didnot, owever,seem best to form a separate division of these "crosses," since it wouldbe impossible to drawa distinct line of demarcation between thoseabove and those below the median. TUB INVESTIGATION. 81- . The rhythms and fluctuations of grOwth in heightfor the children above the median show that these boys and girlsmature in physi- loogical growth earlier than those'below the median, since theirperiods of acceleration and arrest begin earlier and end earlier.There are individual measurements lying on either side of th,m medians, arranged in all probability in a normal distribution fromhe tallest to the shortest for each chronological age.If this is the -nse, as the individual curves will show, we are justified in makinga erages or medians only when the average or norm is based on the physic- logical age instead of the chronologicalage.A new and very implrtant educational problemisevoked here: How may we formulate a measuring scale for determining the physiologicalage of the child I A careful study of individual growthcurves, based on consecutive measurements, it is hoped, will help toanswer this question. These significant characteristics of tall and short children,differing in their periods of acceleration and arrest,may also be noted in the groups of 200 individuals whose heights and incrementsare given in Tables 4, 5, and 13 to 22.

f 68 TV01131.Hd ILLSORC! QhTY 100H38 *9EIR110011ci ...... --00-0w...... 00ww.. F 4 rrrPrrrrporrrirrrfarrrrfarrrrrr.r....P b 8 c..0,,..x... --.-...c..-0.,..,...--c--0,0asr..aucwome 4 rr;P;PFrPrrrrrr!..Prrrrrrrrrrtarrrrrrrrt T 1 a

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4111111 84 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. Since these children were not all measured an equal number of times and, therefore, individuals are constantly entering and leaving the yearly and half-yearly groups, the sum of the averages of the half-yearly increments do not in all cases equal the averages of the yearly increments.These conditions vitiate the results in so far that we do not have a truly homogeneous group throughout.These facts explain why it is not possible to get an average increment by taking the difference between the average measurement of two intervals, since this method would in some cases give a minus quantity if a majority of tall individuals were in the former and not in the latter group. The individual increments also help to explain why the'com- posite curve of the average heights based on single measurements of different individuals at different ages does not represent tho, growth' of any individual or any group of individuals.Therefore the method of finding averages on single measurements, which has been univer- sally used in the past (on account of lack of data based on consecutive measurements); must be abandoned as a method for obtaining norms. The following are some of the greatest gains in height, weight, and lung capacity amo,ng all the boys and girls included in the entire study.Those whose numbers are below 200 have been taken from the tables just given and the other ones from the groups., of individual growth curves. The largest increments of growth alias follows:

TABLE 8.-Largest individual increments in growth.

INCREASE IN HEIGHT. BOYS BELOW TILE MEDIAN HEIGHT. ----- ,_ Numbers.' Age. Height. Age. I Height. Inertias° Inheight.

Y.rn.d. Cm. Y. m. d. Cm. Cm. l'er et. 151 12 4 19 137.2 13 819 149 0 11. 8 8.6 153 15 1 6 149. 2 16 0 2 159.0 9.8 6.7 153 16 0 2 159.0 17 1 3 170.0 11.0 6.9 156 1511 17 154.9 1611. 18 165.6 10.7 7.0 165 13 520 147.214 5 6 , 157.5 10.3 7.0 174 1 4 4 24 155.2 15 5 9 165.7 10.5 6.6.

BOYS ABOVE THE MEDIAN HEIGHT.

128 11 9 9 156.612 9 7 166.7 10.2 6.5 176 14 0 0 145.5IS0 0 158.3 9.8 .6.6 187 13 2 5 156.1 14 422 167.0 10.9 7.0 189 14 3 9 159.3 15 415 16e,5 10.2 6.4

GIRLS BELOW THE MEDIAN HEIGHT.

El 13 218 159.5 14 5 1 149.0 9.5 6.5 82 t 18 630 154.3 14 120 163.0 8.7 AO 20 1111 0 137.0 13 3 0 147.3 10.3 7.5 105 13 5 0 141.9 14 5 2 153.1 11.2 7.9 831 II 3 4 138.612 4 9 148. 8 10.2 7.4

1 'I'hees numbers correspond to those In Tables 4, 5, and 13-22, end In the Haab Notes, pp. 118-131. THE INVESTIGATION. 1 35 TABLE 8.-Largiat individual increments in growth--Contin INCREASE IN lizrowr-Continued. GIRLS ABOVE THE MEDIAN HEIGHT. t Numbers. Age. Height. Age. Height.Increasen height. 6 Y. m. d. Cm. Y. m. d. Cm. 92 rm. Per el. 10919 144.3 12 1 3 155. 8 11.5 7.9 91 11 322 146.1112 7 13 157.2 11.1 7.6 95 10 426 145.6II 8 9 156.8 11.2 7.7. 97 101019 144.3 12 1 3 155.4 11.5 8.0 99 11 4 23 146.1 12 710 157.9 11.8 8.1 41 . 91012 134.911 4 21) 151.4 12.5 9.0 49 10 913 147.9IIII 10 157.5 9.6 6.5 310 11 912 117.6 12 7 4 114.5 10:9 7.4

LARGEST INCREMENTS OR GROWTH IN WEIGHT. BOYS BELOW THE MEDIAN WEIGHT.

Numbers. Age. Weight. Weight. i Increment. Age.

Y. m. d. Lbs. IY. m. d. I. Lbs. Lbs. Per el. 151 12 4 19 , 06.3 13 819 87.5 21.2 82.0 172 15 1 7 117.0 15 6 6 1 141.7 24.7 21.1

BOYS ABOVE THE MEDIA24-5YETkilr.

I 176 !11 4 20 15 9 I 90.2 5 117.5 24.3 26.1 140 9 8 3 70.2 10 815 87.6 17.4 24. r 116 IIII 2 110.712401 7 1 133.1 71.4 22.0 191 14 6 5 108.0I 5 624 132.0, 24.0 72.2

GIRLS BELOW THE MEDIAN WEIGHT.

9II26 53.9 10II30 77.2 23.3 43.2 13 10 23 97.9 1 1410 3 117.3 19. 4 19.8 1311 12 78.0IS 1 13 97.2 19.2 24.6 1210 26 94.5 131023 113.8 19.3 20.3 12 7 0 78.1 13 4 16 98.1 20. 0 25.5 i4 5 9 111.8IS 5 0 131.1 19.3 17.2

GIRLS ABOVE THE MEDIAN WEIGHT.

MI 11 524 79.9 12 610 115.6 35.7 13 45.5 .11 410 125.0 12 8 149.9 24.9 18.0 1160 , ' 10 221 72.2II220 96.8 24.8 34.3 17 11 310 104.512 314 124.9 20.4 (4 9.5 12 611 127.013 924 147.8 5 20.8 100 16.3 ... 12 9 0 103.2 13 724 124.2 21.0 20.3

LARGEST INCREMENTS OP GROWTH IN LUNG CAPACITY. BOYS BELQW THE MEDIAN HEIGHT.

Lul f es- . Numbers. Age. Age. iii,,,I17- Increment.

Y. Is. d. Ce.1n. Cu. 1.4 r., in. d. re in. Pere!. 14 4 8 163 15 4 7 111 210 47 28.8 1602 17017 I 3 220 60 28.8 iv 163 6 215 17 3 3 171 263 50 23.2 % 10 10 1 '106 1 1 1121 150 44 Q,4 36 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL P REAtfl.

TABLE S.-Largest individual i in growth-Continued. LARGEST INCREMENT8 OF WTH ix LUNG CraScrryContinued. ABOVE THE MEDIAN IIEIGIIT.

umbers. Age. calAn,Ify. Age. caleity.! Increment.

1Y. in. d. Cu. in. Y. tin. d. Cu. in. Cu. in. Per r. 123 11 9 9 194 12 9 7 230 46 '25.0

139 1 12 1 21 10013 1 20 115 45 45.0 179 , 13 922 152 141013 218 88 36.8 187 13 3 5 364 14 422 212 48 287 192 13 7 14 18.8 14 324 238 50 26.6 199 13 1 26 190 14 2 0 240 60 33.3

GIRLS BELOW THE MEDIAN HEIGHT.

14 ' . 11 2 9 112.612 1 0 1 180.0 67.21595 '19 12 07, 120.013 015, 180.0 60.0 , 20.. 11 1 191 76.0 12 1 2 112.0 36.0 46.3 21 9 724 95.010 627 130.0 35.0 53 13 3 18 128.0 14 5 2 . 160.0 32.0 25.9

GIRLS ABOVE THE MEDIANIlF,IOfT.

36 .7 10 2 7 .98 11 811 159.2 63.2 r,3.8 46 6 5 17 1 70 7 517 106.0 38. 0 1.2

46 11 4 8 1 -142 12 4 0 190.0 48.0 33.5 86 1310 14 154 10 5 0 190.0 38.0 21.1 86 141051 100 1510 2 234.0 44. 0 23.1 The greatest yearly gain in height for these boys below the median is approximately 10 centimeters per year, and as a rule these gains are made after 14 years of age; for those above the median the gain is approximately the gain ineight for girls telow the median is from 9 to 11 centimeters, and occurs after 12 years; for those above the median height it is from 104 to 11 and occurs before i2 years of age. The greatest gains in weight are after 12i for the boys below the median and earlier for those above median height, as a rule.For the girls the greatest gains, are after 1:3 for those below and before 13 'for those above the median. The greatest gains in lung capacity are after 14 as a rule for the boys below median height and before for those above median height.For girls there is little difference between those hbove and those below , median height. lb. In an extensive study on physical growthrbased on single measurements, Dr. H. P. Bowditeh' callS attention to the asymmetrical nature of the trend of the growth curves and holds that large, tall children make their most rapid growth at an earlier ago than. the small ofies, since the average and median values do not coincide.By using the same data, given by Bowditch, Dr. Franz Boas' pplies supplementary statistical methods and concludes that 13owditcl's conclusions are untenable.He says: The asymmetry is not accidental, for there will be as many children on a stage of velopmeni corresponding to that of their age plus a certain length of time as corm- . 11 'in,gto that of their age Minus a certain length of time. Wet. Boaditeb,11. P. Growth of children.Tenth nu. rep. Miss. Dd. "r ',Bass, tr. On Towneend Potter's Invealiguliun of school children of El. I.ouln. INVESTIGATIO14. 37 In his several reports on the growth cf Si. Louis children, Dr. William T. Porter 1 finds the same asymmetrical trends noted by Bow- ditch and repeatedly calls attention to the difference between the mean and average. Boas very plainly states: "I can not acknowledge that thp conclusions reached regarding the growth of tall and short children arci 'co;rect. Ho finds the constant occurring differences and their regular distribution between the mean and theaverage furnish the best proof that the curves under.considerationare not probability 'curves.IIc believes, d this is the case, neither theaverage, nor the mean, nor the most frequent value represents the type of the age to which the curve refers.This 'eau be determined only by detailed examination of the causes of the asymmetries. To summarize briefly the differences in the two points, of view Boas maintains that

When we consider children of a certain age, we may say that they will not all beon the sane stage of development. Some will have reached a point just corresponding

to their age, while others will be a little behind, and still others in advance of theirage. . Consequently the values of their measurements will not exactly correellond Co those of their age. We may assume that the difference between their stage Oflevelopmint stall:hat belonging to their exact age is duo to accidental causes; so that just ati*many will be less developed as further developed than the average child ofa particular age. Or there will be as many children on a stage of development correspondingto that of their age pluji,a certain length of time as corresponaingto that of theirage minus& certain length. of time.Science, n. s. 1., 217. Porter's ass. umptions are based on Bowditch's dataas well as his own, and he maintains that The type of k certain deviation from the mean of an age will show thesame degree of deviation from the mean at any subsequent age; for example, tu type boy in the75 . percentile grade at age 6 will throughout his growth be heavier than 75 per cent of iffEl of his own age.Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louie, 4,p. 291. Boas objects to this assumption ana holds that theaverage children do not hold their.percenti,le rank.The individuahgrowth curves included in the present investigation shouldgo a long way toward solving this much - disputed question. dt will be shown that both writers are partially correct, but neither couldsee the significance of his conclusion from the data at hand..

i3 Ix 8. INDIVIDUAL GROWTH CURVES.

(a) HEIGHT AND WEIGHT. The series of. 28 charts show the individual growthcur'v'es in height, weight, mid lung capacity for 170 individuals,giving in all HO individual growth curves for various periodi between1 sears9 months and 18 years 6 months! In carrying out a comparisou graphica lly among for)*so dissimilar in, absolute size as Awe of height, body weight, and lung capacity,

Vetter, W. T. The growth of St. Louis omens.' 11 3)?r PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. it was thought best to use the following units.In the height and weight curves the same base line division of 20 millimeters equals 12 months in age, while for the ordinates or vertical lines 40 millimeters equal 20 centimeters in height and 10 millimeters represent 20 pounds in weight.In the lung capacity charts a base line division of 15 milli- ,

IIIIMIMS11111111111111111111111 11,181111811111111111111111111 11111111MEME1111111111111 immindostanumma111111111111111WORMINIIIIIIIMI 111O111111111111111111M11111111 LIMMINIIIIMEMIL 11:`111113.1111.111M, =KM 'NW ."11111 %. MUM ihnikn1111111111111 'MX.N11111111111111 11111MINEWIZIIIINI 11111111111111MEMEN1111111I BIBR11E 1111111111 11IEEMNIII IL N

meters is used for 12 months in age, and in'the vertical or ordinates 10 millimeters represent 20 cubic inches in lung capacity. The original charts have been reduced in size and the millimeter lines taken out. The black lines represent distances of 20 millimeters on die height and weight charts and 15 and 10 millimeters on the lung oepeoity &Arta. THE INVESTIGATION. 39 The same Arabic numerals refer to dbame individuals,respectively, for each of the 15 groups for all curves, for all health notes, and. for all indices.The circles give the time of measurement; the ordinates represent the measurements accurately to within 0.4 of a centimeter or less, and the abscissa the exact age within 14 daysor less. It is at once apparent that the direction of the curves shows the absolute increase, decrease, or uniformity of the increment of growth. A straight line of uniform pitch indicates an absolute increment for the :tame individual; therefore, in general, the degree of pitch of the line (curve) shows the relative amounts of increase of absolute increments for the same individual, and a change of the direction of a line at any circle (or point of -measurement) indicates a decrease in the absolute increment if the line turns toward the horizontal, andan increase if it turns toward the vertical.The chaits, therefye, like most growth curves, show graphically the absolute increments and not the percentage of increase over the initial measurements from period to period.The relative gain or per cent of increase or decrease may be obtaind from the preceding tables (4, 5, and 13-22) for comparison, if desired. It should be noted that no attempt to select the individuals was made in the charts except to include a few that are tall and a few that are. short in order that the height curves may be followed individually from measurement to measurement.The wide distribution of ind aLs from tallest to_shortest may be' noticed as a general charat...... istic of this group; there is a range of 35 centimeters in height between the tallest boy and the shortest boy at 14i years. -Since this wide range of distribution i9 uniformly present for all ages, a comparison of the growth of some very tall Children with some short ones may be nicely observed when compared with ,the dotted curve which is "Boas's normal curve" based on the measurements of 45,151, boys for one measurement each. A study of these height curves reveals at once that each boy holds approximately his relative position in the group for the periods included (Nos. 1, 8, and 9 are the only curves that cross, and in only one of these instances are two 'curves intersected), and on a percentile basis each would retain approximately his percentile grade; and that the relative shifting of the beginning of the adolescent acceleration from 12i years for the tallest boy (No. 2) to 16 years for the shortest boy (No._ 11) is a notable characteristic which has been referred to from time to time in the preceding pages.Occa -, sionally there is a slight retardation before pubescent acceleration begins, and this, together with the shifting of the period, causes the curves to approximate in appearance.a series of concentric arts of varying sizes where a chronological point in the lower or outer arcs is reached later than in inner or uppei arcs.If No: 1 curve, which is 40 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

abnormal, is eliminated, theremay be observed a fanning out of the curves from childhood to adolescence.When the individual growth curves in height for all the boys from both schoolsare Arnpareci, it will be noted that there is frequentlyan individual fluctuation in growth from 6 to 8years of age, depending on the size of the boy, and

IIIMEMEN1011111161/111A

1110§11LIPS1111111111111111111 11110111011E REIM NI 1111=11111111E MI

11111111111111111111M C IMILIME11111111111111M S11111110 LISEEKINEIIIIIIE MINIM C siodrav&11E. 14.'1/4 7ELIIIIIMISAIIIMI 1111111111111M CREI N C 11111111111111111'k 1111111111111111MERM ImmimummaAnit111111111111 111111 C 11111111111111111111111111MIL111111 11111111111111111111111111111:1 1111111111111111111111111111111111M0 there is a remarkable uniformity in the increase ofincrement after 6 or 8 years to the period of pubescent acceleration, witha slight decrease just before the adolescent acceleration. The girls' curves illustrate at a glance smallerstature than that of the boys before 11 years and after 14.There is also here a uniformity in regard to relative stature for each individual throughoutthe periods included, and an earlier pubescent acceleration in thecases where THE INVESTIGATION. 41 there is an increase during this period.The general trend of these curves shows slight decrease in increments from 7 years to the accelerated period, which like that of the boys, varies inoccurrence with the initial height; tho period of rapid growth is earlier for the taller girls; the shorter girls, like the shorter boys, reach their maturity in growth at an older age.In Chart IVa (p. 42), for exaple, the

114111111111111111M111111111111

1111111111EMILE1111111111111111 1111111111111 r: 1111111M*1011 2 8 1111111111111ENELIAIENINI 11111111111111111 11E111111111 111111 111111111MVIEW lawainommmurratanam 11791111111111filiZEIllis

IMBEIN;h111111111111111111 1111111111MLIMME11110111 111111111111MIElit MINN 111111.1111111Malt IMAM 11111111111111111111111EMENE tallest girl of the group attained her maximum height m, 141years of age and the shortest at 17 years and 3 months. When the curves for the girls are extended to the earlier periods of childhood, there is a suggestion of change or variability in the increments from 5 to 7 years of age, with a small range of differences similar to the boys during these earlier yeari.- There isa slight drop in the curves, as a rule, between theages of 7 and 11 years, aside from 42 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. the curves No. 1 and No. 9 of Chart Va, for example, which showno retardation or acceleration during the prepubescent and pubescent periods; the drop is more noticeable with girls than with boys.A period of marked retardation before adolescence is usually followedby a period of rapid acceleration during adolescence.If the increment of growth before adolescence is relatively uniform, this uniformitytends EMONIEMEMOEMMSRMAIMMMEMMINIMEM MEMMMEMEEMEEMMUMM MINNIMMET MEMEENNIIMMEU MEMMEMEOhM111 mmormmineammeIIMMEMEMMOUMMUM mommummaxmo11111111LINIII"a immenommina MMEMENMEMMO EMEW.EMMEMO INIMENI`IEWOU M REMOMMWSIIN MEM 1011111141M111 1115111111111 to persist throug iout adolescence; and,as may be noted with No. 1 in Chart Va (p. 43) and No. 1 in Chart Ia (boys)(p. 38), when ther5 is unusually rapid growth for the individual from 7years to the beginning of adolescence, there is a decrease during adolescence,i. 6.,t reversn of the common rhythmic order. The Francis W. Parker boys, when comparedwith the Horace Mann boys, show a closer.range of distribution during adolescence;, THE INVESTIOATION. .4 they are inferior, on the average, in stature, and show more individual fluctuations from measurement to measurement, whichmay be due, in some instances, to slight variations of the conditions under which the measurements were made, such as the time of day, the reading of the stadiometer, or rhythms occurring' during certain times of the month or year, since the measurements were taken at

mans ti Immummummommum immemmommummumfisti m immomm.mmammwm mommmuswpammimommmusamnsimme immum".mmommun maimNimmwalmmi imumpor qmimm 144 11111011 III1121111111004-lommum immmilimacmiamir mommmil mimw mmommummommilm EINIWWWWWWEOMMIN such short intervals that the variation of a few centimeters would be very apparent in thecurves as plotted. The 22 individuals in Charts XIlla and XIVaare from the Uhiversity of Chicago schools and from homes similar to those of the Francis W. Parker School, but they form part of a much larger b6dy of students. In Chart XIIIa the individuals aro taken at random, but in Chart XIVa an effort was made to find oases of arrested growth.The growth 44 PHYSICAL. GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

t curves in height for both groups, like all the Horace Mann School children, show fewer individual fluctuations than those of the Parker School and, aside from No. 5 (Chart XIVa), there is a very close parallelism between the varying heights and the varying weights of the different individuals, i. e., the taller children are tho heavier.

mai ilatimmiimmalinualiut itimagicrimiilmmeammunsmormaimpi -1,104asi 111111111111.IFI P'IMRE ENCE 1111 LII1I111611111111111§1 IMS11 11M11111 inMIL ISM.krona 111111M1111 11111bElltINVIU innommage -a 111111am M11111111111111111 M EMI 1111111111111111111-\IRmoui inommr. Ig4h,ME 1111V 1111111111141 No. 1 (Chart XIVa) is the tallest girl included in this study and her weight curve deviates from the general tendency in that its form is similar to the height curve.The per cent of increase in height increments over the initial heights for a given chronological ago from 6 to 18 is so comparatively uniform for each individual that the growth curves may enable one, in the future,.to prophesy with considerable accuracy how tall achild ofnormal growth will be at any subsequent THE INVESTIGATION. 45 ago within the interim,.providing his or her relation to a given median, or norm, be known. The trend of the height curve, aside from the period just previous to the accelerated pubescent growth, tends toward convexity.If there is unusually rapid growth for the individual from 7 years to

11 EIRRVk IERIIIMBIll malottoormtammmi 11111111110111N0111.11ff1 111111111111M MAIM 1111111=111 1111111111 120111 P11linir11111 E111111111111111111 1.1111,AM111111111MNI NM% 111111111111=111 111111111044NUMIN 1111 111111116.KM1 111 mummindomom

Lirthe beginning of adolescence, there is a decrease during adolescence, and there is frequently a reversion of thecommon rhythmic.order, Of the 170 boys and girls whose height curvesare plotted for the preadolescent and adolescent ages, a few showa regular uniform rate of increase at pubescence, a much larger number showan accelerated rate, and fewer show a decrease in gain. 46 PHYSICAL GROWTH ANb SCHOOL PROGRESS. The cases of marked arrest, or retardation, in growth in height with this group of children occur usually during the early.adolesceht period and persist through the period.

WEIGHT. The individual weight curves have certain characteristic's which are interestingly significant when compared with the height curves. ImoamaimmiffiaNI muI IN ITS14iE 0 ollhmk,Alnm i IMEMMECOmmiRV m MMEMSS1IEM WOW RN plklb.* I iIp illbq,N4N,III 111 MOMI NM NIansr is6NEmkSik. NNWRIII . WOM M III 111 2011111 :ItimeleVILIENESM With the exception of No. 9 (Chart Ia), who is heavier than the others for his height, the boys' heights and weights are as a rule'telatively ptoportionate to each other.The five boys below Median height (Nos. 10, 11, 12,, 13, and 14 of-the first chart) are also the five lightest, with the exception'of No. 10, whose nutrition is poor. Vie boys hold the same relative positions in the series in reference to both height and weight. THE INVESTIGATION. 47 Though there are more individual fluctuations in growth in weight than in height, there is also a wide range of individual differences, as shown by the fact that No. 2 of the first group at 14 years of age is 60i pounds heavier than No. 14.The striking differences between the two series of curves are: The weight curves tend toward concavity and the height curves toward concavity just before the pubescent

acceleration, and then both toward convexity; the heightcurves never fall below the previous measurement, except in a few instances for a millimeter or two, and the weight maygo above or drop below the previous measurement.In several instances boys lost in weight, and These losses divert the curves from their relative positions within the group, which may later be regained. 48 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. The curves of weight show to a marked degree a decrease in relative increment from 6 to 11 or 13 years of age, the latter limit varying with the relative height and weight of the individual.Alter this there is a marked acceleratioq.The uniformity of increase in height and weight increments certainly tends, on the whole, to call attention to the' value of the vigilant watching and remedial exercises on the part of the examiners in this school, and at the same time gives con-

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crete evidence of the great value of physical examinations and medical inspection for growing children. Girls are relatively heavier than the boys, and the weight curves show less tendency toward concavity, with slightly more individual fluctuations.There are no cases of a loss of weight previous to 16 years of age; in many instances (Chart IVa, for example) the taller. THE INVESTIGATION. 49 girls are as a rule heavier,In a general way each individual retains he relative position in regard to height.In Group V there are three cases of loss in weight after 17 years of ago and two previousto this age.No. 7 diverts from thistendency of hergroup, being the heaviest after 8 years. There is apparent confusion in the complexityof weight curves for Group Vila, -but if the curves of those whosegrowth in luight was

, k 11111 .yti y

rhN II11441Ijkali\ 'AU.,I III LINM* II ) Sri 111111 IL LIiikNO &N

ilidlih:411,47s1. ii 11111Ciiielhilli PIN arrested are eliminated, and allowance ismade for a decrease for the last year of the period in this chart,the remaining curves tend to follow those of the othergroups. The continued retardation in the curves in height is paralleled by a similar period ofarrest in weight. The instability in growth in weight is represented by a mass of inter- , fleeting curves in Chart XIa.No. 5 lose3 in weight in amanner similar to the- retardation of growth' in' height, but. theloss in weight does 7166°-14---4 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. not occur until . a year and a half later than the loss of growth in height.In general, an arrest of growth in height after 15 is also accompanied in this group by a cessation of growth in weight, which is unusual. Some other .unusual relationships between height and weight are illustrated in Chart Xlla ; these are particularly evident in, the' case of No. 1, who, while fairly tall, is symmetrical and fat, with a marked deviation from any of the previous weight curves, and -

7111111011111C111 01111111101111 11 . i.

1 11% lkaIII- I,Ill m its,Valkk.,mu' N luauNk.i.mai II EMI ga* Is I \ 11\Ntik.!.,. IMMISIMEll III Ulla 11111111FIRMIIIIIIIINE, No. 5, who is also overweight, and illustrates to same type of deviation.Most of the other girls are under weight, but show no unusual' tendencies. The weight curves of the very stout girls in this group are strikingly 'similar to those in the other charts. The trend of the weight curves in contrast from the height curves is toward concavity, with more marked concavity (or loss of increments of gain between 8 and 13 years) fo'r boys than for girls. THE INVESTIGATION. 51 The weight curves are characterized bya period of rapid .acceleration during adolescence, except incases of marked arrest, which are usually 'accompanied by marked arrest in growth in height.There are very few curves of a uniform increment of growth during° adolescence. .Marked arrests of growth in weight, like those ofheight, occur .during the adolescent period. EMBASEMMEI WW1. ,. I MMMINL1K N 111ItEMLAN M MIN09MMLE EN , Mum IMMO!NM hammil6\amlam momhimimrm Mk 11111 Mnip MotsmillIII mmum MESON IIMOINE Oil= MMEM41S, MN REIN&NO1 MEM KM=41M11Msm wmmwsTik.mam IF mmialmixi m ' 11111 9ink ftkillM111il 11110111111111111111E11111101 The heavier boys and girls are the taller boys and girls, andthere is a close parallelism between the relative rank in heightof a boy or girl and his or her relative weight withina group. The boys and girls below median height have their periods ofrapid pubescent acceleiation in weight later than thoseabove, since the same general principles of physiological ago hold for weightas for height. 52 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

6 (b)LUNG CAPACITY. It will be noted in the boys' lung capacity curves that No. 9, in the first Chart, who is relatively heavier than the others for his height, also has more lung capacity.This is significant, since the other boys hold aPproxiniately theii relative places for height, 'weight, and lung capacity; For example; in the third group (Chart Ma) there are a 111.11111111ASIMPINIK11111 11111111111111117111111111111111111111118 11111011111MEM11/1111111111 111111111111111MMIN11111111 11RIII IIMMIE11 11 11111111111761111 IM11111011 111=11111111111111111 '41111111.111 11111111111111111111111411111111111C 11.11111111111111111111111011111111 111111111114111111111111111111M11111 10111M1111111111 111111101:1111111111 1111 1111111111300011111111111111111 1111IIIIIIEN610101111111111 11 111111111: 1111111 111111111111111111111111111' MEM unierigrarunuriffil11111111111111111 number of sh rt, light, boys, in the group, and, as would be expected, 'there are a n ber of boys with inferior lung capacity.The fluctuations in growth in height in the case of No. 11 are also apparent in the lung-capacity development.like weight; lung capacity shows occasional "losses, and the curves tend toward concavity, which shows the increments increase less from 9 to 13 than during any other period for boys. The rapi and losses at the beginning may VIE INVESTIGATION. 53

11111101111111/111111MINKEENWRIMEMPAIMINIMINImannummorsvommorgrallIEMMIM 111INIER I FUMILITTESEMEETILTELPRINEBEERINININIMMIN11EIR11INFINIMIUMINIMMINIMPInINXIMENINIMMININIUM1111` i1E11111111111111MP EMI ii1ii111i11r1Ui11 54 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. be due in several instances to the new factor of voluntarycontrol required for this measurement and the mental adjustmentsnecessary to meet such a test.These curves, like the others, show comparatively few cases of crossing-when the large numbers ofpossibilities are considered. The range of differences is not so markedas in height the curves are more closely grouped than those ofweight. There is a close massing of the curves for the Francis W. Parker boys. Among the girls some striking similarities to growth in heightand weight may be noted in regard-to the normal direction of lung capacity curves.For example, in Chart Va, No. 1 shows littleor no acceleration at adolescence; the same is true for No. 9 in heightand lung capacity; No. 5's curves are very similar,as also are those of Nos. 4 and 10.It is apparent the girls' lung capacitycurves show less concavity or decrease in absolute increment between 9 and14 than the boys.This may be explained on the basis that the girlsare becoming stkperior to the boys in height and weightduring this period, only to drop back later in height, weight, and lungcapacity. The lung capacity curves of the girls differ in their generaltrend from those of the boys and follow the same tendencyas the weight curves' of the girls. In Chart XIVb thesame arrests in lung capacityare illustrated as in height and weight.This is particularly true of Nos. 4, 7, and 1 I *id also of No. 12, who is very light, but tall, and hasan exceptionally small lung capacity. The lung capacitycurves, like those of height and weight, are irregular, andare indicative of instability of uniform inerease in development. The long interimbetween measurements is responsible in some instances for the crossing.In Chart VIIb there is a peculiar massing ofcurves, due to the arrest of Nos. 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11.No. l's position may be due to some after effect of pneumonia.The close relation between weight and lungcapacity is again illustrated in No. 1 of Chart XIIb, who isextraordinarily stout, with large lung capacity; No. 3 shows thesame retardation in lung capacity as in height and weight. While there are several cases of parallelism in relativepositions in height, weight, and lung capacity, thereare some interesting exceptions.In Chart IVb, Nos. 2, 6, and 8are underweight and have less lung capacity than their heights woodseem to justify. No. 8 has a poor health record, and .the other cases would help toaugment the suggestion previously made that there isa clbser relationship between lung capacity aneWeight than with height.This is contrary to popular opinion, and will be discussedmore in detail later.The girls are inferior to the boys,In lung capacity in the later adolescent period, which' may be explained to some extenton the basis of hygienic conditions ind dress. TEE INVESTIGATION. 55 1101101111111111CIMENINIMPWIMINIE1153111111.11110111111111i11111111111111 111111111 NE 11111111MIIMitampoMOUE 8 inimmoquiurrumortmenorIBEREMBEIIIMMELIMMI 111111111111111111111111111111111111IMMINIMP 1 1111 os /IL.mmearammmommonum111111111M1131111111111111111MAIair.! n111111p1I'.II1u1IPINM111111111111111511HIMINIE011111111111111MMIIIIIIII illomrirmin 111111INIUNIIIMINIONIONE11111111111111111B11111111110111111111111111111111M111111101111111111101111111111111121111111111111M11111111111111111111111Mi1 66 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS, 11111111111MMINN111111111111111111111Ermo.111111111111111111111111111111111111111a1111111111111111111111111011111111111111111 MIMEO Mai 11111111 MST IIIMMIIME121111111 111111111111K1111111111111111111111111P111111111111 VIM 1111111 1111114111111111 ismolipo111 01101111111 1,1111lill111111111.Inlil1111011111i1111P111119F1111111 101 MOM MIII MINIM nvelmorION11111111 114111110 NIP 1111111MPFTFTEMENE11111111111111IfillkilkalIN i &h wET 11111I1 MO IbirIPEEE IM IMP 1 FREI11111 111111111111M111111111111 THE INVESTIGATION. 57 4111411111111111111MINNIIIIIP BINIMMINAMBHMEIME IREMEMMIR !rz ITTEMITEITIMEMINEECIHIMMENIMMIMMIEMINIP1111111111111111111011111111111EMBIENINININIMINEnnikomnpummuntioIMPINUMMIEIMINNEMUI 58 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. The boys have greater lung capacity than the girls at all periods except between 13 and 14 years. The annual increase in lung capacity is slightly less regular than that of weight, and the curves tend toward the same concave form. The concavity of the lung-capacity curves, like those of weight, is more marked with boys than girls. Marked arrests in height and weight ate uniformly accompanied by arrest in growth of lung capacity. There are a few cases of uniform increase in increments of growth in lung capacity during adolescence. The boys and girls of greatest lung capacity are almost invariably those of greatest height and weight, and each frequently maintains his or her relative position within the group. The boys and girls above and below median height differ in th'eir periods of accelerated growth in lung capacity in a manner similar to the differences in height and weight. 9. TILE RELATION OF PHYSICAL. DEFECTS TO GROWTH. It is not possible to discuss in detail in this bulletin, the relations between physical defects, diseases, and nutrition, and growth iii height, weight, and lung capacity, but the data, as far as available from the physicians' records, are included in order that compariso9s and further conclusions may be made by those who wish to follow up these details.The aim here, as in all phases of this investigation, is to present the source material in such form that future inductive studies may be pursued by the writer or by others who wish to use the data. In general, it may be stated that there are more marked relations between defeCts or diseases and growth in weight than in height, although the height is affected by conditions Of long standing.For example, No. 1, Chart Its, is the tallest individual in this group until 13 years of age, af ter which he gradually loses his relative position.Accelerated growth and resistance to disease go hand in hand.Adenoid growths materially affect physical development. No. 10, Chart In, has the characteristic rhythms of growth in height and almost none in weight. The weight height and vital indices indicate subnormal nutrition.This is even more marked in the case of No. 14.A child may of course be short and light and still have 'normal growth in height and weight, providing the weight height relationship is normal. Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curves in height, weight, and un capacity are given in Charts Ia and b. (Those appearing In the group of 100 In Tablee 21 and 22 are: 1 -130; 3-147; 6-194; 7-196; 8-191' 10-114; 11-170; 12-488; 13-411; 14-106.) 1. Health good at entrance; at 7 heart irregular and intermittent, cautioned with regard to exercise (note rapid growth in height and weight); anemic at 8 (note drop 110111111111111211111111111111111111MENI611111111111111111111111M111111111 THE INVESTIGATION. IMIE111111111111K011111111111E111111111111111MIREnortalernimmonommin1111111.11111111111111111111101111111111111111111,1111 MOMEgoSE111111111Moit upon MEM 1111111, limo INEW11111111s11IMMUNE111111111111111111111111 11111 111111M11141Ilite11111ktill.11111WW1= rturrri.1111111111IMIK IIINE ir imummiillMBE irk Ili I 111111111MEINIli WIWI HP 111131 -el 7111111 60 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROORESS. in weight curve); at 10 heart regular and normal; at 11 special 'theca for flat feet, also corrective exercises; at 14 injured knee.Parents American. 2. During childhood had whooping cough,mumps, measles, scarlet fever, and inflamtnatory.rheumatism; at 101 heartwas irregular and continued to remain slightly irregular.Mother American, father English. 3. Health good at entrance; slight hereditarytendency to nervousne,s; had measles between 0 and 1 and chicken pox and bronchialpneumonia between 7 and 8; just previous to measurements of 9 yearswas recovering from measles; at 10 tonsils slightly enlarged, remaining so until 11. 4. Health excellent at entrance, but had hadwhooping cough and measles; rhinoeis at 91 which continued until lli years, after whichcondition improved. 5. Health good at entrance, but had had measlesat 3; at 51 posture poor;' at .71 posture poor; heart slightly irregular at 08; astigmatism;corrective work begun in gymnasium at 81; bronchial cold at lastmeasurement. 6. Condition good at entrance, but tendencyto colds and had had whooping cough; at 14 condition good; shoulders round at 16; improvedat 17. 7. Excellent health, but had had scarlet fever, complicated with mastoidopera- tion; measles, chicken pox; adenoids removed(note rise in weight curve); condition good during remainder of the time. MotherAmerican, father German. 8. Weak throat at 11; condition good at 14.Mother American, father.English. 9. Health good at entrance, but had had scarlet fever,whooping cough, a* malaria; at 141 had malaria, flat feet, enlarged tons', and follicular conjunctivitis; at 157 improvement; at 18 good, under occujist'scare.Parents American. 10. At entrance had had measles and bronchitis;tendency to bronchitis; fair health, tires easily ; poor nutrition, alight pigeon breast at 7; health better at 8, alsoeyes, which were weak; at 14 left eye injured. 11. Health generally good; eyes weak between 13 and14; gave trouble between 16 and 17 Parente American. 12. At entrance had had whooping cough, chickenpox, scarlet fever, mumps; restless; at 13 had operation for appendicitis;at 15i cdtdition good, followed by bicycle accident. . 1 13. Excellent health but has had measles;nervous child; shoulders round; foreskin long, bad habits at 8; condition fair, but restlessat 10; at 11 condition fair; posture poor at 13. 14. Health good on entering, but had had whoopingcough; tendency to tonsillitis; at 8 had tonsils and adenoids removed; at 9 well untilsevere attack of tonsillitis; at 10 condition good, but foreskin inflamed; alsoat 11 and 12; nervous temperament; high arched palate. . [The health notee for the other individualsmay be found in Section III, Statistical Material, pp. 118-124.1

. 10. WEIGHT-HEIGHT AND VITALINDICES. One of the most useful and most practicalindices of growth is the weight-height coefficient, whith expreSses thecomparative solidity or robustness of the individual, and, therefore,other things being equal, his general nutrition. The following tablegives the weight-height and also the vital indices of the pupils whoseheights, weights, and lung capacities are expressed by thecurves given in Charts Ia and lb to XIV, inclusive.The weight-height index is obtainedby dividing the weight cm kilograms) by the height (incentimeters); this gives the 'fraction of a kilogram which theindividual possesses in weight for

l.'hoo;.Ing cough between's and 7 (31Igh dept:aslonIn weight). THE INVESTIGATION. 61

P rr. 62 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. each centimeter of height.The vital index is obtained by dividing the lung capacity (in liters) by the weight WIkilograms); this gives the fraction of a kiloliter which the individualpossesses in lung capacity for each kilogram of weight. The numbers at the top of this table referto the successive measurements shown by the circles in Charts Ia and Ib andindicate the age in half year periods; the numbers at the left in the verticalcol- umn refer to the individual curves as numberedon the charts.The, upper row of figures in hundredths express in eachcase the weight- height index; the lower row in thousandths, thevital index. The weight-height indices increase steadily innearly all cases from 5i to 18 years of age, which shows that weight increasesmore rapidly than height.The lowest ratio in this group of boys is0.15 at 6 years and the highest 0.40 at 17i years ofage.There is little or no apparent difference, as a rule, between the tall boys and theshort boys, except that thetall individuals have high indices early.This clearly substantiates the two important conclusionspreviously stated that the development in height, and weight,as a rule, go hand in hand, and the second conclusion that.any normal physiological change in the height or weightoccurs earlier for tall children.For examRle, if we take the index 0.23as representing a given physiological stage of developnlent, it will be notedthat the time shifts chronologically in a fairly uniformmanner between 7 and 8 years of ago with No. 1 to 14. years for No. 14.

Oa TABLE 1E- Wtight-height and vital indices at ages .5i to 1 7i ararg,fiff ('harts .1a and .16 (pp. JR. 5.1)'. NO. 01 COEV$3.1 63 63 7 [Figures in hundredths71 express elght-height index.. those in thousandths the vital index.] 9 10 11 11i 12 12i 3 13i I 14 14/ 15 16 17 171 1 tY 06821 126 061 23 N 06625 .25 IN .072.28 .070 27 .071 0.941 .066 , 14 14 2.43 211 0 22 OM .068 17 0 23 20060 :Obd 26 2405527 .26 ow 0 28 056 06327 28057 40 29 . 06032 0 36 068 10 3.5 076 0 37 084 65 t .057 18 ...... ;.. .067 .071.20 .070 068 .071 060 .058 06422M -22 074(158 .064.23 .23.076.082.25 24 05523 , ,060 07324 .. 06628 ass 29 .. .33 al .33 061 0 37 038 06037 987 .27 22046 - .063 23 06430 06424 .25 06505431 .33.052 33 06428 .30 3206305037 .35 0570563736 .36 067(15930 O. 37 .071 40 hl 1110 049Ds .049 18 .068.18 .18 060 OCA19 24 .056.21 .25 061 05925,, .066.20.064.24 .061 3. .063.060.26 28 068 .064 29 066 .060 07127 .064.35 .008.37.073 ...I02,a. 141312..,' O. , 042 .044.21 05619 .20. 066 .20 07219 .25 06621061 .23 21OM06126 .27.060 .068.23 06328 .001.24 .30 066 .06834 0 The fathoms for ti9s4U;er Individuals are given In Section III,, Statistical Material, pp. 12.5 -133. - .2o 047 04422 047 .19 068 066 See Chart InLW a (p". 38) and Chart I b, p. 83. .046 23 - 'MN 64 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

The gain in lung capacitior vital indexilso increases withage and in general follows the tendencies just indicated for the weight- height indices.

