Coda

In September 2011 while researching at the National Archive of Vietnam in Hanoi, I had the good fortune of catching Bizet’s Carmen at the Hanoi Opera House [Nhà hát lớn Hà Nội] on the occasion of the theatre’s cen- tennial. The production featured Vietnamese soprano Vanh Khuyen as Carmen, tenors Thanh Binh and Nguyen Vu alternating as Don Jose, and Manh Dung as Escamillo. The production was accompanied by the Orchestra of Vietnam National Opera and Ballet conducted by British conductor Graham Sutcliffe. It was directed by Swedish director Helena Rohr, who had worked previously with the company through a cultural exchange between the Swedish and Vietnamese governments. Rohr’s staging of the opera was adapted to contemporary Hanoi setting: The tobacco factory was replaced with a Hanoi garment sweatshop. The opera house, built during the French occupation and finished in 1911, initially housed European opera and theatre companies performing for the European population until the end of the French rule. After the indepen- dence of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the opera house served as an important political and government meeting house, occasionally hosting performing arts events. In 1995, the theatre was renovated and since then has been home to Vietnamese and Western classical concert music, opera, drama, and ballet. In 2012, while attending the Australasian Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies Conference in Melbourne, I attended Prof. Barbara

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Hatley’s presentation of Il La Galigo, an opera conceived by Robert Wilson based on Rhoda Grauer’s adaptation of the Buginese scroll epic, Sureq Galigo of South Sulawesi. The production toured Europe, Australia, and the US between 2004 and 2008. For its final performance in 2011, the opera was ‘brought home’ to Sulawesi. The performance caught the interest of the local government and led to the proposal to create an annual festival to stage the opera to honour the Buginese epic as a UNESCO-declared cultural heritage, which would have had given the production an extended lease of life after touring the Western opera cir- cuit. However, nothing has been heard about this venture since. A few years earlier, while living and working in Bangkok, I assisted a small opera production company in staging adaptations of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Donizetti Gaetano, and Christoph Willibald Gluck operas. I also saw productions of the much acclaimed Bangkok Opera under the artistic direction of Somtow Sucharitkul. In 2003, Sucharitkul inaugurated the Bangkok Opera-Richard Wagner Opera Circle, which aims to stage the full Wagner’s Ring from an entirely Asian perspective. Through this project he claims Southeast Asia will be the next Wagnerian frontier.1 Earlier in the 1960s and 1970s Philippines, Imelda Marcos wanted to build an image of Manila as the Southeast Asian cultural capital by estab- lishing the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The original intention was to make this centre the home of a Philippine opera company. The opera company did not materialise, but the CCP became one of the most impor- tant cultural institutions of the country.2 Though seemingly disparate, it is a point of interest how opera kept reoccurring uncannily in the Southeast Asian cities. The various cases of opera’s (attempts for) institutionalisation are also attempts to claim or perform modernity—both symbolically through the physical buildings and their performances, and acoustically in its particular musico-theatrical medium. The particular use of the opera form/genre as the sonic articula- tion of modernity now does not just pluralise the spatial contexts of modernities, but it also shows how it could temporally recur in different historical contexts. In these rearticulations of the same repertoire being performed in newly industrialising Southeast Asian nation-states, new soni of acoustic modernity are being reconstituted through the old medium. If we are to account for the events that I described above as isolated cases that are specific only to the cities where they were happening, or if we do not contextualise them within a longer track of global cultural his- tory, they may appear as aberrations. The investigations I undertook in CODA 227 this book explore the different trajectories of modernities and their acous- tic formulations. The scope of my research covers an earlier period of glo- balisation prior to the establishment of modern and postcolonial nation-states in Asia Pacific. The subsequent period, where my research ends, would reframe the entire region towards the logic of nation-building and a global internationalism. By this time, many previous translocal pro- cesses were subsumed into international diplomacy, controlled by inter-­ state labour immigration, or completely severed due to national interests. Some were held off until the twentieth century when these dormant archaic cultural practices would have been reactivated and would be con- sidered novel global cultural practices. In Chap. 3, I discussed how the colonial cities in Southeast and East Asia were already entrenched within the translocal modern cultural eco- nomics of the late-nineteenth century. However, the degree to which the colonial expatriates and the locals in the different cities were involved in the cultural production and consumption processes varied widely. I sur- veyed concomitant events in the different colonial cities in Southeast Asia, however, my research focused primarily on the case of Manila as an early modern global city that became an important nexus of cultural exchange in the modern globalisation of the nineteenth century. I historicise Manila’s entanglement with the early global processes and how it was intertwined with the different urban capitals in the Asia Pacific region. Inwardly, the arrival of travelling musicians, theatre, and music-drama­ companies linked Manila to the burgeoning global entertainment net- work. Outwardly, Manila became an important source of musicians who were to be engaged in the modernisation projects of other Asia Pacific cities. My research historicises the translocal processes of how music (as media) and its migration constituted modern subjectivities of the citizens of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Asian cities. To explain how modernity was imagined, heard, and embodied, I explored the intersec- tions of sound studies, theatre history, musicology, and performance stud- ies. I synaesthetically compared Hans Belting’s iconology theory3 into what I propose as an Anthropology of Sound. Within this framework, I further argue that the sound of modernity is inextricably enmeshed with music (as its mediated form) and its human embodiment. Taking the per- forming bodies of the Manila musicians as the locus of sound, I argue that the global movement of acoustic modernities was replicated and diversi- 228 CODA fied through their multiple subjectivities within the entanglements of the modernist projects of empire and nation as these intertwined with the individual agencies of the European colonisers and local citizens. Although I have strived to trace the different threads of the translocal cultural processes in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, my project is program- matically hinged on Manila due to my limitations on time, language, resources, and personal biases. If this endeavour is to engage further the entanglements of the interconnected cultural history of the region, this research agenda will benefit from the interdisciplinary and cooperative efforts of different specialists who are able to work collaboratively within a global historical perspective.

