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UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA ESCOLA NAVAL O Fim Das Naus E A UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA ESCOLA NAVAL O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) Fernando Alberto Carvalho David e Silva Mestrado em História Marítima 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS - DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA ESCOLA NAVAL O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) Fernando Alberto Carvalho David e Silva Mestrado em História Marítima Dissertação Orientada pelo Professor Doutor António Pires Ventura 2012 O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) RESUMO O objectivo central da presente dissertação é o estudo do Inquérito às Repartições de Marinha, realizado entre 1853 e 1856 por uma Comissão eleita pela Câmara dos Deputados, bem como dos resultados a que deu origem a curto prazo, com especial incidência na renovação da Esquadra e do Arsenal da Marinha de Lisboa. O estudo procura contribuir para melhorar a compreensão da Marinha do início da segunda metade do séc. XIX, cuja evolução ocorreu no quadro da conjuntura política e económica emergente da Regeneração, bem como, sobretudo, no contexto da acelerada transição tecnológica e de mentalidades que então se atravessava. ABSTRACT The main object of this dissertation is the study of the Parliamentary Board of Enquiry to the Navy, carried out by a Lower House appointed Commitee in the period 1853-1856, as well as its short term impact on the Fleet and the Lisbon Dockyard renewal. This study aims at improving the understanding of the Portutuguese Navy, when it started its reform at the beginning of the second half of the 19 th century, in the framework of the new political and economical context of the “Regeneração”, as well as of the rapidly evolving technological and mentalities environment. i O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) PALAVRAS-CHAVE Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados às Repartições de Marinha (1853-1856) Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa – séc. XIX Regeneração Revolução Industrial Tecnologia naval – séc. XIX. KEYWORDS Industrial Revolution Parliamentary Board of Enquiry to the Navy (1853-1856) Portuguese Navy – 19 th century “Regeneração”/ Regeneration period Naval technology – 19 th century. ii O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) ÍNDICE RESUMO/ ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................I PALAVRAS-CHAVE/ KEYWORDS................................................................................. II ÍNDICE.................................................................................................................................III INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................- 1 - CAPÍTULO 1 - DE POMBAL À “REGENERAÇÃO”: CONTEXTOS POLÍTICO E ECONÓMICO E SEU IMPACTO NA ARMADA REAL ......................................- 6 - 1.1 ASCENSÃO E DECLÍNIO DE UMA MARINHA OCEÂNICA...........................- 6 - 1.2 SITUAÇÃO DA ARMADA REAL EM MEADOS DO SÉC. XIX .....................- 12 - 1.3 A CONJUNTURA POLÍTICA E ECONÓMICA EMERGENTE DA “REGENERAÇÃO” E O SEU IMPACTO NA MARINHA .................................- 18 - 1.3.1 Do “Cabralismo” à primeira década da “Regeneração”: elementos sobre a evolução dos quadros político e económico ............................................................................................ - 18 - 1.3.2 “Fontismo”: o modelo económico e a situação da Marinha ..................................... - 23 - 1.4 A MARINHA E OS PODERES CONSTITUCIONAIS .......................................- 29 - 1.4.1 A Marinha e a Câmara dos Deputados...................................................................... - 29 - 1.4.2 A Marinha e o Rei..................................................................................................... - 34 - CAPÍTULO 2 - A REVOLUÇÃO INDUSTRIAL E O PODER NAVAL. O CASO PORTUGUÊS. ...........................................................................................................- 44 - 2.1 AS MARINHAS DE GUERRA EUROPEIAS DEPOIS DE 1815: TENDÊNCIAS DE EVOLUÇÃO ....................................................................................................- 44 - 2.2 AS MARINHAS E A PRIMEIRA REVOLUÇÃO INDUSTRIAL......................- 48 - 2.2.1 Grandes linhas de desenvolvimento e principais condicionantes ............................. - 48 - 2.2.2 Da vela para o vapor: a primeira e a mais decisiva transformação........................... - 51 - 2.2.3 Da madeira para o ferro ............................................................................................ - 54 - 2.2.4 Artilharia pós-industrial: as inovações na primeira metade do séc. XIX.................. - 58 - 2.3 O PODER NAVAL NA EUROPA DA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉC. XIX...- 62 - 2.4 O PENSAMENTO NAVAL EUROPEU NA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉC. XIX - 64 - iii O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) 2.4.1 A França: entre Paixhans e Joinville......................................................................... - 66 - 2.4.2 A Inglaterra: o “Two power standard”...................................................................... - 70 - 2.4.3 O caso de Portugal .................................................................................................... - 72 - CAPÍTULO 3 - O “INQUÉRITO” E A “MARINHA DA TRANSIÇÃO”: DAS AMBIÇÕES ÀS REALIDADES ..............................................................................- 79 - 3.1 AS CONJUNTURAS E AS MISSÕES DA ARMADA REAL NA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉC. XIX........................................................................................- 79 - 3.2 O “INQUÉRITO DA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS ÀS REPARTIÇÕES DE MARINHA”............................................................................................................- 83 - 3.2.1 Antecedentes............................................................................................................. - 83 - 3.2.2 Das interpelações parlamentares ao Inquérito .......................................................... - 85 - 3.2.3 A Comissão de Inquérito às Repartições de Marinha............................................... - 94 - 3.2.4 Actividade da Comissão ........................................................................................... - 98 - 3.2.5 O estado da Esquadra visto pela Comissão de Inquérito ........................................ - 100 - 3.2.6 Do Arsenal pombalino à decadência em meados de oitocentos ............................. - 101 - 3.2.7 A última nau como metáfora do Arsenal da Marinha: “um cesto com seis pistolas mettidas por buracos, a que dão o nome de peças”.......................................................... - 103 - 3.2.8 As “Lisbon trials” ................................................................................................... - 109 - 3.2.9 O destino da última nau .......................................................................................... - 111 - 3.2.10 O debate sobre a renovação da Esquadra.............................................................. - 112 - 3.2.11 Opções para o futuro: um “Arsenal de construcções” ou um “Arsenal de concertos”?. - 113 - 3.2.12 O problema dos construtores navais e da sua Escola............................................ - 114 - 3.2.13 Dois incidentes: entre as querelas pessoais e as divergências políticas................ - 118 - 3.3 O RELATÓRIO DA COMISSÃO DE INQUÉRITO .........................................- 123 - CAPÍTULO 4 – PRIMEIRAS EXPRESSÕES DA MUDANÇA: O PROGRAMA NAVAL “SÁ DA BANDEIRA”..............................................................................- 133 - 4.1 A NOVA CONJUNTURA ..................................................................................- 133 - 4.2 SÁ DA BANDEIRA, O ULTRAMAR E A MARINHA ....................................- 134 - 4.3 A ARMADA REAL COMEÇA A SUA “REGENERAÇÃO”: O PROGRAMA “SÁ DA BANDEIRA” .................................................................................................- 136 - 4.3.1 O financiamento...................................................................................................... - 137 - 4.3.2 A escolha dos navios............................................................................................... - 138 - iv O fim das naus e a Marinha da transição. Um Inquérito da Câmara dos Deputados (1853-1856) 4.3.3 O agente do governo e o seu grupo de apoio técnico.............................................. - 141 - 4.3.4 Sartorius: um “agente” com grande margem de acção ........................................... - 142 - 4.3.5 O custo do primeiro navio “da transição”............................................................... - 143 - 4.3.6 A primeira corveta mista: razões da urgência......................................................... - 144 - 4.3.7 Um epílogo teatral: Sartorius, da reputação ofendida à Ordem da Torre e Espada - 146 - 4.4 PARA ALÉM DOS NAVIOS: AS OUTRAS FACES DA MUDANÇA ...........- 146 - CONCLUSÃO................................................................................................................- 152 - FONTES E BIBLIOGRAFIA ......................................................................................- 158 - 1. FONTES ................................................................................................................-
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