...... 0

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111111161 mA 1111111111111 .!/ 1111 111111111 imp lisittems rirrrrisTraIment Erre! The following table gives the ,averages of all the weight-height and vital indices for the boys and the girls from the twogroups of schools: TABL6 10.- Average weight-height- and vital indices, for ages 55 to 174 years-Horace Mann, F. . AVERAGE WEIGHT-HEIGHT INDICES. Parker, and Chicago schools. 6 64 7 74. 8 84 9 94 10 104 11 114 12 124 I 13 134 14 144 154 16 1 17 174 Boys. .178 176 .188 .187 0.195 .196 .204 0.202 0.231 218 .230 224 0.232 0.234 253 239 X0.273 .302 .274 .328 0.310 .323 .351 .334 423 F.Home W. ParkaMann.... Girls. 18.5 .1E17.192 .163 .198 .192 .204 .206 .211 .223 .232 .=7 .255.240 .243.246 .274.246 .256 I .264 .287 .323.302 .337.317 .325 .342.322 .314.340 .364.344 allowF.Rome W. Parker....Mann.... .156 .174 100170 1 .230.762 .205.177.191 .194.173.193 .125Ara.196 .188.180'.208 .198.191.187 .200.2130.225 .232.217.216 I .224.206.226 I .214.216.240 .245.226 .248.273 I .243.254 .254.261.278 I .286.270.298 .302.279.260 .252.293.310 .254.296 .313.3IB .30d.311 .312.318 .307.317 I .312.318 AVERAGE I VITAL LNDICES.I BarbeeF. W. Mann.... Parker.... Boys. 0.05160.051 .0625.0664 0.05880.6653.0560 .0715 051 001= 0. M7s .053f 0. 06296.0581.0494 I .0575 ..0002;.061210.061 .0602 .0557.061 0 0021 .0631 .0606 0613 0. 0.061 .0607 0.061 .0691 .0630. 06220 0662 oB201 O. .0034 i. .0612 .0618.008113.0655 .0700.0730 t21 ChicagoF. W. Parker. Oists. ' 0480'Opn .0450.0496J.0434 .0575.0837.0615 .04.0434. 04 .0467.0615.0620 .0623.0537.0507 .0462..0567 a568. .04 .05. .0610..0632 0638 .0575 .0605 .0467.0567.06 .0627.0575.0631 .05401..0642 05418 .053.064 057 .051. 0594 .0377.D5 .0477.0648.a539 .0504 ..05 .0485.0543.0535 .0648.6663.0577 .062811.0567.0539 1 .0520 ..05 .0502.0581.0635 -8-3 4 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

*Iiq It will be noted that the averages destroy the individual charac- . terrstics of the relation of the growth in weight and height, sincethe lluctuations due to physiological maturity counteract each other in a manner that neutralizes rhythmic tendencies.It may be observed that the weight with boys in proportion to the height increases just over 100 per cent from 5+ to 17+ years; the increase with the girls is slightly less than that of the boys.It is very difficult to observe nodes in the relationship of the two aspects of growth, butappar-, ently there is an increase at 10+ and another at 14+years of age. This substantiates the previous conclusion that the pubescent acceleration in weight precedes that of height, and that weight continues to increase much more rapidly than height after 14+ years for boys. These two nodes may be noted to appear approximatelyat 10 and 13i for the girls. There is less increase in relative growth in weight in. proportionto lung capacity than in the case of height, For boys the increase from 5+ to 17+ is from 30 to 40 per cent when averagesare taken, and for girls there is less increase.These average results, as in the case of the weight indices, are not representative of individual development, since they are averages :4

11. THE CORRELATION OF GROWTH IN HEIGHT ANDWEIGHT TO SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT. Selecting the individual growth curves of the girls whose firstmenstruation had been carefully recorded inyears, months, and days, and placing them in a chart (No. XV.a), it is atonce apparent there is a direct correlation between physiological age as evidenced by height and weight and the advent of menstrual functions.The tallest and. heaviest girl (No. 1, Chart ...IVa) in the group from the three schools began her pubescent acceleration in height with the usualaccompany- ing changes in weight at about 10 years: This is unusually early,but is accounted for by the previously established conclusion thather height, weight, and healthy constitution indicatedan early physic' logical development.As indicated by the cross line in the chart, the menses appeared when she reached 12 years of age.. The second and'third girls (No.3, Chart VIa, and No. 1,.ChartVa) are rch tall and heavy.The second, orlieavier one, had her firstmenstruation as early as 11 years, and the former at 11+.Both of these girls were apparently in good health at the time; both hadpre- . viously had adenoids removed. The fourth girl (No. 3., Chart Vla), who is anemhvanneither as tall nor as heavy as either of the others, but above median height, began menstruation at 13 years 3 months.. The fifth_ girl (No.2, Chart XUIa), who is above median height and weight, beganmenstruation at 12 years 5 months; the sixth (No. 3, X11.1a), alio above median THE INVESTIGATION. 6t height, at 13 years 3 months; the seventh (No.4, XIIIa) at 13 years 8 months; the eighth (No. 5, XIIIa) at 15years 3 months- 17 days; the ninth (No. 12, XIVa) at 14years; the tenth (No. 6, XIVa) at 13 years 9 months; the eleventh (No. 9, XIVa) at 13years 9 Months; the twelfth (No. 6, XIIIa) at 16years 7 months; the thirteenth (No. 10, Ida) at 16 years; the fourteenth (No. 14, X_IVa)`at15 years. MMEMMMIAMIZMEMMN MOMMEMEMMEMMININ MEMMMMEMMINEIMEM INIMMENMMEHENININ MEM= MEM MIROMMWIESMININ MEMENMENNMEMMIN MOMMEMONNEMMINIM MMOMMINEMENNLIMMI MMUMOMMMEMOMMEN =MIN INOMEMEEMM MWMOMMEOMMOMMEM BMW NUMMENMEMM

MEMOMMOMMILMMEN A IFIKEIMMEM111111111 MEMEMEREMOMMEIN WINIMMEMNSMOOMMM SIMMININUM NOM= IMMONIMMEMEMMEN 21110111111111141,3101

Height and weight, therefore, it wouldappear, offer excellent objective criteria for teacher; and percale for determiningthe advent of menstruation as a factor in pubescent developmentand the onset- of Maturity.If the girl is tall, healthy, and well nourished, this physical stage may be reached as early as 11years in a normal girl; if tall, but under weight3tmay be delayed; if very short and markedly light, it be delayed until 18 years of age. 68 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

These conditions have wide educational applicationb in physical training and school work. They emphasize thefact that the smaller child should be treated as ayounger person wticfr. has not had the physical development and .the accompanyingmental. disturb: ances and experiences which would seem to be indicated by her chronologicalage in years, and which, too often, has been used a basis of classification, training, and social activities.' The prevalent idea that Menstruation shouldoccur between the ages of 14 and 16 is also untenable, since the extremes in thesecases represent normal healthy girls of differtnt physiological development. Since writing the above conclusions, I have hadaccess to Weissen- berg's Das .11-achstum. des _Menschen, and he substantiatesmy observations with a limited number made by him. He findsthe girls who have had their first menstruation before 13years of age taller, as a rule, than those who have not reached this stage in their physiological development before 15 years of age.His results are (p. 200):

Age of menstruation.

First meg- First menstruation on situation or before 13 years ofnot having oecurrmi LP. before 15 years of age.

ge at..t Height. menstrua- Height. tion.

Centimeter Fears. Cot meter, 152.0 13.0 144 0 12.0 148 157.0 11.0 148 154.0 12.0 150 157.0 11.0 148 140.0 13.0 .145 147.0 13.0 158 154.5 12.5 149 145.5 12.5 151 Ill 148

It is at once apparent the firstgroup If girls are above normal height, which Weissenberg finds to be144.centimeters for this age, while the others are comparatively short,since the norm for this age is 150.5 centimeters. Weissenbcrg' also studied the advent offirst menstruation for 1,273 Jews and 768 Russians, and found theaverage age for the Jews 14 years 2 months for the Russians 14years 11 months.Jama- said found the age to be 15 for Japanese girlsand 17 for Chinese, on the averagiF:A These differences in ages areno doubt greatly influenced-by racial and climatic conditions, but the conclusions:ofthis investigation, so THE INVESTIGATION. 69 far as I am able to determine, hold true for individualswithin a race and under similar environmental .conditions, i.e., the taller, heavier girls, with extensive lung capacity, mature physiologicallyearlier than those below the median or average in theserespects. Other signs or criteria of physiologicalage are the early appearance of the teeth and the development of the bones of the wrist,changes of the voice and pubescent changes during adolescence.The appear- ,ance of first menstruation is one of the most significant signs. 12. CONCLUSIONS.

Growth in heightThat these boys and girls forma select group and that school medical inspection, directed play, and physical training are important educational agencies is shown by the fact thaton the average those children are taller, heavier, and have better lung capacity than ally group in a series of 112, extending fromQuetelet's first study in 1836 to 1913 and comprisingover 1,000,000 individuals. The boys are taller than the girls from 6 to 11ye of age, and the girls then become taller and remain so until 14i, airr whichthe boys are again taller.The widest range of individual differences for boys and girls is .during adolescence. The per cent of increase in height incrementsover the initial heights for a given chronological age from 6 to 18 is so comparatively uniform in many cases that the growth curvesmay enable us to prophesy v6th considerable accuracy how tallA child of normal growth should be at any subsequent age within the interim, providinghis relation to a given median or norm be known. The trend of the height curve, aside from the period justprevious to. the accelerated pubescent growth, tends toward convexity.The decrease in increments of growth in height just before the acceleration is more marked with boys than with girls.If the increase before . adolescence is uniform, this uniformity tends to persist throughout adolescence; if there is unusually rapid growth for the individual from 7 years to the beginning of adolescence, there isa decrease during adolescence, and theie is a reversion of the common rhythmic order. Of the boys and girls whose heightcurves are plotted for the preadolescent and adolescent ages, a few show a regular uniform rate of increase at pubescence, more show an accelerated rate, and fewer show a decrease in gain. . The eases of marked arrest in growth, in height with thisgroup of children occur during the early adolescent period and, persist through the period. Growth in height is affected by the inception and removal of adenoids, bub the common children's diseases apparently have little effect on increase in stature. - 70 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. The average increments of growth of those above and below the median height, the individual increments of growth in the four tables of boys and girls, the individual growth'curves, the advent of maturity with the girls, show that the children above median height between. the chronological ages of 6 and 18 grow in stature andin physiological maturity in advance of those below the median height, and theymay be physiologically from 1 to 4 or even 5 years older than those below the median height.Those above the median height have their characteristic pubescent changes and accelerations earlier than those below; there is a relative shifting of the accelerated period according to the individual's relative height. 0.1. For the girls included, there is a direct correlation between the advent of first menstruation and different heights of the individuals. The taller girls mature earlier than theones belowthe median. Growth in weight. The boys are heavier than the girls from6 to 12 years of age, and the girls then become heavier and remainso until 16, after which the boys surpass them. In many cases it would bopossible to prophesy the approximate weight at any later age within the interim from 6 to 18years of age. However, the weight curves show more marked individual variations and fluctuations than the height'and insome cases show actual loss of weight. The trend of the weight curves, differing from the heightcurves, is toward concavity, with more marked concavity (or loss ofincrements of gain between 8 and 13 years) for boys than girls. The weight curves are characterized bya period of rapid acceleration during adolescence, except in cases of markedarrest, which are usually accompanied by marked arrest in growth in height..There are very few curves o7 a uniform increment of growth during adolescence. Marked arrests of growth in weight for these children, likethose of height,, or during the adolescent period. Growth in weight' is materially affected by theinception and removal of adenoids and the inception ofor recovery from disease. The heavier boys and girls are the taller boys and girls,and there is a'fair parallelism between the relative rank in height ofa boy or girl 404and his or her relative weight withina group. The boys and gir Blow median height have their periods of rapid pubescent ace ation in weight later than those above, since the same genera principles of physiological age hold for weightas for height as a rule. Growth in lung capacity.The boys havegreater lung capacity on \the.average than the girls for all periods except between 13 and 14 years of age. Pow" THE INVESTIGATION. 71 The annual increase in lung capacity is slightly less regular thanthat of weight, and the curves tend toward the sameconcave form. The individual fluctuations are more like those of weight than height. - The concavity of the lug capacitycurves, like those of weight, is more marked with boys than girls. Marked arrests in height and weight are uniformly accompanied by arrest in growth of lung capacity. There are a few cases of uniform increase in increments of growth in lung capacity during adolescence. Growth in lung capacity is materially affected by the inception of and' recovery from disease. The boys and girls with greatest lung capacity are almost invariably those of greatest height and weight, and each maintains his or her relative position. within the group as a rule. The boys and girls above and below median height differ in their periods of accelerated growth in lung capacity in a manner similar to the differences in height and weight.

(B) AGE, GRADE, AND SCHOOL STANDING.

1. CURRICULA AND METHODS OF GRADING. The subjects of instruction in the Horace Mann School, in the elementary work, include arithmetic, art, composition, French, geography, grammar, 'history, literature, manual training, nature study, penmanship, reading, science, and spelling; and the high-school subjects are algebra, biology, chemistry, Cicero, civics, English, French, German, geometry, history, Latin prose, manual training, physics, trigonometry, and Virgil.The Francis W. Parker School includes English, French, Germtin, handwork, history, mathematics, reading, science, 4pelling in the elementary school, and Latin in addition in the high school.Both schools have 12 grades above the kindergarten.The Horace Mann School marks begin .in the third grade and the Francis W. Parker School marks as low, in come instances, as the firstigrade. With thc;exception of a very few individuals the school markswere recorded in)the letters A, B, C, D, E, and \F, and for these are sub- stituted the following equivalents given on the report card: A 97i; B =90; C=80; D-727; E-65; F-30.In the few instances where the umbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were used the following equivalents, recommended by the head of the school, are used: 1 95 ; 2.40; 3=50; The record card is shown on the next page.The marks for music and application are not included in this study. 12 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

[Record card.] HORACE MANN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. Name 4e1 Grade, ENOUSH g g 7 I g17 I ;1 fi 1Ii g 1I Ei ; 1.1'1'2 8. g .5 E U1.1 I-":1.' -6' -6: JAI..3 uu Az 0 m C. AI -.'' ..e 22 l' Dec. i 1 , I . Feb. 1 1 Apr. 1 lune 1 A [Reverse side.)

4 Zi a

26. c4 E

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0 go 5 kn 2. THE DATA. The average school mark for the 42 Horace Mann Schoolboys is 81.9 per cent and is based on 8,625 final marks; theaverage mark for the 46 Horace Mann School girls is 85.9per cent, based on ) 0,063 final maks; the average mark for the 26 Francis W. ParkerSchool boys is 77.7 per cent, based on 1,601 4.nal marks; and theaverage mark for -the 21 Francis W. Parker School girls is80.9 per cent, based on 1,393 final.marks.There are fewer subjects included in the Francis W. Parker reports, and the marks reportedare yearly marks, in place of quarterly marks.This, however, should not make much material differeffe in the results, since the teacherscomputed their own term averages.The study thus includes 10,226 final term marks for 68 boys i and 11,458 final term marks for67 girls,'or 21,02 final term marks for 135 individuals. No marks fora longer period than four years were available- from the University ofChicago ele- Mentary and high scliools, and therefore theywere omitted. S. METHODS OF TABULATION: The following table gives theaverage school standing the number d marks considered, and the grades for eachyear for thel4 indi- THE INVESTIGATION. 78 -` viduals whos' e growth curves in height, weight, and lung capacity are plotted in Chart Ic.The Arabic numbers from 1 to 14, inclusive, refer to the number of the individualcurves in the chart; the ages in years and months refer to the individual'sage in June, when the first average school standing was computed, and all the subsequent average marks are for yearly intervals from this age; the average per cent is the average of all the subjects for. the four terms for each year from 'September to June; the number of cases includes the

Dumber of marks giving the average mark for each subject for the. four terms; the small figures above and to the right of theaverages i :icate the school grade, the high-school work beginningat the .v,hth grade unless otherwise indicated.The general averages and total cases are for the entire scholastic life included in this study. The 10 additional tables which followare uniform in construction with Table 11. e The marks for No. 1 begin at 10 years 9 months ofage in the fourth grade, with a yearly average of 81 per cent. for 37 marks.One year later this boy advanced to the fifth grade and receivedan average of 82 per cent for 44 term marks, and so on until the eighth gradewas completed.The final average school standing for thisfirst boy, based on 187 marks, is 85 per cent. The final scholastic standing of No. 2 is 80per cent, based on 252 marks.This boy was absent from,school in his fourteenthyear, but returned and continued the work with the class the followingyear and graduated at 18 years.It should be noted that No. 9 was absent from school during the fourteenth and No. 12 during the seventeenth year, which delayed their advance to the next grade forone year. It is important when interpreting these tables to keep in mind that the averages in the elementary gradesare based on a larger number of subjects than those in the higher grades, and thatin some instances where- the number of marks is small the childwas absent for part of the year, as indicated in the footnote.Assuming as a basis for normal progress that a child of 12 years of age should be in the sixth grade and one 16 years ofage in the tenth grade, it will be noted that Nos. 1 and 14 are retardedone year; Nos. 11 and 13, two years; and No. 9 becomes retardedone year at 14, and No. 12 one year at 17.Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 10 are one year in advance of their grade.'While the chronological age is not We most rational basis of grading, jCtdging froth what has been learned from,Ahepre- vious data included in this investigation, it is the basison which these schools have bathe main been graded, whereno systematic allowancesall were ma* for the physiological age or for differences between boys and girls.It would appear that such a standard is applltable to these schools as indicated by their curricula andmethods of promotion, although m e attention is given to individual differences than in the average ivanuaa azdaoao abiv TOORO Imola

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IP . ee- FRIIFP THE INVESTIGATION. 7,5

IA SCHOOL PROGRESS IN THE HORACE MANN SCHOOL. The average mark is 81.9 for all the Horace .Mann School boys included inthe tables, and the curves which follow express the individual averages in the table.This average is based on 8,625 final marks for this group of 42 boys.The median, or middlemost mark, for the group falls between 81 and 82 per cent, and therefore t he average may be assumed as a norm for a basis of comparison with the height, weight, and lung capacity norms.The grade norm has been established on the basis of age and grade, assuminga boy of 12 years of ago should be in the sixth grade an4 a boy of 16years of ago should be in the tenth grade.The two variables in the distribution of marks and grades make it extremely difficult to estab- lish one norm of school progress.This norm may be illustrated best perhaps through graphs, and a series of charts accompanies each of the tables on age, grade, and school standing. It. is at once apparent that there are 5 boys in Table 11, Ic, whoare above the average school mark, or norm (81-82 per cent), for their group, and all of these boys except one are retarded by grade.There are 6 boys below the norm, and the 3 who were irregular in attendance are retarded by grade.In Table 24, Ile, there are 6 boys above the norm in mark; 2 of these are retarded by grade and 1 accelerated by grade. In the second group 4 boys fall below81 per Ant and 3are retarded by grade and 1 accelerated by grade.The irregular attendance is equally distributed bet wvn those above and those below normal mark and normal grade.In the third group (Table 24, IIIc) 3 boys areabove the average or normal mark, and 1 of these is acceler,- ated by grade.Eight boys rare below the norm in mark, and 3 of these are retarded by grade. Among the Horace Mann School girls the marks are much higher; the median and average both lying between 84 and 85 per cent.In the first group (Table 24, IVc)"there are 3 girls above the norm in mark and these are in normal grade.There are 4 below the norm in mark, and 2 of these are retarded by grade and I accelerated two grades. In the second group (Table 24, Vc) 3 girls are above the norm itn ark, and 2 of these are retarded by grade; there arebelow the form, and 2 of these are retarded by grade and 2 ace/lerated by grade. In the third group (Table 24,. Vie) there are 4 girls above the norm in mark and 7 below the norm, of whom 3 are retarded by grade.The last group of Horace Mann girls (Table 24, VIII) contains 3 above t he norm, of whom 2 are retarded by grade and 2 below the norm who are also retarded by grade. There is a higher average by grade and by mark for the girls than for the boys, and there is more' irregular attendance among the girls, which has a retarding influence both as to grade and mark when compared with the other girls whose attendance is irregular. 76 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

THE FRANCIS W. PARKER SCHOOL. The average marks for the parker School are below those of the Horace Mann for both boys and girls.In the first group of boys (Table 24, VIIIc) there are 5 boys above the norm (77-78 per cent), and 1 of those is accelerated by grade.There are 5 below the norm in mark, and 2 are 'retarded by grade.In the second group (Table 24, IXc) 10 boys are above the norm in mark, and 2 of these are retarded by grade. There are in this group 4 below the norm ill mark, and 1 is accelera by grade and 2 are retarded by grade. The average mark of the girls for this school is 80.9 per cent, and the median is close to this.In the first group (Table 24, Xc) 8 girls are above the m'edi n in marks, and 3 of these are retarded by grade. A1nong the 3 below norm in mark, 1 is retarded by grade.In the second group (Table 24, IIc) 5 are above the norm in mark, and 4 of these are accelerated by grade.Of the 4 below the norm in mark, 3 are retarded by grade.

Notes on the .sehool standing of indiridiuds chose marks and grades appear in Table 11 and Chart Ic. 11 1. Left schoolat the end of first year of high school. 2. Out of school one year and returned in second year of high school; remained four years with low marks; graduated. 3. Good work in elementary school; conditioned in Latin and French first year of high school (eighth grade); did not take full work second year and withdraw at end Lof term. 4. °untied school first two terms in sixth grade; conditioned in Latin and Gernian during ninth; promoted to tenth; absent much in second term of eleventh; withdrew. 0. Entered beginning of third term in sixth grade; conditioned in arithmetic, grammar, French, .during seventh; in biology during eighth; in Latin during ninth; in English during tenth; in Latin, French, chemistry, geometry, during eleventh; graduated after two years in twelfth. 7. Graduated. 8. Conditioned in algebra and French during ninth grade; in algebra in eleventh;

graduated from twelfth. . 9. Conditioned in Latin during eighth grade; in English and Creek during ninth; failed to graduate. 10. Entered third grade but did not take full work; inattentive during seventh; withdrew at end of eighth. ez 11. Absent during fourth term of fourth grade; conditioned in Latin, chemistry, algebra, and geometry after much absence during third term or eleventh; graduated

at end of twelfth. . 12. Entered seventh grade but extended absence during second-and third terms; withdrew from school for one year at end of tenth; conditioned in Latin during eleventh; graduated. .. . 13. Repeated part of third-grade work; conditioned in arithmetic during fourth; in English during fifth; improving steadily; still in school. 14. Absent during third and fourth terms of fifth grade; deditioned in Latin and history during ninth; still in schools [The netts on school standing for the'other iaviduale may be found in section III. Statistical material, pp.'139-142.] . 0 ot -cr F. ;:_11to CD 7_.al '....1 fE El ,E i N as -:-.. - r., z c, 1::: 0 . .Q . t,-,z at cel 1, 5 5! ca ..0' -4 _ -.v.-1"0- . & I d CI ;a 6, le x., 0 I ci to T; CD = 41 A -0cd 1E:1 0 Lo% = ,,, Z .-.0.-ci z t...0 O Q z -s = -a, .. 1 ... F-. E g m ; 6 C 6 11 5: 1-.S P z 0 O "'!-Z'2 04 0 ,_ Q 10 41 . o r. 11111 1111%,"%191,1111111111101111111 co :".) "TS g I eel CO C 0 a ..., > 1 go . Z rs. c..)-z. 0 IIFI P-I 0 al4:).' 0 '415140111111111111. , CI CI r4 en .-, 5 : g, iiiiiit8116111111111111111 I, 0 " -c' ..z...a 3 C..) Ct"- .-.1 - .4 C,:..) ac : 0 ,...... ,2 1111111111N1 C m I 6 e ,-::: .. -7:9 -,-. o -,7, CD 440 '4 tirC, 4 ,s. II! ..6;_. O XI "IC V 43 3 fls et 72 .- 4...0 ,_,co "V ''.. CL .23 c,.... 5 -,-1.1 to Aultamommommumummum 1 NM 1 1111 mignombEmmumuoil NM 11111111MOVIMMEMIM UM 111111111111.TILEMIMIll MOM 111111 INNINNIAMEMMIWIN 111011IMEIRESSIMINNI MEI nom Emmoubmor mo NIMINIMMEMNSIMUNAMIMMil INIMIMMEMENNINFEJ,MIN MMINIMMEIMMINIMMINMIMI IIMMEIMINIMINI1111111. AIM O THE IN4rEETIGATION. 79 No. 8 is the most preCocious in,Chart Ic from the standpoint of age until he reaches 16i years, and No. 11 the# most retarded throughout his school life.On the contrary, comparing the average marks within the grade, No. 11 has higher marks than Nb. 6, as may be seen by noting the height of the circles in each grade. It is at once apparent that 3 of these 14 boys in the first group lost a grade during the periodsminclyded.In two cases this was due to absence from school for a yoar, in'the other case to the gradual lower- ing of the average mark of a boy who was being promoted in advance of his age on low grades.The nine additional charts which follow are uniform in construction 4i411 Chart Ic.

5. CONCLUSIONS. In these schools whore there is carefulgradink, the widest range of individual differences for the 135 pupils is four years in any one grade, with uniformly a wider range for boys than for girls.. If 12 years of age is taken as normal ago for the sixth grade and,16 years for the tenth grade, there are in this group of 58 boys and 57 girls 27 boys and 26 girls retarded for ore year or more during the school course and- 13 boys and 11 girls acplerated for one year or more'. Girls maintain a higher school standing than boys; there are also more repeaters among the boys; and fewer cases of "skipping" a grade.In the fourth and fifth grades the boys and girls aro approximately of the same ago, but in the last year of high school the boys are older on the average. There are only 9 instances of boys dropping back t, grade and 4 instances with 'the girls; there are 4 cases of boys skipping a grado and 8 cases with girls.These are confined to the Horace Mann School. Pupils who are relatively poor in the first few grades are relatively poor intue upper graded; that is, poor marks in the early school course are indicative of low standing throughout the school course. Boys and girls of normal school age or under maintain a better school standing both as to grades end marks than those over ago for grade. The age of entrance and the grade entered after 6 or 7 years' determines the age for completing the school. With few exceptions these children progress through the elementary school at the rate of one grade per year, regardless of the co ological ago at entrance. 'There are waves or nodes in marks from year to year for each individual, the most promin; adrops coming at the entrance to the :.ugh school and in the fourth and fifth grades. 80 PHYSIGAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

1. SCHOOL STANDING AND 'GROWTH IN TWO. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. We now see the fundamehtal questionsare: How do children progress through school IHow do children mature physiologically during their school life IWhat is the relation between these two aspects of development when both are studied consecutively throughout the elementary school 4 It must be recognized that since we are investigating the school standing age and sine promotions and school efficiency are basedon marks, these records must be taken at their face value, because they represent school practice and because they offer tangible criteria of the efficiency of the individuals of the school. Each school has 12 grades above the kindergarten.the depart- mental method of instruction is more or. less in vogue in all grades.; and the same teachers, in some instances, have marked the pupils in their respective studies for several years.The teachers are among the best trained in America and the pupils ase given a greet (teal of individual attention. A More careful study of individual marks .reveals that thereare waves or nodes in the marks from year to year for each individual. The two most prominent drops are at the entrance of high school and in the fourth and fifth grades.The lower averages are most marked in the transition to the high-school grades, where the number of subjects also decreases.In these schools the best marks are found in the sixth and seventh grades for boys and girls,*and during these grades the greatest number of subjects are included.

TABLE 12a. Average marks._ and average numbrr of subjects/or pupils in the el-mentary schtiol4ased an quarterly term marks' MORACk MANN SCHOOL. "(TAO' . i 3 2 4 5 4 7 4' 8

". I IS ...ri ...0 45 Iseig toll uX i"IIiti g.XguI y g ii '3 13 .1-0 oa tI L.izit dii 1-Rt a1 0 1 22 ..4 cc 4 co ..< co ..,t cll 1-. 44 LIZ...... tion144 169 '46. DI 843t848 8'11 r5.3423 :I...14

. FRANC 8 illsPARKER SCHOOL. 21

76.5 8 Rop.... 71.4 a74. 0 5.0 875.0 a70.2 87'7.0I.8'77.8 8 75.3 Obis--44.8 8 89.8 al.2 817'83.9 8860 84.9 884.5 881.4 a 84.8

The fact that ilarks are lower during the fourth and fifth gradesis significant. reasons for the lower averages !nay gleaned THE INVESTIGATION.' 81- from each pupil's marks in eachipbject for each period and from the growth curves. The variability of marks and the changing distribution in their ranking show that many pupils are not doing the kind of work given them in some subjects during the intermediate grades. Whit these subjects are for the Horace Mann School, and how they change from grade to grade, is shownin the following table, which-gives the summaries of the marks that are very poor, poor, or only fair. TABLE 12b.Number of pu pit; in each study in thevarious grade* doing onfair or 4*-Ossediocre work.

BOYS.

Grades, and number 01 pupils Mg:rade. III -19. tv-30. V-3'0. VI-38. VII-38. e

Art 4 7 10 11 4 7 Composition . 6 15 . *: 7 14 French and German ,,, e t' 0 0 12 Grammar 0 2 0 8 19 Geograph y 1 8 1 7 9 History ' .), I 8' 4 5 5 11 Language 2' 0 a 0 Literature .. 2,, 7 3 1 Manual enduing $ 7"I 10 11 1 Mathemittics 10 20 10 10 1 Nature study 1 0 2 0 Penmanship S Ili 20 13 1 Reading 3 7 7 2 Spelling.. 6 13 10 6 1

GIRLS.

Gnats, and number of pupilsrade. 111-27. 1V-36. V-37. V1-38. VII -38.

Art -, --- 4 8 11 1 Composition 3 4 6 1 trench ow, Gtrman 0 0 0 0 , 0 2 3 0 Geography. ' 1 11 7 0 wry i 0 8 6 . 1 Li 1 8 a 1 Manualualning. . ,. 2 4 6 1 mathematics. 0 12 .12 a i Naturet study - 2 0 5 1 Reading 10 5 0 Spelling 4 5 6 1

The very poor marks for the boys are: In the third grade, history 7, arithmetic 3, spelling 3; in the fourth grade, mathematics 10; penmanship 9, spelling 6; in the fifth grade, penmanship 9, mathematics 4, history 4; in the sixth grade, history 3, mathematics 3, penmanship 2; in the seventh grade, spelling 7, penmapship 6, inathematics 5. For the girls the very poor marks are: In the third grade, spelling 2; in the fourth grade, mathematics 9, penmanship 5, geography 4; in the fifth grade, art' 5, history 4, ge6graphy 2; in the sixth grade mathematics 1; in the seventh grade, geography 4, history 4, French and German 4. 7166*-14----43 82 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. gig

Among these boys and girls, these of normal schoolage or younger maintain a better school standing, bothas to 'grade and mark, than those over age for the grade.This is important; why do these pupils of normal school age or under maintain this better schoolstanding ? A careful study of sustained, absences does notaccount for the conditions, though absence and a study of diseases and accidents aidsome- what.The explanation lies in the adv'anced maturity of thepupils. Since we have no recourse to consecutive mental teststhroughout the elementary school life of these pupils, but sincewe have recourse to their consecutive phySical measurements in height, weight, andlung capacity, the problem resolves itself Wei finding the relation between growth and school standing.The evious study of these indi- viduils, together with their weight, helht, and vitalindices, diseases, and physiological changes, sho that the taller, heavier children mature physiologically in- adv if the shorter, lightef ones; anda study of ages, grades, and th rks of the boys shows that those above the average height of the group, i.e., those whose physiological age is accelerated, complete the last grade of the elementary school at 12 years 91 months of age with an average of 84.35, and those below average height or of retardetUfrysiological development complete the elementary school, work at 13years 7months of age with an average of 81.72. The taller, heavier; or physiologically.acceleratedboys and girls, complete the elementary-school at an earlierage and with a higher average mark than the short, light,or physiologically retarded' boys and girls.In following the present investigation the readershould be careful not to confttse brightnessor precocity with stages of mental maturity. A mind may be more nearlymature, than another and still be of inferior quality.The former has certain instincts and mental traits associated with growth which the latter'has not expe- rienced.The former is accelerated in growth physiologically. The second significant explanation of the ?lodeor drop in the, school standing of the fourth grade lies in the rate ofdevelopment in physio: logical maturity of the boys and girlsat these ages. The growth arts show there is less physiotogical Krowth in height,weight, and lung citp.aiiity before the adolescent accelerationthan at any other time before the cessation of growth after theadolescent acceleration.

2. SCHOOL STANDING AND GROWTHIN HEIGHT. Sinee,we'havethe individual curves for bothheight, *eight; lung capacity, and sthob4 standing for all theindividuals included in the data for comparison, a very general understandingof the corrals- dons or relationships may. be gottenby making individualcompar- 'isonsfor each group. p vtm000v,uo.siveS fiT lv,teperle.lemvoeq 6 Ins'ormentv eta puv poised lueesetopvaid etn. 2eimp 1q2teqeAntqw spi moieq peddsup oN Pug `1010,.SulTetu IA01041 arg ti plitv 'ET tt `Nparlaz eIg oto dno.a.sim Trt akoq °'iJo 1q2,1 unpaiu tem q Spq2Rs

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88 MIOLIVEILLSKAKI ZILL -----.84 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCH001..PROGRESS.

absence and again a18. He has a somewhat irregular growthcurve in height during adolescence and is frequently ill. The school standing of the boys in the secondgroup (Chart lie) of 15 presents two cases of "skipping a grade," Nos. 13 and15. No. 13 is retarded one year at 12, and No. 15one year; after skipping a gr;tde the latter again becomes retardedat 18.In this group Nos. 7 and 12 are in advance of their grades for the short periodsattended in the elementary school, the former being abovemediankeight, the latter below. The retarded boys are Nos. 10, 11, 13, 14,'and15.All of these are below median height except No. 10, who isanemic, has appendicitis,..and enlarged tonsils. Chart IIIe shows the same general tendencies for eachboy to hold his relative position in regard to school standing and inhis ranking with his companions from the elementary tb the high school. In this group 2 boys, Nos. 7 and 13,are in advance of their normal grades.The former is above median height and the latter left school before.12 with an average mark below passing for the lasttwo years. No: 7 has the highest school average of thegroup. The retarded boys are Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, and15. No. 5 skipped a grade at 13; Nos. 6; 10, and 14 were late entering from another school; Nos. 8, 10, 14, and 15 are below median height. In the first group of 11 girls (chart IVc) No.2 is two grades in advance of her normal grade at9112years, of age, if the same standard for age and grade is used for girlsas for boys.Since both enter the schools at about the same chronologicalage and are promoted on the same basis, this uniform norntseems justifiable, as previously stated.No. 9 is one year in advance of her grade at 16.No. 2 is above metiian height, and No. 9 below, with good healthand excellent school standing extending back to the third grade,which wits completed at the early age of 8 years 7 months. The retarded girls of (hart Vcare Nos. 3,.6, 7, and 8, who arc fairly close to median height. No. 3 misseda year and later skipped a grade.No. 7 has low average marks and No. 8poor health.No. 11 repeated a grade and is short in stature andnervous. In Chart Vie of 13 there are 4cases of girls skipping grades and but.one case of a girl failing to advancea grade each year, which was not due to low marks.There are 3 cases of retardation before12 years, and not any at 16, since these girls later omita grade.Noe 5, , 6, and 7 skipped a grade during the period of moat rapid growth.' No. 8 shows a marked arrest in physical growth inheight at 14, which lasts until 18 and probably' after, and the selloolmarks also take a decided drop and remain low until 18.No::9'11 growth is arrested at 14, and the average rgarks also fall below previous Ones withone ex6eption, at 16 years, where it is 1per cent higher than at 12. The same is true of No. 5, whose growth is arrested between 14 and15. 4 ;1.5 - =d 3 .E Oat QS 6:- ,...

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1 t, I k NRISEMENNIMIMMIllI HI THILNNIE101111MA MENEM IIMUSENBUNIPM1111 MMENNICHilidng NMI MIIIIMMISNI fin 111111111111MONIMMINI 111111111111111111111111111inhNEM 111110011111111111011111Mi 111 MEN1111 THE INVESTIGATION. 89 Chart Xc shows remarkable uniformity of grades and marks and a narrow range of differences.This close uniformity makes it difficult to find correlations between the large number of individual differences and fluctuations in physical growth and school standing. Four of these girls are retarded by grades, Nos. 1, 4, 9, and 12.Two are above median height and 2 below.All show marked individual fluctuations.No. 12 has the lowest average, is Of shortest stature, and shows more fluctuations than the others. The girls, like the boys of this school, have lower average marks than the Horace Mann School pupils.In this group (Chart XIc) the final of all is 81 per cent, but 5 of these girls are one year in advance of their normal grade for their age, if we use our previous hypothesis that a year of school is equivalent to a grade.In general, the average marks of these 5 girls are higher than the others. There are 3 girls (I(los. 2, 5, and 7) who are retarded by grade, and No. 2 is below median stature, No. 5 shows marked arrest from 12 to 18, and has low average marks.No. 7 shows arrest from 14 and has low marks.As a rule the children above median height are in normal grade or Ilefelerated. 3. SCHOOL 4TANDINO AND GROWTH IN WEIGHT. In his investigational on the physical basis of.precocity'and dullness, Dr. Porter' found on the .basis of age and grade distribution that "precocious are heaVier, and dull children lighter, than the mean child of the same age.This establjshes a basis of prec6city and dullness."The basis of precocity, for Porter, was found in the unusually favorable physical development.Boas 2 found several serious objec- tions tp this conclusion;and maintained that "children who remain out of school for a long time will lag behind; vigorous ones will advance more ral)idly."This is no doubt true, but the number of such children among the many thousands studied by Porter would have little effect in vitiating ge9eral conclusions.Another objection raised by Boas, which is very significant, was that these children were not !`dull,'' but "retarded," and a retarded child may develop and become quite " bright." In an attempt to ascertain the relation of precocity to physical development, Boas used data collected by Dr. G. M. West at Toronto, who, in turn, used the teacher's judgment in regard to the child's brightness.The results were diametrically opposed to rottenHere, again, there is an apparent contradiction, due to an attempt to corre- late "brightly," when based on the teacher's judgment, with physical develop:Nat, instead of correlating a more definite criterion of as- particular aspect, as ,evidenced by school standing, mental tests, or soniC similar measuring scale) With physical development.Porter's; 'mistake was in cotfoluding that mental development depended upon

19« Paha (fa biblagnal), 4th Wawa . Sa Bar, lath Maim. 90 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. physical growth, instead of seeing that physical growth and mental growth are correlated; Boas's mistake was toassume that a teacher's estimate of a child's "brightness" at. one age could be usedas a standard for measuring mental development or mental maturity through several years. MacDonald, in his Washington studies, used the teachers' estimate of brightness as a basis, and Smedley in his study of Chicago Children used the age- and grade and both found that "bright" childrenare taller than "dull" ones.This conclusion is also claimed by Gratsi- anoff and Sack in Russia. but Gilbert discoveredno constant correlation between height and mental ability. The same conclusions hold for weightas for height; Porter and Smedley found a positive correlation, Westa negative correlatidn, and Gilbert no constant relationship. The. important conclusion here was longago anticipated by Porter, but on account of the doubtful attitude, of these other investigators toward his result, it has received little or no attention.He .very wisely says-, "No child whose weight or height 2 is below theaverage (median or norm) for its age should be permitted to entera school grade beyond the average of its age, except -after sucha phykiical examination as shall mice it probable that the child's strength is equal to the strain."

4. SCHOOL STANDING AND GROWTH IN LUNG CAPACITY.

That there is a possible correlation between school standingan lung capacity is indicated by the fact that, if the 5 boysor 5 With the greatest lung capacity are selected, theaverage .schoo marks for these are invariably above theaverage school marks elf any 5 with the lowest average lung capacity.This holds true for each group, but it is, however, not a completeor accurate test, since all cases are not included and the grades and lung capacityare both materially influenced by the agtof the boy or girl. If the average lung capacity for the same period included within the school standing is taken, it throws some lighton the correlations of the two variables, but only ,when'the chronological and physiological ages are taken into .consideration., since the lung capacity increases with 'ago and the marks tend,' on theaverage, to decrease in the upper grades.It is apparent, then, that any attempt at correlation will have to take into consideration the median lung capacity for different'ages and the'median mark fOr the different ages within the same group, But since there are so few individuals ineludod within a grade and since the marksvary so little for the same individuals from grade to grade, it ig sufficient to Stake the average mark for each individual and compare it with the final 1

Ses (Inert, Id refersooe. Ile words hi Italics are the writer's. Tilt INVESTIGATION. . 91 averagntark of all the individuals from each fichool and determine whether the individual is above or below average school mark, making proper allowance for retardation d acceleration. The median lung capacity fOr is and girls for different ages dre those previously found for the Francis W. Parlor School and the University .of Chicago elementary and high school and are approximately the same as those used at the Horace Mann School by Dr. Wood. Selecting the 5 in Chart Ic whose standing is above average mark for the group, Nos. 1, 3, 11, 12, 14, the first 4 are above the median in lung capacity; No. 4 is retarded by grade,. which will help. to explain his high average mark.No. 7 also has high lung capacity,but he is in advance of his normal grade. Of those below the average grade, No. 4 has good lung capacity but entered this school late and apparently poorly prepared.No. 10 has comparatively low lung capacity and is below average mark and retarded in grade. Thom whose marks are above the average, in Chart IIc are Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 15.Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, and 9 are above the median in lung capacity; Nos. 6 and 15 are retarded one year in grade, which would help to explain their higher average mark. Of those below average mark Nos. 2 and 3 are above median lung capacity, Nos. 8, 11, and 12 are below median lung capacity, No. 10 is below median lung capacity part of OA time and below grade,

$No. 13 below median lung capacity but above grade, and No. 14 below median lung capacity and grade. In Chart IIIc those below the average mark, 81 per cent, are Nos. 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, and all are below median lung capacity except No: 10, who isslightly above median and two years retarded by grade; Nos. 2 and 3 are above median lung capacity but are in normal grade and only) per cent below the average mark. Those above the avetage,school mark in ChartJVc are Nos. 4, 5, and 9.The first two Oils are above median lung capacity, and No. 9 is below with no apparent cause. Those below average school mark art; Nos. 1, 2, and 7.No. 1 is above the median lung Capacity, and Nos. 2 and 7 are above during- most of the school course.No. 2 is two grades above normal, and No. 7 is one grade below and frequently absent. Those above average mark in this. group (Chart Ve)eare Nos. 3, 5, and 12.No. 3 is above median lung capacity, but below grade; No. 5 is above and No. 12 about median lung capacity.Those below average mark are Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11a.Nos. 2, 4, 6, and 7 are above and Nos..9 and 11 below median lung capacity.Nos. 2,and 4 are above average grade, which would help explain their low mark.No. 6 had a record for but one year; No. 9 is retarded, and No. 11 in advanci% offs grade one year. It LI)76* _ 16. bk. I 4 & 1111VIIINII ISHIMINIMMEMIEMIIz 2 --4,411b111111101111111111111111101111M1 J.itMw 't. 1 i1 1 IIMINOMOMPUIMIMMOI,p..,.0 csi- 1 I 24;1-.- 1 s-r,o, 11111111110111111 mil 1 p",..=1 Eli.-.2.1 8 IMallilmffimminoromingimi 1g...1-1 l'Ofi' i Eg 11111101101101101111E0 :ris44. 1 I iiiiiiiiialiiiiiiIMIIIMM11116:11314.; i § Fc.- . I , -a , 1 .s t;a .Atundwa 2unt unmet:a inoto4 atv gj pug tj 't rsok !vow aszaen mot-4g pun 'apni.2 ',tom `A)tandira 2u9 untpout AtomSI 0off :3f.nna aganen AtKaq Sfut2its 'Xitandua 4unt ustpinu eApqn 9 8 oist

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8 'ox SiRedvo 2unr uutpauiAtop(' 8 oN puv enoqv ore 'Kw E pus g .8 pus E g yilvta c&v.xcLiv ellqv wogs °HA uI .99KRO0aci 1001109 aKVHJACMD 'MIKA Ha ANN. 176 THE INVEgTIGiTION. 95 Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 8 are above median lung capacity and No.*9 above during later school life.No. 2 is also above school grade. Those below average school mark are Nos. 4, 6, 10, and 12.No. 4 is above median lung capacity for the first part of the school work

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rade Mors' I- Arenye Grade - Above Median Neet IL- Average GArde Ill= A bore Averoye Graa's IY Be /ow Avers ye Afarit . Ir Er 17: Average Nark 2- 6redoui 127 A bow Average /14.-4' Nediony Height

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41) Uelght sad scbool irtanding. and two grades retarded, but is later above in lung capacity and gradfially increases in average mark. No. 10 is below median lung capacity and is three grades retarded; No. 12 is below median lung

capacity. . In this group (Chart IXc) there are 4 boys below the average school mark for the Francis W. Parker Sohool boys.No. 2 is one grade AIR 96 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SegOOL PROGRESS. above aurnal, but has uniformly low standing.Nos. 10 and 14 are retarded one grade, No. 14 is slightly above median lung capacity, and No. 10 starts high, but drops below median lung capacity,and No. 13 is below. In this group of Francis W. Parker girls (Chart Xc) Nos.1, 3,4, 5, 8, 9, and 11 are above average mark.Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 show many fluctuations, but on the whole are Above median lung capacity, and No. 11 is below median lung capecity.Nos. 1, 4, and 9 are below normal grade.Of those below average mark, Nos. 2, 6, 6a, 7, 10, and 12 are slightly above median lung capacity and innormal grade; Nos. 6, 16, and 12 are below median lung capacity; and No. generally above median lung capacity. Those above a-:erage mark are Nos. 1, 4, 6, 8, and9.Nos. 1, 4, and 8 are\-above median lung capacity; No. 6 is above, buttakes a decided drop at the lastmeasurement; No. 9 is about median sung capacity.Those-below everage mark are Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 74No. 2 is below median lung capacity; No. 3 above; No. 5 usuallybelow; No. 7 above and retarded one grade.As a rule, the children above the median in lung capacity are in normal gradeor accelerated. This is a little more marked than in heightor weight. Checking the individuals whose curves have been plotted forage, height, weight, lung capacity, school grade, and school mark,and ,giving the results graphically, it will beseen that the majority of children above median height are in or above normal grade andabove the average in marks.Of those below median height the majority of children are below or in normal grade and belowaverage mark. Figure 40 refers to the relation between median height andschool standing.The coefficients of correlation between the height, weight, lung capacity, and school standing for all individualsare being worked out, but are not included in this bulletin.