Notes 1. “Richard Wagner Circle Bangkok,” http://www.wagnerthai.com/RWCB/ RWCB.html 2. See: Christi-Anne Salazar Castro and Timothy Rice, “Music, Politic, and the Nation at the Cultural Center of the Philippines,” in Ethnomusicology (Los Angeles: University of California, 2001). 3. See: Hans Belting, “The Locus of Images: The Living Body,” in An Anthropology of Images: Picture, Medium, Body (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), 37–61; Hans Belting, “Image, Medium, Body: A New Approach to Iconology,” Critical Inquiry 31, no. 2 (2005): 302–319. References

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Historical Newspapers/Serials Boletin de la Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais 3.4 1, August 1884. El Comercio. Manila, 1869–1893. Java-Bodie. Nieuws-, Handels- en Advertentieblad voor Nederlandsch-Indie. Batavia, 1821–1937. La Oceania Española. Manila, 1885–1892. Mid-day Herald. Singapore, 1890–1910. Singapore Chronicle. Singapore, 1843. The Daily Advertiser. Singapore, 1890–1910. The Manila Freedom. 1902. The Norfolk News. 1904. The Philippine Herald. Manila, 1922. The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. Singapore, 1890–1910. The St. Louis Republic. 1904.

Archives Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KILTV). The National Archive of the Philippines (NAP). The National Archive of Vietnam Center No.1 (NAV1). The National Archives of Malaysia (NAM). The National Archives of the Netherlands (NANL). The National Library of Singapore (NLS). The National Library of the Philippines (NLP). Index1

A Aesthetics, 20, 27–31, 35, 42, 45, 46, Abadia, Maximo, 107 68, 71, 87, 94, 98, 106, 107, Abad, Juan, 155, 156 109, 112, 202, 207 Abelardo, Nicanor, 160 Africa, 5, 32, 57, 86, 163 Abelo, Mariano, 212 Africans, 5, 15, 16, 57, 193n55 Abuyan, Pedro, 203 Age of Empire, 1, 122, 129, 143, 179, Acapulco, 56–62, 78 196 Acousteme, 23, 47, 48–49n28, 138 Agnew, Vanessa, 63–65, 81n32, Acoustemology, 23, 38, 40, 42, 44, 82n35 48–49n28, 70, 83n50, 124, 128, Agoncillo, Teodoro A., 67, 81n31, 148, 160 82n43, 114n3, 165n16 Acoustic, 7, 9, 15, 16, 19, 23, 38, 39, Aguilar, Filomeno, Jr., 82n45, 196, 44, 45, 49n28, 65, 69–71, 74, 197, 217, 220n4, 220n6, 220n8, 75, 88, 112, 113, 128, 131, 132, 223n75 137, 138, 144, 145, 147, 153, Aguinaldo, Emilio, 113, 114, 138, 158, 159, 161, 162, 169, 177, 143, 145, 153, 164n13, 177, 178 185, 189, 202, 206, 210, 217, Aida, 146 219, 226, 227 Air (music), 43 Acoustic dissonance, 21 Alaska, 195 Acuña, Pedro, 171 Alaska-Yukon Exposition, 188 Adonay, Marcelo, 2, 76, 103, 180 Alberoni, Cesare, 104, 105 Adorno, Theodore, 30, 49n35 Alcain, Abdon, 203

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2018 243 m. yamomo, Theatre and Music in Manila and the Asia Pacific, 1869–1946, Transnational Theatre Histories, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69176-3 244 INDEX