5. EDUCATIONAL CONCLUSION WITH COROLLARIES. The general conclusion to this section ofour study is that if pedagogical age be accepted as a fair equivalent in thesethree efficient schools to mental development, the tall, heavy boysand girls with good lung capacity are older physiologically andfurther along in their stages toward mental maturityas evidenced by school progress than the short, light boys and girls. The main educational corollaries which logicallyfollow from this study would require that our school systems, public andprivate, be graded on the physiological age and theaccompanying stage of mental maturity of boys and girls in place of the chronologicalage, as is now done.This would require that tall, healthy childrenof accelerated physiological age be .encouraged toproceed throggh THE INVESTIGATION. 07 .. c school as rapidly as possible within the limits of thorougimess,and that the small, light Ehilciren of retarded physiological development be kept below or in the normal grade doing supplementarywork, since these short, light pupils are immature mentally, althoughin many instances precocioutti in brightness.It also follows from the study that rapid, healthy growth favors good mentaldevelopment, And therefore the healthy growing child should have plentyof physical and mental exercise. The Binet measuring scale for intelligence,as is well known, is based on a two dimensional scalethat of chronologicalage and mental agebut does not take into account the third dimenSion,or physiological age, which according to the results of thisinvestiga- tion is closely correlated with the mentalage, as evidenced by school standing.If this conclusion is correct, and it certainly followsfrom the data included in this study, would it not be possiblefor a child of immature physiological growth to be of normal mentalgrowth for his physiological age and still to fall short of the mentalage required by the tests for his chronological age inyears ?For a complete and comprehensive system of mental tests to be usedas a measuring scale of intelligence, it will be necessary to go further and supplementthe Binet tests and include the essential criteria for determiningthe physiological age of the child. We have now reacheda stage in our knowledge of child development when we can begin to searchintelli- gently for these physiological criteria in order to formulatemore ade- quate tests as measuring scales for intelligence and for school standing. The ading of our schools must be adjusted to fit the Anal and physi logical age of the child in place of its chronologicalage, which is not airly representative of the other twoages. 7166°-.-14-7

N 98 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. III. STATISTICAL (A)INDIVIDUAL INCREMENTS OF GROWTH TABLE13.-Inerements of growth in height for a group of

7 years. 71 years. 8 years. years. 9 years. 91 years. 10 years.

No. L

5. 1.

Om. Cat. Cat. Cm. en. CrL Ca. Cm Cm. 1 Ca. Cm. 101 109.2...... 112.9 3.7 115.0...... 11& 3.12.7 119.7 4.7 4.1 121.0 6.04.3 102 102.5 .114.1 4.64.2 116.' 2.825 103 111. 4.64.3 . 116. 443. 121. 5. 0 4.3 . 125. {.03.3 101 . 112. 8.33.0 ...... 11&4.74.2 121. 4.539 106 112.7 110 4 1 3 6 121 4 43 8 106 112.0 117 1 2 1 0 1 1134. 7.86.7 107 . 113.4...... 118. 4.8 4.2 113. 4.84.1i 108 . 114.1 . 9. 3.8.2. 127. 8.6 2. 100 114.8.-- 119.4 1 5.9120.1 5.44.7120. .8 .6 . I . 126.1 6.94.9124.7 . . 110 ...... " ... .1 2.1 1.8 ...-127.1 6.01.1 . 11& 120.7'... I 125. _330.6.24. 112 116. 6.0 4.6 121 6 4 4 1125 4 03 3 1130 01 4.43 113 116. .121. 5.5 4. 126.1 4.3 .5 131 114 116.;& 4 . In 5.4 4...... 11A. a. 4 .. el. .133.61 6.03. 115 . 117. 5.2 4. .12i1: 5.5 1.7 1A. 6.2 3.61. I. 116 11&0 121 1.12 125 4.1 4 112e 4 4 23 9 117 118.01 . 121. 3.02 . 118. 4.33. 123 4 53 8 127 4 8 3 9 132 0 no I 11&. 124. 6.25.2 129. 4.83.9 132 123. 4.03.41 '128. 5t&4.2 121 I 11:.8 .401...... --. 131 3.217 5:1 4.2 123 134.5 1130. 6.4.8' 1111fla 123. 3.519 129. 5.54.5 1266. 6.0 4.1129.7 .1131. 6.34.1 126 129. 3.2.9...... -1135.3 5.74.4

Av 5.4. 4.23.6 4.3 (II 5.54.21 6.1 4.1 Ay. var.. =.9 1.4 . .7 . 125 131. 129. 7.516. ' ,133 4 1 3.2 138. 6.314 127 In. 117.7 4.8.3. 132 4. 1 8.7 ...... 137. 4 4. 123 193. 6.74. -1135. & . 141.1 & 8 4. 130. 6.04.81 134. 4.63 130 124.5 .1133.5 ...... 137.1.. . 140. 6.2x4. 126. . 130.1 . 134. 4.4 34 1112 . 132. 137 222 125.6 133.. e'16.5 . 138. 4.4 .3 143. 134 125:6 127 135 125 134.4 6.8 7 0 139 4.8 136 125. 131 '...'13&5.03.8 137 125.7 131 134 7

125. 131. 1 _1138. 7.4.5.6. I.. 130 12& 1...138.4 &7&4138.4. 140 ...... 123. IA. 1 6.24 9, 137 4 6.3 141 126. 131.5 5. 5 4. 4' .136.01 3.5 142 LA 7.2 & 1 1214 130. 4.23.3' 143 126.4 1311 139.1 7 05.6 144 IV. 6.614. 1 13&31. 145 1. 6.94. 143.21.6.4 IS 1 IA 1133 It 4 . . 144. 6.8 4. 2 14T. 4,.... ISO. & 1 4. 147 132. .1141. & 8 I 147..5. 1411 Il& 133. 140.9 .... 141. 6.7 149 132.4 .&14.11135* Lail &7 130 7. 146.1 6. ____,. 1 ' AY 121. & 122. C 136. 6. 123; 6.2'4.1130. 3.63.932.13 Av. var 1 I I

The tablesforthe boys' heights(4sod 0)may be foundon peels26-29. STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 99 MATERIAL.

. IN 'HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND LUNG CAPACITY. 59 boys with consecutive measurements from 7 to 13 years of age.'

104 years. 11 years. Ila years. 12 years. 121 years. 13 years.

k A , 1 ...4. .h A iii'jgI -4a No. SE-. . iig ":S g-- rg ,. g lig'it 21,,"g . 3 a. a. 21 1:I A",,1

Cm. Cm.Cm.I Cm Cm. CmCm. eat.Cr.. 31 Cva. Cm. 121 2.619.1125...... 127.53. 3,212& 4.13. 131. 3.72. 101. 121. 4.6& ..1. .125. 4.2& 1 . .. 128. 2.82.3 .....-...... 102. 129. .58. 132. 2. 2.i...... 103. 125 3. 3.1 128.73.73. . iii. ,i.ii:i...... 104. 126.1.4. .. 131 5.64.4 135 3.72.8 106. iii: 8. 132. 4...... 137. 4.18.1106. 124.45.44.4 .132. 4.23.3 107. 130.13.12.4 131. 4.18.2...... 139.4b.3..108. 130.5 138.4 13& 8.46.4 143. b.13.7109. 132. 5.24. 135. 3.12...... 139. 4 3.S110. 131 3.42. 137. 4. 13...... 142.14.5,3.3111. 134.24.23 18& 1 2...... 141. 3.43.6112. 135.73.72.8. 110.'b. 3. iii.ii.ii.i ....i....113. iii:....i....114. 133. 3. 2. 137 4. 3. 142. 4.83. 116. .135.56.13. 139. 3.:2.. iii: 146- 6. 4.8116. . .131.1 33.1 i .1:. 7 . 117. .134.22. 1.7 137.41 2.4...... i. 118. 1 4.78. 138.13 92 119 133 5.74.4 139.2b 34. 120 133.1 4.88.7 ...... 136. 2.92. 141. 6. 4.3 ,. 121. 133 3.52.7 138.14.28.1 146. 7. 6.7 122. 133. 4.23. 137.13.92. 140. & 2.8 123. ., 134134.78.11 139.3 ...... 143.44.12...... 160. 16. 4.7124. . 139.18. 2 144. b.13.7...... 149. 5.48.7126. 4.31 3.4 8.72. 4. 3.8 3. 2.9 6.61&& 4.: 8.5Av. 1.0 1.2 1 Av. TN. .144.15.54. 148.1''' 155 6.914.7 126. .141. 4. 2. 146. 4 3.3 ...... 150. 54.53.1127. .147.1& .4.3 lb&9.46.4 . 166.710.6.6128. 141. 6 6 144 . 2. 1 ii8.1.9.11 129 143. 6. 4. 145.16.13.6 111. 6.7 5..147.1 150. 3 2:6 . ...163.17.211.8131. 141. 4. 3.1 146.23. 2.7 161.1. &:11. 132. 118.14. 3.2 152.24.12.8 M. 7. 5.1 133. 138...... 142.1...... 144 6. 4.. 1411. 4. 3.4149.14.4& 134. 143. 8: 14& 6. i.i & . 135. 146. 6.43.8 151. 5.1i.5. 136. lie:4.' 3. 144. 4. 8.4 149.14. & 137...... 151. .6..4.2 lb& 5 3. 7 13& .147. 160. 5. 2.4151. 165. 4.913.213490. 142. 3...... 147. 6 13.6 140. ...144 4 3.1.,..,...... 1411.4.4&...... :...... 141. )41.5...... 146 A 4. 147. 6 4.2149.:4.-3.31 3. 2. 163.13.1 142. 150.5.. _...... 15& 5.73..' .161. 4. 3.1 143. 143. 4. & ...... 147.1&2.7 .152.55.4& 144. 148. 6. & ..151 4. 2. .169. 7. 4.7 145. 151,15. a. Mi. it..1., 161. 4. 3.1 .168. 7. 4. 146. 152.14. 3.1 158.1A 3...... 163. 5..8.7147. 114. & I 146 4. 3.. 150 4. 3. 163...... -...... 148. 145. 3. 9. 149.13. 2.3 132.13.12.1 149. 155...... UT. 4. 2. 161. 4.12. . 167 5..8. 130.

139.16. S. 140. II. 3. 4.63.2145. 5. 13.5146. 4. 3. 149. 6. & Av. I. 1. ..Av. var. no* PHYSICAL GROWTH kND SCHOOL ROGRESS.1

TABLE14.- Increments of g In height for a group of 50 1.

12 years. 121 yews. )sere. 13} years. 14 years.

No. - .Ei zr ea ii.. I 1:....§ 1 I::8 l ,-,1 2' 11: z t V t1 i 1:3 .,.. l' LI A. = . A. .t. --e.-- ... .. Cm. Cm Cm.rm. Cm. Cm Cm.Cm. Cm. Cm. SI 134.9. 137. 149.011. 8.6 52 134. 6.4.4 137. 3.9 2.9 140.6. . 5.3 134.6...... 1.36. 8.82.9 139.44. 3.6 14211 5.44.0 64 135.4 . 145.39 7.3 I ,149. 4.33. 55 136.3 5. 9 146.19.8 7.2 56 133.47.36. 814 137.2 140. 144.13.32.3 57 137. 2.5 1. 144,06.1 4.4 58 137.9 141..3.7; 2.7 59 137.2 ...... 142. 4. 3.5 144.0' ... ' . 40 138.6...... 143.615. 3.6 149.15.5.t 61 138.3 143.6 5.23.8 62 139 2.31.7 . 147.0 65.5 63 139.63.6 2.6 143.74.1 2. , 152.9 9 2t. 4 64 140.0 146.66.6 4.2 65 ..101 155.2 8 f.5 9 140.15.74.2 147.2 7.1.5.1 66 141.6 152.0 10.4 7.3 156.2 . 67 141. 2.31.7 148.77.15.t 153.9 68 142. 54. 2 9 144.5 ...... 149. 4.5 53.1...... 69 142.2 ;. 76 iii ii.. i.i 155 46 2i 5 6, 142. 2.92.1. 144.2. 148.44.2i 2 .. 71 142.09.0 6.7 ..1. 145.23.2 2.2 3 155.09.8. 6 143. 4.83.5 147 7 3 73 4 3 144. 5.74.1 156.0. 74 . 159.53.52 2 145.44.43.1 149.74.33.1 75 145.46.14.4 151.76.34.3 Aye 5. 3.7 4.2 3.1 6.1 4.4 6.44.5 .'.ve oval' 1.6 ,,,..471; ... a.2.... 2.1. 11. 2. 2 . 176 140.5 142.41.91 3 177 141.7 148.56.1 4.3 ...... 145...... 146.85.1 3.6 148.93.42.3 150.03.2 2.2 178 143.8 149.05.2 3.6 179 144.9 1!3.54.5 3.0 4.3 3.1 148.23.3 2.3 156.68.4 5.7 180 145.7 4.7 .3.3 150.6 4.93.4 . . .. 181 145.94.12. 162.0 ..... 6.1 4.2 156.4 3.4 2. 2 182 146.3 3.3 2.3. 152.05.73.9 183 '146.8 141.64.8 3.3 184 154.83.22. L 146. 4.6 3.2 151.4 4.93.3 155.1...... 8 185 140.3 143.16.7 4. 186 ...... 100.74.7 5.oi ...... 147. 4.6 3.2 151. 2...... 187 ...... 148.o 156.1.6.1-5.5 188 149.4 5.3 3.7 189 149.3 4.8 3.3 153. 3 2.6 I 190 ' 149...... 154..5..3.9 . . 191 tio.i i.6 i: I 165.1 10.36.7 192 ...... 157.3 6.64.4...... I 151.2 2 2.0 160. 9.36. 193 ...... 151.6 5.9 4.0 161. 9. 6.5 194 151.1 ...... 156.75. 3.7 162.9.6. 4.0 195 152.1. 196 ... . 160.2 8.15.3 152.5 6, 3.7 155. 2. 197 3.1 ...... 153. 5. 4.0 158.,...... 165.3 7.3 196 154.2 9.7 6 .... . 4.6 161. 7. 44.....?,. ..,... 199 155.7 6.3 4.2 160.7...... 169.2 6.5 203 ... 158.5 6.6 4.3...... 163.4 4. 3'1 ..

A 141. 4. 3 1 Ar 146.35. 3.6 147. 503.4 151.1 6. 1. 153. 6 4.2 *YU .1 .... 1. 1.1.... 1. . 2 STATISTICAL MATERIAL.

boys with consecutive measurements from12 to 17 years of age.

14; years. 15 years. 153 years 16 years. 164 years. 17 years.

No . 2;., .... . zi,... . lil...-. . ii,. . ..g..- . -- -. IZA .11. §r,E .z i :rg .. a.t m -, . 7 A ,t 6%3.. r.... - r... al

cm.cm Cm.cm Cm. cm Cm.cm Cmcm. Cm.Cm 155. 0.64.4160.2...... 164.58.95.7 : 147. 3. r4.7 . 166.43.92.4170.6...... 151. 146.3 164 5. 152. 4.33.1 149.0.... 153.17.14.9Is ..010.0 6.7161.58.15.3170.011.1 6: 153. 154.11,1i.9 161.77.75.0 158.55.13.3 171419.7 6.1154. 160. 2.01.3 161 145.3 1. I , 155. 150.65.33.6 154. . .. 160.0 161.1 9.46.2165.610.7 6.9156. 166. 14. i. 167.12.11.2157. 146.24.63.2 153. 7 5.1 160.97.3 4.01564. 148. 4.0,2.6 153.06.03.4 151.7 159. 165.3 170.5 1[7.0Is2.4 151.3 5.2 3.1160. 1.32.9 156.47.14.7...... 1-4.7.95.4161.1...... 164.29.36.0 ...161. 167.76.;4.1149.94.72.917295.2 3.1162. 162.69.76.3 166.05.43.3 171.23. 1.163. .. 164.18.85.7 166.92.91.6 157.510.37.0 102.12. 1.3164. 161.111.64.2 168. 4.22.6 162. 6.44.1 164.62.01.2 ...... 165. 162.76.85.7 165.8...... 166. 167.34.62.8 169.52.2 1.3 'TKO6.64.4 162.46.644.4 167. 161.9 166.54.12.5 188 171 .. 172.7...... 189. 133.24..3.2 158 5099 166 2io CI i a170 15914121 164.25.23.3 152.95.23. 166.92.7 3.6171 163.110. 26.7 189.26.1 163.94.42 3.7 . 172. 155. 5.53.7 173 165.71l).56.8 171.55.63.5 -159 27 51.9 164 6 33.3 ...... 174. 667.32.81.7 175 6.2 4.2 6.1 4.1 6.144.4 5.5 3.6... 5.6 1.4 2.0 2.0 3.6 5.63.5AV. -- 1.7 6.7 3 2, Av vitr. - - -- - .--- 158.3 - - ---.-.---- =----- 153.5...... -9.8 8.; ----- 166.613.!8.5167.;9.3 5.9:- ...... - 159.19.0 6.1 165.6 172.75713.0178. 157.2. . . 175.2...... 177. 159.2. . . . 172.0...... 178. 185. 9.2 5.9 169. 1.1 3.6 157. 7.3 4.8 9. 7 171. 1.1.7179. 167. ; 6.1 174. 6.63.9 164.18.7 5.6 ...... 173.08.9 5.4 .177 .1.92.6181. 172. 6 158.23.4 2.2 ...... 182. 161.76. 4.1 ...... 173.5 158.,7.3 4.8164.69.5 6.1167.8 9.15.7 ...... 8.85. 18:1...... 174.5.874.0177.0...... 184. 169.89.1 3 7 175 3.5.5 .9 2 111:...... 164.0 177 12 1 1 185. 167 0109 7 0169 6 .00.41.5 . 186. . 174 1 174 3 167.1. 171.3 4. 2.5 167 159.36.1! ...... 173.82.515...... 168. 169.5 10.21 176.16.13.9 173...... Ita 8.7 5.3 . 179.15.2 3.0 163..6.01 173.1 9.216 . 161.1i.11.,190. 188.; 177 74.62.7 191. 2.1 1.3 171.1 2.51.5 176 I 167.15.6 3.5 4.92.9 192. 171.1 4.3! 173 42.01.2. ... ra.49.5 5 180.4 ..to. 8.1 4.6 i.is 101. 162 5, 163 9 1.41 9 jai Li 164 9 1 I .6 159..3.9 2.6 166.3 8. 1.3 105 176.19.75.8 196. 172.3! 4. 177 55. 9.0 168. 6.6 4.1 170.4 2.21.9 197. 171 1 .6.4 , 198. 177.2. 176 1.71. 168 45. 3.1 177 .9.15.4 199. 182 6.13. MO. 657.'0.1 3.91CI.03.4 5.3165.4 6. 4. 167.166 4.5 171. 1.6 1.32.6 171.4 3.52.1Av. 1.3 3. 1.6. 2.3 t. 3. 1....Av.ve 102 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE15.-Incrementa of growthin'weight for a group of [Weight and lnenment

7 pars. 7; years. 8 years. 81 years. 9 years. 9; years. 10 years.

,.e. A i -.? 2 i. 4 No. .: :i i .:i ..:1 .:g 1 cgi`Z. ..: l' - 4 g ...; 0,.... '

It° a. ;?, 3 4a 3°a3 3 4 et: 3 a.

1 1141. . . 44.52.6 2 3 53. 7.1 13.1...... 63.4 .81.3 4 .. 40.5 . 46. 5.5 48.5 ...... 54.., 5 11.3' 5 49 48.5 ii 6 41 ) 44 3.2 7 8 45 7 48.9 4 7 10 6 7 44 01 2.6 5.9...... 47.5 1.0 8 . 46.4 . 4.4 8.7 8.116.0 9 48. . 4.31 6.313.1 . 5 9.2 16.9 10.... - 51.8...... 65 3.26. 1 . .. 61. ,6.11.1 ...... 1 64.7 3.7 6.1 11 4a. 8:5 iii:3. - 2.3 6.3 ii. 6 2.7 i.1. 12 45.8 . . 48. .4. .52.5 4.5 9. 4 . I 6 8.111.4 13 40.3..._ 7.8 50.3 4.0 8.2.7 .4.110. 54.5 4. 8.3 14 42 9 45 i , 63 0 156 4.6...6..3...5. .8...1. 4476:8 1 3:6 7.7 -3 6.5'13...... 61.6.7 12.3 17 .57.5 . 3 4.85.4 ...... 64 2.5 4.1 ... .. 53.9 9.1114.0, 18 40.6 4.7 13 1 45. 5 i ii 3 1.8 i 3 io 7 1 19 44 51 5 2.8 52.9' 1.4 2.7 20 Z.1 55.3 . 5 4.2 7.6 I.- 31 50.5 56 86.3 12.5 7. r....(WA 68.5 22 48.0 2.0 7 5 10 61.0 .3 7 6L, 23...... 481 1.0 2.1 . 8, 1.7 . 1.0 1.2 2.5 52.5 . 1 24 .., ... 55.5 25 -01. flq4.59.c...... 1...:2:5;:1 II' :::: :::: ..: ;i:31191:11158. '1 Av.- .... 6.3 1.6 .... 3.910.....3.9 8..... 4.2 10.4 .... 4.6 8.9 ....4.9 Al. 7 6.6 10.01

35 45.3 : . 49.5 4.2 9. . ..I.. .6.2 12.5 ...... 1 61.2 5.5 9.91 27 ... . r.. .50.3 91 .711 1.5I.3.21 6.7 ai.a i.a ii:4 28 .1. 33. , 1.3 -3.8 - 62.3 11.021.4 64.5 . 14& , 6 4.5 9 8 58.0 7 6 14 9; 63.1 : , 3.04 io...s.1 68.0 11.0 19.31 1.....4:5 .51 3 2 6.6 9 5.5 11.3 ...5 .8:011i.is7.01 5. 4i..i . 53.5 1.2 2. 7.0 4.1 7.7 61.0 . wl 33 .53.1 4.7 9. 67.5 14.6 27. . 74.4 6.9 10.21 1

...... 121.A 3.0 1 35 112 5 49.6 I. %. 6.913.9 ....1...... 61.6 5.1 9.0 36 ...... 5 3.7 7.4 . 58. 4.51 8.4 . 4.5 7.8, I 37 5 36.3 G2.1 6.5 11.8... .1 67.7 5.79.2 38 3.5 58.7 .11a.. '2:4 ii.il 39 ...... 72.3 9.3 14. : .163.9 11.6 14.61 40 6. 11661.7 8.816.1 64.1i.a i.a-. . 67. 3.7 5.81 42 . ". 5 60. 7.514.' .'72:6 ii.oio.6 1 43 2.9 . 58.05.1 9...... 0.12. 3.4 ...... 63.8 3. 6.3, 44 . b 82. 83. 5.910..7. 4. 7.2 . .. 76. 9.4 14.0 43 ...... 2.29.4 7. 7. 5.410.3 . .61i 3.1 *ki, 46 , 7.5 4. 6. 31 76. 8612 . . 88.0 12.015.8' 47 ...... 56.8. 67.610.71& 13.7 20.3 4 ...... 4&8 2. 6:150. .51. 3.0 6.2 4. 9.557.1 5.3 10:2 49 ... . 59.53.19. - . " . .-. 77.18.2 30.61.- -I__ 7.,9.8 80 so. .72.8 & 5 13. 1 79. 10.7 15.583.10.4 14. .. Av ., 50. .,..... 8.054.74.68.3 57. 1 7.1 12. .5 61.5 64.15 6. 110.91 . 2.7. 2. 2.9 1 2.

Demesne. ONO STATISTICAL MATIESIAL 08

50 girls with consecutive measurements, from 7 to 13 yean of age. espreeeed,in pounds.)

101 years. 11 years. 11; years. 12 years. 12; years. 13 years.

i.). d .1. .1. d a c:. d A n a 7:4 41 es No. .0 . E in.44 e ... t ji1 irsi #g2.. .. .1.-rg i Is . 4 e. .7, t b I- tt 13 3 , . . c. 3. c. 71.45.1 1.1 57.0'5. 10.962.8. .. 65.58.514.9 74.511.71& I. 6853.36.2 68. 613:ii. 77.218.612.5 2. &I 620 230.3 829-.7-...... 84.71.82.23. 63.0,4.017.4 65.3 7.312. 76.611.317.3 4. 67.36.510.6 64.06.711.7 76. 12.619.7 48.8 5. -.1-1.0 59.5. 64.04.57.66. 57.710.221.5 55.0-2.7-4.7 7. 64.55.89.9 83.218.728.9 90.47. 9.6 68.24.7 7.4 8. ... 75.2 7.110.4 85.410.210.3 9. 74.4 9, 7'15.0 829 8.511.4 84.21.31.610. 00.64.;8.0 68.4 7.913.1 78.810.415. 11. 78.1 li1.1t6.512.0 12. 59.0...... 63.82.8 4. 72.5 13.152.37(510.718 8.5.011517.213. 55.1. 60.s7.6114.2 ' 9.3 74. 9.414.414. 65.5 ...... 4.57.4 71.8, 82. 3 16. 8125. 86,333.6!8. 95.12715.4IS. .1.. 64.5 72.4 7.912 8&914..521p16. A 4, 223,3,43.2 86.2 9 0111 , 17 5,..98112.0 i " 64. 7.112.5. . 75.91.910 18. 57.9810.758.85.911.2 70.011219.1 73.5...... 81.333(11.34119. 73 0 84.0'84 100.1 117 20. 69.580 74.5 7., 6.018.877.88.3II. 84.810.313. 87.59.712.5102.818. 1. 221. 71.1 16.6 10.1 8.111.4 89.310.112.722. 62.01 9.51118.1 71.1 9.114. 86.94.820.923. 76.114.11 6.7 79.8 3.74. 109.722923.624. 84.&8.711.4 6&6 101.4 17.420. 1 II&18I4. '25. 1 . ----5,31 /1.9 8.9,14.3 6.111. 9,512 10.514. 11.4,15. Av. 1.4 4.2 3.3 1 3.71 1.5_91. 4.21....Av.v9z. 67.1 &019.8' 78.811.7'17.4 9& 716.9L426. 59.54.27.661 0 1 72. &312.983.117.025.7 87.61 6. 9243...... 96. 7.7il. 28...... 71.58.012.6 82.310...... 10E 98. , 29. .81.513.5,19.9 ' 94.212.715. 864.... . 30. 75. 9. 1.I.6,... .1.... 81.4'6.48.5 ...... 70. 9.615.7 i S3.0.- 86.413.4I&496.0. ....,...... 32. 76.8,2.43.2 91.7,14. 19.4 1 Kse... 7.4 33. 75.09.013.6 ; 86.0II. 14.7 99.013. 16.1 34. 63. 2.2', 3.6 1 75.211.417. 78. 3.14.13& 73.5 3.3 4.7,76.6 ..1. 87.310. 14.1 90.4 36. 73.7 ...... 5.0, &9 I 81.67.910. 7 91.019.4 37. 71.1 6.8 ' 4.6 ..1. 87. 16. M.3 103.816.218.9 3& 95.311413.6 , , 127.6...... 39. 77.4 6.41 9.0 85.48.010.3 Stie.7. /.1.-40. 72.0. . 75.3 .... 7.611.2,133.010. 13.986.10.914.5 101.815.618.141. 73.0I. .1 1.4 ..1. 86.412 17. 95.09.611. 42. 68.65.21 &21. 82.13.970.389.0...... 43. 85 9. 2 918 97.511.712.699.76.97.4 44. 71.0&313.2 80.59 13.4 . 88.47. 9. .45. 90.211. 12.7 ... 1I&1It 17. 4. 94.213. 10.1 46. ..I. 1.510 10.9 124.920.419.5 , .47. 59.52.4 4.7163.5 ' . U. 4 57. 71.8&313.1, 48. 94.159.210:6 ... 104.19.51O.01 117.'lif11. 49. 1 137.8 147 . 04.47.21 10.471 7 7.810.5 74.V11.314. 82.810.3 13. 91510.411. 90. 11. 13. Av. /4 ....3 0. 3. al . S. 7 4. Av. var. 1 104 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE 10.-increments of yrowth in weight fora group of 30 Weight and Increment

1 12years. I 121 year. 13 years. 131 years. 14years. 141years. --- .i. 6, .I. No. k - - .; .re .--6- i .:$,1 ... - . i . .,..- il t-. .1 /Os'-' a b f t t a.4 ait .4 a. It .!..I a. .4 a.

81 6.8. 53. 62 - 60..7..13.2 .72. 12. 520. h 77.8.12.4 88.411.414.8 97.99.5 611 67. 10.780.716.726.1' 64 64 7. 12.3 60. 6 9.165.5. , 78. 012.619. 1 V 66 68. 4.68.460.3 08 66.82.33.674 69.018.714.492.46.8 6.6 87.,16.525.4 80.526.517.5, 67 81.76.712.7 0. 83.711.1 17 3.2 73.710.015.7101. 11.0112.0, 68 1 76.314. 90 14.318.6 I so 71.019.716.8 ...... &5.014.019.7 1, 90. 5.65.5 60 83.014445.6 92.5 61 9.511.4107.5 118. 10.710.3 us 013.614. .122.81211.6 82 " 132. 9.217 64.73.76.169 2.84.2 84 14.1 63 NI 288.1. 1 64.8 77.312.619.383. 64 65.510.41&9 85.918.611.190.97.1 5.4 65 79.013.573.685.4. 90.4,11.414.4V3.1 7.5 K 7 , 73.36.37.81am s 94.013.516.7 68 79.811.6188 44.514.7 18.4107.8 113.819.320.5126.515. 717.3 67 101.0 68 70.03.54.375.0.9 111.3 09 73 0- 82.07.09.3 102. 20.925.5. 82.6 W. 1 70 78.17.710. 9 11.513.5 71 98.111.025.6 110.111.912. 1 921 813.316.7. 10.17. 2Is. 3 71 7806.07.0 ' ...... 11K910.914.3 7E, ..... 98.419.510.9 ...... 95.017.011.8 .107.1312.1413.5 16. 8.417.7111.. 74 1 10417. - .7-.6. 734 .112.58.58.1 88.013.017.3 .0t8&10.1 102.88.8,5.9 Av 18.4 12.1 8.110.7 ,11. 414.4 11.8 16.4 Av.vet 3.8.... 4.3.... I 2.4.... 10.812.7 9.81.8 ---, /__ 5.5 76 80.3 95.5.116.218 77 72.36.39.6 . 107.411.9125 78 83.811.615.9 90. 6.47.6 66.67.6119 . 76.5'&13.4 84. 79 , 78.010.014.7 .97.'12.715.0 80 90.413.415.9 102.712.313.6 . 76.10.71t1 79.4 3.4 81 100.3. 2 83.7. , 86.1 6,66.3 .104.0,3.73- 126. 012.3.021.1 82 67. it8.96,1. 'n015.222.486.5 91.6& a10.4 99.813.3 83 ao.9.616.1 77.217.8 15.3 84 11. 85.. .88.812.718.4 97.0...... 119.022.022.7 127.218.216.9 85 66.7. 1 86 79.36.38.6 83. 85.7 87 93.213.917.5 103.410.2,10. 73.54.7 6.881.81 88 - 96.514 717 9 .109.31. 123.614.3I13..121.0 89 79.64. 5.3 10. 913. 90 W1' 4 86.51116.1 1 91 104.915.4,21.3. - ...... 120.615.714. 88.3 . 106.5 92 92.810.813.2 17.719.4107.8....121,315 4'15. .104812.012., 115. 16.. 9. i 11 o 93 117.0. ...120.5.. .123.3 94 6.3ex 4 119.6-1.0-.8125. 2.52., 8 101.5,-.8 13 96 01.013.79.4 -.7 *. 05.411412.1 6.411 016.4 96 96.58.39.4 . 09.312.813.3 97 83.8...... 114.8 3.12.811 .91.11.0 98 ...... 9&014.2.... . 112.214.214. .127.0... i17. 330:816. 4 99 .106.511.2111.9.1.1 .114,39.6 100 110.24.74.6 1.51.31.1 I.. .103.311.312.3 124.321.020.3 -..- . .135. 10.78.6 Av 79.31&410.1F2. '11/.14.7 91.8'11.rH. . Av vet 96.4 11.81 11.3 102.310.711.1105.810.4 10.3 13.1...... 2.01 I 3 2 8. 1 , ,3 7 ' 4.4 . I I Decrease.

"IL STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 105

girls with consecutive nteasurentrnta, from 1.2 to 17. years of age. 4 e pressed in pounds I

15 years. I5 years. 16 years. I 161 years. 17 years.

5: 2 I No. E

a. A. 9.

. 73.00.60.677.4 60.3 7.310.0 51. 117.319.4 19.8 121.0 3.73.2 ...... 122.31.3 1.1 52. 87.68.98.5 101.4 . 53 97.216.'2 2.1.6 101.2 1.04.1 99.9 -1.3 -1.354. 79.6 10.0 15.4 84.9 5.36.6 93.0 &I 95 55. 104 0 11 .212.0' 115.511.611 .0 se. KM, 12.2 16.587.2 6.78.397.011.1 12.6 ..... 100.'3.0,. 3.3 57. 101.82.22.1 111.3 7.57.2 6& 9:1.63. 3.1 90.2 - 3 3 -3 5 94.44.24.659. . 118 3 115.2- 3.1 -2.6 60 115:9*118 16. 144.1 - 1.8-1.3 61. 18.09.9 10.1103.6 112.5 9.08.6114.2 W. 96.2 10.3 11.11 100.5 4.34.498.5 63. 97.47.07.7 106.0 8. 8.8107.0, 112.36.35.964. 1.1 100.1 5.15.3 97.2 -2.9-2.8 65. 123.8 10. 8.7 132 35.8 1. 136.3 12.5 10. 7.7 &S148. 11.7 8.666. 111.7 117.2 5.54.9 67. . 113.310.410.1 1260, 12.7 11.2 68. 113.2 9.48.9 113.9 .669. 111.1 1.11.0. 113.3 2.2.2.0 115.5 70. 5.55.0 127 211 .7 10.1 127.2 .071. 111.6 15.1 15.6 112.6 1.1 .9 117.95.3 4.7, 72. 113.0 -3.2 -2.7 112.4 .6- .5 107.4-5.'-4.4,73. 131.119.110.7 12i0-1o.I -7.7 109.1 74 6.56.3 112.9 2.72.1 119.26.45.6,75. 9.1 10.2 6.45.8 4.94.8 6.06.0 2.92.7 Av. 4.8 4.5 3.9 6.2 3.. Av. vex. 119.2 11.8 10.9 125.0 5.8 ....128.3 -3.32.6 106.9 16.7 8.& 4 0. 100.8 ...... 105.7 , 78.9 103:3 2. 2.6101.8-.9 78. 110.2 7.57.3 120.610.49.1 79. 106. 20.023.2 116.310.3 138.3 12.9 9.7 80. 9.8 .. . 125.4 -12.9 -9.7 ...... - 134.99.4 7.581. 103.2 11.6 12.6 104. 0 .87.7103.5 105.51.51.5it. 103.8 10. 12.1 109.6 8. 31.7 119.29. 130.7 8.783. 3.52.7 124.7- 6.-4.5 119.2 -5.5 81. 91 -4.3 82 9.9 100.7 85. 110.67.27.6 123.813.211.9 103.0 127.13.32.7 A& 8.66.7 108. & 4.8 109.111.11.087. 123. 5' - .1 - .1126. 8.913. 6.14.8 101.0 132...... 88. 8.6 121.38.37.389. 116 123.0 5.1 4.2129.5 123.116.3 14.2127. 6.55.3 131.0 3.22.5 127.3 nag 92. 137.5 137.Q " 128.78.77.4 11.if 9934: 124.58.1 6.9121.3. 130.9 6.6,6.3120.6-3.-2.595. 121.38. 7.9121. 9. 7.7 123.6 2.21.8116.3 3.3 128.0 - 6.6' 139315.811.1396. 13.8 12.3 133.1 7.16.6 97...... 167. 6.8 8 180.412 5,7 4 111: . 121.710.2,9.1 99. 133.6 -1.5 -1.1 129.8- 3.7-2.7 10& 9. 9.3115.35.95.8 113.6 3.23.9116.9 4.84.9117.74.43.6Ae. Li 4.4 6 110.1 50 5.1 Ay. mt.

11110I'MNL1---:±L# 1 106 - PHYSICAL 0110119111rAND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE N.-Increments of growth in weight for a group of50

[Weight and Increment

7 yeara. n years. Se 7410. 9 years. 9; years. 10 years. 0 44". .., - No. dI .:I.1 I.,-24 i41a.. - .:it .1 .41,1.1 SE- .1 SE -...... ; 1 1 //It1 tE 11 r5 1 .e., t E1 ..9 rt Its a.

101....42.6.....l.-...... 48.45.913.947.1.. -31.43.06. 33..5.912 3195. 102. ,. 31. 43.04.111.4. . .44. 1. 3...... 103....41.8 3. 8.6. . . . 44.4266. 40.1i.7i1.3...... 3.97. 104...... 43: 8.6it:. 105. 46. 49.7 3.57.6.-..-.... 6.411_ 4.8,12.8...... 46.03.78...... 48. 2.7S. . 50.55.511 .....-. 4. & 103._4.4...... :46.3 1 & 46. 1.94.347,4 1.12.4. . .. 5.611.8 110 48.5 i .51:9i:ai.a...... a: 9. 17. I...... all5.311.3...... 3.16 I 112....43.0 4:7113...... 4 4.510.6.e 32.65.110.71...... 7. 3 9. 86...... 37.85.510.561...... 114....42.0 6.616:I.. . 6.513.1 63.06.511.6... . . 7. 4 . 1 5.7 5 11.9...... '5:5'i:.... .

i.oi 8.a...... &ii . um...... t.rig 1.915.. 48.82.611...... 6.110...... 121. 4&04.99.1...... I.3717...... 122....48.0 . 0

IN-...... ,49. 3.16 ...... 156 7.214. 7.7 . . 3.64.. L...... '.....67.16.616.1 ...... ! . . . .7t .6.910. Av..-.... 4.51.2.0....4.0 9.5 .... 4.19.1.... 3.4!7..... 6.711.....4.4; 9.1....4.68.5 Av.ver . 1. 1.3

0224.3 I 50.5 6511.3...... 6510. ..66.4 8.414.7...... 72.57.110.' ' 1 1 9 0 . . 267.3..2.....bli. '6 ...... 4. 7..i i :6 . 4 i . ; ,6 6. i .i.1919 1.4*a:ait .67. 7.6a...... 132 62.0 133....16.6...... / 010.115.9 135 49 1 31.. i-6.1ii: ...... :ii.''iiii:i:::-:-.. ioi:o a..i.41...... ii. ili 137 7.2 . 91 138....61. 7 .:...... 36...... :..57.45.711.0 .8 8.14.1._...... 74. 8.813.4 139.-...... 14.6.- ....erll ...... 66.7 1&bail...... ,. . 140...... se. 8 ...... ai:eii:51ii...... 70. 1.10:4...... 141. .56.5

iia...... : !143.- ms...... 62.06010 ...... ii1i:kiii:...... Ig:' :t1;I. 616&2 II -. &II&... 146.-611..:.....4. ....,...... 70. 69.014.6. 79.6 9...... 9.11. 447....63...... 46.62.64.0...... 715 7..10...... 10.14. 149 16.0 37 0 5 7 70. 6.10.. 149. _1 Av....46.9 11.3 11 1.3 5.2 L 9&414. 10.4 1110.063.1 11512.f AV.var LSI

Or STATISTICAL MATERIAL, 107 boys with consecutive measurements, from 7 to IS year. of age. expressed inpounds-I

104 years. 11 years. Ili years. P12 years. 121years. 13years.

. '''... ^ C atd . : i No. .. 111. a - - - i i. 4 ir11 :::E g

--Y. ,it'Ak0 0 z it .9

55.41.12.068., 62., 6.11.982.04.0& 67.55.5S.'101. , 19. 4.710.6 53. .89.8...... 6.1.71.9& ...... 103. 57.24.57.9 60'3 I 18 1 103 M.4.97.7 ...... 6Y..5.29. 6...... 61.51.77.9 .104. 60.1 4.07.1...... 70.410.317.1. .... 78.68.111.5 .106. ii.oi.;$ii:is ii:i i.ii.,1 64.07.914.1106. 65 6.313. .. . . 67. 2.3t. 1. . 107. &7... i..IC i.. i 62. 5. 9.6 67.96.8.108. 68.5 74.01.5.225.976.0...... 109. 64.11 j3.1 68.9 4.87.5 ...... 78.39.413. 110. 58.99.76.7 64.5 5.69.5 70.15.68.7111. 62.54. 8.S 67.1 4.67.4 72.25.17. 112. 63 4. 6.5 . 10 86.213.618.7 .113. 655&114.2 79.6...... 114. Si. 3.66.2 67. 10.1 7638.512. .115. 75..08.512.8 86.011.014.7 . 100.544.616. 116. 44.02.76.256 60.53.66.356.0...... 117. 60.%-.1-.2 66.4 6.611.0...,...... 71.34.97.1118. 69.3 7.313.1 .. 74.1 i..1 119 60.3 0411.9 66.76.410 120. 56.1 4.48.5, ...... 59. 3.7A...... 64.95.18.5 ...... 121. 58.5 3.56.4' ...... 77.4...... 122. SS. 1 3.56.4...... 11...... -.1 67.12. 23.4 123 63.: 4.47.4,68.0 ii.7.0io.i. 86.111.014.;124. Ia;3.711.3 la. 1.11.3 . 101.27.4 . 125. 4.7 8.6 4.27.1 5.7'9.0 5.38.5 A 710.5 &711.Av. 1.0 , 2.2 I.e. 3.7. 3.5....Ai.var. = ,.. c== 88.08.1LOA 93 7 107 111.714.6 126. 70.24.26.4 766669.4 8609.2 , 86.513.718.9 99.713.515.7 114.314.51 .. 75.: 5.98.4 ...... ,3.24.2 .. .. 88.09.011.4 :...... 129,, 71.9 6.910.1 113.69.211.3 N. 90.110.013.1613...... 130. 33.014.321.693.4 97.14.04.3 ,iii.i.li:iii: 131. 81. 4. 7.1 , 9.4 . 75.25.78.2 132. 93.3 9.010.2...... 113. 17. 17.9 16,93.32.9 133. 68...... 72.4...... 76. ,8 11.3 77.2.4.96.680.94.05.3...A ...... 134. 69. 7.211.6 ... . 7a & 12.4 ...... 135...... 73.07.9ii.i 785,5.57.5 .... 136. 09.i i.iii.i 76.37.,10.1 . te.d.9.712 7 137. 83.69.0111 9,5.912.314.7 LW 79.3 33.04.76.085,0...... 90.07.08.4139. t1A6 17.424.8 ...... 87.1-2.-2.8 ...... 140. 75. 7.611.1 34. , 9. 114. 67.4a3.13.7 141. 99...... 100.06.77.2107. 7. 7.5119.019.019.012118.016.3140.0,11.017. 142. 75...... as. to. 14.0 ...... 11 8.83.6 141. 1.1a..1 , 8& 9.,12.0. 01.17.6/21.1 144. 78.1 al11.6 86. 8.410.8 9649.911.6. _ . .-.-..145. 90.10.112.6-97.99.10.4 110.711813.1...... 133.122.420. 146 88.04.89.8 9637.88.3 106.012.713.3147. 72. 5.07.477.77.610.7 86.41110.490.0. 148. 86.4 2.42.9 . .. 96.4a ,10.4 ...... 107812..413.0 149. M.O....-.ii.ie:i7.5 litiiii.ii.6 105.511.011.150.

71.48.011.573.57.910.2 75 7.:10.1 10.03.710.184.69.010.4,89.411.114. .19. ...z..`19. 1.8, 4.4 4 Av.var. 4 108 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE18.- Increments of growth in weight for a group of 50

[Weight and Increment

12 years. 124r yam, 13years. 14 years. 14 years.

:.11. ?..11 .d A. No. I .ri1 4.1 ..r. ig.i ..,, gg 4 1 i 1,...1 gin g. iIg 1 8 - g' B. a,1;,°.;a ; ; 151 66. 87.521.232.. 152 67.1 72. 0 5 7.5 77.2 153 61. I 61.9 68.27.211.8 68.16.210., 154 66.0 33.0 17. 25.8 84.31.3 1 156 62.1 10.1 5.7 75.913. 22.4, 92.2 16.321. 156 64. 68.0 I 75.7 7.711.3 157 .k. 72..1.72.4 80.1 7.310.0 158 ,. 68.1 71.63.5 5.1 159 74.1, 81.87.39.886.6 160 53.0 67.55.5&II 73.3 161 6.8& 76.4 81. B,t6.4 8.5 162 67.1 -0.4 -0. 76. 9. 113.5. 113 68. .3 69. 9.416.0 83.4 15.422. 164 77.0 85. & I0.1 97.5 12.514.7 165 77.1 &2 11. 88.010.914.1 166 70 8.04.4 :. . .84. 14 20.9 95.7 167 71.63.1 4.5 I ..... 181.5 8.91.2.487.6 104 70.5 74.0 79.9898.0 169 74.1 81. 7. 10.1 93.5 12.014.7 179 79.84.3 6. 86. 1 in $2. 91.85.46. . 90. 5 8. 10.4 107.0 16.518. 172 7399.1 13. 82.38.44.4 173 76.01.5 2. 87.1 1030 20.924.. 174 6673.9 6.2 75.28.1.12.7 175. w 77.0&6 12. 8&711.715.2 AT 2.'74.4 4.8 69 9.2 13.6 9.213.1 10.713. Av. war 1.7 2.9 2. 3.? 5. 4 176 68. --, 76.5 8. 11.7 . 82.05.5 7. 177 75.1 79.0 90.1 5.16.880.31.3 1.693.7 13.616.. 178 I 75.0 2 2.7 82.57.510.1 179 77. 6.38.8 86. 8 10.4 6 17.7 198 61.7 4.9 8 66.88.1.18 111°3. 20. am 7.110.9 77.9 7. 182 as./8.811.3 e 67.7 2.28.4...... 77.49.714.3 183 75 1 a 7K 3 4.7 87.08.510.8 181 74.6 6.08 , 83.18611-587.5 185 '4 84.1 3.74.6. 93.79.7.11. 110.9 17.218.4 186 70.5 7.&41. 77. e. 187 75.0 90.015.020.0 188 87.912.4 16.4 Mt 79.86 I6.8 85.6.8.87.3 KO 67.1 I 72. A. 3 2 67.6 15. 120. 191 83.14.7 6. 95.712.5 192 15.0 86.35.36.4' 101.112.814 5 193 101.011.8 13.2 114.813.813.7 194 79.. 90. 10. 13. 196 106.9 16 7l& 82.. 90. 4. 8.410. 198 101.58.8 9. 113.09.58.1 197 83.07.5 9. 84.3 196 98 5 14.216. 97.113.4 16 110.713.614.0 190 106.8 17.8 20. 121 130.09.07.4 I00. ... 310.3 12.1 102.47.1 7.5

AY 71 5. 71 8.170.08 4 10. 80. Ay. vac 64 & 87.79.711.191.9 11.914.1 & 3 8 5 2.3 82 3. 9 SVpTISTICAL MATERIAL. 109 boys with consecutive measurements, frorn 12 to 17 years of age. expraned in pounds.]

Ili years. 15 years. 151 yam. I 16 years. 161 years. 17 years.

4, 4 .1. .i A A .g. "1 ..: 1 .1 A _.; E g a ..; -61 1' a,,-,g - Z g . g : a. A. a.

96. 9. 10.3 06.6 115. 218.19.6 124.9.38.1 , 161. 90.513. 17. ....181 ...... 152. 70. 8. 13.1 79.6...... 91.05.1 ,19.7 9& 16.520.:102. ,1.1.012. 1HO14...14.6153. 96.413.114. 14..15. 12317.216.5154. ...._. 102.19.91& . .. . 115.513.413.1. . . ..117. 2. 1. .155. 76...... 84.7i7ii:490. 10i. 16.819. 112. - 1,156. iiii 118. '131 719 17.1 135 3. 2 157. . . 01.5.4.9 78'1 4.8 1 90. 14.119. 03.12.61 .153 6.3100.66..9.8 .159. 80. . 101. .106 4.74..160. 89.1 7.3&9 94.66.66.2 109."15.216.1 .161. 87.7 . .227.7 04.3 ...112.825.1r:6122.818.217.128 15.212.4135 12.510. 102.- ...... 98.314.917.9 . 112. 14.314.6. .121, 9.18.2163. . 05.6 8.08.. 127. 22.12& 1E714.7 34. 6. 6, 164. 18.8 118.816.115.7- 122. 11. 9.3 .165. 110. 15. 15.7 116.24..4.1 .122.1...... 196...... 103.816.2126 .113.39.69. .12.10,3 1 167. 106.3 ii.i I..ii.o 12.811.7 115. 1 /1... .,..168. 1211J la& 169. , 99.27.48.1 ' 95.-4.-4.' 130.235.2...... 37.112. .. . 06.8 ... -1.2-1.1 . 114. 8. 8, 1...... 12248.27. 171. 1.6 ii,'S 117.021.7.,'8 . 41.724.721.1 a. .172. . .1.. _61622.611 173. il2.2 L1.917.7 104.621..1 . 117..12.512.0 .174. 103.614.. 16.8 111.67.'7.6 120. 8 7.' 175...... 2..14.6 9.410, 13.'18.4 . 13.413. 3.412. 11. Av. 3. 4.3 5.: 4.8 3.7. a À.vr.

C...... 06.223. 28.3117.6 3 1120.4116214. 12. 7.16. 76. -.108.014.316.3118 138. , 77 81., .101 li 119. .. 78. . .12.920.319. .136.612.710. 140.13. 2. 79. atiiiiii:.3 97.17. .6 1 11..13..13. ' 89...... 103.016.313 21 111217..1 ...... 130. 9.7&I 81.. 110. . V. ..-.....- 92.65.56.3 .106. 16.217.. .11319. 8. 83. 92.69.11.31q.216.719.1109.17.l& 9 122.:13.111.912A . . 84. 113 6 ...... IN. 4 16. .143.113.610.6 .146.18.121 65, 122.0_,. 97.9 .113. 16.016.3 .130.616.614. 86. 107.017..18.0110.6 133. 1131 130.612.10 5 138. 8.36.4 ...... S. 94.411'10.3 11715 , 128. 10. 9.3 ...... S...... 112.816.217. tic...... /09 6. & 102. . .i 9o. tooiiilig 139.77.76.8 91. 112. 11..11.7 130.617.M. 141.611..8.7 92. 123. 6.77.6 137.914.11.7 166.717.1'12.9 . 93...... 124.317.616. .146II 18...... 162. 6.1A 94. 911., .100.6%12.1 iiii-i22.0 2.s. 126.75.7 23. 14 S. 133.521416. . ...0.612.112. .118. & 7. 97. lil. 2. 11.3. 124.31 1 . 128.74, ...... 96. 156. 153 2. 1-...... 99. 111.1 32. 8.6 719, 146. 13.10.4 .,. - 220 IC11. 10.1104.016,017.,115,415.114.116.414.313.2127.110. 8.212& 7. 5. A. 6.3.... 2.3 ,,, 3 3 6...... 5.l 3 A eVW' 119 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE19.-Inerements of growthinlung capacity for a group (Lung capacity and increment

7 years. nyears. 8 yam Si yens. 9 years. 9years.

.i. o:. i.:i,

8 0,. t'.. 8 1 III1 a. .4 ... 1. ea 61. 73 1220.0...... 1115.1...... 00 62 2 3.4...... 1 22.5...... 6 - ea 3 4. 66 24 43.6...... 13 16. 8 61 61 I .0...... 17 27. 9.. 76. ., 28.9...... , 1 10.: 7060260,0 8 11.4... . 11.. 68 1836.0...... 20.1...... 9.1 12.. . 62. 62. 8 12.9. .... o 13... 'lel:- .. as Is: 14... 38 15. 701 1,14. 70. 70 0 .0.. .. eo. 78 111 30.0.. .. . 18.. 601025.0...... io:o. 11. 19.. 65 86. 20. 40. . 9.1 21 98 ..eal..i.,. -3 -3.1 Et 74 80 23 102. 1 iii 1. 24. 86. 92...... 90 -2- 2.2...... 35... 90 2640.. 3 3.7...... 104

Av. 36146.8 141 23.6.... 7.7 8.9.... 3 20.6....6.t. 9.....7.. 9.1 Av. vat ... 12 4...... 5.0 ...... 2.3 -....5.3 X. 40. .7. .16. 0-. 60 20 ...... 90 I me...... 27. 73. 79 . 6 6. 35 7. 75-.--3.1 23 76. a. 90 6 6.6. 29. c. , 2.A 30 58...... , 80 21 33.6...... i6: 31 98 li.16.i. i 2... ii 1 -ii.( 32. 40 33 68 71L5. 1 14...... 1 151 14. 1,10.5 as. 80. 36 37.. 30..., 90 1 1 . . ea...... as ee. 8014 21.2...... I,12.3 . 1,1 1111.1 39 so. 1 1 30.9 40 100( 106 8 3.0. 41 110 315 86 -25-21.71 -16-13. 1517...... 42 90...... 1 11.1 ...... 1 43... 40. es. -iir .ioiit:i.1 , 44 . 70. c 45 . 61 37154.1. ,. 23 40. 11. 24 ee. 10638633.. -12-11. 1 . 25., 47 , 74. 1 16. 2 . 4. 1 .1 1.11.1 48 . ee 78 ...... 80 2 2.8...... 60 Wk. et ei:ilos1012.0 -14-13. i .

As.. 71. 3...... 77.919.344.Z71. 6.413.613. 3 6.3 87.312. 16.6'1.711. 11 Av. "V 12.1 93 9.3 a 0. STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 111 of 50 girls with-eonsvutive measurements, from 7 to 13 years of age.. expreened In cubic centimeters.]

10 years. toy years. 11 years. 114 years. 12 years. 124 years. 13 yews.

1$ I-' 1 ..1'.' '-:' A 6 i--;E '

is c 0. a ct .4 5: .4 ....

1013.3 ...... los2023.5 131 ,23. 1. 14111. 1181'9.3 148 23. 2. 94 18 1(8112-.5 . ... 110 7.8 124 1 12. 3. -6 . 100 8. 7 114 14 14. 4. 44.5 .. .23..28-..5. 66.5 90...... 11 1414.2 104...... 5. II15. & ---- 44.4 ...... 1011.3 7. --- 1417.9 ...... 11 2221.9 1 10.5 & ...... 11 2033.1 .. .. 66.1 134 1 & 1 9. 44.. . . 11.2225. 112 1. V - ID..10. 1 . 1941010.2 1 .9 e II. 12...... 11 109.6 130 25 Et 1 .11 1806'.2 125i i 161253- 19. a. 1014. 66, 95. _.... 9b 111.7 3031.6 130 38.813. 9.'2846 . -6-6.1. 118 28.2 138 1 16.916. 84 0 1 1821.4 . 122 19.6 17. 1111 8 - 84.1 242.0 18. 38. 419...... 11. 1 ..- .. . 113 7.3 122I. 8.9Z. 3536.8 I 2711. T 1 0.0 145 9.8156 25119.2 165 13.821. 94 4i. 1 .11' 1617. 118 7.2 138 16, 922. 114...... 1 1 8. 1 ...... 1383417.9 186 19.'Z. 11: 15ii. 4.324. 114 1.9.. 124 1 8.81 138 1 9.6 158 16.1Z.

10.011. 9.811. 1 ..12 513. 4 ..9.19.9 18. 17.6 18.9 17.2 18. 1& Av. 6.6.... 7...... 7.4. 17.... 11.1. 661. 11. Av. var. Z.. 114 6.6--....'. ... 126 14 2...... 1.... 148 . 15.4Z. -114 27 ..13.728.' 91...... 11. 1120.8...... 1221.10.9 1.i.. 161 31.929. 1011.3 .. 11 816.1...... Ill 1413. 4 ...... 30. 1 16112.7 31. 84 112 45.2 31 10. 1 .'. 111 1212.2 23.6 33. .,,. 11 0.0 1 1611.6 34. 114 1 9 6.5. 132 10.0 144 1 9.133. . .6 14 147 36. 1 1.1 6.6 144 1410. 7 15834 14. 37. 1210.0 1 46.8 38. is. a 124 1716.: .1 6.1 140 6.1 180 14.440. 1 135 -19.2 175 12.941. 11 1413.4. 11 0.0 1 34Z. 3 42. 140 11 7.7 1 121 4/ 37.5 9. 153 1611914.1 7.8 44. 9. 1. . 128 86.6 2117.1 . O. 1 8.3. . 14 129.2 1 4833.8 46. 4032.2 47. 1 55.011. 126 *19.1 1303318.1, 150 I. 7.148. 11' 1 124 1412. 7 14012118 O. . , b& I 100.916.0 0106.17.19.911416.16.11.9.1&7 12517.5 Mb141.A. .6146.219. 14. AV. 6. . 10.1 10. 2,6 & I' 11.4 b. .11v. 1 Var. 112 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

TABLE 20.-Incremtntsof growth in lung capacity for a group Lung capacity and Increment7

12 years. 12i years. 11 years. : 13years. 14 years.

A ,_. -1. . A .17 '- q .'" No. .- A .-: 1i

° 0 .6.

51 106 126 2018.9 62 98 4 14.3 118 2020.4 1 1210. 53. 128 128N 0 54 100 2 2.' 110 . , 18. 66 86 4 t 90 . 1516.7 se 1i01 3037. 116 124 81 6.9 57 -25-20. , 105-25-19.2 110 10110.0. 68 90 2 2.3 118 31.1 59 2830.4 140 16.7. 1 4 2. 60 1 14 14.6 124 1412.7 138...... 61 1 1210.9 142 16.4 154 12 & 62 125 120 15 14.3 145 2520.8 63 105 142 64 106 se 150 I 110 6 5.8 124 . 144 2016.1 00 12.51 2525.0 15 2520.0 175 18 3523.3 a I :. 145 140 68 ID 1019.3 128 144 1612.6 19 136 ...... I ..... 70 I 130 1614.. 148 18113.3 ... 71 146' 158 128.2 12 72 111 14 14.3 128 16114.3 136 86.3 73 11 2932.3 148 ..... 74 132 2220. , 38 64.5 75 134. 2424.0 142 1814.5 142 0 .0 Av 15.016.6 5.3 6.5 17.2] 14.8 15.113.6 13.8 11. Av. mar 11.0 9.5 3.9 5.9. 5.5

76 11 120 109.1 16.7 77 112 1212.0 125 1311.6 1351 1 8.0 78 1001 1010.0 125 1513.6 140 79 130 20.4 150 2115.4 80 ...... 81 124 140 1612.9 . I 11 7.1 82 1061 55.0 I ...... 1 83 1121 10 9.3 I 140 2822.3 144 1681 28 30.0 84 I ....t. 136 86.3 1481 121 85 ...... I 61 701 014.8 86 1401 12 9.1 154 1410.0 t.:. 36 23.3 87 1301 1 15.3 154 88 1 26 16 9 I 11 ...... 89 145 110 63.4 ,. 90 10 2431.4 160 31 ...... i. 91 . 92 138 1916.0 170 3228.2 1741 4 2.4 93 171 183 071 .0.0 177 -3.3 165 -6 -3.5 01 134 26.4 148 1410.4 156 96 ,134 4 3.3 140 1613.9 '176136 25.7 96 130 5 1.0,.. 97 17 146 164 1813.3 3. 8 ii. 98 180 . 13. 210 30116.7 99 168 . 21.7 170 100 I: 16.. 138 . iv 125.29.6 3.7128.9 23. 19 134.1 14.6 11.5147.712.ei 13 153.5 17..13.1 Av. var 3.,7 fg \6.0 3.71 . 11.1 STATISTICAL. MATERIAL. 113 of 50 girls with consecutive meas4ements. frinn la: to years of age. expressed In ruble °spill:balers]

1 ti years. 15 years. 151 years. Is years. 164 years. 17 years.

-1 4. .5 .5 ;,+ I . 0., ... . 4. .r. A x... . a ._?, , A r. : - .:6 NO. . -al. g g ... a R. .... 8 El g 8 0 g 8 irs'"i 8 ''''- o 1.3 0.t 5 ...- a A. 0.. a 9.. ..3 I 8. ,A. k. 3 .5

15 2630. 1 01 0.0 1 161 7. 51. 1316.9 152 01 0.0 156 41 2. 6 52. 1 3215.0 1, 12 7.5 220 I 53. 107.7 144 2. 9 154 11 6. 64...... 124 16,I& 1 1 1 12.9 150 1 7.1 63. ii... 13.5 1 7.1 56. 145 ' 140, 1 1510. 3 170 1 6.367. 134 1613.6 140 6 4.5 1 68...... 21 15 66.6 156 4 1. 6 6. 1 59. 1 1 7...... I 158 101,6.8 . 60. 1i19.1 1 106.0 61. 185 194 8. 1,195 1 A1 200 C. ISS...... 1 1812. 7 165 61 3. 1 1 175 63. 1 ...... 155 5 8.3 1 3. 1601 170 1' 6.364.

1 I & 7: 1 & 172 , . 1 65. 158. 215 16.' 21 2513. 21 -5-231 .0196-13 -7. I 66. 1 147 7 5.0 67. 2416.7 1 14 6.31 192 1 6.5 68. 1 12111. 1 1 6.6 196 . 69. 164 1610 164 01 172 4.94. 70. 11.8 1.1. 178-14 -7. 3 71: 1 8.8 1.3 160 11 6.7 72. 1 6.8' 4 2. 5 , 164/ 1. 73. 117. 1 145 0 I 148 .0 74. 2618. 3 .0' 170 1. 75. 1 18.513. 16.910.9,1 9.7 6.0, 6. &0 A & 6 3.32. Av. 8.6 6. 4 I 4.0 L 23 6.4 . Av. vat

160 711114.3' 166 3.81 178^ 1 7. 76. 154 1 14.1 166 77; 3114.3 165 165-6.-.S.1 1 . 6 a.c)175 2013.9 78. 1812.I I 191 7.1 184 42.A 79. 80...... 134 21 7 188 4 2. 2 81. 160 ...... 145 6 3.6l. . 1 I 5 3.3 170 170 . 13.3 82...... 177 & 4 1 21 11.9 1 1 14.9 .L2 ICA 61..2 84. 81 ...... 86 1420. 0 168 85, 1.1 , .0 784 44 23.2 236 . N. 194 14 7:8 .w. 14 . 2 116 3. 87. 115...... 1 I.13.0 121 66.1. 147 2631.5 166 s& 153 175 1 1 8.6 180-10 -A3 89. 1' 14& 184 11 & 186 21.1 ...... 03. 1 1, 10.5 200- 10-4.8216 91. 1 204. X. 236 . . 184. 111 14 9.1 172 180 94. 1 . & . 200 4 2.0 95. 1681 ...... 176 2. 1 6 3. 2. 9Its 15&s190 1 5. 6196. .. 11 3.3 21 6. 220 L S97. 1 14 6.2 138 -2-.8 98. 115. 101 14 1. 196 21.0 99. 1 1 & 164 14 9.3.,.. 170 6L7 100.

516 16. .9. 164.511. 8. 6 :16. 0 17& it & 5 1711 8 6.7216. 1836. 1 ftAv. 3. ,...... 4.1 & R. s Av. vu

7168° 14---8 114 V PHYSICAL GROWTH ANW SCHOOL PROGRESS. TABLE21.-Increments of growth in lungcapacityfor a groupof7 [Lung capacity and Increment

7 yearn. 7y years. 8 years. 81 yearn. 9 yearn. 9; yearn. 10 yearn.

'. / 0 0 . i. '.0. No. . 9 =7. .9 4 g.-ii g.-z g.-'i g..:e go )I. 5 - 8 gAr.....- .,.e. g ,... 8 g ,8 El 8i ''''g ZE't 1 g -- - g a. N t t 4 4 4 -' - .1 a. 4 - I 101.-- ...... -1-4...... 1622...... 101...... I 0., 64 4 6.7 II 13. 89...... , ...... 91 24 3.11...... 99.9 . tos...... _ ii. a...... 0 ...... 17 30...... 811.1 ..8.3 901418.4 .. 1, 8 .. A. 1420.1 98 1416.. 9C...... 1420. 100 I 21. 1 112. IL 4 6.3. 1214. 100 8.. lit ...... 1 ...... 1 3244.7 11. 114. 14 18.4 96 0 I . 6 6.7 9.1 66.3 ...... 116 , 22Zi. 111 iii 117...... 1021 1 21.6 1 1213.3 42 ...... 84 1 27.3...... 164 21...... 70 4 6.1. 2. 84 . 2.4 9...... 122. 14 1416...... 11.1 1 12...... 136. 74. 1621.. Iili1. 20.

..... 3 11..19. 4., 9.. 1. 17.6. .12.216. 9.7 11...... 10. 12. 5.5 & 6.1 6.8 Ira. 8. 7.1 . --,. 116. N 92 14 18. 1911 127. 1'10.0 1216.4 11 22. 128 1 1 ...... 1, 11.1. 1 22 22.1 1 8 6. 22 , 130. 7 110 131. . 132...... Ma. - -2.2 1 8 7.1 ...... 11 1 18.. 124 .5..1 .:.., ...... 1 138...... 1, , zi 7 11 1 10.1 114 4 3. .1 141. 92 . 44.3 143. 132 .... 1 43. 1 9. 146. 1 . 94 40.. I& 147...... / .. 1 IR 4.. 1 1 13. 148...... 1 1 10. , . 1 142.3 ...... 160. , ,I i . 154

Av.77. . .. R2.4 ....,...IS. 8.25.92. 4. 21.19413. 13. le&13.12.9111.9.4 & ...... 7.1 4. 6.1 7.4 vet. .& STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 115 50 boys, with consecutive measurements, from 7 to Li years of age. ,xprossed in elible centimeters]

104 yews. II years. 114 years. 12 yen. 124 years. 13 years.

.18 J. . A . , e...... 5 . si P.= - No. k g 1. --Ail g k N. iiIli 1_ ... .- : ii 8 ,i.1,g 8g...1 8 8 ;-. gf...... -:. I - '" as 11-t P ..,... ..z c.. .. ,.... a. .3

81. 95. 1 1923.5 1 65.3101. 94 89.3 06 44. 11 12 12.2 102. 72 812.6 11.1 . 103. 1021213.3...... 106 4 3 11 1211.3 ...... 104. 1 2020.0 128 6.7 1 8, 6.3 ' 105. 70 I:26.7 1213.106. 88 610.0. 107. . 1 90. 2.3 ei114..2426.7108. ..; 1°4' -21- las. 130...... 130126 23. 138 6. 109. I 108 1010.2.....I 1101 7.4 128 110.4110. 118 I16.i 1 1 21.7 122 1.7111...... 1101010. , I 1144 4 3.6 1301614.'112. 1? 108.9 1361 1411.4 1410.31 113. 104 88.3 I 1 .04. 114. .., 1817.0...... 124 43.3 14 18 115. 124 65.1 61.6 154 V.2116. 107 64.. 104. . 11 5.8 117. , 101 1213.4 1 141 13.5 ...... 122 43.41114. II 65.8. 120: 1019. I, 80811.1 100 2025.0 120. III88.7 1101 1010.0 . 11 0 . 121. 104 4.4.0 ...... 110 6 8 5.8 .... 1 2623...... 122. 98-88.8. 122' 2424.5 I 6 4.9 . 123. I 951618.8III 100,-11-10 0 1103781:I 11.g.. --.- 108 0 .o 12611615.7 9.014.4 1 7.5 8.1 ' 9.619,7. 3517.3 13.3.12.4 13. 13.1Av. 4.9 1 3 5 i 5 4 6.7 6 51 8 7 Av vas

112.1212. i 136. 101 7.2 126. 123 1816.4 IS, 1441 0125.1127. 138, 8 6.2 1:: 11.3 46'250128. I 1614.8...... 148 152 4 2.7 129. 1 -1....1.. 1161 i0.5 13742219.1 1 ,. 30. 1 1 12194 156- 17 V14.1 1921147..1g.. I 124 425 . ! 140, 1 12. 154 14.10.1 143 4.4 : 152; 1 7.1 1 20,13.2 133. 128. 1.172.17.2 134. - 6.0 . .1. In 4 3. 136. 1111411.1 1561 15611613.0 .,.. 136. I 6.1 1610.2 137 1261412.2 142 14 10. 138.-s I 100125rt. 123....'...... ialsa. 1ao. 1 + 2(14.6 ..... 138 140 III1414.4: 108-2 1. 11' 101 9.3 141. 1154 136...... 20It 170130,21.41 11755 1112.. ; , .2011. 11441... 144. 1. 201R2 132 2 I 14. 1'0110 ; 144 4.6111 I. 1411.1... .. - .. 1 11 17418111 6 I .4 16,12. 1751 211. 10 1016 1186 13 2016. 14 ft:----...--.17.- .;.,,, 147. , .. 1 1.5 145 8 6. 148. 134 4. i .. .,. 1 9 , 4 2.7. . .149. 172...... 174 1 12. I 16 9...... II;...,10. 150. 123. 12.10.7 119.14. II.126.211. 8.4134. MI 15.6 140.512. 9.1150.1.414.Av. 6.7.. 6. 6.1 7.4 a. 9.4 ....As. vet.

tt 116 PHYSICAL G RA WT.FI AND. PROGRESS.

TABLE22.-Increments of growthinlung capacity of a group of

((Lungcapacity and increment

12 years. 124 years. 13 years. 131 years. 14 years.

.1., . :::: e:, il.; A Not -.Ai 1 . e1 ...i i 1,- *i 44. .. .. a. it, ai .,

k g b it l' ,..ra. ..1 ,.., a. .9 a.

161 11 11$ 150. 36.3 163 108 1 1. 14.81 124 153 1 5 4., 144 103 1716.5 1 1 1 .1 166 90-2-2.2. 11 31.1 1 .1 25. 156 ...... 1 157 I68 1111: 1 : . 130 6.21 145 160 100,.. 88.0 118 1' 9. 161 11: 2420.3 162 143 124 14117 1.6 168 164 135 1 1712.6 172 13. 166 1210.3 1481 2015. 166 28.0 1521 c 147. 118 17. 1 2433.3 164 368 162'62' I 1, 8.7 1:IBC..-...... 18. 170 ..... 1, 182 1 12. 171 160, 43.4 1 1 8.0 1 V 172 114 4 3.6 173 132 1210.0' r. 37 219 174 ' 11 4 4.1 112 11 946 176 143 8127.7 1 1 10.5'

Av 14. 13. 9.310.3 . . 16.414.3 19.315.7 32. Av. var 12. 6.4 -6.3 7.8 10. ' 176 IV 1 1 --CO 177 1 I - 1:-10. 178 11: 17. 179 6.1 1 43.2 1 18. 180 11, 1 16.4 181 9. 1 1 8 4 160 I 14. 182 9 8. 1311.3 183 1 1 t.14 47 :84 , 185 2418 7 15.: 186 1 a81.1 1 187 2417.1 188 1:12.9 189 . 1:lb., 4 2. 190 1 2 1., 1,11.1 191 1I 11 7.1 1 14.7 lie 17. 2.3 1 1 6.7 193 1 ,14. 194 1 90.3 1 . 196 15 1 17.1 196 %. 11 7.8 1 6.1 197 133 3 2.3 I .... , 198 . 1 26. 5. s 20. 199 16 3.: ,. MO 1 19.0 1 6.3

Av 123. 7. 5.9136.9 1512.2138. 13. 1 9..In 16.1111. 16.33.. 15. Av.vat 8.1 9 9.7 7. 8. 4 STATIST/CAL -MATERIAL. 117

50 boys with consecutive measurements, frmn 12 to 17years of age. expressed In cubic centimeters.

Ill years. IS years. 15{ years. 16 years. 161 years. 17 vars.

- rk c:, + zl., q .z- - .0 i.: i -eA I No. 'Er $ e. i; co 8 ;. a1-g. `` .6. 3 1;2 II-.tI .. ° ...... 7 12

163 13 3.7 194... 21014 8 256 21.4 151. 142 1814...... 230 ,...152. 138 8 3.2 1 ...... 1602215.. 17 6.3 1923220.0 2206029.4 ...... 138 ei 153. .... i.i 1 4230.4 210 ...... 178 3016. 154. .... 30.20.2... .. I 105.3...... 194 116 ..-... 3.2165. 1.42 27 4 I . I ...... Ise. 225 ...... ,-.--- ...... 2483013.8...... ijai2g. ill157...... 22.ii:. 140 182 42 01138. 15 0.3 181...... 1842415. , , 132. 159 169 186164110. 7160. 144 2 1.4 166... 1682+ 16. 7 1140 12 7.1 161. 182 44 1.9 200 . .. 21 2815. 4 215 157.5 256 463.1 205 ...... 194 3102. .... 2615.6...... 2303618. 242 .. . 2023017.6 126. I163. .... 23 3213.8... . . 262 171 22 1.4.6 12.1164 ' 202...... 202 3218.8 ...... 3014.9 184 32 1.5 21.1 iii 165. ... . 211 2714.7...... 166. 182 liii. ir...... iii ie. i...... 222 22 13.0 ii 126.6167. 27:..... 2i2ik 1... ,,. 3 13. 172...... 168. 220 2. 160...... 1 169.9 ...... 190 126.7 234 44 .2170...... 214 168.1. .. . 2584420.6 268 1 3.9171. 1i3...... 1 . 176 12.7 22.6 218 , 5 172...... ,. 212 26 i 269 ii 4822.6...... 173. 1.52 .40 7 1:...... 180 28 10.8 266 ii. i . 174. 172 14 8.8.200. - . 2816.2.. : ...... ,% I 15. 176. 9 6.0 v14 717.6 26 3 14.0 +.216.3 14.3Av. IQ. 1 ... 5.811 G. 7..... 14.0 ...... = 13.7. Av. vat. ..=.= ==== ...... 160 I 183...... 202 42 3 ...... 2813.9176...... 180 .i . 1E 240 . 133. .... 177. IE M...... 218 414 178. ... 254 36 166 143.3179. 148 I135...... 1 4 2283820. 180...... IR 7 212 22 11.6 ...... , 3817.9181. 200 182 ... 192 12 & 7 . 21624 i2.5 . . - . 272 9 hi:: : ::... 177. 163. iii..2.1ii. 2 1 15.6 14.. 184...... , : 2218.2 - ..... 24032 15.4 ...... 1 67165. I , 102...... 204 42 25.9 .., -...... 232 2813.7186. 212 44 3 218...... 200...... 256...... 187. .... 18 ...... 6...... we . ie. 1 181 ...... 1e6. .. 40 1 ...... 4 . 232 140 .... . 244 12 189. .1.. . 24ii.is 27.5190. .. iiiiii 212.2211. a 22.6 191. A. 3026...... 4016. o 15.1 192. 84526 11.4 1 3217.9 23626 12.4 .. EI11... 1 1:34...... 20 ...... 211-1-4.4 195. 148.5 , ..... 21 ... 316 .. .. -. . ... 154 4 21. 196. 5.3 ... 212 a I ...... 197. .2; 12 ... 2 iii...... 3011.6 ...... 2.70 . -1 198...... 310 7. , 199. 172 148.9 ...... 21 URI.1. 13.3 I . 200 173.8 .1n1.8 101. 735. 21 --- 716 212628.I& 0 243. , 12.5236 4 11.6 4.712..Av. 12. +.3 12 11 4 Ay.var. 1 118 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

(B)INDIVIDUAL HEALTH NOTES. Notes on the physical corchtion of indieiduals.whose' _curves in height, weight, andlupg41111 capacity are gweninCharts and IIb (pp.'40, Those appearing in the group of 1001n Tables hand 14 are: 3- 136; 5- 200; 6-190; 10-180; 11-115; 13-161; 14-155. 1. Excellent health; fine physique; astigmatism at 81. 2. Pneumonia at 4; excellent health at 5.Measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough; shoulders round at last measurement.Parents American. 3. Health average at entrance and has had adenoids, bronchitis, and tonsillitis; tonsils removed; adenoids removed and arm broken at 61; circumcised at 8 years 2 months; arm fractured at last measurement.Parents American. 4. Excellent health; has had measles, tonsillitis, chicken pox; left tonsil swollen when 13; tonsils normal when 15; eyes weak. 5. Adenoids removed at I2i ;recovered from grippe at 13i; hearing in left ear deice-4- tive; nervous; adenoid expression. 8. Average health; has had chicken pox, grippe, tonsillitis; anaemic at 14; tonsils slightly enlarged; gets /dizzy and faint when compelled to stand still for long period of time. 7. Had double hernia at 5 years 4 months; wears truss; lordosis when 61; eyes weak, and began to wear glasses when 91. Mother Irish, father American. 8. At entrant% has had chicken pox, whooping cough, measles, bronchitis; heart rate rather rapid; standing. posture poor; out of school at with typhoid fever; shoulders round; at 18 health good, but too fat. 9. Health good; shoulders round; recommended to see oculist.Parents Americiti 10. Appendix removed when 10; tonsils large and removal advised at 12 years 4 months; condition good at 137}; at 15 years 4 months was thin, anaemic, and had flat chest; eyes weak during last measurements and glasses fitted.Parents American. 11. Has had whooping cough, chicken pox; enlarged throat glands when7I;nutrition unsatisfactory; adenitis on left side; tonsils enlarged between 9 and 10; round shoulders during last measurements,Parents American. 12. Good health during last measurements; has had pneumonia twice; adenoids removed; has lordosis. 13. Has had whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever, malaria, measles; well nourished at 10 years 4 months; systolic mused sound to heart at 17 years 8 months. Parents American. 14. Has had pneumonia, bronchitis, chicken pox, measles; uncontrolled nervous action; catarrhal tendency; shoulders, back, and spine irregular; at 10 catarrh of bowels, delicate, and ill most of the time; at 13 tendency to weak feet; at 14 glasses for near-sightedness. 15. Has had measles, chicken pox, mumps, pleurisy; health good at 131; at 14 slight conjunctivitis;at15more so and at 16full conjunctivitis; condition good at 17years3months. Notes on the physical conditiort of individuals whose curves in height, weight, and lung capacity are giveninCharts lila and IIlb (pp. 41,56). Those appearing group of IM in Tables 13 and 14 Ire: 1..146; 7-145; 6-544; 7-107; 8 -186; 9-171; 10 -16911 -118; 13-.103; 14-168; 15-.102. 1. Had whooping cough when 7years 11 months; corrective work begun for shape ofback at 8; condition improved at 9 years 5 months; adenoids removed at 8 years 11 months; corrective gymnastic work continued. 2. Bronchial trouble and anaemic condition from second to fourth year; when 6i had pleurisy and this continued until operation at 9 years 3 months, after which condition improved.

:The health notes foe Chasm Island lb may bs Sound en pp.11e, STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 119 3. At entrance had had chickenpox; tonsillitis at 12 years 5 months; broke wrist 15; health good. 4. Has had bronchitis, chickenpox, measles, whooping cough; at 9 had muscular twitching of the entire body; improved at 11;much improved at 12. 5. Health good. 6. health good at entrance.Parents American. 7. At entrance health good, but had hadpneumonia, tendency to catarrh; from I0i to 113 .well except for colds:,nervous; follicular conjunctivitis; impediment in speech probably due, to nasal obstruction;at 15 condition fair; flat chest. 8. At entrance health good, had had childhooddiseases; tendency to biliousness hereditary), weak stomach; at 11-12 tonsils enlarged;tendency to headache; at 13 tonsils normal; at 14; condition good.Mother American, father Scotch. 9. At entrance health excellent, and had hadmeasles, malaria, and scarlet fever; at 12 recovering from operation for appendicitis; out of school4 weeks; follicular conjunctivitis; tonsils enlarged from 12-14; Improvedat 15; at 15 glasses for astigmatism; condition good.Mother American, father English. 10. Health g'ood; at 18 shoulders round. 11. Has had grippe and pneumonia; entero- colitis; part nasaliskstruction by adenoids and hypertrophied tonsils; tonsils removed;between 63 and 7i had measles, colds, andetomach trouble; at ff had granularconjunctivitis on left lower lid ; biitween 8 and 8i bi.d colds; 10-11 tonsils enlarged,: conditionotherwise good. 12. At entrance health excellent; has hadmumps, chicken pox, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles, 4 or 5 attacks of tonsillitis;from 7 to 8 tonsils enlarge(); tonsillitia, under tare of physician; 8-9 health good;at 10 condition fair; at 11 elloal- ders round; has not grown; perfectly well;at 15 left cervical gland palpable. 13.- Has had measles, whooping cough, several lattacksof tonsillitis; at 6 internal strabismus; advised to see occulist; sensitivedisposition; at 7 wen 'ng glasses; at 8 condition good: heart slow and irregular; restless;follicular conj.tivitis; at 9 slight spinal curvature; adenoids and tonsilsremoved at 8i; nervous, t e, cries easily. 14. Health good at entrance; has had no diseasesor injuries; at 11 nutrition mod- e:lite; at 13 had fall injuring ear, causing hemorrhage, but:hearingnot injured; at 14 condition fair; improved at 15.Parents American. 15. Health excellent tit entrance;' and has had nakudes,chicken pox, whooping cough; tendency to nervousness; condition good; slightspinal curvature. /Votes on physical eondition of individuals whoserurretinheight, weight, and lung capacity aregiven inCharts I Va and In (pp. 42,.55). Three appearing la the group of 100, Tablet; 4 and 5, are: 2 3 46: 4 38; 5 37; 6-at 5-22; 10 53.- 1. Health good; has ,had measles, chickenpox, bronchitis; heart overactive wheti 13 and gymnasium work suspended. 2. Health good. 3. Subject to colds; between 11 and 12 tonsils enlarged(note slight arrest in growth in height and weight and lung capacity); at 10 hadmeasles. 4. Health good; slightly nervous heart.Parents Ainerican. 5. Health good; measles at 7 years 6 mouths (noapparent evil effect in growth); heart overactive at 9; slight eye trouble later.Parents American. G. Health good; has had children's diseases.(No data to explain arrest at 8 years 6 months.) - 7. Health good; wears braces on legs. 8. Health fair; has had eczema, pneumonia, whoopingcough, chicken pox, moults, and mumps; subject to catarrh;othmatic tendencies. 9. Health good. 120 PHYSICAL ,GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

10. Health good; has had children's diseases; tonsils removed when13 (note subsequent increases in growth in height and, weight); menstruation began when16. Parents American. 11. Health good; inclined to be nervous; subject to tonsillitis;eyes weak. Notes on the physical condition of individuals thesecurves in height, weight, and lung capacity are given in Charts 1 a and Y6 (pp. 43, 56). Those appearing in the group of 1001n Tables 4 and 6 efts: 1-49; 3-97; 4-931; 9-17;10-23. 1. At entrance health rood; had had infantile diaeases and pneumonia,adenoids removed; first menstruation at 114; nervous tempeniment; backnot strong; at 13 back straighter; hips prominent; at 134 advised to improve standing. 2. Bad position; more exercise advised; joints flexible; has hadpneumonia, measles, and chickerfliox in early childhood; rightarm broken three times; adenoids and tonsils removed between 11 and 114 (note increase in height and weightfollowing operation). .3. Thin and delicate until entering school; diphtheria when small; roundshoul- ders during later school life (note flattening of height curve).Parents American. 4. Average health; father died of apoplexy; subject to catarrh andsore throat (note gradual decrease in weight curve).Mother American, father Danish. 5. Health very good, but -appetite small; measles and whooping cough,but no apparent evil effects; slightly rapid heart beatat 114.Parents American. 6. Health fair; has had measles, pneumonia. typhoid fever, chickenpox ; shoulders round.Parents American. 7. Health good; standing position poor; itudyingvery hard at 11. 8. Health good; standing position poor in later school life (noteeffectORheight curve, but no. effett in weight curve) 9. Health good him 10 to 15; heart slightly overactive; somewhat aneemir;spine slightly irregular; had jaundice at 10. Health good.Parents American. 11. Health, good; apparently late appearance of menstruation.Mother Swim, father French. 12. Health good.Parents American. Notei on the physical condition of individuals whosecurves in height, weight, and lung capacity are given in Charts Via and 1'16 (pp. 44, 56). Than appearing In the group of WO In Tables 4 and 3 are: 1-99; 3-42; h96, 6-40;7-30; 9-72; 10 It; 11-10; 1218. f. Has had children's diseases with no apparent ill effect; grey"too fast" at 11 (note acceleration in height curve); at 14 was taking osteopathic treatmentfor backache (note arrest ingrowth In height and weight at 134); appetitepoor. 2. Has had scarlet fever, whooping cough,Inettales, chickenpox, mumps, tonsillitis, and enlarged glano/elight curvature of spine; weak heartat 17; a tall thin girl. (Compare curves in height and weight and small lung capacity.) , 3. Anemic, nervous; heart skipped 1 in 18,or 20 beets when 7; menstruationcom- menced at 131.Parents American. 4. Health good, but had pneumonia and malaria in early childhood;Nature pc;or at 18. 5. Health good; has hid children's diseases; ill between 13 and 11;posture poor and shoulders round.(Note drop in height curve after 14.4Parents American. 6. Health good. 7. Small; adenoids removed when about 8 (note slightarrest in growth in height and weight); at 10 hadpyphoid fever (note acceleration in weight followingthis period). 8. Health on entering school good and had had children's diseases;out, of school at 14 with typhoid fever (note slight arrest in height and marked arrest inweight); fat with stooped shoulders. STATISTIOLL Irian:111AL. 121 9. Health good; shoulders round (note flattening of height curve). 10. Health good; has had pneumonia, scarlet fever, and typhoid fever;very thin at 10 and posture poor at this time; flat feet.Parents American. 11. Tonsils and adenoids removed when 6;.,condition good, but takes coldeasily. Parents American. 12. Ruptured and delicate; when 7 had severecane of scarlet fever. 13. Health good ; has had pneumonia, diphtheria, and other diseasesas a child; stomach trouble; posture poor. Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curve. in height, weigItt,and lung capacity are giren in Charts Vila and Yllb (pp. 45', .57).. Thoseappearing In the croup of 1001n TabkerAnd 5 are: 1 -100; 2-86; 3-81; 4-83;5-74; 6-73; 7-561 8-85; 9-14; 10-52; 11-51. I. Had pneumonia previous to entering school, and adenoids removed; healthgood; first menstruation at age of 12; back not strong; standingposture poor at 14 and later (note flattening of curve in height); nervous temperament;more outdoor exercise advised.Mother American, father English. 2. Had several children's diseases; liver and nervous troubles; from14 to 15, stomach trouble (note arrest on increase in weight curve). 3. Health good all the time; standing posture poor. 4. Delicate and nervous; adenoids removed just before 13 (note subsequentincrease in growth, in height, and weight).Parents American. 5. Mother died of tuberculosis; enlarged glandson both sides of neck; catarrh; nervous (note decided arrest in growth in height after 13 and decrease in weight after 151 years).Parents American. 6. Has had children's diseases; hereditary tendency to bleed; irregularmenstrua- tion periods.(Note arrest in growth in height after 12 years and in weightafter 14.) 7. Has had malaria and children's diseases; had an apparent attack of appendicitis between 11 and 12 (note effet on height); menstruation began between15 and 16. Parents American. 8'. Has had chicken pox, measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, tonsillitis;health good when entering school, but later stomach trouble and anemic(note arrest in growth ifr weight and height) ',Parents American. . 9. Health good in -eararthool life; later anaemic; weak spine; jaundiceat 17. (Note arrest in growth in ight and weight idler 13.)Parente American. 10. Health apparently good.(Note arrest in growth in height.) '11. Has had children's diseases, whooping cough, thicienpox; tonsils enlarged at 131. Shoulders round at 15%.Slight lateral curvature; heart rapid; nearsighted. (Note light weight.lNfother American, father German. Notes on the physical condaion of individuals whosecurves in height, weight, and lung capacity are given,in Charts Villa and VIM (pp. 46, 57).'