Alto (voice), 58, 151 Arabs (people), 60 Alvarez, Santiago V., 177, 191n25 Aragon, Joaquin, 76, 103 American colonizers/imperialists, 145, Archbishop, 72, 73 154, 182, 216 Archipelagic, 162, 171, 199 American Empire, 114, 130, 142, Archipelago, 8, 16, 66, 73, 137, 138, 189, 196, 216 157, 158, 160, 161, 169, 170, American Manifest Destiny, 185 172, 180, 197, 199 American National Anthem, 147, 152, Architecture, 18, 62, 110, 112 162 Archives, 4, 8, 24, 200, 203 Americans, 3, 7, 8, 17, 20–22, 26, 32, Aria, 58, 91, 92, 95, 99, 106, 151, 33, 39, 56, 66, 78, 91, 92, 99, 159, 174 107, 114, 124, 130, 137, 142, Arsederas, Custodio, 203 143, 146, 148, 153–156, 163, Art history, see History 169, 174, 178–189, 191n34, Artist, 31, 37, 42, 69, 89, 92, 94, 105, 193n55, 195, 199, 210, 216, 218 140, 152, 157, 179, 195, 199, America, see US 205 Amsterdam, 146 Artistic autonomy, see Autonomy Ancien régime, 122, 125 Artistic convention, see Convention Anderson, Benedict, 10, 23, 38, 44, Artistic experimentation, 148 67, 82n46, 122, 125–128, Artistic movement, see Movement 132n3, 132–133n12, Artistic practice, 30, 125 133–134n19, 134n20, 158, Artistic production, see Production 163n2 Asia, 1, 4–9, 12n6, 16, 32, 36, 38, 45, Andres, Remigio, 203 56, 57, 59–62, 75, 86, 89, 124, Ang Buhay, 106 125, 130, 138–145, 163, 163n1, Ang Capitan (The Captain), 157 171, 173, 175, 179, 196, 197, Anitos (character in Sangdugong 200–218, 220, 226, 227 Panaguinip), 150, 151 Asia Pacific, 1, 4–8, 16, 19, 22–25, An Maimbud na Aqui (The Gentle 31–33, 35–38, 45, 46, 59, 65, Child), 157 79, 85, 86, 89–92, 94, 102, 109, Annam, 86 113, 114, 123, 126, 127, 131, Anthropology, 6, 130, 199 133n17, 144, 175, 185, 196, Anthropology of Sound, 10, 37–47, 199, 200, 202, 218, 227 158, 227 Asiatics, 57 Anti-Imperialists League, 181 Asuang (character in Sangdugong Antillon, Toribio, 105, 149 Panaguinip), 150 Antipolo, 149, 150 Asuncion, Marcelino, 178 Apolloni, Giuseppe, 101 Ateneo Municipal, 73 Appadurai, Arjun, 10, 13n16, 38, Atlantic 53n92, 127, 128, 140, 164n4 Ocean, 56 Applegate, Celia, 134n20, 167n45 region, 58, 188 Appropriation, 6, 64, 68, 146 Attali, Jacques, 26, 48n23, 49n36 INDEX 245

Audience, 36, 74, 86, 98, 100, 106, Malayan, 205 107, 109–111, 155, 183, 184, Manila, 131, 205–207, 211, 213, 187, 216, 220 214 Audition (as metaphor), 40 military/regimental, 22, 25, 27, 75, Auditory 76, 94, 95, 99, 114, 124, 145, distress, 20 146, 169–189, 204, 210 stratification, 23 Pasig, 76, 106 Aurality, 15, 69, 219 Philippine Constabulary, 8, Austin, John L., 63, 81n33 179–189, 192n36 Australasian Drama, Theatre, and police, 205 Performance Studies Conference, Sta. Cecilia Band, 78, 204, 208–215 225 Bandmaster, 173, 177, 178, 180, 209, Australia, 88, 102, 217, 226 210 Autonomization, 26, 30, 44 Bangaan, 76 Autonomy, 27–31, 46, 109, 138, 139, Bangkok, 97, 216, 226 146, 153 Bangkok Opera, 226 artistic, 28, 30 Barangay, 61 Awit, 20, 88 Barasoain Church, 178 Barbieri, Francisco Asenjo, 106 Barcelona, 67 B Barendregt, Bart, 16, 47n4 Bacolor, Municipality of, 106, 157 Baritone, 105, 149 Bagobos, 184 Baroque, 72, 110 Balagtas, Franciso, see Baltazar, Barwick, Linda, 88, 114n6 Francisco Bass (instrument), 177 Balitao, 151 Bass (voice), 70 Ballet, 100 Batalla, 88 Balls (social dance), 75, 173, 209 Batavia, 39, 85, 101, 102, 116n38, Baltazar, Francisco, 87 130, 208 Bañas, Raymundo C., 84n68, 115n19, Bataviasche Schouwburg, 100, 102 117n46, 166n25, 192n37 Bathala, 149 Band Bautista, Luis, 212 Banda Arevalo, 76, 178 Bautista, Patricio, 212 Banda Baliwag, 177 Bayan, 113 Banda del Regimiento Peninsular de Bayan Ko (My Country), 155–162 Artilleria, 173 Baybayin, 149 Banda de Malate, 204 Bayle, 21 Banda de Mariquina, 204 Bayly, Christopher Alan, 9, 10, 12n12, Band of the British Grenadier 12n14, 25, 60, 62, 80n20, 121, Guards, 186 129, 134n22 brass, 75, 94, 173, 174, 177, Beaterio, 27, 73–74, 83n62 179–189, 208 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 210 246 INDEX