Those appearing In the group of 100 tri Table. Mad 14 ere: 1-148; 3 -142; 4-193;.6- 157;9-176; 10-161; 11151; 12 117.. I. Had pneumonia between 9 and 10; heart weak.Parents and grandparents American. 2. Parents and grandparents American. 3. Parente and grandparent's Russian. 4. Parents American, maternal grandparents English, paternal grandmother Eng- lish, paternal grandfather American. 5. Peels and grandparents RuSsian.

In Charts VIII -[II, inclusive, the nationality of parents and grandparents Is Includedin the health name. Taint Oases In Charts VIII and IX data on the physicist oonditka of the Individuals Included wareentIrely marrow. 122 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. 6. Parents and grandparents German. 7. Mother German, father American, grandparents German. 8. Parents and grandparents German. 9. Parents American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfather Welsh, paternal grandmother German-French, paternal grandfather German. 10. Parents American, maternal grandmother Scotch, maternal grandfather English, paternal grandparents German. 11. Mother Danish, father American, maternal grandparents Danish, paternal grandmother French, paternal grandfather German. 12. Anremic; trouble with throat and glands at 10;nervous.Parents and grandparents American. Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curves in height, weight, andlong capacity are Or en in Charts Xa and Xb (pp. 48. 58).

Those appearing In the group of ICIO In Tables 4 and 5 are: 2-89; 348; 6-78; 7 19; 9-66;1J-641 11-1. 12-57. 1. Apparently normal. parents American, grandparents German. 2. At 12 had chicken pox, subjectlo colds in the head andnose bleed; at 14 subject to colds, lose in weight. Mother Swedish, father Norwegian, maternal grandparents Swedish, paternal grandparents Norwegian. 3. Before 6 had had measles and chicken pox; subject to colds and earache;at U very tall.(Compare height and weight.)Parents American, inatemal grandmother Scotch-Canadian, maternal grandfather American, paternal grandparentsAmerican. 4. At 113 had had mumps, measles, and tonsillitis; at 14 good physicalcondition. Parents American, maternal grandparents German, paternal grandparentsGerman - American. 5. Has had measles, mumps, whooping cough, and chickenpox; at 131 had grown rapidly; muscular system weak.Parents and grandparents American. 6. Before 12 had had mumps, measles, and whoorng cough; subjectto sore throat, cold, headaches, earache; at 15 slightly underdeveloped.Parents American, grandparents German. 7. At entrance poorly nourished; at 94 had had whooping cough Ind chickenpox; at 11 below normal weight; at 123 had measles.Parents and grandparent. American. 8. At entrance had had chicken pox; condition normal.Parents and grandparents American. 9. At 11 general condition good, and had had grippe,mumps, measles, earache; subject to colds; at 12, condition excellent; at 13 had bronchial cold.;at 133 condition improved after removal of adenoids; at 16 general healthexcellent.Parents American, maternal grandmother American-English-French, maternalgrandfather American-English-Scotch, paternal grandparents American- English. 10. At entrance pale, nervous, oversensitive, taking treatment fornose and throat, no appetite; before 13 had had mumps, whooping cough, chicken pox, and diphtheria; after 18 condition good.Parents American, maternal grandparents Welsh, paternal grandparents American. 11. Health excellent.Parents and grandparents German: I. 12. Before 15 had had measles and chickenpox; subject to bilious attdcks and headaches.Mother German, father German-American, grandparents German. Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curves in height, weight,and lung capacity are given in Charts X Ia and .X lb (pp. 49, 69). Thom appearing In the group of 1001n Tables 4 and dam I43; 2-62; 5-96;791. 1. At 10 had chicken pox; subject to cold in thelead.Mother American, paternal grandmother Irish, paternal grandfather English. 2. Has had measles, chicken pox, mumps; .Fubject to sick headachesat 14.Parents American, maternal grandparents English, paternal grandparentsGerman. EITATISCAL MATERIAL. 123 3. Has had measles, mumps, scarlet ever, diptheria; adenoids removed between 11 and 12; at 13 subject to headache froeyes,, sore throat, tonsillitis, backache, and flaw bleed. _ s 4. Good health. 5. Poor carriage; arrested development. Parents American, both grandmothers Americin, both grandfathers German. 6. Mother Canadian. father American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfather Canadian, paternal grandparents English. 7. At 14 had had mumps, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, and penumonia. Parents American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfather English, paternal grandmother American, paternal grandfather Irish.' 8. Had measles at 141 and later hernia. Parents American, grandparents American of Irish descent, paternal grandparents American, of Holland, Scotch, French, and English descent. 9. General condition good.Parents and grandparents American. Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curves in height, weight, and lung capacity are given in Charts X Ila arti X lib (pp. 50, .59).

Those appearing In the group of 100 In Tables 4 and 5 are:3-41; 7 -21; b-15;9-13; 10-62. 1. At entrance had had measles, whooping cough, chicken pox; very heavy, fat, slow of movement.Parents American, grandparents German. At entrance had had mumps, chicken pox, and measles.Parents American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfather American- Canadian, paternal grandparents American. 3. At 12 had had scarlet fever.Parents and grandparents American. 4. At entrance had had measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, grippe; tonsils removed at 71; between 9 and 10 suffered much colds; after this improvement. Parents American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfather American- r.rs Canadian, paternal grandparents American. _ 5. Before 8 had had measles, whooping cough, chicken pox; fat, overweight. 6. At entrance had had whooping cough, nitales, scarlet fever, chicken pox; between 12 and 13 heart trouble, out of school three-fourths of the time.Mother German-American, father Norwegian-American,maternalgrandparents German; paternal grandparents Norwegian. 7. At 7 had had mumps; at 13 condition normal. Parents American, maternal grandmother English, maternal grandfather Welsh, paternal grandunothei Irish, paternal grandfather Scotch-English. 9. Between 8 and 9 had pneumonia; poorly developed; after 11 improvement;at 13 eyes poor, underweight. 10. At II/ had had diphtheria, chicken pox, mumps, measles, pneumonia; subject to rheumatism; slightly improving. 11. At 15 had had whooping cough, measles, subject to headache andsore throat; at 17 sore throat.

Notes on the physical condition of individuals whose curers in height, weight, andlung capacity are given in Charts XIIIa and XIIIb (pp. 51, 60).

Those appearing In the group of 1001n Tables 4 and 3 ant: 1-50; 2-44; 4-36; 5-88; 6 -27;8 -6. 1. Strong and healthy; adenoids and tonsils removed just before 12; first menstruation at 12.' L2. Tonsils enlarged from 10 to 11; first menstruation at 12 years 5 months.Parents and grandparentsre American. 3. Weak costal arches;first menstruation at13. Parents and grandparents American. 124 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

4. Adenoids removed at 9 years 8 months, and again at 13k; firstmenstruation at 13 years 9 months.Parents American, maternal grandparents American, paternal grandmother American, paternal grandfather Canadian. 5. Stooped shoulders, but general health good;first menstruation at 15 years 3 months 17 days. 6. Poor health at 12 years 5 months; first menstruation at 16years 1 month.Parents American, maternal grandmother American, maternal grandfatherEnglish, paternal grandparents American. 7. Adolescent heart at 18; otherwise normal; first menstruation14 years 8 months. 8. Had first menstruation at 14.Mother American, father German-American, maternal grandparents American, paternal grandparents German. 9. First menstruation at 16 years 7 months.Mother American, father Canadian, maternal grandparents American, paternal grandparents Scotch. 10. Enlarged tonsils at 14; excused from gymnasium workat 15; first menstruation at 13 years 4 months. 7 Notes on the physiccl condition of individuals choserunts in height, weight, and lung capacity are given in Charts X/Va and X I Vb (pp. 5.!, 60). Thaw appearing In the group of NO in Tables 4 and 5 are: 6-32; 2. Stoop shoulders at 9; arches of foot broken between 12 and13.Parents and grandparents American. 3. Tonsils enlarged after 11, removed at 12years 9 months; posture poor; first menstruation at 12 years 7 months.Parents and grandparents American. 4. Tired, weak; matured at 15.Mother American, father Canadian, maternal grandparents Scotch, paternal grandmother English, paternalgrandfather Scotch. 5. General condition excellent; at 12 had mumps. 6. Health in infancy poor; had rickets; at 10 attack of measles;enlarged tonsils after 10, at 14 left tonsil still enlarged; first meiaatruation.at12 years 9 months.Mother English-Scotch, father German, maternal grandmotherScotch-English, maternal grandfather English, paternal grandmother English, paternalgrandfather German. 7. Apparently normal. 8. Weak heart; otherwise normal.Parents and grandparents American. 9. At 6 had measles; at 10 adenoid growths; tonsillitisbetween 10 and 11; first menstruation lit 13 years 1 month.Parents and grandparents American. 10. Apparently normal; poor eyesight.Parents and grandparents American. 11. Nothing unusual.Parents and grandparents American. 12. At 12 spine very crooked, at 14 straight; menstruationbegan at 14.Parente and grandparents American. (C) INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT-HEIGHT AND VITAL INDICES. Tuns 23.- Weight-height and vital indices.' (The hundredths denote tveight-helghts; the thousandths denote vital Mdices.1 FOR CHARTS Ha end 17/b (HORACE MANN BOYS). Years of age. 0.19 51 6 0:21 61 7 0.23 74 8 0.24 81 9 91 10 101 11 114 12 121 13 131 14 141 15 151 16 161 17 171 311I .061.16 a. ut .061.17.049 .06. .18.054.21.061 0.690.18 , .067 0.22 .073.19.062 0.24 .070 0.23 .21 0.28 0.24 071 0.26 0.71 . 074 654. 0.26 .063 0.71 .066 .28 0.31 2106628 0.34 .055.29.062 0.37 .34 1 0.40 .37 , ", 0.41 .066.38.075 O 157 .18 .061.19 0.11 .061.19 .063.20 .20 .21 064 0.19 .24 .077.20 .077.20 .. .08.24 .27 0.28 .097.28 II10 .16 .060 ..17 .18 It ..200 008 .060 .20 .21 .22.18 065 .2244.19. ..27 1. , .30.23 061 r 14LSLt .01 .049.17 .17 061 .19 . .17 .064.21 . 18 06725 .064 .19.06 .21 .24 06 0.27 .28 .29 .31 0. 33 IS I The table for charts Is and lb may be found on page.062 63. .062 . 2% t .057 066 .06 .074 126 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS:

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- - _ TABLE 23.:-Weight-heightandvitalindiam-Gontinued. , to1-4 4 ToR CHARTS Vls and VIb (HORACE MANN GIRLS). - . 00 0 51 6 51 91 10 101 11 Years eine. 111 12 121 13 131 1'4 141 15 151 16 161 17 171 2 0.22 .061 0.25 0.27 .06 0.29.05. 0.30 29 0.30 .32 01, s 0.30 0.32 -4'-0.36' 14a - 0.19 061 0.20... .061 0.23 0.28 . 0.23 ... .051 .061.43.83 .051.061 .049 $7.6 . 0.18 0.18 0.19 .27.19 06 .061 .29.061 .32 .33.24 0.26 0.26 0.29 .041 '.30 OM 0.31 .. 061 11....10 9 .01.14 .16 .16 .19 054 .049.17 . .21 .061.19.041 .21 .051.20.22 .063.26 .31.26 .31 n.42 .04.32 0.33 13.ta. 0.13 0.14 .044.15 .16 .17 .19 .20 064 .067.23 .28 .22.044 054 .06'.24 .064.26 .064.27 ..27 .067. 211 FOR CHARTS VIIs and VIIb (HORACE MANN 029 .23...,i. 0 27 .047 GIRLS). 028 27049 0.33 010 0.35. .040 29 30 033 944 .34 016 34 01733 4.3 .., ----- . ------1 * 0.30 05319034 060 . 063 06219 .29 043 027 .30.044 060210063 .n.065 0493106 0 .p60.24 .067.26.042 30066 0632803934061 .062.37 030 .063.34 10053068 .067 0613206037 STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 129

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FOR CHARTS XIII3 and XIIIb (UNIVERSITYTABLE 23:I-Weight-height and vital indices-Continued. Years of age. OF CHICAGO GIRLS). 5} 6 1 64 7 74 0 104 11 12 12} 13 13} 11 14} 1 15 1 15} .16 i 16} 17 0.21 .055 0.22 052 0.23 1 20061 0.25 1 0.25 1 0.22 I 1 0.29 1 0.37 II} 0.39 0.40 0.40 .061 0.41 .051 4 .19 19 I .19 .21 1 0.22 I 0.25 4.0550.29 .26 .27.31 0.32 .05, 0.33 I 0.34 8 .... : .. .041 .05.19 023 .075 .061 .31 ' .21.061 03 34 .057 74 0.34 . 064.35 .054.27 .03r.36 0.36 7., .16 1 I .16 05l7 ..19 05.5 .20 .21 . 0..21 74 .054 .050 0.16 .4. I .24.0.55 .0.53 1053 28056.2.2...... 30.05.23 .30.054.23 .31 .24.31.ots3 .061.17 I .057.28 FOR CHARTS XIV(' and XIVb (LNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GIRLS). .061 2i I .05 .063 .054 ..E1 .051 055 1 2 0.18 045 10.19 0.19 0 24 059 0.26 070 I.0. 29 068 0 30 067 0 30 .071 a ! , 1.041 ..22 040 0.21 . 047 22 (1 24 23050 04428 24 0 33 ,047 . 25 0. 27 2804323 .24 049 05026 0.27 .051 4 O. 19 .029 I 19 1 .20 .21 .041 -.24.050 04623 .054 04123 058 .25 05325 .048.?8 (WA .060.046.34 .050 34 STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 133 (D) INDIVIDUAL SCHOOL MARKS AND GRADES. TABLE 24.-34as/9 and grades.' AVERAGE MARK, GRADE, AGE, AND NUMBER OF CARES HORACE M FOR .CHART lIc. Ago In years. ANN SCROGI, BOYS. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. 13 I 16 17 18 10 . 20 No. of curve. g P N E O 42.a1. 9- 1- 881 32is 121'83 4438 40 14.* 47 14' < 8288 E. 195 3832 875..6 .,11 0 36 **is. 40 800 4048 76188089' 434040 841 48 76082084. 2014 80086* 201015 18010771079. 2414 7311 j9n n 211618 81127E92 18'20 78818376 230175158 92 121110 10-8-12- 11 8 8-11 gig. 28 12' 831834 4441 89083 4344 871145* 4347 8.51811 48 781 20 74* 20 76.4 16 770 20 80 266 1416 11- 8 9- 6 93 41 8a 39 85.81.89* 363344 89188877 404543 87'91089 3948 87181, "ii 3048 788.3s .262328 64"Ws 202826 1851118310 222824 ... .2i. 7814 18 so858187 270166213 FOR CHART Mc. 1 821.... 11= 7 8.68-11 ...... 8507 8 0 391 6 7917 1 ( 333 3 8 3781 484 4 818 8 394 7 7948 4 1 424 4 768 6 24 2 : 70#84177. 29 ie 2620 858082 262225210138 S..76.4 ------. - ...... - - --- 37 . 43 .... . 830 46 83 44 854 48 787 43 '21i*2317 620 2717 6414 2028 6 758982 286231180203 9 ...... : 1: : 1 I:: . 86066 ,1 it 9-._ 5 9 '--...... --....., ...... -...... -86*8 0 0 373 9 8418 1 1 .. 343 8 827 8 44!:3 3 8218:1 4 484 8 7918 0 1:: 1I 404 8: 737 2 0 22 1i 8 62"837 244718 79. ve 1624 81.84*. 20 76119 7812 2020 740 20 ...... - 787985 249222266233 dOr4.1010WWW ....com..sowameseu4.1.0 CtU

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va TBIDIDOILd 10011043. (MT MIAOW) IVOI9AH41 981 STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 137 .1

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AN, STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 139 \ (E) INDIVIDUAL NOTES ON SCHOOL PROGRESS' Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and grades appear in Table £4 and Chart Hc. L Still in school. 2. Have marks for one year only. 3. Took part work during third grade; absent second term of fourth because of whooping cough; still in school. 4. Left at beginning of eleventh grade. 5. Part work in eighth grade; absent fourth term of eighth. first and second terms of ninth; graduated. 6. Regular work; conditioned in French during eighth grade; in Latin during eleventh; graduated. 7. Part work in third grade; withdrew at end of seventh S. In third grade. 9. In third grade. , 10. Regular work; conditioned in French during seventh grade; in Latin, during eighth; in English, Latin, and history during ninth; in German during eleventh; still in school. 11. 111 during fourth term of third grade; repeated grade following year; absent during second and third terms of eighth; still in school. 12. In school; skipped. fourth grade. 13. Conditioned in French during eighth grade; in Latin during ninth, tenth, and eleventh. 14. Left school at beginning of fourth grade. 15. Skipped seventh grade; conditioned in Latin during eighth; in Latin and algebra during eleventh; graduated. Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and grades appear in Table £4 and Chart file.. 1. Part work in third grade; still in school. 2. Conditioned in arithmetic during third grade; in history, geography, German during seventh; in Latin and algebra during eighth; withdrew. 3. Absent during second, third; and fourth terms of eighth grade; conditioned in Latin during ninth; not promoted; withdrew. 4. Conditioned in Latin during ninth grade; in school. 5. Absent during fourth term of fifth grade; conditioned in English and French during eighth; part work in ninth; withdrew. 6. 'Normal work. 7. Normal work; gmdti4ted. 8. Conditioned in English and biology during eighth grade; in Latin and history during ninth; in Latin and algebra during tenth; withdrew. 9. Qut of schoOduring fourth term of eighth grade and third term of ninth. 10. Failed to be promoted at end of fifth grade; in school. 11. Absent fourth term of fifth grade; conditioned in arithmetic during sixth; in English and algebra during eighth ; withdrew. 12. Poor work in lower grades but improved; conditioned in history during ninth grade; in English, Latin, algebra, geometry, physics during tenth; withdrew. 13. Repeated third grade; conditioned in English and history during fifth. 14. Withdrew from.school for one year between fifth and sixth grades; conditioned in algebra during ninth; in geometry during tenth; chemistry dtsring eleventh; graduated. lb. Promoted Mnditionally from fpurth grade; conditioned in French during sev- enthgrade; in algebra during eighth; withdrew.

. h Ths sates far chart Io may be found on pop 74. 140 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and gradesappear in Tablef4 and Chart I Vc. -1411 1. Conditioned during tenth grade; graduated. 2. Graduated. 3. Conditioned in algebra during ninth grade. 4. Part work in third grade; skipped fifth; in school. 5. Part work in third grade; absent third term of fourth, whooping cough; inschool. 6. Conditioned in algebra during eighth grade; in history during tenth; inschool. 7. No record for sixth grade; conditioried in history and arithmetic during seventh; in Latin and history during ninth; in school. 8. Conditioned in algebra during ninth grade. 9. In school. 10. Conditioned in history and geometil during eleventh grade,on account of absence; graduated. 11. In sixth grade two years with good records; frequently absent in eighth;in school. Notes on the school standing of incliridnal whose marks and gradesappear in Table .24 and ('hart 1. Withdrew at end of second term of fourth grade; returned in fifth; inschool. 2. Normal work. 3. Largenumber of subjects and high grades. 4. Condi in Latin during eleventh grade; graduat 5. To records; in school. 6. One y records; absent during fourth term; with rew. 7. Normal work. 8. Normal work; graduated. 9. No record for eighth grade; conditioned in algebra during tenth, 10. Normal work; in school. 11. Conditioned in Latin and history during eighth grade; in Latin andGreek during ninth; graduated. 12. Normal work; left school.

Notes on the school standing of indiridnals whose marks and gradesappear in Table '24 and Chart l'Ic. 1. Record not available. 2. Normal work; graduated. 3. Normal work; in school. 4. Conditioned in biology during eighth grade; graduated. 5. Conditioned in Latin during ninth grade; graduated. 6. Excellent record; in school. 7. Conditioned in Latin during ninth grade; in school.. 8. Conditioned in Latin, history. German, during ninth grade; inalgebra during tenth; graduated. 9. Normal work; graduated. 10. In school. 11. Part work in third grade; conditioned in arithmetic during fourth;in school. 12. Part work in third grade; withdrew end of secondterm, returned in fall; in school. 13. Normal work; graduated.

Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and gradesappear in Table 24 and Chart VIII. 1. Normal work; graduated. , 2. No record after tenth grade.

. 8. Normal work; graduated. _Ai STATISTICAL MATERIAL. 141 4. Conditioned in French during seventh and eighth grades. 5. Conditioned in geography and German during seventh grade; in Latin during eighth; in French during ninth; in Latin, history, geometry during tenth. 6. Conditioned in algebra during ninth grade; in Latin during eleventh; in school. 7. Normal work; graduated. 8. Normal work; graduated. 9. Normal work; graduated. 10. Lazy; inraehool. 11. Conditiohed in Latin (luring eleventh grade; graduated.

.Votes on the school standing of individuals whose marks,and grades appear in Table24 and Chart 11111c. 1. Poor in French from third grade. 2. Entered fourth grade. 3. Entered kindergarten. 4. Entered sixth grade; conditioned annually in spelling; graduated. 5. Entered first grade; normal work. 6. Entered second grade; poor in German after fourth; poor in spelling. 7. Entered kindergarten; poor in spelling throughout course. S. Entered sixth grade; normal work; graduated. 9. Entered fifth grade; normal work; graduated. 10. Poor in spelling and mathematics throughout course. 11. Entered sixth grade; nordial work. 12. Entered kindergarten; poor in English, German, reading, spelling. Sotes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and gradesappear in Table 24 and Chart IXe. 1. Normal work. i. Entered second grade; poor in English and spelling. 3. Entered seventh grade; normal work. 4. Entered sixth grade; graduated; normal work. 5. Entered sixth grade; normal work. 6. Entered third grade; normal work; graduated. 7. Entered fifth grade; normal work; graduated: 8. Entered kindergarten;poorin spelling and reading. 9. Entered.fifth grade; normal work; graduated. 10. Entered fourth grade; poor in English. 11. Entered fourth grade; normal work; graduated. 12. Entered first grade; normal work. '4 13. Entered third grade; normal work. 14. Entered first grade; poor in spelling and mathematics. Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and gradesappear in Table ti and Chart Xc. 1. Normal work. 2. Entered fifth grade; normal work; graduated. 3. Entered second grade; normal work. 4. Entered fourth grade; normal work. 5. Normal work; graduated. 6. Normal work. 7. Entered first grade; normal work. 8. Entered first grade; normal work. 9. Entered second grade; normal work. 10. Normal work; graduated. 11. Entered kindergarten; normal work. 12, Poor in spelling. 142 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks and grade},appear in Table 4 and Chart X k. 1. Normal work. 2. Normal work. 3. Normal work; withdrew at tenth grade. 4. Normal work. 5. Normal work; graduated. 6. Normal work. 7. Normal work; graduated. 8. Normal work; withdrawn at end of eleventh grade. 9. Normal work; withdrawn at end of eleventh grade.

Notes on the school standing of individuals whose marks andgrades appear in Table 24. 1. Conditioned in spelling and handwork regularly. 2. Normal work; withdrawn at end of eleventh grade. 3. Poor in French and spelling; in school. 4. Entered kindergarten; died in seventh grade. 5. Entered kindergarten; normal work; withdrew at end of sixthgrade. 6. Poor health, poor work; in school. 7. Entered first grade; normal work. 8. Entered kindergarten; poor in spelling and mathematics. 10. Entered second grade; normal work; graduated.

IV. HISTORICAL SUMMARY. (A) THE RISE OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS. Scientific anthropometry arose in the main fromthe artists' desire to find the best proportions for the beautifulforms which they wished to represent.For example, Phidias, it has been said, used 20 models in order that ho might assembletlfe most beautiful parts of each into one figuie.As early as 1770 Sir Joshua Reynolds called attention, in an address delivered beforethe Royal Academy of Fine Arts, to the differences in themeasurements of the human form from childhood to adult life.lSut it was to M. Quetelet, who .coined the word anthropometry, that creditshould be given for the first scientific study of physical growth,since his work was pursued from the standpoints of art and thescientific method. of empirical measurements and induction in 1838.Quetelet's data weremeager, and he failed to discover what has sincebeen verified by all investigators, that girls are taller and heavier than boysduring the early adolescent period. The vast amount of work that has been donein the field of flaperi- mental measurements and physicaltests consists largely of tabulated and descriptive reports ina wide range of discognected fields of endeavor. Much of the work is onlysuggestive and will have to be done again under standardizedconditions in order to determine definite correlations. One of themost varying factors is that of HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 143 age, since many investigatorsuse the last birthday, others the nearest birthday, some the next birthday, othersthe ago between the past and future birthdays, and -still otherstry to calculate exact birthdays.In not a single case, as faras I have been able to deter mine, have the measurements. been takenon the birthday except by chance. Many investigatorsmeasure the children with their clothing on, and no calculationsare accurate which aim to give the height of the shoo heel or the weigh, of theclothes.Again, many of the measurements are made,. ina number of investigations, by amateurs; it is very difficult to get the measurementsof trained, anthropometrists to agree. In spite of the heterogeneous materialon hundreds of thousands of children which ins been collected, much valuableand painstaking work has be ne which will be of dirett scientific, significance and -of directssistance to the physical director, the physician,the hygienist, anthropologist, educational -psychologist, andeducator It is hoped that this monograph will not only makea distinctly new contribution to the important, fif,#(1 of scientific andexperimental education, but that it will assist in makingmore accessible the work previously done. The first important investigationon the physical measurements of adolescent boys that 1 have been able to findwas published in 1854 by Zeissing in his study of Belgian children.Following this, in 1860, Cromwell studied the growth of Manchesterschool children for the ages from 8 to 18, and discovered the generallaw which has been verified by every authority since that date withthe exception of Quetelet for normal children and Goddard forfeeble-minded chit- dren, i. e., girls are taller and heavier than boys fromthe approximate ages of 11 to 14.The boys then become taller and heavier and continue their growth longer. The measurements of adolescent boyswere published by G. C. Steet in 1874, in the form of a distribution tablegiving the relation of weight to height, which, so faras I con ascertain, is the first use of. the weight-height index asan expression of the robustness of an individual.The first report, was soon supplemented andimproved by Roberts in 1876 and Bowditch in 1877.The following year, 1878, Roberts published his "Anthropometry," which givesin index col - umns, age columns, and result columns conclusions basedon 27,640 males between the ages of 4 and 50years from the records of Dr. Bowditch, of Boston, Masse, and later givesa table showing the comparative measurements of 59,077 males, including11 classes of individuals.In 1883 the final report of the anthropometric committee, of which'Francis (Talton was chairman,was drawn up and submitted by Roberts and Sir R. W. Rawson. In England thestudy of growth has been mainly by men whowere interested in the general laws of 144 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. anthropology, while in America the work was originally pursued for its educational value and more recently for its correlation in psychological studies. Following. Quote let's study of the individuals for eachago from birth to 21 years, Bowditch made in 1875 his extensive investigation on over 24,000 Boston school children; during the 'same year the Provost General of the United States published the statistics of the American armies comprising 190,621 male whites ranging from 16to 42 years.of age.In 1878 Roberts began to publish his tables on over 30,000 individuals' of all classes in England, which were followed by the Report of the Anthropometric Committee on Schools, Military and Naval Colleges, based on 29,405 rhalos, and females.The following year Peckham began his investigations in America and Hertel in Denmark..The subsequent investigations of the more general typo were Key's, in Sweden in 1889, where 18,000 children were measured; Geisslers's, in Germany, where the records from 21,17;3 childrenwere used; and Porter's, in America, in 1893, where 21,173 childrenwere studied in relation to physical growth and mental development. Since this date more detailed work has been done with- specialages, nationalities, sexes, and classes. Roberts began the work of differentiating the classes and found the children of the favored classes were taller and heavier than those of the artisan classes; this view has been substantiated by practically all other authorities who have made such distinctions in the data. In addition to the numerous special groups of children measured, the most valuable individual study is that of Wiener's foursons from birth to 20 years of age.Among the other individual studies are Camerer's, Peckham's, Landsberger's, and Wisslor's which is especiallwaluable. The first study dealing with feeble-minded childrenas a class was made by Roberts in 1878 on about 130 children.Tho second significant report was made by Tarbell in 1881; a third by Shuttleworth in 1884 on 1,209 children, followed by Wylie's in 1889 and 1903on about 400. children.Goddard's investigation covering over 10,000 cases is the most painstaking and valuable in this field. (B) SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

1. HEIGHT. Periods of growth.First-born children exceed later-born children in height (Boas).Short children continue longer to grow than,tall children (Boas). . The most rapid growth occurs during the first year, and the rate is approximately the same for boys and girls (Burk). The period of accelerated growth'appears just before puberty and the most rapid adolescent growth is from 14 to 15 (Hall). HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 145 Large children have the period of acceleratedgrowth in height earlier than short children (Bowditch).This conclusion is not upheld by Boas. The comparative rate of growth in height of dull,mediocre, and precocious children of the same sex is thesame at all ages from 7 to 16, inclusive (Porter). There is a close correlation beIween height and pubertalmatura- tion, as shown by pubescence (Crampton, Weisse'nberg,Foster). Manner of growth. Growth in height is rhythmic,alternating periods of growth with periods of inactivity Mall, Burk). The body does not grow relatively larger but byparts (Vierordt). The body normally increases from birthto maturity 3 times in height (Hall). Children have each year a maximal,a middle, and a minimal period of growth; in the maximal period the daily growthis 2times as much as in the middle period, while the middle periodis 2 times as great.as the minimum (Mailing -Hansen). ,40 The fluctuations in the groivthof a youth, a boy, andan infant are relatively the same (Camerer). Physical and mental developmenl.Dull childrenare shorter than precocious children of the same ageor average children (Porter, Christopher). Early pubescence favors good scholarship; latepubescence, poor scholarship ((!rampton). Thce is no correlation between academic examinationsin college and physical measurements (Galion). Successful pupils are taller than unsuccessful, andthe rate of growth is quicker than in the successful (Gretsianoff). Sex.Boys are taller than girls at allages except the period from about 11 to 14, when girls excel in both height and weight(Smedley)., Growth is more variable with girls than with boys (Boas). The relation of weight and height in growing children issuch that at heights below 58 inches boys are heavier than girls inproportion to their stature.At heights above 58 inches thereverse is true (Bowditch). Girls nearly cease to grow at about 17years of age (Peckham). This view is substantiated by practically alLinvestigators. Boys cease growing at about 23years of ago (Sargent, Seaver). There is occasionally a decrease in height after23.Gould found that the total height of men was not attained until theage of 27. From 15 to 18 sitting height in girls increases only2 inches; but over 4 inches in boys. At 14, the lower extremities of girls almost cease to grow, while those of boys increase 4 inches between14 and 19 (MacDonald). 7166°-14---=-10 146 AHCAL GROWTH AND SCHOOLPROGRESS. fact that we have certain particularmen and Women for our ancestors determines to a large extent what particular height we shall have (Thorndike). Environment. Height is conditioned tosome extent by the nutrition of the body, by exercise, by disease, in short,byall agents that influence bodily functions in general (Thorndike,Hrdlicka, Burk). Tho height of American-bornmen is modified by the density of loptilation.Urban life decreases stature from 5years on (Peckham). Country boys are taller than city boys (Galion). There is apparestly an influence of climateupon growth in height (Baxter). Social or environmental conditionsmay influence the rate of growth at different stages of development (Meumann). It is possible that the lute period of growth is inhibitedby improper hygienic conditions more than earlier periods (Hall). Disease.Acceloraited growth and bettor resistance ofdisease go together (Key). The ago of greatest growth, the adolescent period, is theage of greatest vitality and fewest deaths (Hartwell). There is 5 to 10 per cent less sicknessamong boys than girls (Schmid t-Moneard ). Arrest of grovhh frequently precedes disease inchildhood and should be considered a danger signal (Boulton). Chem.Children of the favored or nonlaboring classare taller than those of the working'class or less favored (Bowditch,Roberts, Geissler, Baxter).Boudin does not hold this theory.This difference is especially noticeable in the girls of the two classes (Pagliania). The pubertal period of superiority of girls in heightand sitting height is nearly a year longer in the laboring' classesthan in the nonlaboring classes, and the. children of the lattershow more ability in their studies than the former (MacDonald, Roberts). Children under poor nutritive conditionsgrow as fast or faster from 6 to 17 years of ago, but theyare shorter before that time than the well-nourished child, and hence.never attain to equal lioight (Bowditch, Burk). College students h-ave increased in height during thepast 25 years (Sargent). Nationality.Children of American-bornparents are intins Country taller than children of :foreign-bornparttits (Bowditch, Peckham). 'Race seems to be more important than socialor environmental conditions in determining absolute growth, but the latterconditions mayinfluence the rate- of growth at differentstages of development (Meumann). HIST2RICAL SUMMARY. 147 American children are taller than European,children; Americans are taller than Europeans (Dickson). Children and,adults in the differentparts of the United States vary in height (Barnes', Batter, Gould, Dickson),. White children not only havea greater standing height than colored children, but their sitting height is stillgreater (MacDonald, Greenwood). Children of Irish parents are taller thanthose of German parentage; variations are duo to stock or race (Peckham). In intermarriage between the Germansand the Americans the tendency is to-take the height of the tallerparent (Peckham). American boys excel in .hcight only duringpubescent years; later they are overtaken in height by Swedish, Danish,and Dutch (Hall). Filipino children show lesssex variations in height than Americana (Bobbitt). Chinese children are shorter than theaverage European (Bobbitt, M isawa) Abnornutd.--- Childrensclth abnormalitiesare inferior in height to

children of normal growth' (MacDonald). . Feeble-minded are, as a rule, shorter thanthe normal child, and the lower the grade the greater .the divergence(Goddard). Tho deerease in height is marked in defectivechildren after 18 fears of age (Goddard>. The-average height of the feeble-minded approximatesthe minimutla of the normal (Wylie, Goddard). Delinquent girls are as tall as the average girl(Tallant). 2. WEIGHT.

Periods of growth.First -born children exceed later-hornchildren in weight (Boas). Largo children have the period of accelertedgrowth in weight earlier than short children (Bowditch); Tho comparative weight growth of dull,mediocre, and precocious children is the same at allages from 7 to 16 inclusive (Porter). There is a close correlation between weight andpubertal maturation as shown by pubescence (Crampton, Weissenberg, Foster). Manner of growth.Grmyth is rhythmic, alternatingperiods of *eight growth with periods of inactivity (Hall,Burk). Tho body normally increages from birthto maturity 20 times in weight (Hall). Children increase in weight by dayand decrease by night (Mailing- Hansen). The fluctuations in -the growth ofa youth, a boy, and an infant are relatively the same (Camerer).. 148... PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. Ili The physical and mental development. Dull childrenare lighter than precocious children (Porter, Christopher). The acceleration in weight preceding puberty takes placeat the same age in dull, mediocre, and precocious children (Porter). There is lio correlation between academic examinations incollege and physical measurements (Galion). Successful pupils are larger than unsuccessful, and therate of growth is quicker in the successful (Gratsianoff). - Sex. Boys are heavier than girls at all ages, except the periodfrom about 11 to 14;when girls excel in weight (Smedley). Boys now are slightly lighter than in 1876 and girlsare heavier (Harrington). Et -ironment.Weight is conditioned by the nutrition of thebody, by exercise, by disease, in short, by all agents that influencebodily functions in general (Thorndike, Hrdlicka, Burk). Country boys are heavier than city boys (Galion). Accelerated growth and better resistance of diseasego together (Key).' Loss of weight frequently precedes disease in childhood and should be considered a danger signal (Boulton). Clasee B.Children of the favored classes are heavier than children of the working class (Bowditch, Roberts). Boys of the favred class in America are heavFer than thesame class in England (Bowditch). The pubertal period of superiority of girls in weight is nearlya year longer in the laboring class than in the nonlaboring class (MacDonald). College students have increased in weight in the last 25years (Sar- gent). Agricultural students in college are heavier than those ofother classes (Elson). s Nationality. Children of American-born parentsare in this coliti- try heavier than children of foreign-born parents (Bowditch, Peck- ham). . . The average American is heavier than theaverage European (Dickson). . . Children and adults vary in .weight in different parts of the United States (Barnes, Baxter, Gould, Dickson). Colored childreVd,Wve a greater weight in proportion than white children (hfacDon Greenwood). Filipino children show less sex variation inoweight than Americans (Bobbitt). Chinese children are lighter than theaverage European (Misawa, Bobbitt). . Europeans increase more in weight than Americans (Dickson). HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 149 Abnormal.Defectives are heavier at birth than normal children (Wylie, Goddard). Children with abnormalities are lighter than normal children(Mac- Donald). Feeble-minded children' are lighter than normal children, andthe lower the mental grade the greater the divergence from thenormal (Goddard). Delinquent and truant boys are, as.a rule, lighter thanboys in the public school (Smedley). Delinquent girls from a rural reformatory schoolare as heavy as the average child (Tallant).

3. LUNG CAPACITY. Growth.Lungs share to a inarked degree in theaugmented development of adolescence (Hall). Lungs continue to grow in weight until oldage; in youth they con- stitute from to 2 per cent of body weight, in maturity from 274to 3i (Hall). The inaximal capacity is at 19, accordingto Beyer,' while other authorities place it at 35. The greatest lung capacity occurs in the childnaturally after the year of greatest aggregate increase (Hall). For each centimeter of increase or decrease ofstature above or below the mean, there is a corresponding riseor fall of the vital capacity, amounting in men to GO cubic centimeters, in*womento 40 cubic centimeters (Whipple). - Weight increase, more than vital capacity, while vital capacity increases more than height (K,o t t elman, MacDonald). Physical exercise may increase vital capacitysomewhat; tight clothing, disease, and other unfavorable factorswill decrease it (Whipple). Sex.Girls increase most rapidly in vital capacityfrom 12 to 14, after which the increment is ata diminished rate, and apparently ceases to increase altogether at 20 (Smedley). Boys take a sudden start upward at 14, and continuea rapid rise until at least t9i (Smedley). Boys have a larger vital capacity than girls at allages (all inves- tigat ors). Mental.Tho lung capacity was found to be muchgreater in children whose standing in schoolwas high and distinctly inferior in a school for laggards (Smedley). Vital capacity-of feeble-minded children is below normal(Goddard), as is also that of retarded children (De Busk). The most complete bind significant table of growthso far published for general purposes is that by Burk, basedon Boas's data for height, 150 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND EIOHOOL PROGRESS. and data from Bowditch, Peckham, and Porter for weight.- These tables are as follows: (C) NORMS. TABLE25.-Average American height mathematically calculated by Dr. Franz Bats from the data of 45,151 bays and 4.1298 girls in the cities of Boston, St. Louis, Mil- waukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oakland (Cal.); also absolute and percentagr annual . increases of same.

Boys. - .... Girls. Approxi- mate averageNumber ofAverage Absolute Number ofAverage 1 Absolute age. observe- for each annual Annual Annual -tuoresse. observe-ions. for each annual increase. lions. year. Increase. year. increase.

Inches. Inches. Per cent. Inches. Indus. Per cent. 1,535 41.7 1,260 41.3..., 3,975 43.9 2.2 5.3 3,618 43.3 2,0 4 8 7 5,379 48.0 2.1 4.8 4,913 45.7 2.4 5.5 5,633 48.8 2.8 6.1 5,789 47.7 2.0 4.4 5,531 50.0 1.2 2.5 5,132 19.7 2.0 4.2 1 5,151 51.9 1.9 3.8 4,827 51.7 ' 2.0 4 0 11 4,759 1.7 53.6 3.3 4.507 53.8 2.1 4 1 1 4,205 55.4 1.8 3.4 4,187 56.1 , 2.3 4.3 13 3,573 57.5 2.1 3.8 3,411 58.5 2,.4 4.3 1 2,518 60.0 2.5 4.3 2,537 60.4 1.9 3.1 1 1,481 62.9 2.9 4.8 1,656 61.6 1.2 2.0 1 753 64.9 2.0 3.2 1,171 62.2 .6 1.0 429 66.5 1.6 2.5 790 62.7 .5 .9 229 67.4 .9 1.4

Average American weight mathematically calculated from the data of about 68,000 childrenmthe cities of Boston, St. Louis, and Milwaukee; also absolute and per- °tillage annual increases of same.

Boys. 11 iris.

Ass. Average forAbsolute an- Annual Average forAbsolute an. Annual each age. nail Increase: 'norm's°. each ago. nual increase. increase.

Pounds. Pounds, Per cert. Pounds. , Pounds. I Per cent. 45.2 43.4 71 49.5 4.3 9.5 47.7 4.3 9.9 U.S 5.0 10.1 52.5 4.8 10.0 59.6 5.1 9.3 57.4. 4.9 9.3 65.4 5.8 9.7 62.9 5.5 _9.6 116 70.7 5.3 8.1 69.5 6.6 10.5 76.9. 6.2 8.7 78.7 9.2 13.2 84.8 7.9 10.3 88.7 10.0 12 7.- 1 96.2 10.4 12.3 98.3 9.6 11.9 107.4 12.2 12.8 106.7 8.4 8.5 1 121.0 13.6 12.7 112.3 5.2 17 115.4 Sir 2.8 114.9

Table- 25 of Boas (see above) shows 4 the growths in height and weight and the annual absolute and proportional increases for what might be termed theVirerage 'American boy and girl.The average in Table I (weight) has been calculated by the mathematician M. de Perott upon the following plan: The averages given by Bow- ditch from 24,500 children of Boston, by Porter from 34,500 children of St. Louis, and by Peckham from 9,800 children of Milwaukee- making. nearly 89,000 children all together-have been thrown together, but not averaged directly. At eachage the number of aISTORICAL SUMMARY. 151 children has been massed from these three sources'and each of the three averages allowed to influence the average of the whole in proportion to the number of children each city contributes.Thus, for example, suppose at the age of 10 years St. Louis contributes 5,000 children, Boston 4,000, and Milwaukee 1,000-altogether there wouldbe 10,000 children of that age-the averages of the three cities would therefore influence the final average in the ratio of 5, 4, and 1, on the same principle .we use in partnership. "`` A significant table bearing on the relaMn of mental development to growth was compiled and published by Porter.The table for weight) is as follows:

TABLE 26.-Relation of precocity to 'weight as indicated by distribution of heavy and light children of the same aye in the different grades of St. Luis se eels (after Porter).

- - Grade. Mean Age at near- - - est birth-weight (boys,Kinder- day. girls). T. 11. VI. VII. VIII. gh garten. schHiool.

1.6a. 43.74 43.58 45.29 6 41.94 41.65 4.5.0< ... : 47.73 45..50 45. 48. 52.00 i 45.84 43.07 46. 7E 49.84 47.80 51. 79 54. 43 57.00 8 50.15 46.50 49.60 52. 10 53 17 57. 75 55.147 57.64 89.66 01. 75 9 55.17 52. 57 55. 44 57.10 60. (10 62. 40 60. 19 61.14 64.00 64.91 10 60.46 57. (8) 59.50 61.15 61. 64 68.47 &3. 50 65.45 68.12 69 94 71.29 73.34 11 65.64..... M. 34 62. 05 115.50 60. 77 68. 12 73.61 70. 00 69.50 72'17 73.86 71.69 77.29 76.50 12 73.23 71.75 69.80 71.50 72.74 75. 13 75.92 78.50 79.85 74.25 75.95 78. 43 80. 90 82.17 83.50 82.00 13 83.73 79.50 76.50 81.92 92. 78 86. 95 87.63 88 50 88.08 81.00 84.00 87.83 87.20 93.63 97.50 86.50 14 .... 93.94 90.50 87. 17 92.67 94.64 96. 15 99.00 10& 12 166 20 89.00 95.33 99.17105.50 10,1. 17 106.08 15 103.23 98.50100.96 99.83104.00 .58 105.16 114.17 114 50104.00114. 00 123.00 16 110.06 109 12107.38110. 29 113.57 115.69 111.00 116.00

" The truth which the table expresses is very plain.It declares in unmistakable lines that precocious children aro heavier and dull children lighter than the mean child of the same age.It estab- lishes a physical basis orecocity and dullness. " Whether means or averages are the more trustworthy tools in investigations of this sort is a matter of opinion. So long as their respective, value is a subject of controversy investigators will accept no results as final which can be supported only by means.It must therefore be my first concern to show that the law mean precocity is related to mean physical devellopment may with equal truth be written average precocity is related to average physicaldevelopment." The summaries given in the table following are included primarily for their historical suggestive value. 152 PHYSICAL GROWTH ANDSCHOOL PROGRESS.

Tans 27.-Average height of men; 100recruits from each State (Dickson, -1857).' Feet. Feet. New York 5.6505Ohio 5.7537 New Jersey and Delaware 5.6509Indiana 5 7604 Pennsylvania 5.6756Alabama 5.7647 Maseachueetta and Connecticut... 5.6821Illinois 6.7696 Vermont and New Hampehire .5.6951South Carolina 5.7729 Maryland 5.7130Kentucky 5 7729 Missouri 5.7162Tennessee 5 7779 Maine 5.7314North Carolina 5 7814 Virginia 5.7488Georgia 5.8272 Blond races are characterized by superior stature.The American Indian is a striking exception.Even though only 121 Indians were measured .for this table, Gould finds, in au investigation of 517 Indians, a mean height of 68.225 inches. Runs 28.-Height as affected by nationality.

Order of Ripe- Number of Mean riority. Nativity. men height examined. (lichee .

United States, Indians 121 67.934 2 Uniwted States, whites 315,130 67. 672 3. No 2,290 67. 467 4 SooHanay d 3,476 67.066 6 British America 21,645 87. 014 6 Sweden 1,190 68. 896 7 Ireland 60,537 86..41 Denmark 383 66. 649 9.. Holland. 989 66.637 10. 89 ti86.584 11 En= 16,196- 66.577 12 Germany 64, 914 66.536 13 United States, colored 25,823 66. 531 14.. Wales 1,104 66.1,18 Rustle 123 66.3113 Switzerland 1,802 86.381 17 West Indies 660 66.307 18 France 3,243 86.277 19 Poland 171 66.211 90 Mexico 91 66. 110 31 Italy 339 66.000 00 th America 79 66.899 8 148 65.635 st Portugal 81 66.432

While blond races have statures superior to those of darkraces, the same condition by no means holds in detail among themselves, as is shown by the following table.Stature, then, depends upon race, and not upon complexion.- . Tama 29.-Height and compltszion.

. Mean Mean Nativity. Light oom-Dirt com- Total. height of height of pleatkased.plexioned. WI ledom-dark oom- .pinioned. s

[rutted States 126,445 64,176 190,621 67.652 67.773 Brtttsh Amuios 9,506 4,859 14,365 67.160 67.073 6,801 9,843 0,649 U. 582 06.1 EZZa 20,376- 8,61? 38,906 41 733 86.63756 Qusomay 20,560 0,041 10,600 .66631. 61.3911

MUNI sistieties et the Prove et Marshal geeing% berm, VD). 1, p.

I HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 153 TABLE 30.-Stature of adul4 males arranged in order of greatest stdture (Roberts's Manual).,

Race ur nationality. Authority. Height (inches).

Polynesians Garuat, Beechey, Porter, Cook, Rollins, etc 69.33 English (professional claw) Anthropological committee. .t. 69.14 Patagonians.. Musters, D'Grbigny 60.00 ninunie of the Naga Hills Woodtherp 69.03 Negroes of the.Kongo Ippinard 68.95 Scotch (all classes) . Anthropological committee 68.71 Kafir* (SouthAfrica) Sir A. Smith 68.50 Iroquois Indiana. Gold 68. 28 TWas of the Niighiries Mandiall 67.95 Negroes of Calabar. . ...Topinard 67.95 North American Indians Baxter 67.93 Irbh (all classes). ...Anthropological committee 67.90 United States whiuse (atlas's's') Baxter 87.87 English (ail dames) Anthropological committee 67.68 Norwegians Beddoe, Baxter 67.86 Zulus . Roberta 87.19 English (Laboring clams) ...... Anthropological committee 87.08 Canadians Baxter 67.01 Tbjfka of Fachaem and Samarkand Ujfalvy 87.10 Swedes ( Blimp-ants to United States)..Baxter and Beddoe 88.90 Chippewa Indiana Oliver 66.90 Kaby les Topinard 66.85 Welsh (all daises) Anthropological committee 65.98 Danes (immigrants to United Stahe) Baxter 86.85 Dutch ( immigrants to United States); do 86.62 American D*003 do 66.82 ( ktliagranta to United State). do 66.58 Hungarian! (immigrants to United do States). 66.58 English lays Anthropological committee 66.57 Gemanstanceigranta to United /BMWBaxter 66.54 Seise of Geneva Dunant 66.43 Se lee ( immigrants to United States)...Baxter.... 66.38 It um lane (immigrants to United States) do 88.38 Belgians Quetelet 68.38 French (immigrants to United Stabi)..Baxter.., 66.23 Poles ( immigrants to United States) do 68.B French (upper Mamma) De Quatretages 66.14 (Ian-tants Novara 88.10 Mexicans Baxter 66.10 Berbera of Algeria Toproard .66.10 Arabs Various KM lltbeks of Ferghana and Samarkand Mislay 66.08 Javanese Novara 6.06 Rt111141.0.1 Shultz 66.04 /taints:is (Immigrants to United States).Baxter 66.00 South A merkans(immigrants to United..... do States). 65.90 Australian aborigines ...Varian' 65.88 Austrian Sims ..Ujfalvy 65.66 aichas (Iranian mountaineers. ) do 85.86 Spantards(immlgrnntatoU lilted/Rates).Baxter 65.66 Berbers of Algeria.. Topinard 65.62 Porthguese (immigrants to U ailed axter Staten). 65.43 Aires Bosky 6533 Austrian Germans Novara 65.37 French (wosking clams) 1)e Quatref ages 65.24 Esquimaux of North America Various 65.10 Ilungarians (military statistics) Scheiber and Beddoe 65. 04 Caucasians Shorn 64.93 New ()ulna (various tribes). Various 6.4.78 iiindoos Shorn 64. 76 Bavarians Novara 64.68 nuthenttuu Maier and Bo 61.54 Deavidlans Morn .61.50 Clngalme Davy *64.48 Auttrian Roumanians. Novell 64.37 Crosse ..do 64.17 Italians An. de 8tatist. 1879 64.00 Fuegans ,Novara 63.98 Polish Jews !tape and Kopernlaki 63.88 Poles do 63.87 Finns. Novara.. 63.00 Papuans Various 63.20\ Japanese. Mrs. Ayfton. 63.11 Aymaras Indians (Pens) Forbes 63.00 Peruvians. fl'Orbigny 63.00 Cochin-Chinese Finlayson. Malays ..Raffles, Crawford, eta 34 Veddas of Ceylon Bailey 60.42 Lapps. ..liordlo 59.30 164 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS. Tema SO. -Stature of adult malts arranged in order of greatest stature (Roberts's Manual)-Continued. Height Race or nationality. Authority. (Inches).

Andamanese Man 58.70 Allies Be Quatrelsge, 58. 30 Semangs do r 57.00 ILifsoopese do 56. 53 Boalamans (I3 ush men of South Africa) .Various 52. 79

Difference between tallest and shortest, 16.55 inches. Average stature of man according to table, 65.25 Incites. TABLE 31.-1/eightand weight at certain agfx-Forbes)

English. . Scotch. Belgian. Ages. eight.Weight.height.Weight.Height.Weight.Height.Weight.

Inches.Pounds Indus Pounds.Inches.Pounds. Incites Pounds. 18 68 1 15\0 68.55 139.0 145. 5 67. 2 134.0 20 68.7 144.0 69.1 146.5 69.a 148. 0 67.9 143.0 21 08.7 140.0 09.2 14`.5 70.0 151.0 60. 8 145.5 23 6N.9 149.0 69.3 151.0 70. 2 154. 0 68.2 148. 5 24 6.8 9 150.0 69.3 132.0 70.2 155.9 68. 2 149.5 r=== Institutions. Height.Weight.

Inches.Pounds. Virginiaunary Institute 69 141.25 United States Military Institute, West Point 69 143. 67 Southern California Medical l'ollege 69+ 145.25 tv Jefferson College, Philadelphia, Pa 09+ 145.00 Louisiana li 70. 2 145. 25 Nashville University Medical College 70.0 150. 17 Michigan College 63.8 150.80

I Charleston Journal 13, 18.5a, p. 502. TABLE 32.- Cincinnati police standard (Dun). I. Age. (1) Patrolmen must be between the ages of 21 and 40 years. (2) Lieutenants must be between the ages of 21 and 50 years. II. Height, weight, etc. Minimum height 5feet 71 inches.

height. Weight. mCmruret

F5 t.in. Pounds. Inches. 71 140 34 5 8 144 341 5 9 148 35 5 10 152 3.5i S 11 156 36 6 .. 100 37

Metropolitan police force of New York City. 1. Applicants must be between the ages of 21 and 30 tears. II.Height,weight, etc. Minimum 'height, 5 feet 71 Mc es.

Height. Weight. mesaure.

Ft.in. Pounds. Indus. 7} 138 33} 8 140 34 9 145 3411. 10 150 36 11 155 34 100 38 1 186 38} 2 170 37 3 176 37} 4 180 88

-61.11811.11111191111111 _ HISTORICAL STIMMARY 156

United States Army standard.

I. Must be between the ages of 21 and 36 years. II. Weight, height, etc.

Weight (Dr. Green- VP. Height. leaf. UnitedWeight (Adjutant Chest measure. Stales Generals). Army).

Ft. in. Pounds. 5 4 114 120 pounds Na stated meas- 5 5 130 ures arere- 5 6 132 (iked. 134 7 4 141 Range between 5 9 144 the in 5 lo 155 this oWumn. 5 II 162 There must be 2 6 0 169 inches chest fi I 176 expansion. 6 2 141 190 pounds

English Army standard.

Chest Ileight. I Weight. measure.

Ft. in. Pounds. Inches. 5 6 113-140 34-39 5 7 140-147 39-10 5 8 13,47-135 40-41 5 9 155-164 41-42 510 164 -174 42 -4.3 5 11 174-14.5 43-44 6 0 185-196 44-45

Ilutainson. s table of healthy v eight. From the average of 2,644 well-formed, healthy persons.

]Tight. I Weight.

Ft. in. Pounds. 5 7 144 5 8 153 9 163 510 169 511 174 6 0 176

(D) COMPARATIVE TABLES OF HEIGHT AND WEIGHT. The table following gives in comparative. form the average heights and weights, arranged according to ago and chronological order, of the most important investigations so far made within this field.For full titles of investigations here mentioned, see the bibliography which follows. 1 2 T4BLE 33.--Height and increments, in inches, according to various measurements. 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Agee, In years. BelgiumQuetelet,each (101836, ageof and . ' Z,- 1854, Beigtum. Cowell,Kazychest,., 1860, England. E .24:ma 1861, d 1se, Bowdi tch . 1875, (13,69'5 kr'. Boston (190,621Medicaltics A mert-of statts- fi.rovost end ails/1T%. Bowdltch . 1878, f°r°14.1.° Roberts, 1878,artisan- England, elass (13,931).6 favoredRoberts, classes 1878, England,(7,7179). EnglishRoberts, towns1872, , sex)., I 10,904 F.)., ean-bomfit whites for Army).' 0 .86. 19.7 19.4F. M. F. M. F. 12.21M. 17.50' F. M. F. M. . . F. M. F. M. F. M. F. U. 3 13.6 3431.1 2.97.8 30.7 2.93.57.8 s 28.60 1 to 3 to years. 27.70 . 4 - -, ------5 1I 36.5 2!2. 4 ' 36:0 2.3 31.00 4 years 31.60 ' ...a .... . ,.. ... ----- 38. 45 2.71 741.,.., I 441258.92.3 42.840.678.3I.: 2.2.3 2 37.50 5 to 6 years. 37.00 454.1.41.57 . 74II 1.99 4.5.524543.41.19 35 2.062.172. 16 45.0143.1841. 161.981.83 46.16 1.15 109 45,?48.09.12.31 1 47.145.02.12.1 '49.3449.58 1.76 .24 7 to 13 4 y0015. ..2.0249.6947.76 1.991.93 49.3747.58 1.971.79 52.00 L 51 49.2246.99 1.302.23 60.1847.31 2.552.97 II L 52.250.1 2.1 51.249.22.0 52.0651.34 .74 51.350. 5 .8 51.749.6 2.2 47.00 i . 45. 00 53.33.51.6$ 1. 55.4251.34 2.08 64.94153. 51 1.45 . 61.5250.52 1.00 54.9153.40 1.51 53.8452.73 1.11 1312. 1I 51. 9 L 0 2.0 1.46 63. 2 1.9 53. 6 1.9 I 55. 11 2.1.78 10 66. 882.46 58. 78 1.82 52. 99 2.941.47 56. 97 1.822.08 55. 51 2.791.67 1514 57.856.0 1.8 56.966.141:: 1.71.8 56.3065.125?: tl 1.18 *6.754.8 2.41.91.6 57.966.8 2.3k2.0 .8 59.8857.21 2.482.66 59.9468.60 2.31.21.7 \ 61.5069.60 2.701.902.82 57.7665.93 2.831.83 ... , 61.1158. 79 2.362.32 ... 59.8458.30 2.761.64 1716 . 59.6 62.861.2 1.6L6 80.950.958.8 1.01.3 -al 63.882.259.1 1.63.1 60.750.658.7 1.? .8 60.6014 to 19 years.67.70 66.1665.0062.38 1.162.64 6L9281.5881.10 .3.5 65.6564. 11 1.54 . .g: t133 67.4464.21 1.61 - 64.4662. 9360.58 1.522.35 -- 67.8666.63.47 40 2.931.48 66.7465. 10 1.642.50 .. , 62-061.861.5 .2.a.6 66.66 SO 61.95 .0 67.1187.0766.39 3.68 . 4474 67.44 .0 68.68.0265. 3147 1.02 .20 ss 69.68.7268.29 13 .41..43 43 68.0060.16 1.161.26 20 to 2 D years. 68.0187.9267.78 .09..27 14 88.80 68.52-.4169.9369. 16 .77. 03 66. 75 62.00 68.0988.0568.02 .02..th.01 04 66.66 68.95 . 43 68.68.13 1768.11 ..02 t 89.08 00-3 88.2088.18 .00.02. 01 r92 .10 68.to 3515) pers. 82.00 88.3568.29 .12.O6 - - ; .88.2668.24-.02-.1988.68. 2847 .02 67.93 08.23-.01 .00 4 I males 65.70, tema7es 61.50; 70 to 80 years, males 65.70, femalesg According 61; 50 to 00to Boyd'syears, males measurements, 66.70, females In 1861, 80. London, the heights were, for ages 40 to IO years, males 06.80, females 02;3 See 50 toBowditch, 60 years,See first Qoetelet reference. (In bibliography), fourth reference. 4 Seet See Sternberg. Bowdltch, second reference. 68.23 6 See Roberts, first reference. males 66, females 62; 00 to 70 years, 5 G: 5 5 5'.!) r P !-F, ...... : 22Cle53ter.M282=223O113talati

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PROGRESS'. SCHOOL AND GROWTH PHYSICAL, - 180 . - HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 161

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Greenwood, Greenwood, michgnoff MkbatIolt, C,ordetro, 1887) Age, In 1886, 1886, Kkhanoff, M. D. in Stevenson, yews. 1887 Rtissitt thillmtakt, Landsbergeff, Erlemsnn,mowow, 1887 J'. Rabb- American, American, 1887 Russia,.i 1887 Russia,United States.1887 Radom Erbmaiin,3,,,11,,, ,.,,,,,,,_ white (724). negro (223). Dischiii, E °men- 1888, Posen (3,272 m um, Rusili. taree1461. t Stadischiller. I Navy (033). (104).1 tp1; (i."-- (5,401). 1 495 F. )". 'England and America. M. P. Y. F. . . M. F. Y. F. Ii F. M. . F. Y. F. U. F. M. F. M. F. *. Mt F. 3 . . e r 41.3041.05 2.58 1.94 7...... 4 At 42.1 43.88 .99 2. 1 1. 98 I. 99 8 ' 44.2 44.1 44/9 2.00 45. 44.98 48.34 46.347.42 48.3845.80 2.3 I. 9 1. 2.1I 9 1.30 1.54 1.48 48.2 46.445.8 1.96 1.28 1.9 47 1 47.09 47.640.34 48.88 48.34 . 1.9 l.3 28 1.98 10 47.08 49.6 48.1 2.20 1.38 1.74 3.16 2.11. 48.347.1 47.29 49.6949.05 49:8449.22 60. 6( 1.5 1.3 3.2 2. 1 .90 II i. 1. ie 51.5049.20 51.1 49.4 2.07 2.14 1. as' I ran I. 88 1.144 51.649.2 48. 19 61.7661.19 61.3 51.5 50.2 61.6 51.0060.58 61.92 1. 6 1. 8 I. 9 1.9 1.53 4. 0 1. 7 _. 4 53.3851.04 52.7 1.71 2.07 12 II 1.70 1.80 1.16 ,. 1.78 1.28 51.2 63.451.1 49.71 53.4753.26 .3 53.2 We 530627052.38 63.38 1.4 2.0 1.8 I.2 1.42 2. 1 2.1 3.4 - 65.1652.30 54.1 1.68 2.51 13 2.0 1.58 1.86 1.91 2.68 2. 12 63.2 56.262.3 51.14 55.0566.77 56.4 55.4 64.0 2.4 . 56.6 54.2864.14 ,86. 30 67.2454.42 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.77 2.01 2. 19 8 14 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 59.00 56.5 66.1 1,18 , 1.96 1.88 1.96 2.10 67.254.5 52.91 57.0667.96 57.3.67.1 56.7 67.0 65.44 1.9 2.9 2.2 67.26 50. 1267.38 61.10 1.31.. , & 2.0 1 1 1.1 1.42 :t123..i 59.157.4 544.22 I5. 68.6 69.9 57.8 2.48 .24 2.36 2.3 59.6069.87 69.f 66.88 . 8 1.58 2.5 1.37 2.8T 16 4.3 2 8 4.3 1.5 67.01 63.46 61.5 61.6 1.14 .. 1.98 65.69 63.27 619 a / a el 1 ao. a 1.53 1.48 2.0 1.9 01.01 63.5469.15 64.94 63.5 1. 18 2.39 .88 17 ... . 63.6 67.75 x 1.00 1.7 64.6661.67 1.1 2.97 1.54 . 64.54 , 65.2 :55 1.8 64.6 60. 32 66.2062.22 .3 2.12 19 65.5 .61.- .03 4, 82. 44 80.8162.19 -.2 1.26 10 86.3 63.70 1.1 ,- i .71 11 1N 4 . 88.4 64. 11 85. 7 1 .31- ' 64.72 I- I .44 45 44 47 48 49 59 I 51 52 63 54

C111311gli, garistacit' Geissler Kel. 1889, Stevenson, 1888 .. 1888, r Simon,1889,Pagllant, 1890 Stevens", Ira, lo years. Germany 1888, Gonda Sweden , 1888-1690, 1886-IWO, Wiener, 1/410),Wiener,1119(1.A' loner, 1890, moan (1,386M., (15,000 Y., French Turin (I 098 (Bailees (273). m.. 968 P.). England, England, l; erman (1). German(1 ). German (1). (600). dabule). g 1,420F.). 3,030 F.) nonlaboring. laboring. i _, F. M. i F. M. F. M. F. . F. M. F. M. F. M. , F. M. F. M. F. M. F. ._._ 21.16 H. 11 20.63 I 7.-07 9.76 8.68 ,. . 28.23 27.87 29.21 2_ 5. 08 5.12 4.81 33.31 32.99 34.02 8 . 3. 34- 3.34 3.07 31.933.3 36. 6,5 30.33 87.09 4. 2.3 2./ 2.76 3.23 2.02 36.236.0 39.41 39.56 40. 11 8 2.0 2.0 2.48 2.96 2.41 38. 2 38.0 11.89 42.52 42.62 N. 2. 5 2.2 2.88 2.87 2.56 43.0 43.4 43.11. 45.644.5 40.7 40.2 44.77 44. 89 45.08 7 18 LB 1.8 2. 0 1.21. 3.6 2.8 , 2. 39 2.20 2.32 44. 8 45. 044.8'44. 47. 645. 7 44. 3 43. 0 47. 16 47.09 47.40 2. 0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.13 2.12 2.09 46. 8 ,,, 47.88 47.046.3 ID. 648. 4 43.58 46.6 45.5 49.29 49.21 49. 49 1.9 1.73 1.8 2. 5 2.0 I.6 1. D4 2.2 2. 1 2.08 2.08 2.12 49.61 48.848.8 51.650.0 45.52 48. 8 47.6 61.37 61.29 61.61 * 44.1i 1.88 2. 0 1.8 .8 2. 0 1. 0 2. 5 1. 70 1.78 2.21 61. 49 60. 8 5 0. 6 V2.4 62. 0 49.860.1 63.0 60.6 63.07 63.07 53.82 1- 1 1.90 I. 3 2.1 1.1 1.9 1. 1 1.6 1.6 r...... fig: 5 1.0 2.32 2.28 2.17 63.39 521 52.7 53.553.0 49.33 50.961.7 54.5 61.5 66.39 65.36 55.99 1.9 1.84 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.4 2.69 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.17 2.24 1.18 519 5523 54.454.9 66.158.3 62.02 52.6 53. 8 56.6 53.5 57.50..,. 67.59 57.17 2.0 2.17 I.0 3. 2 1.6 2.0 .76 2. 4 2. 3 2. 0 2. 0 3. 34 3.23 2.63 IL-:----: 66. 4 .... - 57.40., 65. 457.1 56. 768.3 62.78 65. 058.1 58. 5 55. 6..4 . 430. 90 60.82 60.80 L. 2.3 2.66 2. 0 1.9 2.98 2.Z 2. 8 2. 5 2. 5 ' 3.76 2.73 2.06 61.7 A 06 56. 700. 8 55. 71 57. 268.9 61. 0 . 58. 0 64. 65 63.55 61.85 If L 0 2. 7 1.6 2. 04 2.6 1.2 2. 3 2. 5 1.69 3.03 3.70 61. 7 .. 61. 401.8 57. 78 59. 880, t 03. 6 60. 5 66. 54 66.68 66. 56 1 2. 4 2. 4 .8 2.37 2. 4 11 5 8.0 2.5 .94 1.66 2.26 60.12 62. 260.6 66.5 63.0 67.48 68.23 67.60 r 1. 9 .4 1.18 8 . 4 1.5 l.5 . 51 . 71 1.38 65. 763.0 61.30. 53.. 061.0 68.0 64.6 67. 99 68.94 89.18 Owtatfcreg *mkt be added to the aipislOven for themeasurementsIn this colu mn. Bee Ernmenn, first reference. flee borpr, Ara refiring*. a flee Key, Ann reference. and increments, in inches, according to various meareements-Continued. Y45 44 ABLE 33.-Height46 1 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 64 0111111dt, UM, gatIttid t' 1888, 1888GohlisGeissler, (13,000Key, M. 1889,Sweden Simon, , ",rurinD.Aiani ( 189o. i as Stevenson,1888-1890, Stevenson,England,1888-1890, Wiener,German 1890, ( 1). Wiener, 1890,(1). Wiener, 1890, F. M.GermanyC -81eihule). bhere F.. M.V ,m5 ,420 11,1't 3,606 F. ).e ,,,,.,., ,. M. (223). F. u., 968 i.. ).M. F. M.Eni=kg. F. M. F. M. ' F. German M. F. German (I).M. F. I4 IL F. 1 66.9 1.2 63.0 0.0 63.3 0.3 01.0 0.0 68.5 0.5 65.5 1.0 68.03 I 0.04 1 e9.40 0.46 69 .52 0.34 - I . .4 .8 .4 .2 611.0 .5 .01 I .08 48 00.8B .36 ,.. 67.767.3 .4 -.863.061.8 62 03.7 69.068.7 ..3 0 66. ..2 3 2 i 68.0708.07 t 1 60.52a. .01 00.99 .11 in.iiitIL 4. .. . 69.069. 0 66.566.5 , 68.19 .12 ' 09.66 .01 70. . 1617 . Z 66 N 67 58 . 641 60 01 St . en 64 . Si OoW AP, tirYeen' , wiener,German (1). 1890, Ifig?.Mr,eiraGreenwood; s ---- white (2,610): Americanrer997,13°d' negroGreenwood,-- (574).American -Fg90,, , ------2n6nr.w.,,herinanY,h;Hasse, 1891, RG,i,ertnan.,,,,ii,Huse, U 1891, Geissler,.(10.3-13 1892, I.,10,830 F.)Freiberg .. Gakland,,..'''" ""' Cal. ,,,"7.1 (4'936)' Schi0141t,1602, (4,6994,807 M.,- F.),Sallfeld Porter, 1803,(10,29318,050St. Louts,M. F.).4 F.OberlinHems, students). Col-Ito; 'lege (500 -M. F. M. F. 1 M. F. M. F. M. 4 F. ---- - M. F: M. F. M. 1 F. M. I F. M. I 4. F M. F. , 4 30.13 7.48 . I Sk. 2.L - 4.111 . . 1 II . 11 ..4 - 37.81MO L 70 , In6T01110AL SUMMARY. 165

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t . Thus S4.-Weight and incremen4, in pounds, accorctipg to variotu measurements -- Continued. 1.4! 156 ^ . 111 .. 158 156 ISO 161 le . . 168 164 166 166 . 1Sf . O - 2, Heatrngs, Hanna, 1503, Hanna, 1893, ' Ars inpin& Aramican,Hastkers,Amherst 1893, . .,"Arearkan, Amherst 1893, Hand, half-yearstudents) (500 studentshaff-yeer )Oberlin (1 600 (16,2951£1,059 81.M., F.).LowsPorter, 1893, (1,250 M. ' 1802,Japanlliwa, gYninasien *I R u Atm,Back,1/493, Kcemowsky, Russia,(erten 1894. West,Worcester 1894, (3,250). 15,325 H.,Porter,t. Louis1894, American. naval ,,,,,,,,.Beyer, 1895, blaPenns (2,434).Hall Ylvfr 1896 ' ' Y. .rnz. F. M. fr.ii1X F. M.eatesure- meats. F. Y.measure-meets. F. . M. F. M.2,800 F.): kolonlea.1 M. F. M.6,112 F.). F. M. (7:iii;. F. M. F. 543 .. 1 ... . 33.311 3.2.. 1 32.629.6 I.3.0 7 , . 76 .1 . .. " 1. '' 47.' 4.4.1 45. 4. 41.937.38.1 4.11. 39.1141934.9 2 7 4 49.3746.0442.63 3.333.41 47.43.7139.36 4.4.34 47.,:43.55 4.23 4.5.9141.74 4.1 0..15& ...... 1 .1, 57.552. 5.14.9 66.350.5 1.5.34.8 52.49.44. . 3.31.2. 48.43. 1 1.34.93.8 58.62.03 4.6.83 52. 4749.822.654.85 49.18146. 5.292. 59.8153.04 8.708.174.27 57.51. 37 6.153.645.87 I 67.52.43 4.5.036.85 55.50.46 5.4.854.54 ' 68.4 7. 4 51, ... 4.- 68.362.4 5.5.9 . 66.660.8 7.76.1 57. 1.4. . 67..52.4 8.85.2 68.683.16 6.295.51 ; 62.3957.32 5.955.07 59.64.45 8.4.85 16 71.66.51 7.754. 9 69.9463.5 9.8.42 68.62.45 5.535.91 66.60 7.745.88 , 71.66.1 5. 41 k. . .. ' I ' et . 80. 773. 6.: 84.74.10.6 8.4 83.11.372.10.162.1 4t -66.675. 312.3 7.1 82.6374.9614 1 7.67 70.68.34 5510.14 2.21 13.0170.9967.46 3.53 88. 1378.75 2.057.38 99.87.71 74111.44 I 7.9 80.73.89 , 8.458.83 84 8710.65t4. ta8.38 89.780.5 9.99.8.: 6 '. ' 87.54 88.8 , 8.4101.9M.111.8 103.193. 9.7 99.15.' .90.986.. 5.3 108.47 11.96.81 80.69 84. 112.20105.1198. 1811.14. 6. 101.9 12.7589. 17 108.9593..0 107 11 108. 799. 9.1 5 ..... 99.91.5183. 94..89. 113.8 11.. 9.. 110.9 5. 17.9 100.1 9. 93. 6.32.4 118. 9.91 123. 60 9. 100 4t.4.11 . 113. 68 11.7.9.0 110. 5.7.85 118 7 125. 17.1 8. 1 1 . 131. . 131. 2. 101.66 96. 100.3 47. 122.8 116. 109.5 8. ' 99. 1. . 132. 90 30 115 11 5. I I 122.75 .65 1 116.01 125 8. 4 1384..13'3. 89 I.5... 135.133. 44 2. 134 .41 110.25106.104. 110.106.104. 115.1-0.511,5. 5 -. 4 f108. 12. 1 13. -1.100.8 99.5 8 142.133. 601118.20 9. -I.120. ,1f 1 30 123. 115.08115. 45-.3-.58 139.7133.4 4 6.3 ' 140. 2. 2. 116. 112. 4 a 7 1.501 2. 1.51 1. 22. 140.85 1138.11.88 971 IX.173.38119. 125.123.117.116.1 118.8 11-11 19.801 118. 141.3-1.140141. I. 3 145.142. 15 262/ 145.141140. 1.5 145.142.42 141.211 4.701.41 A 135.61131127.67 133.19e. 144 27 27X...... -7.78141.143.91144. -a.140.71144.144.91 . 51 149. 144.141. 31 1 146.142. 3.1. 146.14268 a.1.97 156.5 . rall year 'Mould be re s ded to th n for the remepta In this column. ' r PC 184 . PHYSICALGROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRER13.

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8 Otod 186 pnyawm., ortowniAND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

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V. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EXPERIMENTkLSTUDIES IN PHYS1- CAL GROWTH (336 TITLES).

Abbot, S. W. The evidence of stillbirth.In Massachusetts medico-legal society. Transactions.'Boston, 1879.v. 1.p. 56. A discussion containing some Indir54efereneas to physical development. Adams, A. L. On the physical requirements of soldiers.British and foreign medical chirurgical review, 55 : 202-17 (1875). Aitken, NV. On the growth of the recruit and theyoung soldier.London, 1862.72 p. A preliminary study of the British soldier. Angerstein, W. Die massverhaltnisse des menechlichen korpersand das wachstum der knaben.Itbin, 1865.10 p. Anutschin, . On the geographical distribution of the male populationof Russia in respect of height.Imperial geographical society.Transactions.v. 7.part IT Russia*, cited by Sack. . Audran, Gerhard.Les proportions du corps humain mesurees sur les belles figures de l'antiquith.Paris, 1683.26 p. An excellent study with diagrams and measurements of twenty-five4amousstatues. Baldwin, B. T.Individual differences in the correlations of physicalgrowth of elementary and high school pupils.Journal of educational psychology, 2 : 150-52 (1911). Abstract. A preliminary report of the beginnings of the inestigattn IncludedIn this bulletin. Balliet, T. M. Aceults from study of bodily growth.School journal, N. Y., 60:47 (1900). Abrief discussion on physical development. Barnes, Earl.Physical developmeyt of Oakland children.. Oakland schoolreport (1892-93).p. 38-44: ,A study of the physical developmint of about 6,000 Oakland schoorchildren, withcharts and tables showing height, weight, and age and the occupations and nationalities ofthe children. The chiltLren from Oakland were heavier and taller than the children from Boston, Worcester,Toronto, 21. Louis, and Milwaukee, whose records were displayed at the World's Fair in ChicagoIn 1892. Baudrand, M. L'accroisement; see caracte.resnortnaux et anormaux chew la nour- rison: see rapport's avecl'herOdite, plus ap&ialement dans lee Mats morbidee (syphilis, alcolisme et tuberculoee).Paris, Doin et fils,1911.648 p. The table is explanatory of the contents of this important book. Baxter, J. B.Statistics, medical and anthropological, of the Provostgeneral's bureau.Washington, 1875.v. 1. This Is on important comparative study, showing that the size of adultAmericans is very .different in different states of the Union, and even in different parts of thesame state. There is apparentlyan influenceof climate upon growth. , Beard, G. M. Engliah and AMerican physique.North American review, 4 : 5887603 (1879). This article discusses almost eveilthIng *swept the physical characteristicsof the two poples. Beddoe, On the physical characteristips of the Jews. In Ethnologicalsociety, Londbn.TransaCtion4, 1861: v. 1.p. 223. . A study included primarily for Its historical significance. On 'the stature and bulk of man in the British Isles.In Ahthropological: society, London.Memoirs, 1870.v. 3.p. 545. Apioneer study of physical derslopment. Belyaieff, . Materials for investigating the influenceof schools on the physical development of pupils.Inaugural dissertation.St. Petersburg, 1888. fltasslass, cited by Bock. I..," Contains mulatto* data for aflucetIonal inference. 189 190 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Bernard, P.Uonsid4mtions mklico-l(gales sur la Mille et le poids depuis la nassaince jusqu' a rage *kite.Archiv. d'anthrop. criminelle, 2:213-25 (1887). Contains many good statistics on growth and includes the data from Buffon,iessing, Quetelet, rag. Mani, and Tiowditch.Also from Gerhardt. Bertillon, A.Lee proportions du corps humain.Re u e scientiflque, Paris, 43 : 524- 29 (1889). An Important anthropometrle coot ribut ion for recoAing comparative measurements of individuals. Beyer, II. G.Growth of United States naval cadets.In U. S. Naval institute. Proceedings, 1895.v. 21.p. 297-333. A simple presentation of methods of computing physical measurements, the applicationof percentile grades, and a series of 48 tables. The influence of exercise on growth. American physical education review, 1:76-87 (1896). Observations on normal growth and development, under systematizedexer- cises.Report of Chief of Bureau of medicine and surgery to the Secretary of the Navy.Washington, 1893.p. 149-60. - Relation between physical and mental work.American physical education review, 5 : 149-60 (1900). C.:Arms all of the important results of Porter's researches onPrecocity and dullness," sugeests a change In the physical examinations in public schools, and advocates the use of the percentile grade tables in Massachusetts. Bird, Frederick.Ober die relativen maseverhaltnisse des menschlichenkorpers. Zech. f. anthrop., Leipzig (1823).p. 330-69. Blagovidoff, I.Materials for the investigation of the health of the Mongolian- Asiatic races (inorodze) in the province of Simbrisk.Inaugural dissertation.St. Petersburg, 1886. Russian, cited by Sack. Not accessible to the printer. Boas, F.Anthropological investigations in schools.Pedagogical seminary, 1:225-28 (1891). A general discussion, with many historical references as to methods of procedure. - The correlation of anatomical or physiological measurements.American anthropologist, 7:313-24 (1894). A discussion of the theory of measurements based on measurements of the heads of 377 hall'blood Indians. The forms of the head as influenced by growth.Science, it. s., 4:50-51 (18961. Growth.In Monroe's Cyclopedia of education.New York, Macmillan, 1912.v, 3.p. 187-90. An excellent summary of the relation of physical growth to the general problem of education, with tables giving stature, sitting height, wetht, length of head, width of head, length of forearm, and width of hand for boys and girls. Growth of children.Science, 20 : 351-52 (1892). Science, n. s., 5:570-73 (1897).

In this invreUgatIon to Worcester the same children were measured twice (May, 1891, and May, 1802). The'average increase In stature between 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, 9 and 10,10 and II, 11 and 12,r2 and 13, 13 and 14, 14 ind 15, 15 and 16 are Included torten boys and short hays and for tall girls and for short girls. Young children grow more viniformly than older children and growth is more variable with girls than with boys. Short children continue to grow longer than tall children. Science, 36 : 815-18 (1912). Growth of Toronto children.In British uasociation for the advancement of science.Report, 1897.v. 6.p. 443-49. In U. S. Bureau of educatiOn.Report of the Commissioner for the year, 1896-97.v. 2.p. 1541-99. See also British association for the advancement of science.Report, 1807.p. 44.3-49. The measurements of variable quantities.. New York, Sciencepress, 1906. (Columbia university contributions to philosophy and psychology.v. 14.p.1,50). A detailed technical discussion on constants and variables; a comparison between limited, series of observations and the unlimited series of variables and the distribution of variables and of thanesyule- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 191 Boas, F.On the growth of first-born children.Science, n. e., 1:402-4 (14). This article contains four very valuable tables on the height and weight and yearly Increments of boys and girls betweenqand 171 years of age. The study includes the first, second, third; fourth, and later born children. The conclusions are that in stature and weight the first born children exceed the later born children.This study imiudes Toronto and Oakland childnin; the latter exceed all others in the United States (at this time) in height and weight. On Dr. TOWIISCIld Porter's investigations of the growth of the school children of St. Louis.Science. n. a., 1:225-30 (1895). Physical characteristics of the Indiana of the North Pacific coast.American anthropologist, 4 : 25-32 (1891). Studies based on tneasurements of 263 Indians from Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, including stature, sitting height, cephalic index, length of arm, etc. Physical chanicteristice of the tribes of the NOrth Pacific coast.h(British asiociation for the advancement of science, 1891.v. 61.p. 424-47. A detailed study of 26 measurements on a number of individual male and tamale Indians. No averages are given. 6 Summary of the work of the committee in British Columbia.In British association for the advancement of science, 1898.v. 68.p. 667-83. A summary of the measurements on tbo Indians of the North Pacific coast, containing 12 extensive tables for 10 measurements on males from 5 to 70 years old. andWislcr, Clajk.Statistics of growth.In l'. S. Bureau of education. Report of the Commissioner for the year, 1904.v. 1.p. 25-132. Bobbitt, J. F.The growth of Philippine children.Pedagogical seminary. 16:3-34 rf,1909). A study of the) meiburaments of 1,140 native Filipino boys and 438 girls bet wean the aged of 6 and 20' years, togot ht. with a discussion of growth stages and a comparison with the Smedley and Boas norms. A comparison is also made of the growth of the Filipino children with the growth of Japanese children as given Dr.Missals. a Boulton, -. Some ali air4;potnetriealobservations.British medical journal (1876). - p. 280-8 A brief article of historical calla, primarily for the method involved. ,BoWhit...h,11. P.The growth of children.In Ilasevachusetts.Board of health. 8th annual report.Boston, 1875.p. 273-323. The data for this investigation were collected from 24;60 children in the public schools of Boston and near.hy Nun m i in It ics anti a few mil ate schools. A eomparat ivostudy Is made ofthakrowthIn height and weight and tho tables are arranged In such a way that the influence on growth by nationality may be determined. . . -- Growth of children.In Massachusetts. Board of health.c 10th annual report.Boston, 1879.v. 10.p. 33-62. This investigation Is supplementary to the previous ono and contains 11 tables and 11 plates.The tables give the parentage and thea the ixtelipationc of parents in professional, mercantile, and unskilled labor classes. . The growth of children studied by Galton's percentile grades.In Massachu- setts.Board qf health.22d annual report.Boston, 1891.v. 22.p. 479-525. Abstract contained in American association for the advancementof physicaleducation, 1891.v.6, p.313-37. Applying this method to 24,(160 Boston school children fir. llowdltch concludes: I. The period of accelerated growth in height find weight ocrucs just before tho age of puberty.Largo childnm have t heir periodofaccelerated grovith at an earlier age than small onus.II. The period 'Xrtien Om girls are taller and heavier than the boys occurs earlier In the higher than in the lower percentile grades. "In other words, during the portal of female superiority tall girls surpass 'tall boys In height less than short girls surpass short boys, while heavy girls exceed Messy boys in weight more than light girls exceed light boys." The physique of women in Massachusetts.In Massachusetts.Board of health. ,Report.Boston 1890.v.21. p. 287-304. The relation betw growth and disease.In American medical association, Philadelphia.Tran ions, 1881.v. 32.p. 370-76. This leavaluable disc t.ion based on the Basis that "It seem probable that the actual determination of the normal rate of growth will not only throw light upon tho nature of the diseases to hkh childhood is subject, but will also guide no In thesitplicationof therapeutic measures." Anindividualstudy of the rate of growth of one girl between the ages of two and three years is Included,basedon26measurementsIn weight with accompanying healthnoted from four otesrvations, 192 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Boyd, Robett ble of weights of the human body and internal organs in the sane and insane, etc.Phil. Trans., London, 151:241-62 (1861). This table includes egos from before birth to 80 years and the results show that the body and internal organs arrive at full size in both sexes between twenty and thirty years of age. "The average height of ,the adult male varied from 67.8 to 65 inches, and of the female from 03.2 to 61.6 inche:, while the mean weight of'the former varied from 112.F2 to 91.5 isninds, as compared with tho sane adults dying at. the same period of life. Brent. \V. B. On the stature and relative proportions of mall at different epochs stud in different countries.In Britishiissociation for the advancement of Faience, Sep- tember,-44. An abstract of paper giving measurements out of 1,000 individuals.'rho whip height of Ettelidi men is placed at 5 ft. 71 inches. Tables illustrative of the height, weight and strength of man.In Brithili association for the advancement of scirice, 1845.v. 13.p. 80-81. In these Cables men are grouped as tall, middle height., and short. Of IN) Englishmen of all chosen 4 are very tall, 0 feet 3 inches; 26 81-1 tall, 5 feet. 0 inches to 6 feet; 40 are of middle height .5 feel9 inches; 26 are short, 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 6 inches; and 4 are very short, 5 feet to 5 feet 3 inches. Breslau, --. Neue ergebnisso ails seliiiklelmessu lig an neugeborenen.Wiener wed i- cinische wochenscluift, 5Q:785-87 (1862). Brown, C. It.Anthropometric notes on the inhabitants of Clara island, Ireland.Lt British association for the,advancernent of science, 1897.v' 67.p. 510-11. A study of the average height of 56 adult males giving an average of 60.75 in. Brunniche, A.Ein beitrag zur beurteilung der korperentwicklinig der kinder. Jahrb. file kinderkrankheiten, 47:1-28 ( Bryan, E. B.Nascent stages and their pedagogical significance.Pedagogical seminary, 7: 357z96 (1900). This is one of the most important articles on physical growth from the siandpoint of periods of development. The author bases his conclusions on the work of thirty-seven different writers.After outlining the periods of childhood as differentiated by Hartwell, lungs, Zetssing and others, ho ands there are three periods: Infancy, childhood and youth. Each of these stages is discussed from the set- entific and pedagogical points of view. Burgerstbin, Leo, undo/hers.Schulhy-giene.Jena, Fisher, 1902.p. 473-485. A good summary of anthropometric work with references a) American studies, including tables and curves. A shorebibliography Is included. e Burk, F.Growth of children in height andfight.i --American journalof psychology, 9 : 253-:326. This is the most general contribution to the subject of physical growth up to the year 1S98. Most of the significant contributions previous to this are discussed and a number of tables Included.Prob- ably the most important single discussion Is the series of norms der-hest front a conmarut ivo study of the work of Boas, Bowditch, Porter and others. Influence of exercise upon growth.In National education association of the United States.Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1899.p. 1067-76. A good general Recount of the effect of physical cseicise on growth. The influence of sex upon growth.American physical education review, 4:340-49 (1899). The conclusions of this report emphasize the fact that exorcise should follow racial habit as far as possible. Camerer, W. Bermerkungen Ober wachstum.Zach. filr biologic (1880).p. 24-28. A short, detailed study of Infant growth which was reprinted la the article which follows. Untereuchungen Ober massenwachstim and langenwaehstum.Jahrb. tilt kinderheilkunde, 36:249-93 (1893). Carmen, W. B.Causes of some rapid changesin body weight.Journal of the Ameri- can medical association, 59:725-71 (1912). . A brief discussion of theoretical value. (*.itten, J., and Farrand, L.Physical and mental measurements of the students of Columbia university.Psychological review, 3:018 - 48,(1890). A detailed and Important study of mental tests and physical characteristics with some saggestions on anthropemetrio measurements. r BIBLIOGRAPHY. 193