Bel canto, 160 culture, 28 Belgian (people), 16, 31 Brass instruments, 146, 173 Bell, 16, 72, 81n31 Brillantes-Silvestre, Ma. Patricia (Pat Bellini, Vincenzo, 101 Silvestre), 2, 76, 84n67, 117n46 Belting, Hans, 40–42, 52n71, 158, British (people), 16, 20, 49n35, 67, 227 92, 99, 102, 150, 173, 210, 215, Benevolent assimilation, 182, 185, 225 192n39 British colonial administration/ Bengal, 57 government, 131, 213 Benito, Julian, 149 British Empire, 32, 85, 86, 130, 185 Bermingham, Ann, 33–35, 51n56 British Malaya, see Malaysia Beyer, Henry Otley, 195 Buck, Rudolf, 210 Bhabha, Homi, 24 Budhing Nagpahamak (Tragic Bickers, Robert, 208, 209, 222n41 Conscience), 156 Bicolano (people), 157, 163 Buenaventura, Cosme, 206 Bijsterveld, Karin, 15 Buenaventura, Cristina Laconico, Binh, Thanh, 225 84n66, 89, 115n9, 157, Biron, Mariano Proceso Pabalan, 157 167n49 Bishop, 73 Buenaventura, Lucino, 173, 177 Bishop, Ryan, 6, 12n8, 130, 135n26, Bulacan, Province of, 148, 177, 178 219 Bullfight (genre of performance), 89 Bizet, Georges, 145, 186, 205, 225 Bundog (character in Sangdugong Blair, Emma Helen, 48n15, 83n51, Panaguinip), 149 83n55, 83n58, 170, 189n1, Burnett, Charles, 15 190n12, 190n15, 221n24 Boccacio, 107 Body, concept of, 41, 42 C Boletin de la Real Sociedad Economica Cage, John, 21 de Amigos del Pais, 33 Cainta, 149, 150 Bombon, 171 Calcutta, 129 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 141 California, 189, 195 Bonifacio, Andres, 113, 114n3, 138, Calilaya, 171 142, 178 Calinlin, Felipe, 212 Bonus, Ladislao, 76, 103, 105, 106, Caloocan, 17 138, 147, 148, 150–152, 178 Campos, Oscar, 94, 115n24, 150 Book, 2, 4, 7–9, 11, 12n6, 16, 27, 32, Canon, 144, 147, 148, 186 35, 38, 39, 61, 74, 78, 89, 96, Canseco, George, 161 115n24, 124, 220n1, 227 Canseco, Jose, 105 Boston Symphony Hall, 188 Canton, 197 Bourdieu, Pierre, 30, 109, 118n64 Cantonese music, 218 Bourgeois Canton Register, 173 art, 28 Cantor, 72, 197 INDEX 247

Capilla de musica, 69 Chiarini, Giuseppe, 91, 207, 222n38 Capisanan, 150 Chicago, 188 Capital China, 57, 61, 92, 102, 126, 197, city, 4, 56, 79, 113 207 cultural, 2, 7, 36, 79, 95, 131, 163, Chinese (people), 21, 23, 57, 60, 61, 219, 226 66, 100, 101, 115n23, 171, 209, Capitalism 210, 215, 216, 218 global, 4, 79, 107, 132, 197 Chinese Cultural Revolution, 216 print, 158 Chinese music, 101 Carigara, 69 Chinos, 67 Carluen, Alejo, 147, 149 Chirino, Pedro, 69, 82n48 Carluen, Gavino, 147 Choir, 21, 72 Carmen, 99, 151, 225 Chopyak, James, 205, 222n33 Carvajal, Jose, 106 Choral director, 101 Cassirer, Ernst, 38 Chorus, 102, 105, 150, 151, 159, Casta, 30, 66, 74, 175, 198 180 Castro,Christi-Anne Salazar, 45, 46, Christians, 20, 21, 29, 61–66, 69, 53n88, 164n12 70, 87, 88, 123, 131, 184, Catalino Palisoc, 157 185 Catechism, 61 Christmas, 82n40, 86, 202 Cathedral, 72, 76, 106 Chulalongkorn, Rama V., 97 Catholic Church, 16, 20–22, 27, 61–63, 65, Catholic Christianity, 60, 142 69–76, 78, 81n31, 82n39, 86, Roman Catholic Church, 21 102, 104, 105, 113, 123, 131, Catholicism, 71 150, 169, 170, 172, 177, 178, Catholicization, 60 189, 197–199, 206, 211 Cavalleria Rusticana, 97, 99, 101 Cincinnati, 188 Cavite (city), 77, 172, 177, 203 Cincollagas, Andres, 203 Cavite, Province of, 203 Circo de Arroceros, 87 Cebu, 55, 106, 107, 172 Circus, 25, 89, 91, 96, 99, 205, 207, Cello/violoncello, 58, 105 212 Censorship, 65, 87 Circus troupe, 25, 89 Centro Artistico, 78 Japanese, 212 Centro de Artistas, 78 Civilising mission, 16, 68, 185, 186 Centro de Bellas Artes, 78 Clossey, Luke, 56, 79n3, 134n22 Cespedes, Dario, 106 Club Euterpe, 78 Ceylon, 57 Cochinchina, 57, 86, 175, 208 Chant, 73 Cockroaches, 17, 18 Chao Tak Sin (เจ้าตากสิน), 97 Cognitive dissonance, 21, 48n17 Chateaux Margaux, 107 Cold War, 126, 127, 133n15 Chee, Wong Kee, 216, 223n74 Colegio de Niños Tiples, 71–73, Chenduriyang, Phra (Peter Viet), 97 115n24, 180 248 INDEX

Colonial, 2–8, 12n6, 16, 21–25, 27, Conservatory/conservatories, 71–73, 29–31, 36–38, 44–46, 60–69, 105, 144, 160 73–76, 78, 79, 81n25, 85, 89, Constitution of Cadiz (Spanish 90, 92, 96–98, 100, 101, 108, Constitution of 1812), 141 109, 113, 114, 122–125, 127, Consumerism, 15, 26 129–132, 135n24, 137–140, Consumer society, 33–35, 37 142–147, 152, 154, 156, Consumption, 4, 9, 10, 23, 25–27, 169–175, 178–183, 187–189, 29–31, 33–36, 42, 45, 47, 60, 190n12, 191n33, 196–198, 200, 74, 79, 85–114, 126–128, 130, 202, 203, 206, 208–210, 212, 140, 158, 159, 207, 220, 227 213, 215–217, 219, 220, Convention 223n63, 227 aesthetic, 87, 159 Colonialism, 68 media, 112 Comedia, 146 musical, 151, 159, 185 Comisión de la Paz, 153 Convents, 72, 74 Commerce, 57, 66, 130, 192n43, Copla-estrebillo, 159 215 Corbin, Alain, 15 See also Trade Cornet, 152 Commercialisation, 111 Coronel, Hernando de los Rios, 171, Commodification, 26, 30–37, 44, 189n2 108, 132, 205 Cortes, 141 Commodities Cortes, Blas, 212 cultural, 9, 25, 30, 32, 35–36, 74, Cosmopolitan, 2, 3, 35, 62, 99, 129, 79, 95, 98, 110 140, 141, 144, 150, 151, 154, material, 35, 74 185, 199, 208 musical, 95 Costumer, 101 theatrical, 95 Counterpoint, 17, 68, 137, 147, 150, Commoditization, 111 152 Compañia de Opera Italiana, 101, 150 as metaphor for transculturalization, Compania Zarzuela Cuberò, 106 68 Compania Zarzuela de la Torre, 107 See also Harmony Compania Zarzuela Raguer, 106 Creolism, 141 Composition (musical), 21, 58, 72, Creolization, 142 73, 123, 137, 139, 141, 146, Creolo, 142 147, 150, 159, 161 Criollo, 66 Concepcion, Péris de la, 197 See also Creolo Concert, 9, 20, 22, 75, 76, 78, 89, 91, Crispino y La Comadre, 101 92, 94–96, 99, 102, 123, 124, Cristobal, Valente, 157 127, 142, 145, 146, 161, Cristobal, Vic, 218 172–175, 180, 184, 185, 187, Crown, Spanish, 56, 62, 141, 170 188, 205, 206, 219, 225 Cruz, Andres de la, 197 Connor, Steven, 15 Cruz, Juan Matapang, 155, 156, Conquistador, 170 164n5, 164n6 INDEX 249

Cruz, Romeo V., 140–142, 164n5 Diplomacy, 148, 227 Cuberò, Alejandro, 106 Discourse, 5, 38, 45, 52n66, 126, Cuenco, Ernani, 161 139, 147, 155, 163, 211 Cullinane, Michael, 156, 167n46 Divine Right, 60 Cultural capital, see Capital Donald-Ayer, Delia, 92 Cultural Center of the Philippines Donizetti, Gaetano, 101, 105, 226 (CCP), 83n54, 144, 155, 226 Don Pascuale, 101 Cultural studies, 43 Drama, 29, 40, 63, 65, 89, 91, 111, Cultural technique, 38, 43, 44, 152, 156, 159, 225, 227 52n82 Drama company/group/troupe, 89, Cymbals, 151 96, 227 See also Theatre company/group/ troupe D Dramaturgy, 44, 94, 144, 154, 175, Dagupan, 17 182, 185 Dance Dreamed Alliance, The, 149 ballet, 100, 150, 225 See also La Alianza Sonada; galops, 209 Sangdugong Panaguinip music, 45, 92, 131, 180, 205, 210 Drums, 23, 58, 172, 177, 185, 186 polka, 209 Dung, Manh, 225 quadrilles, 209 Dutch (language), 39 valse/Waltz, 21, 24, 109, 205, 209 Dutch Empire, 130, 185 See also Bayle Dutch Indies, 3, 67, 85, 92, 96, 102, Danza, 151 205 David, Amado Gutierrez, 157 de Castro, Victor, 203 de Corcuera, Sebastian Hurtado, 172, E 189n5 Early modern, 2, 4, 7, 33, 59–62, 67, de Lara, Juan, 101 68, 152, 196, 227 de los Reyes, Maximo, 156 Earthquake, 17 De Mann, Jan, 31, 96 Earwitness, 16, 20–22, 24, 49n31, Dening, Greg, 63, 64, 81n33 175 DeNora, Tia, 63 Easter, 86 Denver, 188 Echo (as metaphor), 25, 28, 32, 40, Deplace, Zacarias, 109 65, 93, 96, 121, 155, 182, 208, De Todo en Poco, 107 211 Dewey, George, 143, 146 Economics, 4, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 22, Dialectics, 59, 71, 125 26, 27, 30–33, 46, 56, 58–60, Diaspora, 61, 161 74, 79, 81n25, 86, 90, 101, 109, Diatonic (harmony), 65, 68 121, 123, 127, 131, 139, 143, Dibella, Giovanni, 104 157, 163, 171, 180, 182, 183, Diosas (character in Sangdugong 205, 207, 215 Panaguinip), 150 cultural, 6, 227 250 INDEX