Chutlle, S. E.Infanta: their chronological progress. New Orleans 'medical and sutical journal, 14:893-912 (1886-87). This report contains a few measurements and many suggestions for observation. Chamberlain, A. F.The Child.New York, Scribner, 1900.p. 51-106. A general discussion of the problem of physical growth from theanthropological and educational standpoints. Christopher, W. S.Measurements of Chicago children:- Journal of the. American medical association, Chicago, 35:618-23; 683-87. This Is a detailed illustrated report of the work done at Chicago by Smedley, Campbell, McMillan, and others in the Chicago public schools.The charts and graph's are included in the report of Mr. Smedley, which II noted further along in this bibliography. In the second part of this report Dr. Christopher says: "Asa result of his examination of 33,500 school children in St. Louis, in 1892, Dr. W. Townsend Porter concluded that there is a physical basis of precocity; that dull children are lighter and precocious children heavier tan the average child: that mediocrity of mind is associated with mediocrity of physiqueAt the outset of my investigatJoas determined to reinvestigate Porter's proposition. and have to say that such facts as we have been able to collect go to confirm it." Combe, J.KOrperlango und wachefum der volksischulkinder in Lausanne.Tech. fur schulgesundheitspflego, 9:569-89 (1896). During the seven years of Dr. Combe's investigation 2,(11X) yhildren were measured, giving atom total of 13.358 measurements.The value of ndividual measurements is discussed, and also the relation of disease to growth in height at different ages with reference to time of birth in the year, and to parentage. Cordeira, F. J. B. A contribution to anthropometry. New York medical journal, 45:484-87 (1887). An illustrated article showing tt e method of computing height and weight cprves, with a number of conclusions and criticisms bearing on the work of other investigailes, together with some data on the average maximum and minimum measurements for height, weighfrchest, and chesteicpanst4n between the ages of 14 rnd 18 for sailors on the Minnerge. Crampton, C. W. Anatomical or physiological age: terms chronological age.Peda- gogical 'seminary, 15:230-37 (1908). A general discussion of the previous work done in this field by the writer and a recommendation that "All observatiobs, records, and investigations of children, whether poiagogk-al or medical,social or ethical, must regard physiological age a primary tun' fundamental basis." Influence ofphysioal agen scholarship.Psychological clinic, 1:115-20 (1908). In this article Dr. Crampton discuttsehe relation of physiological age, as determined by pubescence and height, to scholarship. The tables confined to boys (?) between the ages of 12 and 17 years. The conclusions fire that "Earlier pubesoen scorn good scholarship: laterpubescencepoor scholarship." Physiological age.American physi education review, 13:144-54; 214-27; 268-83; 345-58. The best study so far made on the age of puberty of bo The age at which thisusuallytakes' place Is from 13.5 to 14.5." individuals differ from each other ineight (and height) accordlng to their maturity."There Is, according to these results,nomarked imary relation between scholarship and weight, height, strength, etc. Crichton-Browne, Stir J.Growthsomatic and cereb Child study, 4: 77- 91(1911),. good general discussion without detailed anthropometric me meats. Da tier, F.Ober groetse, gewicht, kopf und brustumfang eim m1tnnlichen vom 13 bits 22 lebensjahre.Archiv fur anthrop. (bei ), 15:121-26 (1884). Supplementary to the following study but confined to males and including chest circumference. A. small number of individuals is included; each year from 13 to n are taken up separately. Vergleichende untersuchungen uber die entwicklung der kOrpergr6ase und kopfumfangee.Archiv fur anthrop., 15:37-44 (1884). A good discussion of the subject, including many tables. Das wachstum des menschen.Anthropologische studien.Leipzig, W. Englemann, 1902.475 p. A good study of growth of different parts of the body, starting with the embryo and including puberty. Data on measurements of 6,000 California school children as to weight and measurement..In Oakland, Cal.School report, 1892-93. See Barnes. 7166°-14----13 194 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

.Debusk, B. W. Height, weight, vital capacity, and retardation.Pedagogical seminary, 20:89-92 (1913). A brief preliminary study of physical development. 4. Dickson. S. H.Some additional statistics of height and weight.Charleston medical journal and review, 13:494 506 (1858). In this report a comparison is made between the heights and weights ofA mericansof different nation. alitiee with the stature and weight of Europeans.Results are based on students of the Medical college of South Carolina, the University of Louisiana, the University of Tennessee, Jeffersoncollege, Virginia military institute, the Military academy at West Point, and the University of Michigan.Conclusions 'how that Europedns increase more in weight than A mericana as they grow older. The Americans have on the average greater height. Statistics of height and weight in, the South.Charleston medical journal and review, 12:607-13 (18,57). Dr. Dickson has collected In this report some detailed statistics In regard tothe average height and weight of Southern men. A careful study is made of the different nationalities, of students andrecruits with the conclusi.ii that on the average men from the Atlantic SOU them Statesare not so tall as ;hose from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, although the two tallest men in thearmy in IS57 were from Georgia and South Carolina respectively. Statistics of height and weight.American.journal of medical sciences, Phila- delphia (1866).52:373-380. This report shows that the now American race, which is growing out ofan almost unlimited mixture of other ram, exhibits thus far no deterlomtion, but compares favorably with alltheracesof the Old World In every point of physical development. The whole number of individuals(294 young men from Jefferson college) average 24 years of age, 5 feet 91 inches In height, mid 147 pounds inweight.Kentuck- ituaa were the tallest people, who average 5 feet II inches, one being 0 feet ti inches. Disk, Materali k izsledovaniyi roate, vies, okruzhnosti grundi ithiztiennoo yomkosti lishkickh detakavo i yunteesk.Voyenno-med. journal, St. Petersburg, 146:223-363 (1883). A report of the stature, weight, and vital capacity of children in Russia.An inaugural dissertation given Donaldson, H. H. A comparison of the white rat withmats in respect to the growth of the entire body.Lancaster, Pa., New Era co., 1906.p. 26. Reprinted. A very Important comparison between the growth in body-weight of the rat for3S.5 days, and of man from birth to 23 years of age, the latter being based on Robert's tables. The conclusionsrcocheoi are that the increase In body weight of the man and the white rat between conception andmaturity exhibit similar phases, five in number." The growth of the female in relation to that of the maleis similar in both forms, as are also the relative weights of the two sexed at maturity. Growth of the brain. London, 1896.369 pp. Chapters 2 and 3 are very good on the general problem of physical growth. Drummond, W. B.Introduction to child study.London, 1907.p. 93-138. A general treatment of growth for the first four years; quotes Holt extensively. Dudrewicz, L.Pomiary antropolog. dzieci Warszawskich.Zboir. wiad. do antrop. ... Akad. Urniej. w Krakow, 6:3-23 (1882). Anthropologicalmeasurements of children in Warsaw. Dun, W. A. The police standard of Cincinnati; withsome statistics compiled from the first thousand examinations of applicants.Lancet-clinic, Cincinnati,0., 18:131-35, 767-76 (1887). Containsmany valuable tables for tromparative study on minimum height ancrvreight requirements. Elliott, E. B. On the military statistics of the United States of America..11. S. Sanitary commission, Berlin, 1863.v. 4.p. 44. Reprinted. A comparative study of the heights, weights, etc., of Soldiers In the Army of the Potomac. IL- Man and woman. London, 1896.p. 31-114. Also published by Scribner, New York, MX p. 33-64. In chapter 3 of this book there Is a good discussion of the growth and proportionsof the body. A number of references are given and four charts from Key showing the relative Incrementsof growth in height and weight from 7 to 20 years of age. The relative proportions of differentparts of the body of man and woman are compared. BIBLIOGBAPH Y. 195

Eliseo, J. C..Statistics regarding short-course students.American physical education review, 15:348-49 (1910). A brief article which shows that in a study of A,ocia college students the short course men (men who are taking special waives in agriculture) surpass in all measurements, except height, the men of the present freshmen class. Enebuake, C. J.Some measurable results of Swedish pedagogical gymnastics.In - American association for the advancement of physical education, 1892.v 7. p. 207-55. A report of observations made by M. Aura Wood on 20 students of the Boston Normal school of gy m- nem les.Eight tables are itiiiiided and a plea is made for casuistic study in place of isolated statistical 1:01116uremenut. Ergeleperger, A., and Ziegler, 0.Beitrage zur kenntnis der physischen nattir .des sechsjahrigen in die schule eintretenden kinder.Atithmiximetrisches toil.Ep.d 1: 173-235 (19(t5). Erismann. F. Schulhygiene au f der ju bilailmsausstelln lig der gesellschaft fur beforde- rung der arbeitsamkeit in NI oskau.Zach. fOr schulgesundheitspflege, 1:367-73; 393-419 (1888). The latter part of this report gives comparative tables with discussions on the height and weight of about 3,000 boys and 1,500 girls in the schools of the city of Moscow, and 4.300 boys and 700 girls In the nearby village schools. Untersuchungen Ober die kOrperliche entwicklung der arbeiterbevolkerung in Zentralriissland.Tubingen, 1889. Reprinted from Archly far weak, gesettgebung rind iitatistik. The latter part of this report deals primarily with hygiene and gives the results of the measurements of 24,288 boys and 111,192 girls ranging from 7 to 18 years, taken from city schools, village schools, and factories. Untenvuchungen Ober die korperlicho entwicklung der fabrikarbeiter in Zen- tralrussland (1888). Manuscript. Ernst, L. II., and Meumann, E.Das schulkind in seiner korperlichen und geietigen entwicklung.Leipzig, Otto Nemnich, 1906.p. 143. This book contains a :Urly complete summary of thurevious investigations upon physical growth and development, and a series of charts which gives thellitrowth curves as found by the di &reel investigators.The author's own work consists In an extensive study of something over 300 Munich children, with regard not only to height and weight but also lung capacity, span, and various girths. These figures are presented In detailed tables and the author's conclusions are compared with those of previous investigators. Farr, W. Table showing the relative stature of boys at the age 11 to 12, under different conditions of life.In British association for the advancement of science, 1880.v. 1.p. 128-59. A report of the committee of the Association, appointed originally in 1875, for the purpose of contLnu- Mg the collection of observations on the systematic examination of heights? weights, etc., of the human frame in the British Empire, and the publication of photographs of the typical recce of theEmpire. In 1879, 48 different classes of subjects woe Included, giving a gum total of 11,74.1 Individuals,while In the 1880 study one clam of subjects was included, or 11,058 individuals. There are severalexcellent distribution tables giving the mean measurements for boys and men between 10 and 50 years, there being in all three charts (plates) and 27 tables.This Is a valuable and suggestive report. Fergus, W., and Rodwell, G. F.On a series of measurements for statistical purposes, recently made at Marlborough college. Journal of Anthropologicalinstitute of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 5:12640 (1874). A short study of the college student. Fleiet'hmann, L.Ober emiihrung.ound kOrperwligungen der neugeborenen und fauglinge.Wien, 1877.48p. Reprint froneWlen-klbilk. A very good study of Infancy. Forbes, II. 0. On the Kubers of Sumatra. Journal of the Anthropologicalinsti- 'lute, 14:121-128 (1884-05). A careful study,of 12 Kuban from the central part of samara, Including detailed measureaucta. 196 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Foster,`A. B.Report of director of physical training.American physical education review, 3:44 53 (1898). Reprinted-from the annual report of the Maiden of Bryn law!. college,containing measurements on freshmen, sophomores. Juniors, and seniors, and discussing various kinds of physicalexercise. Foster, W. L.Physiological age as a basis for classification of pupilsentering high schools, and relation of pubescence to height.Psychological clinic, 4:83-88 (1910-11). A study of the physiological age' of 459 boys with the conclusion') thatthere is a close relationship between height and pubescence, and that a classification of high-echoolstudents Recording to physiological age, based upon pubescence, is easy and practical. French, M. S.Report of the physical examination ofmen upon the police force of Philadelphia, and those who were applicants for appointment.Philadelphia, 1885. Galton, F. An anthropotnetrical laboratory.Journal of the Anthropological institute, 14:205-21 (1884-85). A description of the anthropometrical laboratory, which aimedto show to the public the sim- plicity of the instruments and methods by which the chief physicalcharacteristics may be measured and recorded. . Anthropometric percentiles.Nature, 31: 223 (1884-85). . In this article Dr. Galton gives a percentile table of thepersons measured In the anthropometric laboratory at the Into international health exhibit. The table is given primarilyas a sample of the statisti e. method, and secondarily for its intrinsic value. Therewere in all 9,337 persons measured be. !won the ages of Zt and 50. , Family likeness in stature.Royal society.Proceedings+.London, 1886.v. 40.p. 42-73. A detailed statistical study showing the correlation between the probablestature of a child when the statures of several of his kinsmen are known. The Appendix by Dr. Dixongives eight tables showing the relation of the adult children to the mid-parents. Hereditary stature.Journal of the Anthropdroitical institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 14:488-99 (1885-86). - On the height and weight of boys, aged 14years, in town and county public schools.Journal of the Anthropological institute of Great. Britain andIreland, London, 5:174-80 (1815-16). Comparisons are made between 509 city. boys, 296 country boys and others rangingfrom 10. fll 17 yer of age; It is found that the country boys are about It Inches taller and 7 pounds hem ler thanthe city boys. Range in the height of males at each age and in tveral dames.British association for the advancement of science.Report, 1881.v. 516p. 250-54. Report of the Anthropometrie committee.In British association for the advancenient of science, 1883. This is the final report of the committee appointed in 1875 and Includes valuable dataon the growth of boys and girls at birth and during subsequent ages, Including adult life.While t his report deal§ with 'adults primarily, the height and weight at birth of 451 boys and 486 girlsare Inelutd. Some results of the anthropometrical.laboratory.Journal ol the Anthrbpo- logical institute, 14:275-88 (1884-85). The results of measurement-9427 persons, 4,726 adult males and 1,657 adult females.Percentile tables are given. - Useful anthropornetry.In American association for the advancement of physical education, 6:51-57 (1891). A discussion on the means of investigating the beet method of assigning marks for physical efficiency based anthropometric tests. A study of 2,000 students at Cambridge revealed conclusively'. according to Dr.mitten's observations, that emcees in the literary examinations Is in no manner connectedwith stn , weight, strength, or-breathing capacity, and but slightly with keenness of eyesight. tAartiollit, . Annales do m6decine et chirurgie.Paris,-1910.p. 725-60. Garton, . Report of the committee appointed for the purpose of calculating the anthropological measurements taken at the Newcastle meeting of theassociation 11'1889.. In British association for the advancement of'science.Report. London, 1890.v. 60. p. 549-52. Geissler, A. Meeeungon von schulkindern in GholistLeipzig.Zesh. ftlr schulgesundheitspflege, 6:249-53 (1892). ! A supplementary oontderation of the steaterigisht of ibe favored claws, band on new data which anidite of the nwantrenenta of 2,106 ohlidtin at the end of the wanner mitten In IWO. -BIBLIOGRAPHY. 197 Geissler, A., and Ublitzech, R.Die gr5ssenverhaltnisse der schulkinder in schulin- spektionsbezirk Freiburg.Zech. des koniglichen sachaischen statistischen bureaus, 311: 28 -40 (1888). This investigation was begun in 1806 for the purpose of fitting school desks, and is a comparative study of the boys and girls of the Freiburg burger sehulenand of thonof the peasant elopes In nearby communities.21,173 children were In the schools, ranging from 6; to 141 years of age. A critical study of the arithmetical average is included. Gihont}t. L.A. study of adolescent growth based on the physical examination of 6,129 naval cadets and candidates for appointments as cadets and 2,058 naval ap- prentices.Report of the Surgeon-general, U. S. Navy.Washington, 1880.p. 15-44. Gilbert, J. A.Researches on school children and college students.University of Iowa studies in psychology, 1897.v. 1.p. 1-39. Supplementary to the previous investigation with extra data, especially on dullness and precocity. The curves for height. weight and lung capacity and for dullness and precocity are included.Testa on various mental traits tiro included. Researches on the mental and physical development of school children. Studies from Yale psychological laboratory.v. 2.p. 40-100. The curves charted consist of those of the growth of boys and girls; of each sex separately; the mean variation for both sexes, then cich sex separately. Girond, Gabriel.Observations our to development do l'enfant.Petit guide anthro- pont6trie familial° et scolaire.. Paris, Schleicher freres, 1902.53 p. and tables. A small guide for the physical observations of children, with a few statistics on growth in weight. Goddard, II. II.The height and weight of feeble-minded children in American institutions,Journal of mental and nervous diseases, 39:217-235 (1912). The most comprehensive study, so far published on the growth. height and weight of feeble-minded children. Four tables and seven charts are included and the data are derived from twenty Institutions. Some of the concl usions are that all defectives are heavier at birth than normals; sex differences are less marked as we go dodo the grades; with the morons there is an arrest of growth earlier than with normals; there is close correlation between physical growth and mental activity. Gould, B. A.Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of Amer- ican soldiers.U. S. Sanitary commission, N. Y., 1869.v. 2.655 p. Gratsitinoff, . Materials for the investigation of physical development in childhood and youth in relation to heredity and to progress in school work.Fre'm observations made in Arzamas, province of Novgorod.Inaugural dissertation. St. Petersburg, 1889. An important study not aocessibip to th4; author. Graupner, . Wachstumgesetze der korperliinge nach untersuchung von 57,000 Dresdner schulkinder.Bericht des ersten Internationalen kongresses filr sgbul- hygiene, 1904.p. 421-25. Gray; F. J.Diurnal variations in weight.American physical education review,. 15;6 -14 (1910). ' A thesis presenled for bachelor's degree In physical education at the International Y. M. C. A. training school, In-June, 1908.Aftermaking comparisonswith the work of M. A. Burke, II. Carrell, H. Cook, 13. 11. Forte, C. 11. Goodwin, A. Gould, and others, the writernodsthat all men gain "duringthe season." Seasoned athleteszingedless duringaseason of training than green athletes. Greenleaf, . New table of physical proportions.Baltimore und4rwriter,. 43:303 (1890). A study of the relative proportions of the body. Greenwood, J. M. Heights and weights of children.In Kansas City.Board of education.Report, 1890-91.. See also A median public health association.Report,,1692.v. 17.p. 199-204 The chief value of this study consists in the number of measurements includes. Gregor, W. Galloway folk in Wightshire anti Kirkendbrightshire.In British aesocia- tion for the advancement of science, 1897.v. 67. p. 500-3. A comparative study of the hetlits of 82 men ansi 34 women, the height for the men averaging 6&25 inches, for the women-C.3 Welles. 198 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Grinevski, A.On the physical development of children.Kvoproeu n fizicheskom voepitanii dietei.Odessa. 1892.38 p. Granbaum, O. F. F.On the physical characteristics of the inhabitants ofBarring- ton and Forton in Cambridgeshire.In British association for the advancement of science, 1897.v. 67.p. 505. A comparative table showing the height of 23 males varying from 163.3cm to 174.4 cm. Gulick, L.Physical measurements and how they are studied.Physical education,, 2:140-41; 152-53; 186-91 ('1893). A series of practical suggestions on how to make, record, and studyphysical measurements. The value of percentile grades.In American statistical association (quarterly) 21:321-31 (1893). A detailed discussion of the theoretical significance and the percentilemethod If using data. Haddon, A. C.On the physical characteristics of the inhabitants ofBarley, Herts. In British association for the advancement ofscience.Report, 1897.v. 07. p. 504-5. A number of measurements are included in this report on the observationsof 15 Ludes from Barley. Hill, G. S.Growth in height and weight.In his Adolescence. New York, D. Appleton & co., 1904.v. 1.p. The best summary without direct experimental data,up to date, of the problem in height and weight. The work of Boas, Burk, and Wiener is especially emphasizedand the more general and interrelated problems of development are treated in a very scholarly and helpfulmanner. Hall, W. S.Changes in the proportions of the human body duringthe period of growth.Journal of the Anthropological institute of GreatRritainand Ireland, 25:21-46 (1895). A study in growth In height of boys In Friends' schools and Ilaverfordcollege ranging from U to 73 years of age. Many other measurements are included and some conclusionsin regard to strength. There was a great homogeneity of race, nationality and soda' conditions among the IndI y I luals in these schools. Hanna, D.Anthropomtric tables compiled from themeasurements of 1,600 women (Oberlin students).Oberlin college.Dept. of physical training.Oberlin, 0., 1893. An elaborate series of tables showing many comparativemeasurements. Hansen, S.V her die individuellen variation der kOrperproportio.nen.Archiv far antlarop., 20:321-23 (1891-92). This investigation is based on 2,883 cases and gives the results,in tabular and graphic form, of the relation of the length of the foot to the height of the body. Harrington, T. F.Health and education.American physical education review, ,,,05:373-88 (1910). Contains, after a discussion on health and ventilation,a study of the weight of 763 boys and 1153 girls born in Boston, whose parents were born in Boston and attended thesame schOols from which Dr. Bow- ditch secured els measurements in 1870. At the present stage of tics invest igation the boysareslightly lighter than those of 1870, except at 13 years of age, and the girlsare heavier. Hartwell, E. M.Bowditch's talk! growth and what it teaches.In American association (or the advancement physical education, 1896.p. 23-30. Bowditch's law of growth is as follows: "There is 'prepubertal acceleration of growth In height and weight, bothin males and females, followed by a postpubertal retardation in suchgrowth; and girls whengrowing most rapidly, exceed boys of like age, in height andbreight."It has been thought that Bowditob was the first to note this, but it was previously noted by Dr. Fshrner, wi,.measured1,28a children for desks. -1 Preliminary report on anthropometry in theUnited States with provisional list of works relating to anthropometryin the United States.In American statistical association.Boston, 1893.v. 3.p. 554-68. A,sunimaryandbibliography of the work In anthropometry in thiscountry. lb Reports on physical training in Boston publicschools: In Boston, Mass. School report, 1894-95.p. 181-260. A careful studyof the relationof stature to school work. Heise, E. Beitrige zur geschichte and etatistik desvolksschulwesens von Gohlis Leipzig, Duviter upd Humbolt, 1891. Iteprtnted from the Report of the city of Latpefg, BIBLIOGRAPHy.. 199

Hastings, W. W. Anthropometric studies it Nebraska.American physical °dues- tion 'review, 5:53-66 (1900). . Also in National education association of tJte United States.Journal o ings and d addresses, 1800.p. 1076-84. In this investigation 15 measurements were made on 2,500 publisechool children of Nebraska. Con- clusions are given as to comparative weights of boys and gide, physical welt being and mental GM, ciency, height and nationality. Tables are given showing average height and weight, for boys and girls, for different ages and different grades. Brief r6sum4 of Quetelet's treatise On man. American physical education review, 3:258-69; 309-18; 366-76 (1898). ' A gook summary of this book, which is anthropological rather than anthropometrical in fts content. Health and growth of sch.00l children.In National education association of the United States.Journal of proceedings and addressee, 1903.p. 769-75. A summary which first takes up the methods of ascertaining the normal periodic increase of growth, and secondly, the practical methods of comparing the individual child with this known standard. ----A manual for physical measurements.Now York, Macmillan co., 1902! 112 p. The best summary from an anthropornetrical standpoint so far published. A large amount of com: partitive material has been included and many practical suggestions given. A good bibliography is appended. Ilergel, G. Wu ist auf dem gebiete der kOrperlichen ausbildung uneerer mittel- schuljugeud erreichbaroZech. fair schulgesundheitspflege, 10:333-34(1897). A brief discussion leading to other papers on physical training. Hertel, A.Neuere untersuchungen Ober den allegemeinen gesundheitezustand echtiler und schillerinnen.Zech.f Or schulgesundheitspflege, 1:167-83; 201-15 (1888). A comparison is made between age, height, and diseasesofchildren between the ages of 6 and 17 as shown by Hertel's report, a report of the Danish commission and a report of the Swedish commission. The emphasis in thearticleis placed on the relation of disease to Rh ysiologicah growth. Overpressure in high schools of Denmark.Tr. by Godfrey Sorenson. New York, Macmillan co., 1885. This is an English translation of lfertel's book which discussers the question of growthanOlt revalence of chronic diseases among children of different ages. The report of the Danish commission.(1882.) This report takes up age, Itaigth of work, time at home and school, height, weight, and the common diseases, and a comparison is made between the pupils in the higher and the volloichulen.17,596 boys and 11,646 girls ,Ivere included, both In Copenhagen and in the country. Heat, W.lleetirnmung dee gewichtes und messungen der kOrperliinge bei einem kinde im ennen und zweiten el.41:jahrn.Archly fur .gynaekologie, Berlin, 17:150-52 (1881). Hitchcock, E.(a) Anthropometrical data based upon nearly 3,000 measurements taken from etudenta.Amherst, 1888. Included In program of exhibition of physical exercises (a, b, c, d,e). (b) Avgrage and mean anthropemetric data of Amherst collegestudents. .Amherst, 1888. A series of elaborate tables. (c)The gain in physical strength of college students.Amherst, 1892. Two tables. (d) Physical growth of. Amherst students.Gain between freshman and senior years.Amherst, 1892. (e) The distribution of physical measurements shown in the different yearsof college life.Amherst, 1892. Anthropometric statistics of the students of Amherst college.In American statistical association,(Quarterly publications)Boston, 1893.v. 3.p. 588-99. A summary of the stet/sties" work of the department of phystoaleduesuais. PHYSICAL GROWTH AN D SCHOOL PROGRESS. Hitchcock, E. Comparative study of measurements of maleand female students at Amherst, Mt. Holyoke and Wellesley colleges.In American association for the advancement of physical education, 1891.v. 6.p.-37-42. A discussion of Dr. Bowditch's paper on percentilegrades, accompanied by three tables. The first table gives the average measurements of 2,000 students;the second, the means rather than the averages for 2,088 students; and the third, the average measurementsof 320 college men between 21 and 22 years ef of age. The need of anthropometry. In American acsociation for the advancementof physical education. 1887.v. 3.p. 3-8. A discussion of the history of anthropometry, together withsuggestions on how to take measurements accurately. Physical measurements, fallacies anderrors.In American association for the advancement of physical education'' 1887.v. 3.p. 35-42. Dr. Hitchcock meats the conclusion in this discussionthat "human measures increase with height, always understanding that the law will no' includesome of the tests of strength." A criticism of the Ilemenway charts is also included. The result of anthrojxanetry as derived from themeasurements of the students in Amherst college.Amherst, Mass., Carpenter & Morehouse, 1892.7 p. Contains several reports. A synoptic exhibit of 15,000 physical examinations.In American association for the advancement of physical education,1890.v. 5. Seeley, II. H., and Phillips.The anthropometrical manual tCf Amherst college. Amherst, Mass., Carpenter de Morehouse, 1900.40 p. ',Holmes, B. Order of physical growth of the child. inIllinois society for child study. Transactions, 1897.v. 11.p. 201-15. This article deals primarily with the influences affectinggrowth and gives two of Porter's tables. A study of the growth of children, beinga review of the work of Dr. Win. 't. Porter of St. Louis. New York medical journal,60:417-23 (1894). A critidal discussion of Dr. Porter's work. Hrdli6ka, A. Anthropological investigations on 1,000 white and coloredchildren of both sexes.In *New York juvenile asylum.47th annual repose.New York, Hollenbeck Crawford co., state printersy 1899.v. 47.p. 1- 86. The author finds these children slightly Inferior to healthy childrenfrom good homed but attributes It to neglect and improper nutrition. The report contains theresults of much painstaking anthropometrical research and a discbssion on the stigmata of degeneration. Hudson; G. II.A plea for a mole general recognition of phenomenaof child growth in education.Education, 14:466-77. A general discussion In growth without empirical dataor measurements, emphasizing the recapitu baton theory. Hurd, K. C. On anthropometry.Times and register, N. Y. and Phila., 7:506-11 (1890). This article takes up the question of the method and value ofanthropometry and gives the data use, In Galton's Antluropometrie laboratory.The author begins by making a plea for compulsory anthropometry in our schools, Some of the Francis Galton teats concerning the originof the humanfaculty. -In American association for the.advancement of physical education, 1891.v. 6. p. 80-96. An application of Gilton's ineasurements to Bryn Mawr schoolsan131570 Mawr college, including some anthropometrio measurements. Hutchinson, John. -Contributions to vitltatirttics obtainedby means of pneumatic apparatus for valuing the respiratory powers iiivelationto health.Quarterly journal of the statistical society, London, 7:193- 21(1844). Included on amount of the statistics and for the historical value. On the capacity of the lungs and on tho respiratoryfunctions, etc.Medical chirurgical transactions, London, 29:137-252 (1846). A very good pioneer study In lung capecity. Jackson, W. A., jr.Graphic methods in anthropomet4.Physical education, 2:89-04 (1893). Digniramailo charts on physical growth and proportions of different parteof the body. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 201 Jackson, W. A., jr.Tables of the anthropometric measured:tents of the WORM/ft seminary students.The Willistonian, Eaelliampton, Mass. (1892).p. 140. Karniteky, A. C. Zur physiologic des wachetums and der entwicklurig des kindlichen . organismus.Jahrbuch fur kinderheilkunde, 68:462-74 (1908). Karstiidt, F.Ober dam wachstum der knabenvom 6. bis 16. lebensjahre.Zech. fur schulgesundheitspfleges 1:69-74 (1888). The growth of boys in height furnishes the object of this study.It is based on 4,274 semiannual measurements over the years from 6 to 16 (not consecutive measurementson the same itmlividual). Maximum and minimum heights and increments are given. Themeasurements were taken in the 115hrea burgerschule I In Brealau. Kellogg, J. II.Outline studies of the human figure, comprising118 figures which embody the results of several thousand observations,embracing studies of a number of differmit civilised and uncivilizedraces.Chicago, Battle Creek, Mich. [etc.], Mod. med. pub. co., 1893. -- The value of strength tests in the prescription of exercise', anda comparative study of the strength of individual groups of muscles, andof Homologous muscles of men and women.in Aineitican association for the advancement ofphysical cation, 1896.p. 49-75. The value of strength tests in the prescription of exercise, anda comparable study of the strength of Individual groups of muscles and of homologous muscles, Inmen and women, are 'iven In this report. Many physical measurements of different parts of the bodyare included. Key, .Axel.Liiroverkskomit6ns betankanae, III.Bilage.E. Kongl. boktrycheriet. Stockholm, 1885.2 v. Edited In Dorman by litIrgerstein. Schulhyglenische untersuchungen,Hamburg, 1089. A report of the Swedish commission of which Keywas appointed chairman In 1882. /About 15,000 boys and 3,000 girls were examined. Most of the book is concerned withhygienic investigations and an Important contribution is made bearing on the relation of disease to nodesof growth. The study of the height and weight extends from the age o16 to 20 years. Die pubertittsentiarlung unddas verhaltniederselben zu den krankheit- serscheinungen der schuljugend. Reprinted from the proceedings of the 10th international oongress of medicine, 1890.v. 1.p. 06;130. Schulliygienische untersuchungen.Leipzig and Ilambilrg, L. BUrgerstein, 1889.34611. Key found in Sweden that liability to sickness decreases withIncreasing rate of grow th, and Laurance with decreasing rate of growth; therefore one may be takenas the measure of the other. King, I.Id easurenients of the physical development oftwo aildren. Journal of educational psychology, 1 : 27-86 (1910). An important Individual study of the author's two boys7bne betweenthe ages of h and 6 years, ..0d the other for the first three years. Fourteen measurements besides height and weig re included. Kirchhoff, A. Zur statistik der korpergroese in dem Saalkreisozu Halle and dem . Mansfelder Seekreise.Archiv. tilt anthrop., Braunschweig, 21:134-43(1892-93). In this investigation, which was carried on In 1882, Dr. Kirchhoffmakes some very Interesting comparisons. 2,637 measurements were made in the Baalkvelse and2,812 on the Seekrelse. In a distribution chart arianged on Eisenben the proportionwas '1,530 millimeters to 1,880 millimeters as compared with 1,520 to 1,785 on ROennerm Kirkpatrick, E. A.Physical growth and development.(Fundamentals of child study.) New York and London, Macmillanco., 1907.. p. 15-30. A brief but suggestive dialogicalon the general problem of grperth. Koamowski, W. 'Ober gewicht and wuchs aer kinderder armen in Warschau. Jahrbuch fits kinderheilkunde, 39:70-76 (1895).1 4 Kottelman, L. Die kOrperverhaltnisee der gelehrtenechtilerdes Johannaeus in ' Hamburg.Zech. des koniglichen preuseichen statistischenbureaus, Berlin (1879. An Important Investigation based on measurements in hefght,weight, and lung capacity of 115 boys from 10 to 15 years of age. e Landsberger, . Das waehetum der knabenvom 6. bis awn 13. lebensjahre. tech. fog echulgeeundheitapflege,1:65-69 (1888). See Karstidt. An important Investigation based on consecutive measurementsof 37 children between the ages of 6 and 13. Many other moeuremanta are include4 anda comps:loon is shade with the work of Etowditch and other Investigators. 202 utqlreAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL^PROGRE138.

Landeberger, -. Das wachstum im alter der echulpflicht.Archiv fur anthrop., Braunschweig, 17:229-64 (1888). A report of the growth of 104 children through a period of five years. Lane, W. A.Slime of the laws which influence the growth of children..In Inter- national cow* of hygiene.Proceedings.London, 1892.p. 103-9. A general discussion. Lange, E.Die gesetzmassigheit im langenwachstum dee menechen.Jahrb. der kinderheilkunde; 57:261-324 (1903). Lee, A., and F. K.Data for the problem of evolution of man.In Royal society. Phil. transactions.London, 1901.v. 196.p. 225-64.Series A. A good treatment of the general problem of physical development. I Lee, C. A. A table showing the physical characteristics of the United States Senate. Buffalo medical and surgical journal, 6:390-96 (1866 -87). Leahaft, -. Materials for .the study of the years of school life.Health (1879 -80). p. 12741. Russian, cited by Sack. Liharzik, F.Der bau und die wachetum der menschen.Sitzungsberichte koniglichen akademie in Wien.Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche klarse, fib-` theilung, 2:44 (1861). Das geeetz des menschlichen wachstums. Wien, Carl Gerolds aohn, 1858.188,

A good pioneer study of measurements of the head and chest. Lincoln, D. F. Anthropometry individualized.In American aasociation for the advancement of physical education, 189G.p. 4-11. 41, A practical paper with some very good observations on sexual maturity. Idacdonalci, Arthur.Experimental study of children.In U. S. BureatLof education. Report of the Commissioner for the year 1897-98.v. 1.p. 989-1204.v. 2.p. 1281-1390. An extensive study of numerous physical and mental measurements of white and colored children in Washington. A number of comparisons of head measurements are made, and it is concludedaat white girls ha% e a greater standing height and sitting height than colored girls, but colored chMen have a greater weight than white children.Children of the laNtoring class are superior in height, sitting height, and weight to those of the nonlaboring class, which confirms the results of Roberts, Bowditch, and Baxter.Girls are superior to boys in their studios.Children with abnormalities are inferior in height, weight, and the other measurements Included. Many charts, tables, and illustrations are given, and a bibliography is appended. Neuere amerikanische arbeiten auf dem gebiete der kindertorschung.Zech. fur plidagogische peychologie, 2:112-21 (1900). .Cher korperweesungon an kinder'.Deutsche tech. (Or auslandisches tinter- richtswesen, 4:253 -66 (1899). A translation of the previous article. Mailing-Hansen, P. R.Einige resultate der tliglichen wagungen von 130 zoglingen des kOniglichen taubstummeninstituts in Kopenhagen. In Congress periodique kntenational des sciences medicales, Kopenhagen.v. 3.p. 103-19. This is en address covering the subject of seasonal variations, and u-consideration of the effect of change of diet on growth in weight at different times of the year. Perioden im gewicht der kinder und in der sonnenwarme beobachtungen. Kopenhagen, 1886.,,yr. 3.p. 2'68. Uber periodicitAt im gewicht der kinder an tAglichen wagungen. Kopen- hagen, 1883.v. 1.p. 35. An extensive and careful treatment of the seasonal period of growth. Uber periodizitAt im gewicht der kinder.Kopenhagen, 1883.35 p. Deals primarily with the seasonal and daily variations in growth due to climatic) conditions. Meek, K. Volummessungen des menschlichen korpers und seiner einzelnen theile in den verechiedenen alterstufen.Zech. fOr biologie, Munchen und Leipzig, 31:12647 (1894).

Or BIBLIOGRAPHY. 203 Mereshoffsky, K. On the results and methods of the investigation of the physical develdpment of children. Brochure.Russian, cited by Back. Not accessible to the writer. Meuman, E.Vorlesung zur einfuhrung in die experimentelle padagogik.Leipzig, Engelman, 1911. P 725 p. The third chapter of this book contains a very valuable chapter on growth. A bibliography Is appended. Michailoff, . Materials for the estimation of physical development and disease in the village school of Russik in the province of Moscow.Moecow, 1887. Russian. cited bY Sack. Not accessible to the writer. Niisawa, Tadasu. A few statistical facts from Japan.Pedagogical seminary, 16.104- 12 (1909). In 1901 the Department of education of Japan measured the heights and weights for 889,014 children and Dr. Misawa reports the results of this study in the above article. Miwa, Norhiva. A study upon weight from 3 to 80 years of age.Tokio I--Gauk ZwaiZaturnshi (1893) v. 7.no. 9. These measurements begin in the kindergarten and extend through the schools and to adults from other sources. A study of the effect of the weights in different classes of society isincluded, together with the problem of maturity. Moon, S. B. The growth of boys.In American association for the advancement of physical education, 1896.p. 19-23. A brief article giving the measurements in a percentile table fur 150 Istyy alio are measured annually from 11 to IS years of age. Measurements of the boys of the McDonegh school for 1881-91.McDonrgh school, Md., 1892.46 p. The question of growth at puberty.American physical education review, 4:294-98 (1899). Data are given with a view .of testing Bowdftch's law specifically- In regard to retardation before pubescent acceleration.The law Is not satisfactorily confirmed.It is concluded that "pubertal attainment has but little, if any, effect upon the rate of growth, at least In many case." Morey- Errant, D.Unity of the periods of growth in a mail.In Illinois society for child study.Transactions, 1898.v. 4.p. 84-91. A general discussion bearing primarily on puberty. r/e% Morse, W. H.The baby's growth.Virginia medical mplithly, 13:392-95 (1886-87). A brief study of the weight of Infancy, showing the comparative stages of physical development. Muller, G.Alphonse Bertillon's method for the identification of criminals.Anthro- i pometric identifications.Instructions for taking measurement's and descriptions. Joliet, Ill., 1887.v. 8.p. 84. A tactical guide for criminologists. Nagorsky, . The influence of schools on the physical development of children. St. Petersburg, 1881. Russian, cited by Back. Not ecostdble to the writer. Oppenhsim, N.Development of the child.New York, Macmillan co., 1898.p. 1-92. A good general treatment of growth, without statistics or original measurements. Pagliani, L.Sopra alcuni fattori dello sviluppo umano-richerche anthrtllometriche. In Atti dell r. Awed. di ecienze di Torino, 1875-76.v. II.p. 694 -760. Alec In Arch. dl agt. top. ed etnol. Italians, 6:124117 (1676). The children weexamined and measured in Turin apd the accompanying tables give the effect of growth under favored and under less favored conditions, together with the effect of exercise off the development of the lung capacity 4bori. Lo eviluppo urtulbo per eta, Basso, Condizione eociale ed etnica studiato reel peso, stature, circonferenza toracica, capacity vitale e forre muscolare., Giornale della Societe. italrena d'igiene,Milano,1: no. 4, 357-76; no. 5, 453; no. 6, 589-608 (1879). Paillot de Montabert, M. P.Tralt4 cpmplet de la peinttat.Paris, J. F. Delion, 1828-29.862 p. 204 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Pearson, K. Growth of St. Louis childre n.Nature, 51:145-46 (1894). 4111 In this investigation Dr. Pearson summarizes Gallon's percentile methods and says that it lanow acting as a distinct hindrance to statistical theory in an unexpected way, since it does not require the investigator to publish his raw material. A criticism is given of Dr. Porter's work on this basis, since the material is only given in the form of percentiles or in diagrams of the "Orgive" curve corresponding to the integral of the frequency curve. Peckham, C. W. The growth of children.In Wisconsin.Board of health.Report, 1881.v. 6.p. 28-73. About 10,000 children in the various schools of Milwaukee were measured and examined In Iasi. ranging In age from 4 to 18 years.Eleven plates and 13 tables giving the rates of growth by natIonalit y are included. Various observations on growth.In Wisconsin Board of health.Report, 1882.v. 7.p. 185-88. This investigation showed there were certain Important differences In the rates of growth of Boston children and Milwaukee children. Porter, W. T.Anthropometrical measurements in schools.Educational review, 11:126-33 (1896). A practical discussion of the study of physical growth from the educational standpoint. The growth of St. Louis children.In American statistical association. (Quarterly publications), 1894.v. 4.n. B., p. 28-34. Also in Academy of science of St. Louie, 1894.vat. p. 263-380. This is one of the most significant investigations so far made, including measurements in height, weight, and span of arms, strength, girth, Measurements of face and head, based on 34,354 children. A careful discussion of statistical measurements is included.There are 51 tables given in-percentile grades and 46 plates.A bibliography is appended. - On the application to individual school children of the moan values derived from agthropological measurements by the generalizing method. In American statistical association.Boston, 1892-3.v. 3.n. a., p. 576-87. A discussion of the significance of deviations above or below normal height and the requirementsof a proposed system of physical measurements. The physical basis of precocity and dullness.In Academy of science of St. Louis.Transactions, 1893.v. 6.p. 161-81. In this Investigation, which is based on the previous one, Dr. Porter gives 15 tables and 2 charts, treeing the development by age of dull, mediocre and precocious boys and girls and mainiains that " Precocious children are heavier and dull children are lighter than mon children of the same age " The relation between the growth of children and their deviation from the physical type of their sex and age. A Academy of science (4 St.. Louis.Transac- tions, 1893.v. 6.p. 263-80. In this Investigation Dr. Porter oompires the growth of the school children In the Freiburg with those In St. Louis and concludes: "The .paychologies? difference between the individual children Inan anthrepometric series and the physical type of the aeries is directly related to the q.ulckness of growth." - Remarks on the use of anthropometrical instruments in schools. In American association for the advancement of physical education, 1896.p. 158-64. In this article Dr. Porter bases his discussion on the fact that " the average or other central value of the group of properly related measurements gives an Idea of the character of the grou"Emphasis is laid on types, and we are told that percentile grades can not be used as yet for prfllction of future size. It Is recommended thatihe annual record of the height and weight of every II be kept, and that all pupils, whose height and weight ratio is above the 75 or below the 23 penis a grade of their age, be *toed under special supervision in order that they may not be overtaxed the work required of normal pupils. - Untersuchungen der echulkinder in, bezug auf die phfysiechen grundlagen ihrergeiatigenentwicklung. - Verhandludgen derBerlineranthmpologischen gesellschaft (1893).p. 337-54. A translation of the former article. Quetelet, M. A. De la statiatique eonside.r4e sous le rapport du physique, du moralet de 'Intelligence de l'homme. In Commission centralo de statiatique. Bruxelles, 1860.v. 8.p. 433-67. An anthropological discussion dealing principally with marriage and only indirectly bearingon Physical growth. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 205