Economy England, 97, 130 cultural, 4, 30, 79 English (langauge), 21, 32, 39, 86, global, 16, 29, 32, 86, 130 149, 174 market, 127, 215 Enharmonic counterpoint, 68, 147, ticketing, 35 152, 162 Education, 28, 29, 67, 71, 78, 94, 126 See also Counterpoint training, 72–74 Enharmony, 68–79 Ejercito, 212 Enlightenment, 10, 11, 23, 26–28, El Alcalde Interim, 107 30, 39, 110, 125, 128, 133n17 El anillo de hierro, 107 Entrepôt, 8, 56, 57, 61, 86, 130 El Barberillo de Lavapies, 107 Episteme, 9, 23, 65 El campanero y sacristan, 107 Epistemology, 10, 23, 128 Elcano, Juan Sebastián, 55 acoustic, 23, 39, 69–71, 159, 161 El canto flamenco, 107 (see also Acoustemology) El Capitan de Lanceros, 107 ocular/visual, 41, 42 El chotis, 107 Erlmann, Veit, 16, 47n2 El comendador, 107 Estafani, Rafael, 101 El Commercio, 3, 96 Estella, Jose, 76, 103, 147 El duo de la Africana, 107 Europe, 4–7, 16, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29, El Filibusterismo, 118n62 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 55–59, 61, 67, Elgar, Edward, 210 69, 73, 74, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 98, El Hebreo, 101 124, 127–130, 133n17, 142, 146, Ellis, Henry T., 20, 21, 48n14, 48n18, 151, 172–175, 185, 186, 198, 48n21, 174, 190n16 199, 203, 208, 210, 219, 226 El Progreso, 151, 166n32 European (people), 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, El rey que rabio, 107 20–23, 25, 29, 32, 33, 39, 45, 57, Elzinger Hermanos (bookstore), 78, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 85, 86, 89, 209 91, 93, 97, 100, 102, 105, Embassy, 198 116n38, 125, 127, 130–132, Embodiment, 9, 20, 39–45, 47, 59, 133n17, 144, 145, 150, 154, 173, 69, 122–124, 131, 143, 186, 198, 208–211, 225, 228 146–148, 156, 158–162, 182, European colonies, 68, 181 185–187, 189, 201, 202, 207, European empire, 86, 207 217, 219, 220, 227 European kingdoms, see Kingdom Empire, 4, 6, 11, 44, 56, 57, 60, 114, European music, 35, 45, 63, 90, 98, 122–124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 113, 130, 197 146, 147, 152, 154, 162, See also Music; Western music 169–189, 196, 199–201, 216, 228 See also Age of Empire; American Empire; British Empire; Dutch F Empire; European Empire; Fabvre, Lucien, 44 Spanish Empire Faust, 97, 99 Encomienda, 170, 171 Favorita, 101 INDEX 251