Quetelet, M. A. Dee proportions aux corps humain. Academie royale dee sciences,dee lettree, et des beaux-arts de Belgique.Bulletin.Bruxellee, 1848.v. 15.p.16-27. A discussion of the Eg.yollans, R'.fns, and Indians. Recherches our le poide de l'homme aux differentsages.In Academie royale doe sciences, des lettres et dee beaux-arts de Belgique.Bulletin.Bruxelles, 1832- 34.v. 1.p.20 -24. Sur I'homme et le development de see facultee, ou semi de physique sociale. Paris, Bachelier, 1836. Pioneer work in the field of anthropometry, which studies records from the standpoint ofan artist as well as of a scientiu. Sur lee Indiens Ojib-be-was et lee proportions de leurcorps.Academie royale des sciences, dee 'caret, et des beaux-arts de Belgique.Bulletin.Bruxellee, 1846.v..13.p. 70-76. A brief scientific study of three Indians. Sur les proportions de la race noire.In Inter. cong. f.ech. hyg., 1854. v. 21.p. 96. Sur lee proportions de hommee, qui se font retnarquer parun excise ou defaut de taille.In Academie royale dee sciences, des lettres, et des beaux-arts de Belgique.Bulletin.Bruxelles, 1847.v. 14.p. 138-42. A short summary with references to 00b-be-was Indians. Quirsfeld, E.Untersuchungsergebnioce physischer undgeistigerentwicklung bei 1014 kindern root 1.his. 8. schuljahre.Prager wochnschr., 32:653-56 (1907). Translation in International congress on school hygiene. 2d. London, 1907. Proceedings.p. 214-16. A study of the physical and mental development In early childhood. Vortrage: Zur physischen and geistlichen entwicklung des kindeewahrend der ersten schuljahre.In I nter..cong. I. tech. hyg., 1904.v.3.p. 128 -34. Art:refill study of,physical conditions of children during the first years of school, followed byadiscus- sion by F. A. Schmidt, E. Bayr, and Emu Dr. Krukenberg. Ranks, 0.Beitrage zur frage des kindlichen wachstums.Archly. ftlr anthrop., 3:161-80 (1905). See also Der Mensch, 2:130 -57. A very careful study of about 2,500 children, with many measurements and tables. Der Mensch.Leipzig, Veil d. bibl. Instit, 1894-1900.2v. Chapters 2 and 3 of vol. 2 contain excellent material on growth and many tables from Europeand America. An excellent treatise. Reuter, F.Beitnige zuranthropologie Ilinterpommerns. Kindermossungen. Archly. filr anthrop., 28:288-388 (1903). A careful experimental study based on 373 children, with many,measurernents, graphs,and Indices. Richards,A., and Little, B. B. A proposed standard chart to show the proportions of American females.In American association for the advancement of physical eclucarion, 1896.p. 30-34. A detailed chart Is given showing relative measurements. Rjetz, E.Das wachetum der Berliner echulkinder wahrend der schuljahre. Archly. (Or anthrop., 1:30-42 (1903).neue folge. This investhmtIon is based on a study of 5,134 Berlin boys and girls between theages of 6 and 19, and includes the comparison between children from different types of schools.Twelvetables are Included and one chart, with corresponding curves for thagymnasts°and hihere pollute° and the genteindeschulen. A comparison is also made between the children of the better classes andthe poorer classes at Hamburg, Berlin,Italie,Cablis, Saalfeld, Stockholm, Denmark, England, Boston, Turin, Warsaw, and Freiberg as outlined by Burke, but less complete, the numbers of indiviciltalsnot being included. K5rperentwicklung and geistige begabung.Zeitechrift ftlr echulgesundheite- pflege, 19:65-98 (1906). 4 . Roberts, C.Manual of anthropometry.London, L. Churchill, 1878.118 p. This Is an Important manual containing much anthropomethe material and an extensive bilallogra- . phy. The height, weight, and mutual increments of 7,709 boys and men of favored class between10 and 30 are Included. 'There are also many other tables, one including height, weight, andchestgirth of near- born infants; another ofthe avengeheight, weight, and cheat girth of the artisan clams betWeen the ages of 4 and zo.A careful comparison is made with Dr. Bowditoh's Work in Boston. 206 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Robertb,,C.Memorandum on the medical inspection and physical education in secondary schools.In Royal commission on secondary schools of England.Report. v. 5.p. 352-74. TeeThis report deals primarily with the relation of weight and height to hygienic oonditions, and the th rate at various ages. The physical requirements of factory children., In Journal of the statistical society.London, 1876.v. 39.p. 681 -733. An excellent study including height, weight, and chest girths. Comparisons are made with Quote let's data. Rubner, Das wachstumproblem und die lebenedauer dee menechen und einiger , siiugethiere vom energiechen etandpunkte betrachtet.Berlin, 1908.16 p. Ruechenberger, W. S. W. Contributions to the statistics of human growth. American journal of medical science, Phila., n. s. 54:67-70 (1867). Rustow, A.Vergleichende beobachtungen fiber den einfluse der erniihrung mit der brut und der k tkuitichen erniihrung auf des gewicht und den wuche (Binge) der kinder.Jahtb. f Or kinderheilkunde, Leipzig, 16:86-132 (1880-81). Sack, N.Brustdurchmesser und des kerpergewicht der knaben in den hoheren schulen Moskau'e.Aus dem Ruesiachen Obersetzt von Prof. Dr. Eriemann (1892). Ober die kOrperliche entwicklung der knaben in den mittelechulen Moskau's. Zech. ter echulgesundheitspflege, 6:649-63 (1893). A verysimpornun study containing buoy references to the work of others, a bibliography, and oom perative tables. Sargent, D. A. The physical proportions of the typical man.Scribner's magazine, 2:3-17 (1887). A semlpopular article giving methodsr of measuring and testing in the physical edutedt4of men, with throe charts which show at a glance the relation of site, strength, symmetry, and opmect. Theo charts have had great influence in laboratories tor physical measurements. The physique et scholars, athletes, and the average student.Popular science monthly, 73.248-56 (1908). A study of 15 groups of men from 1to 28 years of age, all excepting one group being Harvard stn. dents -- football players, crew men, strong men, scholarship men, etc.A table of the average height, weight, and strength of each group is given, the tallest and heaviest being university crew and football men, the shorteett and lightest being "stipend scholarship" men. Report on the anthropometric measurements.A schedule of measurements with directions for making them.In American association for the advancement of physical education, 1886.v. 2.p. 6-15. A significant guide for the making and recording of measurements Hitchcock, E., and Anderson, W. G.Report of the committee on statistics appointed by the association in 1885.In American association for the adVance- ment of physical education, 1888. A comprehensive summary of what measurements should he taken and how it should be done, including detailed methods, tests, and a din oolen of the condlUons of the body. t, Emil. Die ktirpergrtieee und des gewicht der schulkinder des kreiees Saalfeld. Archiv. f Anthrop., 21:385-434 (1892). A comparative study of the growth of boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 13 in different localities in Germany. Schmidt-Monnard,K.Gewichts- und lingenzunahme bei kindarn.Tech.fur schulgeeundheitspflege, 9:317-23 (1896). A reply to "Ober den einfluss der jahreueit and der echo!e auf des wachatum der kinder." Die chronieche krinklichkeit in uneaten mittleren und hdheren schulen. Int. mod. cong. zu Moekau, 1897.Zech. fur echulgeeundheitspflege, 11:593-620; 12:666 -85 (1897). In an investigation made in Halle on 5,103 boys and 3,200 girls in the hlgti and middle schools, the writer studied the bhronic diseases, fatigue, etc., in respect to effects, and growth in height and weight In individual children through the fourteenth year. Ober den eindute der jahreezeit .und -der echule auf des wachatum der kinder.In Jahrb. Mr' kinderheilkunde, 1895, v. 40 (1895). summary fn &ch. filieschulgesundheitsptlege, 7:626-638 (1804). A study of the growth of 190 children from Haile, with yearly mawureinenta from 1 to 12 years. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 207

Schultz, G.Bericht Ober die messungen an ihdividuen von venschiedenen nationen. In Acathcmie imperial(' des sciences de St. Peteraburg.' Bull. d. 1. ch;sse physico- tnathematique.1845.v. 4.p. 22G-30. A comparative study of 63 Russiana, Jews and Negroes. Some new anthruiximetrical data.Yale medical journal, v. 2 (1895-96). Schuster, E.First results from the Oxford anthropometric laboratory.Biernet rika, 8:40-51 (1896). Schwartz, E.Anthropology (Novara expedition). A system of anthropometrical investigations as a means for the differential diagnosis of the human races.Vienna,al 1862.24 p. Seaver, J. W. Anthropometry and physical examination, for practical use in connection with gymnasium work and physical education.Meriden, Conn., Curtis-Way co., 1909.191 p. This is an important contribution to the general subject of anthropometry and contains 15 chapters on various anthropometric subjects.Chapters'', Si and 9, in graphic anthropometry the law of growth, and percentile methods of tabulation, are particularly gal. A number of important charts and tables are included. Anthropometric tables arranged from the measures of 2,300 students. New haven, 1889. Sergi, G.An anthropological cabinet for pedagogic purposes.Education, 7:42-49 (1886). In his discussion on the formation of an anthropological cabinet Dr. Sergi gives a detailed biographical chart, Including both physical and mental observations, together with remedial agencies and educational MRISIIIIV.

Shbankoff, . The influence of the common school on the physical development of .pupils.Messenger for legal medicine.v... 3. (1889.) Russian cited by Sack. V Shoat, John.Differences in weight and stature of Europeans and some natives of India.In Ethnological society.Transactions.London, 1863.v. 2 n. s.p. 213. Shuttleworth, G. E.The health and development of idiots compared with mentally sound children of the Bathe age.In Association of medical officers of American institute for idiotic and feeble-minded persons.Proceedings, 1876-86.p. 315-22. Aim published by J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1177.f See also Tarbell. D. G.) A very good paper on the growth and mortality of metaily deficient children, with valuable tables and height and weight curves. Silbermann, J. T.Proportions physique ou tiaturelles du corps humain exprimees en mesuros metriques et rapportees a la taille de 1.60 tn.In Academie des sciences. Ctsnpt. rend.Paris, 1,856.v. 42,p. 454-56, 495-97.v. 43."p. 1156-57. A study of 511 Men from 156 mm. to 184. Simon, T.Recherches anihropometriques sur 223 garcons anorinaux agie de 8-23 ans. Annee psychologique, 6:191-247 (1899). A very careful study of 223 boys, with measurements and a rdsumI of the work done by others, and including comparative tables. Smedley, F. W. Report of department of child -study and pedagogic investigation of the Chicago public schools.Chicago, 1900.v. 2, p. 10-48. This report Isthe continuation of the work started by W. 8. Christopher.It contains tables and obartsof norms resulting from the measurement of height, weight,vital capacity,grip, and the use of the ergograph with Chicagopublicschool children, and a discussion of thecorrelationbetween these results andschool standing. Soame.q, H. A. The scientific measurements of children.London, 1891.15 p. Segal, N. J.Anthropometrical researches in the Provinces of Jgroslav, Koetroma, and Vladimir.In 8th Congress of Russian naturalists and physicians.St. Peters- burg, 1890. Stanway, S.Results of investigations made into the ,vmparatiN4) health condition of factory and non-factory children in Manchester and Stockport.Report of Factory commission.London, 1833.- Ilr.Unwell, chairman.. 208 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Sternberg, G.Physique of acepted recruits and reenlistedmen of United States army.In report of the Surgeon general, U. S. A., to Secretary ofwar, Washington, 1893.v. 20.p. 226-27. Stevenson, W.On the rate of growth in children.In 9th International medical congress.Transactions. / Washington, 1887.v. 3.p. 446-52. On the relation of weight to height and the rate of growth inman.Lancet clinic, London, 2:560-61(1888). in this scientific report Dr. Stevihson gives 4 tables and 2 charts, and maintainsthat had we the means of scientifically comparing the relaticm of weight to height and of drawing conk .sions therefrom, such data would be as frequently supplied as Is now the daily temperature.Tlie first table checks up the height and weight In inches with yearly increments for boys and girls between theages of 5 and 18.The height and weight indices are also given, and a comparison between the heightand weight coefficients of laboring and nonlaboring classes. Stieda, L.eber die anwendueg der wahrscheinlichkeiterechnungin der antho- pologischen statistik.Archiv. far anthrop., Braunschweig, 14:167-182 (1882-83). An extensive, theeretical discussion of measurements, with, graphs. Stockton-Hough, y.Statistics relating to seven hundred births (white) occurringin the Philadelphia hospital from 1865-72.Philadelphia medical times, 1692-94 (1885-86). Stoneroad, R. /Physical education of girls during childhoodand pubescent period. In National/education association of the United States.Journal of proceedings and addressee, 1910.p. 936-41. A series of/suggestions of.a preventative or remedial nature rather thanan analysis of growth. Story, W. W. The proportions of the human figure, accordingto a new canon for practical use, with a critical notice of the canon of Polycletus, andof the principal ancient and modern systems.London, 1866.63 p. 1 A detailedstudy et parts of the body, with many allusions to the work of classical artists. Der ktorper dee kindee, file eltern, erziehert-krzte und Stuttgart 1903.250 p. - Wee stum und proportionen des menschen vor und nach der geburt.Archiv. far anthrop., 8:287-97 (1909).Neue folge. A good dboussing growth before and after birth and giving many drawings and graphs. Steet, G. C.Notes on the development and growth of boys between13 and 20 years of rise.In St. Georges hospital, London.Report, 1874-76. This is an important reference. Suligoweki, F.Kilka slow o potniamch antropometrycznych mlodziezygimnazyum mezkiego w Radomin.Afedyeyna, Warszawa, 15:512, 544, 558-59, 641-0887). The anthropometrlc measurements of pupils in the gymnasium of Radom. This investigation deals primarily with statistics in height and weight, togetherwith other measurements and personal characterbtics of 1,783 males between the ages of 9 and 21. Swain, F.Anthropometric measurements.In American association for the advancement of physical education.Proceedings, 1887.v. 3, p. 43-50. A discussion of the materials required for physical measurements and howto use them. Tallant, A. W. A medical study of delinquent girls.In American academy of medicine.Bulletin, 1912.v. 13, p. 283-93. A study of the physical development of the delinquent girls at 8Ieightonfarm, Pennsylvania. These girls are about normal In height and weight when compered with Bowditth'snorms, but have many sense defects, while 20-25 per cant have venereal diseases. Tarbell, G. G.On the height, weight, and relative rate of growth ofnormal and feeble-minded children.In Association of medical officers of the American institute for idiotic and feeble-minded pemons.1 Proceedings, 1876-86.p. 188-89. A short paper with height and weight curves. In Assoc. med.Proceedings, 1888-89._ A pioneer study on the growth of feeble-minded, the value of which Is chittyin Its suggestive material, sews few children are included and no statistics are given, althoughcurves of growth ate included. Taylor, J. J.Anthropometric notes on the inhabitants of Checkheaton, Yorkshire. In Brilah'association for the advancement of science,1897.v. 67, p. 607-10. A comparative study of 20 men varying from 30 to f0 years ofage and from 168.3 to MA cm. in height. and 11 women from 3036 years of age ranging from 148.4 to 143.7 cm. in height. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 209

Taylor, J. M. 'The influence of bodily exerciseupon length of life.In American association for the advancement of physical education, 1897.v. 7, p. 61-74. Contains a number of individual measurements, together witha detailed sketch of the athletic life of William B. Curtis, and concludes that the harmful effects of violent athletic competitionsare popd tarty overrated. Thomson, A. S.Observations on the stature, bodily weight, magnitude of chest,and physical strength of the New Zealand race of men.In Journal of the Geographical,

society.London, 1853.v. 23, p. 87. . Thorndike, E. L.An introduction to the theory of mental and socialmeasurements. New York, Science press, 1904.p. 212. An excellent book on how to handle mental, social, and physical measurement!. Chapter 12 treats of the sources of error in measurements. and Chapter 1:1 gives conclusions and furtherreferences. Physical growth of children.In Note's on child study. New York, 1901. p. 21-30.(Columbia university.Contributions to philosophy; psychology, and education.) A very suggestive and valuable chapter, which serves to answer the question"just at what rate do children grow and what are theslitsthey reach year after year?"Boas' averages and mean variations are included and distribution figures for different ages, also a series of yearlyincitements for growth in stature for boys rend girls. Titchener,E.B.Anthmpometry and experimental psychology.Philosophical review, 2:187-92 (1893). A discussion of the retation'between the anthropometric laboratory and psychologicallaboratory. The main difference between the two laboratories Is one of aim and practiceon the part of those who are being trained. Training in the former depends less on practice and more on instruction than inthe latter. Topinard, P.L'anthropologie.Paris, 1895.(Bibliothequo des sciences contem- poraines. ) A general treatment on anthropology with exceptionally strong chapterson craniometry, and short chapters on physical characteristics and growth. Tyler, J. M.Growth in weight and height.In his Growth and education.Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & co., 1907.p. 263-270. One chapter from an excellent book on growth and an appendix which givesa series of compounded tables for weight, height, and other measurements.A bibliography is appended. The study of growth in children.In National education association of the United States.' Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1908.p. 913 -16.' Also in Journal of education, Boston, 88:113-14 (1908). A good general dismission without measurements. Vahl, M.Mitteilungen fiber 'dais gewicht nichterwacheener miidchen. In Cong. periudique ipt. eci. med. Copenhagen, 1884.p. 120-25. The girls In this school, repeng from 4 to 16 years, were weighed semiannually from1874 to 1883, and the resulting incrementsandpercents of gain show that there is a greater incr,..tgese in growth In weight In summer than In winter. Vaney, V.Le developpement physique des arrieret d'ecole.in Societe libre pour Petude peyehologique de l'entant.Bulletin, 1909.v. 9.p. 26-29.1907-8. v.8.. p. 108-14. Viasemeky, N. W. Ismenenia organiama v periods sformirorania.St. Petersburg, 1902. Modifications of orkaniams during the period of puberty from the age of ten totwenty. This Is an important study containing 278 tables and 43 diagrams. Viemrdt, H.Anatotnische, physiologische and pbysikalische date') Und tabellen. 3. neu bearbeiteto auflage.Jena, Fischer, 1906.622 p. Viemrdt, Karl von.Physiologie des kindeealters. Tubingen, Lanpp, 1881.496 p. Part I of this book, p. 219 to 291, ,-Aetna a very good summary of physical growthIn Issight and weight, together with a bibliography, which, like many others, contains no page references and only occasionally the volume. Villerme, L.Note stir la taille moyenne dee habitants de Paris etstir lee proportions des difformitle et infirmitee qui les rendeut impropreeaux services militaires. Annalee des sciences naturellee, Paris, 11:140 (1829). 7186°-14---14 210 PHYSICAL GROWTH ANDSCHOOL PROGRESS.

Vinogradpva-Lukkrekaya, L. K. Examination of height and weight of girls attInding high'echools.Veetnik obah. hig. sudeb i. prackt mod., St. Petersburg, 21:67-186 (1894). Rusdan. VOA, C.Uber die peroidicitAt ion gewichte der kinder.Reprint from Ninny liner med. wochenschr, 33:129-31 (1886). Warner, F.Physical defects.In Britishassociationforthe advancement of science. Proceediugs, 1897.v. 67, p. 427-39. Ads principally with physical defects. r ''Report on the physical and mental condition of 50,000 children N4.1.11 in 106 schools of London. In U. S. Burequ of education.Report of the Commissioner for the year 1890.v, 2.p. 1081-1188. AnImportant report prepared for the dritish medical association and the Charily organization society of London, and preliminary to the data included in the author's study of Albin/1i The study of children and their school training.New York, Macmillan, 1897. p. 16-33. Weiner, C.fiber des wachstum doe monschlichen kOrpers.KitrIsruhe, 1890. p. 3-23. Amonograph containing curves and tables giving the annual measurements in height. weight, and heed girth of Dr. Weiner's four wens from birth to maturity.A very valuable contribution. Weissenberg, S.Das wachatum dee menschen.Stuttgart, Strecker und Schroder, 1011.220p. This le the most important recent publication on physical gma iii and contains chapters on foetal growth, the proportions of the bodies of babies, growth during the periods ot childhood.t he conditions influencing growth, and the laws of growth. Lanyauthorities are quoted, numerous tables are Included. and charts Wowing the growth of different parts of the body, together with therelativeheights and height increments of Jews, 11ussians, Englishmen, and Belgians. Welker, F.Untersuchungen Ober bau und wachatum dee menschliChen schlidels. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1862. West, G. M. Anthropometrische untersuchungen (Sher die echulkinder in Worcester, Mass. Archiv. fur anthmp., 22:13-48 (1894). This Is a more detailed and elaborate study of the data included Inthe previous investigation. . Growth of the human body.Educational review, 12:284-89 (1896). Ageneral discussion from the educational point of view. Observation of the relation of physical development to intellectual ability, made on the school children of Toronto, Canada.Science, n. s., 4:156-59 (1896). In this Investigation the results are opposed to those of Dr.Porter.Ir;lace of using school grade as the criteria index of precocity, Dr. West uses the teacher's Judgment, and appends a number of curves without ftg.wes, giving the relative sizes of good and poor students. Worcester school children; growth of head, body, and face.Science, 21:2-4 (1893). Thlainvestigation's based on several mresurementeincluding the weight and height of 3,353 children between the ages of I and 21 In public and private schools of Worceeter. Whipple, G. M. Manual of mental and physical tests.Baltimore, Warwick, and

York, 1910.534 p. . From the standpoint of education this Is the most Important contribution now accessible on the plural subject p1 mental and physical tests.Chapter 2 treats of the general rules for the conduct of tests; chapter 3, the treatmemt of measures; chapter 4, physical tests. The averages of Boas ( Burke) and Smedley are used as nomea. Windle, B. C. A.Anthropometric work in the schools. Medical magazine, London, 2:631-49 (1894). Wieder, C.Correlation of mental and physical facts.Psychological re'viow (mono- graphs) 3:1-82 (1899- 1901). BIBLIOGRAPHY. 211

.+Wiseler,C.Growth of boys; correlations for the annual increments.(1903.)Amer- ican anthrojkolog;st, n. e. 5:81-88. This is a verytant contribution to the study of growth based on the correlation ofIncrements of growth In height and weight for 72 boys for the periods from 12 to 17 years ofage. "The real problem In studies of growth is the determination of the annual Incrementsduring the period of growth for each degree of adult stature.Until we have suMcient measurements to tell us how the tall men and likewise the short men grew In boyhood, we can form no idea of the significanceof any given part of the growing period. Thus far our knowledge of growth,as determined by physical measurements of children, Is based on average statures obtained by single measurements of largegroups of children. We thus gain a certain general curve of growth from whichwe infer certain tendencies to periodic growth. In all such measurements we have ample means for determining the variationbetween Individuals at each period of life, but no way of estimating the degree of variation in thesame individual from year to year.Thus, while we know that the average maximum increase In the stature of boys occurs about the fourteenth year of life, we have no means of knowing how many boys reach theft 'Maximum before or after this point." No imprints of three tablas (a, b, c, (1, e) were made and the dataare inacceMble. Wood, M. A.(a) Anthropometric table compiled from the measurements of1,100 Wellesley college students arranged according to bodily heights.(1890.)(No imprint.) (b) Statistical tables, showing certain measurements of 40 freshmen Welles- ley college at the beginning of November, 1891, and the end ofMay, 1891., after six months of gymnasium training.(1892.) .(No imprint.) (c) Statistical tables concerning the class of 1891 of Wellesley college,num- bering 104 women. (No imprint.) (d) Six comparative tables showing records of classcrews receiving training in gymnasium and on the lake; of 20 students,receiving training inrho gymnasium; and of 20 students receiving no training in the gymnasium.Wellesley college. iPresident's report.Boston, 1893.p. 35-40. . (e) Anthropometric table, arranged after the method of percentilegrades, of the measurements of 1,500 Wellesley college students.(1903.)(No imprint.) . Woronichin, N.ortlaufende wagungen wahrend der dentition.Jahrb. fur kinderheilkunde, Leipzig, 16:133-43 (1880-81). Wright, Elizabeth A.Physical training of post-adolescent girls.In National education association of the United States.Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1910. p. 942-46. A general discussion on growth and physical training. Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von.Reim der eisterreichischen fregatte Novaraum die erde in den jahren 1857-59.Anthropologischer theil, 2te abtheilung. KOrpermessungen, an individuen verechiedener menechenracen vorgenommen durch Dr. Karl Scherzer and Dr. Eduard Schwarz, bearbeitet voh Dr.Weisbach.' Wien, 1887.v. 4. Wylie, A. R. T.Contribution to the study of the growth of the feeble-mindedin height and weight.Journal of psycho-astlienice, 8:1-7. A study of the height and weight of feeble-minded children with the conclusion thatfeeble-minded children are subnormal In height and weight. The feeble-minded, In height and wellgtpprOximate the normal most cloeely at 10 years of age. A high mean variation is characteristic ofthe tab-minded. Investigation concerning the weight and height of feeble-mindedchildren. Journal of psycho-asthenice, 4:47-57. This investigation Is based on 161 boys and 174 girls from the Minnesota. Thenumber was later extended to 400 and is included in the preVious reference. Zacharias, 0. Qber periodicitat in der govrichtazuntihme bei kindern. mitth. a. d. gesamt geb. d. naturw.Berlin (1889.)p. 35-37; 57-60. A general discussion with particular reference to the work of Melling-Ilansan. 212 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND SCHOOL PROGRESS.

Zahor, J. W. Z. Report on the investigation tit certain physical conditions of school children of Prague, including stature, weight, eye defects, and spinal curvature. Prague, 1907.44 p. &being, Neue lehre von den proportionen des menschlichen kOrpers.. Leip- zig, 1854. Zhbankoff, -. The inftuesce of the common school. on the physicardevelop- ment of pupils.Veetnik obshishestvennoy higieni, 1: 147-94 (1889). Russian; cited by Sack. See Messenger for legal medicine, 3 (1M89). Zirkle, H. W.Interdependence of thkmental and physical. In his Medical inspection of schools.In University of ColoradT Bulletin, 102.v. 1.p. 3-23 Contains ninny statistical tables from other authors, including Bowditch, Warner, Christopher, and others, with suggestions for measuring and an anthropological chart. INDEX.

Abnog6ral children, 147, 149. Age, inide, and school standing, statistics, 71-79. Age and height distribution, statistics, 14-16. Anthropometry.See Physical measurements. Asymmetry, conclusions, 36-37. Bibliography, 189-212. Binet scale, conclusions regarding, 97. Boas, Franz, on asymmetiy, 36-37; on average American height and weight, 150. Bowditch, H. P., on physical growth, 36; on physical measurements, 144. Cincinnati, Ohio, police standard of height, weight, etc., 154. Claxton, P. P., letter of transmittal, 5. it. College students, increase in height, 146; increase in weight, 148. Complexion and height, statistics, 152. Curricula and methods of standing, statistics, 71-72. Dickson, S. 11., tin average height of men, 152. Disease, and growth, 146. Dun, W. A., on police standards of measurement of Cincinnati and New York City, 154. English Army, standard of tneastirement, 155. Environmenrand heredity. 146. Forbes, II. 0., on height and weight at certain ages. 154. Francis W. Parker School, physical growth et boys and girls, 9-13; statistics of average weight- height and vital indices for boys and girls, 65; statistics of height and age distribution of boys and girls, 14-16; statistics of height and weight curves for boys and girls, 46-50; statistics of individual increments in height, weight, and lung capacity of boys and girt.: 22-31; statistics of individual-school marks and grades of boys and girls, 1377138; statistics of lung capacity curves for girls, 61-62Ntatio- tics of school standing of boys and girls, 76 -7i), 92-94; statistics of weight andage distribution of boys and girls, 16-21; statistics of weight-height and vital indices for boys and girls, 129-131. Geissler, A., and physical measurements, 144. General problem, 9-10. -41 Girls, increments of growth iu height for a group of fifty, 26-29; periods of maturation, statistics, 66-67. Goddard, II. H., and physical measurements, 144. Gould, B.A., on height as affected by nationality, 152. Grading, methods, statistics, 71-72. Growth, data, 11-12; largest individual increments, statistics, 34-36; normal rate, 9-10; periods, 144-14, 147; methods of tabulation, 12-13. Growth curves, individual, statistics, 37-58. Health notes, individual, 118-124. 213 214 INDEX.

Height, as affected by nationality, statistics, 152; average American, statisticar-350; average of men (recruits)73tatistics, 152; .English Army standard, 155; general conclusions,-144-147 ; growth of boys and girls, conclusions, 69-71; male adults, static - tics, 153-154; police standard, Cincinntiti and New York City, 1,54; United States Army standard, 155. Height, weight, and lung rapacity, statistics, ;1.2-31, 98-117. . Height and age distribution, statistics, 14-16. Height and complexion, statistics, 152. Height and weight at certain ages, statistics, 154; averages and average deviations, statistics, 32-34; comparative tables, 155-187; medians, 22. Heredity and environment, 146. Historical summary, 142-187. Horace Mann Schoid, curricula and methods of grading, 71-75; physical growth of boys and girls, 9-13; statif ivs of aVerages and average deviations of height and weight increments of i z d y i t i and girlq., 33-34-, statistics of height and weight curves of boys and girls, 38-46; statistics of height and weight measurements of boys, 12; .statistics of individual school marks and grades of boys and girls,134-136; statistics of individual weight-height and vital indicesitrboys and girls, 65, 125-129; stilliatice of lung - capacity curves of boys and girls, 52-58; statistics of school progress of boys and girls, 75; statistics of school standing of boys and girls, 80-89. Hutchinson, John, on healthy weight measurements, 155. Rey, Axel, and physical measurements, 144. Letter of transmittal, 5. Lung capacity and school standing, statistics, 90-96; curves, statistics, 52-58; increments of growth, statistics, 110-117; influence of sex, 149; statistics, 24. MacDonald, Arthur, and abnormal children, 147. Marks and grades.See School marks and grades. Menitruation, age, statistics, 68. Mental and physical development, 148. Mental development and lung capacity, 09-150; and growth, 145. Nationality, effects of, 146-148; height as affected by, statistics, 152. New York City, police standard of height, weight, etc:, 154. Norms, calculations, 150-155. Physical and mental development, 145, 148. Physical defects, relation to growth, statistics, 58 -410.

Physical growth.See-Growth, physical. . Physical measurements, historical summary, 142-187. Police standards, height, weight, etc., Cincinnati and New York City, statistics, 154. Porter, W. T., on asymmetry, 37; on the relation of precocity to weight, 151. Precocity, relation to weight, statistics, 151. Quetolet, M. A., and physical measurements, 143-144. Reynolds; Sir Joshua; on physical melasurements, 142. Roberts, C., and physical meesuremtints, 143; on stature of male adults arranged in order of gleatest stature, 153-154. School marks and grades, individual, statistics, 134-138. School progress, individual notes, 139-142. School standing, relation of physical growth, statistics, 77-79, 80-97. Scope of investigation, 7-8. Sexual development, correlation of growth in height and weight statistics, 67-69; growth, 145; influents on lung capacity, 149. Shuttleworth, G. E., and physical measurements, 144. Stature of nude adult*, atatiatica 163-164. INDEX. 215 Steet, G. C., and measurement of adolescent boys, 143. Tarbell, G. 9., and physical measurements, 144. United States Army, standards of measurement, 155. University of Chicago (elementary and high schools), statistics of average weight- jieight and vital indices, 65,., statistics of averages and average deviations of height and weight increments of boys and girls, 32-33; statistics of height and age distribution of boys and girls, 14-16; statistics of height and weight for girls, 51-62; statistics of individual increments in height, weight, and lung capacity; of boys and girls, 22-31; statistics of lung - capacity curves for girls, 64; statistics of physical , growth of boys and girls, 9-13; statistics of weight and ago distribution of boys and girls, 16-21; statistics.of weight-height and vital indices for girls, 132-133. Vital indices, and weight-height, 60-67. Weight, average American, statistics, 150; discussion, 147-149; English Army standard, 156; healthy, Ilutchinson's table, 155; individual increments of growth, sta.. tistics, 104-109; police standard, Cincinnati and New York City, 154; relation of precocity, statistics, 151; statistics, 23-24; United States Army standard, 155. Weight and age distribution, statistics, 16-21. Weight and height, at certain ages, 154; co4arative tables, statistics, 155-187; medians, 22. Weight-height and vital indices, statistics, 60-67, 125-133. Weissenberg, S., °been-stone on menstruation. 68. Working classes, children of; 146, 148. Wylie, A. R. T., and physical measurements, 144. Zeissing, and physical measurements, 143. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

161oex.-With the exceptions indicated, the documents mimed below will be sent tree of &erg*upon application to the Commissioner of Education, Washington, I). IC. 'Those marked withan asterisk (*) are no longer available for free distribution, but may be had of the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- ment Printing ()Moe, Washington, D. C., upon payment of the price 'Wed. Retnittances should be made In coin, currency, or money order.Stamps are not accepted.Documents marked with a dagger (I) we out of print 1 1906. }No. 1. Educat ion bill of 1906 for England and Wales as It passed the House of Commons.Anna T. Smith. *No. 2. German views of American education, with particular referenoe to industrial development WIlliags-N. Hellmann.10 cts. *No. 3. State school systems: Legislation and Judicial decisions relating to public education,Oct. I, 1904 W . 1,1900. Edward C. Elliott.15 cts. 107. lNo. I. The tinuation school In the United States.Arthur J. Jones. *No. 2. tural education, including nature study and school gardens.James R. Jewell.t5 eta. xillary schools of Germany. Six lectures by B. Mammal. 140. 4. The elimination of pupils from school.Edward L. Thandike. 1908. 1No. 1. On the training of persons to teach agriculture in the public schools.Liberty A. Batley. *No. 2. list of publications of the United States Bureau of F.ducation, 1807-1907.10 Ms. *No. 3. Bibliography of education for 1907. James Ingersoll W Ter, Jr., and Martha L. Phelps.10 eta. }No. 4. Music education in the United States schools and departments of tousle.Arthur L. Mancteeeter. * No 5. Educut ion In Formosa.Jules= 1I. Arnold.10 cts. * No. 0. The apprenticeship system in Its relatioa to industrial education.Carroll I). Wright.15 eta. * No. 7. State about systems: H. Legislation and Judicial decisions relating to public education,Oct. 1, 1900, to Oct. 1,1006.Edward C. Elliott.30 cis. No. 8. Statist k' of State universities and other Institutions of higher education partially supportedby the State. 1907-8. 1909. *No. 1. Facilities for study and research In the offices of the United States Government ig Washington. Arthur T. Hadley.10 cute No. 2. Ors ion of Chinese students to American *Alegre. John Fryer. *No. 3. meals of school children.Caroline I.. blunt.10 cis. tNo. 4. The teaching staff of essurfelary schools in the United States; amount of education,length of experience, salaries.Edward L. /homelike. No. 5. Statistics of public, society, and Pablo' libraries In 1903. *No. 6. Instruction In the tine and manual arts In the United States. A statisticalmonograph. Henry T. Bailey.lb cts. No. 7. Index to the Reports of the Commissioner of Education, 19371 . *No. 8. A teacher's professional library.Classified list of 100 titles. eta. No. 9. Bibliography of education for 1006-9. No. 10. Education for efficiency In railroad service. J. Shirley Eaton. . * No. 11. Statistics of State universities and other Institution of higher education partiallysupported by the State.1906-9.S chi. 1910. No. I. The movement for reform in the teaching of religion In the public schools ofSimony.Arles B. Show. No. 2. State school systems: 111. Legislation and Judicial decisions relating to public education,Oct. 1, 1908, to Oct. 1,1900. Edward C. Elliott. }No. 3. List of publiddicsa of the United States Bureau of Eduostica, 1187-1910. No. 6. The blohogical Malkin. of Europe. Charles A. LAW. No. 5. American Schoolhouses.Fletcher 13: Dressler. We. 6. Statistics of State univeninee and other institutions of higher eduosUon 'partially supportedby the State, 1909-10. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

1911. 'No. 1. bflography of science teaching.b eta. No. 2: Oppor Wes for graduate study in agriculture In the United States.A. C. Monahan. *No, 3. Agencies for the improvement of teachers in service.William C. Ruediger.15 cts. *No. 4. Report of the commission appointed to study the system of education in the public schools of Baltimore.10 eta. *No. 5. Age and grade census of schools and colleges.' George I). Strayer. 10 res. No. (S. Graduate work In mathematics In universities and In other institutions of like grade in the United States. *No. '7. Undergraduate work in mathematics In colleges and universities.5 cis. *No. 8. Examinations in mathematics, other than those set by the teacher for his own classes5 cts. No. 9. Mathenuttics in the technological schools of collegiate grade in the United States. tNo. 10. Bibliography of education for 1900-10. tNo. 11. Bibliography of child study for the years 1908-9. *No. 12. Training of teachers of elementary and secondary mathematics.5 eta. *No.13. Mathematics in the elementary schools of that nited States.15 eta. *No. 14. Pro Won for exceptional children in the public schools.J. II. Van Sickle, Lightner Witmer, and Leonard P. Ayres.10 eta. *No. 15. Educational system( of China as recently reconstructed.Barry E. King.15 eta. * No. 16., Mathematics In the public and private secondary schools of the United Stales. 15 eta. tNo. 17. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, October, 1911. * No.18. Teachers' certificates issued under general State laws and regulations.Harlan U pdegratf.20 eta. No. 19. Statistics of State universities and other Institutions of higher education partially supported by the State.1910-11. 1912. * No. 1. A course of study for the preparation of ruralschooi- teachea.Fred blotchier and W. J. Craig. Seta. *No. 2. Mathematics at West Point and Annapolis.6 cis. *No. 3. Report of committee on uniform records and reports.b eta. *No. 4. Mathematics in technical secondary schools in the United States.5 cos No. & A study of expenses of city school systems.Harlan pdegreff.10 cu. *No. 6. Agricultural education in secondary schools.10 eta. * No. 7. Educational statusyf nursing.M. Adelaide Nutting.10 eta. 'No. 8. Peace 5lay.Fannie Fern Andrews. [Later publication, 1913, No. 121 lets. *No. 9. Cotmtry schools for city boys.William S. Myers. 10 cts. *No. 10. Bibliography of education in agriculture and home economics.10 eta. tNo. 11. Current educational topics, No. I. IN.). 12. Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial Ne York. W 1111am II. Kilpatrisk. * No. 13. Influences tending to improve the work of the teacher of mathematics. 5 eta. 'No. 14. Report of the American commissioners of the International commission on the teaching of mathematics.10 eta. tNo. 15. Current educational topics, No. II. *No. 16. The reorganized school playground. Henry S. Curtis.5 ets. *No. 17. The Montessori system of education. Anna T. Smith.5 ets. *NO. 18. 'reaching language through agrictilturn and domestic science. IL A. Law. S ere *No. 19. Professional distribution of college and university graduates. Bailey B. Burritt.10 eta. *No. 20. Readjustment of a rural high school to the needs of the community.B. A. Brown.10 cts *No. 21. Urban and rural'oommonaohool statistics.Harlan I) pder/aff and William R . Hood.beta. No. 22,, Public and private high schools. No. 23. Special collectionsin libraries In the United States. W. Dawson Johnston and Isadore 0. Mudge. * No. 24. Currant educational topics, No. III.b eta. tNo. 26. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, 1912. tNo. 26. Bibliography of child study for the years 1910-1011. No. 27. History of publioachool education In Arkatsas. Stephen.13. Weeks. oNo:28. Cultivating school grounds in Wako County, N. C.Zebulon /odd. 5 cts. No. 29. Bibliography of the teaching of mathematics, 1900-1912. David Eugene Smith and Charles Goldriher. No. 80. Latin-American universities and special schools. Edgar E. Brandon. No. 31. Educational directory,1912. No. 82. Bibliography of exceptional children and than education. Arthur MacDonald. fNo. 38. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State.1913. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. III

1918. No. I. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1913. No. 2. Training coarser for rural teachers. A. C. Monahan and R. 11 Wright. .5 etas. No. 3. The teaching of modern languages lit the United St atce..Charles B. Ilandscllin.15 eta. No. 4. Present standards of higher education in the United States. George E. MacLean. 20 eta. No. 5. Monthly record of current educational publications . February, 1913.5 cts. No .6. Agricultural Instruction in high schools.C. IL Robison and F. B. Janke.10 eta. No. 7. College entranoe requirements. Clarence D. Kingsley.15 cts. No. 8. The status of rural education in the United States. A. C. Monahan. lb eta. No. 9. Consular reports on continuation schools in Prussia.5 eta. No. 10. Monthly record of current educational publications, cti,1913. 6 018. No. II. Monthly record of current educational publicatica3s, 8,1913.5 cts. No.12. The promotion of peace.Fannie Fern Andrews. 10 cts. No. 13. Standards and testa for measuring the efficiency of schools or systems of schools.Report of the committee of the National Council of Education, George D. Strayer, chairman.5 eta. * No. 14. Agricultural instruction in secondary schools.10 cts. No. 15. Monthly record acurrent educational publications, May, 1913.5 eta. No. 16. Bibliography of medical inspection and health supervision.15 cts. No. 17. A tradeschool for girls. A preliminary investigation In a typical manufacturing city, Worcester, Ma. *No. 18. The fifteenth international congress on hygiene and demography.Fletcher B. Dressler.10 cis. No. 19. German Industrial education and Its lemons for the United States. Holmes Beckwith.15 eta. No. 20. Illiteracy in the United States.. tNo. 21. Monthly record.of current educational publications, June, 1943. *No. 22. Bibliography of indulirial, vocational, and trade education. 10 ota. * No. 23. The Georgia Club at the State Normal School, Athens, Ga., for the study of rural sociology. E. C. Branson.10 eta. No. 24. A comparison of public education In Germany and In the United States.Georg Kerschensteiner. 6 et.s. No. 25. Industrial education in Columbus,..0a..._Roland B. DanieL 5 eta. No.26. Good roads arbor day. Susan B. Sipe.10 ots. No. 27. Prison schools.A. C. 11W.10 Ms. * No. 28. Expressions on education by American statesmen and publicists.6 cts. No. 29. Accredited secondary schools in the United States.Kendric C. Babcock.10 eta. No. 10. Education in the South.10 cts. No. 31. Special features in city school systems.10 eta. *No. 32. Educational survey of Montgomery County, Md. 10 eta. tNo. 33. Monthly record of current educational publicaUons, September, 1913. *No. 34. Pension systems in Great Britain. Raymond W. Sias.10 eta. *No. 35. A list of books suited to a high-school library.15 eta. No. 36. Report on the work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska, 1911 -12.10 et.. No. 37. Monthly record of current educational publications, October, 1913. No.38. Eoonomy of time in education. No. 39. Elementary industrial school of Cleveland, Ohio. W. N. Hellmann. No. 40. The reorganised school playground. Henry S. Curtis.10 eta. No. 41. The reorpulleation of secondary education. No. G. An experimental rural school at Winthrop College.II. 8. Browne. No. 0. Agriculture and rural-life day, material for its observance. Eugene C. Brooks. 10 cts. No. 44. Organised health work in schools. E. B. Hoag. loots. No. 45. Monthly record of current educational publications, November, 1913. No. 46. Educational directory, 1913. No. 47. Teaching material in Government publications.F. K. Noyes.10 etc No. 48. School hygiene. W. Clinton Ryan, Jr.15 ote. No. 49. The Ferment School, a Tennessee country-life high school. A. C. Monahan and Adams Phillips. No. 93. The Fitchburg plan of cooperative Industrial education. M. It. McCann. No. 51. Education of the immigrant. No. 62. Sanitary schoolhouses.Legal requirements in Indiana and Ohio.5 Ms. No. 53. Monthly record of current educational publications, December, 1913. 5 No. 64. Consular reports on industrial education in Germany. No. 65. Legislation and Judicial declaims relating to education, October 1, 1909, to October 1, 1912. Jame. C. Boykin and WU= R. Hood. No. 66. Some suggestive features of the Swiss school system!William Knot Tate.

es. IV BtLLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

No.57. Elementary education in England, with special reference to London, Liverpool, and Manchester. I. L. Kandel. No. 58. Educational system of rural Denmark. Harold W. Foght. No. 59. 'Bibliography of education for 1010-11. No. 60. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported bythe State, 1912-13. 1914.

No. 1. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1914. No...2. Compulsory school attendance. No. 3. Monthly record of current educatIone publications, February, 1914. No. 4. Tho school and the start in life.Meyer Bloomfield. No. 5. The folk high schools of Denmark.I. Friend. No. 6. Kindergartens In the United States. No. 7. Monthly record of current educational publications, March, 1914. No. 8. The Massachusetts home-project plan of vocational agricultural education.R. W. StInhork. No. 9. Monthly record of current eduseatlonal publications, April, 1914.