Feast/feast day, 69, 72, 86 French (language), 16, 32, 86 Feijoo, Benito Jeronimo, 28 French (people), 16, 92, 174, 175, Feld, Steven, 23, 38, 48n28, 83n50 178, 185, 216 Felipe, Julian, 145, 177, 178 French colonial government/ Ferdinand VII, 141 administration, 178, 208 Fernandez, Doreen G., 117n60, French–Prussian War/Franco–Prussian 118n61, 155, 164n8, 166n34, War, 3, 31 167n44 French Revolution, 125, 172 Fernandez, Praxedes “Yeyeng”, 106, Friedenthal, Albert, 92 198 Fuentes, Jovita, 198 Festivity, 36, 175, 206 Funeral, 71, 75, 184, 210, 215 See also Feast/feast day; Fiesta Feudalism, 126–127 Fiesta, 27, 75, 86, 102, 153 G Filipinas, 75, 100, 171, 196, 204 Gaillot, Michel, 46 Filipinization, 71, 155 Galleon Filipino (casta), 46, 123, 141, 142 ship, 57–62, 67, 78, 86, 196, 200 Filipino (definition), 20, 66 trade, 57, 62, 78, 130 Filipino (language), 155, 198 Gayuma, 147 Filipino (people), 2, 7, 22, 45, 46, 61, Gellner, Ernest, 30, 50n45, 125, 63, 65, 67–71, 75, 77–79, 88, 132n5, 132n7 92, 113, 114, 123, 124, 135n28, Genealogy 140–142, 151, 152, 157, cultural, 55–79 160–163, 170, 172, 173, religious, 69 175–180, 182–187, 189, Genre 193n55, 195–199, 203, 206, music, 92, 160, 162, 186 215–218 music theatre/opera, 29, 90, 98 Filipino-American War, 143 theatre, 98 Film, 40, 88, 115n7, 161, 215, 216 Germany, 28, 29 Film music, see Music Giráldez, Arturo, 11n5, 56, 79n2 Flag Law, 143 Globalization Flow, 34, 123, 125, 130, 163, 201, archaic, 57, 60–62, 68, 122, 130, 219 196 Flute, 23, 58, 70 cultural, 123, 128, 140 Flynn, Dennis O., 11n5, 56, 79n2, definition of, 55 79n4 modern, 4, 20, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, Fort Santiago, 172 35, 59–61, 65, 79, 94, 125, Foucault, Michel, 38, 51n65 129–132, 143, 152, 195–220, Fragmentation, 11, 25, 27, 30, 59, 62, 227 121, 129, 158 nineteenth-century, 27, 30, 38, 79, France, 29, 130, 153, 186 126, 140, 143, 203 Franciscan, 57, 72, 197 Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 226 Freitag, Ulrike, 5, 12n7 Gobernadorcillo, 204 252 INDEX

Gold, 23, 60, 72, 92, 154, 189 Heidegger, Martin, 39, 52n69, 110, Golden Age’ of arts and culture in 118n65, 128 Manila, 2, 91 Herderian (nationalism), 127, 144 Gong, 46, 185 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, Gonzalez, Cipriano, 105 132n6 Gonzalez III, Joaquin L., 195, 196, Heritage, 4, 192n39, 226 220n2 Hermeneutics, 24, 37–39 Gouk, Penelope, 15 Hernandez, Juan de Sahagon, 216 Governor, 154, 183, 188 Hero, 88, 201 Governor-general, 72, 86, 101, 109, national, 144 153, 170–173, 177, 212 Hidalgo, Miguel, 78 Gramophone, 43 Hi-fi, 112 Gran Compania de Zarzuela Tagala, Hila, Antonio C., 149, 166n27 157 Hindi Aco Patay (I am not Dead), Gran Via, 107 155 Grauer, Rhoda, 226 Hippodrome Theatre, 188 Greeks, 57 Hispanism, 141, 142 Greenfeld, Liah, 126, 133n16 Historiography Gruet Orchestra, 76, 103 colonial, 68, 89 Guam, 197, 216 sound, 15, 16, 40 Guardia civil (Spanish gendarmerie), History 177 art, 2, 41, 199 Guerrero, Lorenzo, 149 aural/sound, 16, 19, 24, 69, 70 Guitar, 20, 70, 74 colonial, 69 Guzman, Constancio de, 161 cultural, 3–5, 9, 34, 35, 38, 39, 59, 95, 116n38, 126, 138, 144, 147, 217, 226, 228 H global, 3–5, 9, 59, 121, 163, 196, Halibas (character in Sangdugong 200 Panaguinip), 150 music, 1, 3, 198, 203, 205 Hanoi, 1, 3, 97, 106, 116n38, 178, national, 3, 138, 141, 147, 148, 179, 208, 216, 225 197, 200, 203, 217 Hanoi Opera House, 225 theatre/performance, 199, 227 Harmony Hobsbawm, Eric, 122, 129, contrapuntal, 65, 152 134n21 diatonic, 65, 68, 123 Holland, 130 enharmonic, 152, 162 Homogeneity (cultural), 121 Harp, 19, 58, 70, 74, 197 Hong Kong, 8, 17, 92, 101, 113, 129, Hatley, Barbara, 225 130, 198, 216, 218, 222n34, Hawaii, 182, 195 223n73, 223n74 Haydn, Joseph, 210 Hopkins, Anthony G., 4, 11n4, 59, Hegemony, 65, 68, 122, 127, 137, 60, 80n14, 80n15, 81n22, 139, 145, 147, 152, 154 81n28, 134n22 INDEX 253

Hurtado de Corcuera, Sebastián, 172, Industrious revolution, 26 189n5 Ing Managpe (Dog with Patches), 157 Huseng Batute, see Jesús, José Iñigo-chua, Ma. Alexandra, 2 Corazón de Institution Hybridity, 20, 61, 65, 66, 123, 131, cultural, 6, 11, 71, 138, 144, 169, 140, 185, 215, 217 186, 226 religious, 30, 34, 35, 37, 65, 122, 123, 200 I social, 6, 11, 46, 71, 121, 128, 169, Iberian peninsula, 60 198 Iconology, 227 state/military, 27, 74, 122, 123, Ideology, 4, 10, 31, 34, 43, 45, 75, 131, 200 107, 122–127, 137, 138, 140, Instrumentalists, 173 147, 150, 155, 169, 185, 186, See also Musicians 189, 199, 207, 217 Instruments nationalist, 156 bass, 177 Ideoscape, 47, 139, 161 brass, 75, 145, 146, 173, 174, 177, I Due Foscari, 101 188, 208 Ignacio, Leon, 161 bugle, 186 Igorot, 182, 184, 186 cello/violoncello, 58, 105 Ihde, Don, 15 clarion, 58 Il Barbieri de Seviglia, 101 cornet, 152 Ileto, Reynaldo C., 159, 168n59 flute, 23, 58, 70 Il La Galigo, 226 gong, 46, 185 Ilocos Sur, Province of, 106, 180 guitar, 20, 70, 74 Ilog (character in Sangdugong harp, 19, 58, 70, 74, 197 Panaguinip), 150 horn, 17, 58, 177 Iloilo (city), 67, 106, 107 keyboard, 73 Ilonggo (people), 163 mandolin, 20 Il Travatore, 101 oboe, 58, 70 Ilustrados, 29, 74, 142, 143, 183 organ, 33, 61, 197 Imperialism, 6, 26, 107, 124, 125, piano, 32, 33, 73, 74, 92, 95, 102, 143, 169, 179–189, 196, 210 207, 208 Impresario, see Individual entries of rabel, 58 impresarios stringed, 19, 22, 73 India, 20, 21, 57, 199 trombone, 24, 175 Indian Ocean, 56 trumpet, 172, 175, 210 Indians, 23, 61, 66, 70, 171, 174 Insulares, 66, 67, 73 Indigenization, 2, 65, 86, 98, 107, 138, Integration, 4–6, 11, 29, 32, 33, 35, 56, 145, 146, 151, 155, 156, 198 59, 86, 90, 108, 123, 125, 128, Indios, 23, 30, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 129, 141, 146, 155, 157, 196, 198 75, 79, 142, 170–172 See also Dreamed Alliance, The; Indonesian (people), 16, 195 Sangdugong Panaguinip 254 INDEX

Intercontinental, 7, 56, 85, 129 Keyboard instruments, 73 Intercultural, 20, 61, 62, 70, 198 Khuyen, Vanh, 225 Intramuros, 76, 104, 173 King, Anthony D., 24, 49n33, 129, Iris, 198 135n23 Irving, David R. M., 2, 58, 68, 71, 73, Kingdom 83n53, 152, 190n20, 197 European, 87, 207 Italian, 1, 3, 31, 92, 95, 96, 99, 101, kingdom-states, 45, 131, 206 102, 104, 106, 145, 150, 151, Kittler, Friedrich, 15, 38, 51n65 159, 160, 174 Komedie Stamboel, 115n18 performers/artists, 92, 97, 99, 100, Komedya, 29, 75, 86–88, 91, 114n3, 105 146 Italy, 29, 31, 93, 101, 115n24, 198 See also Commedia; Moro-moro Kramer, Paul A., 143, 144, 164n10, 167n42, 181, 183–185, 192n38 J Kuala Lumpur, 212, 216 Jakarta, see Batavia Kulturtechnik, see Cultural technique Jameson, Fredric, 21, 34, 48n23, 140 Kulturwissenschaften, 43 Japan, 57, 61, 131, 197, 199, 205 See also Cultural technique Japanese Kumintang, 160 circus troupe, 212 Kundiman, 160–162, 177 musicians, 216 Japanese-American War, 203 Japanese occupation, 143 L Javier, Doroteo, 204, 221n28 La Alianza Sonada, 148 Jazz music, 186, 210, 216 La Boheme, 97, 198 Jesuit mission, 197 Labour, 10, 30, 37, 61, 129, 131, Jesuits, 20, 73 139, 170, 195, 198, 199, 202, Jesús, José Corazón de, 87 217–219, 227 Jimenez, Norberto, 203 La cabanita, 107 Joaquin, Nick, 57, 72, 80n8, 83n54, La Calandria, 106 84n65 La Estrella de Manila, 96 Johnson, James H., 110, 118n68 See also Intramuros Johnson, Mark, 39, 52n70 Laguna, Province of, 17 Journalism, 93, 94 Lakhon Rong, 98 Jugar con fuego, 106 Lakoff, George, 39, 52n70 La Marseillaise, 146 La Mascota, 107 K Lamas, Rafael, 28–30, 50n40, 50n46 Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, La musica clasica, 107 Today and Tomorrow), 155 Language, 28, 38, 40, 42, 44, 61–63, Kant, Immanuel, 30 65–67, 69, 79, 87, 107, Kasilag, Lucrecia, 46 124–126, 133n14, 141, 155, Katagalugan, 113, 141, 142, 149 162, 171, 193n55, 200, 219, 228 INDEX 255

English, 21, 32, 39, 86, 149 Liminality, 123, 124, 152, 163, 179, French, 32, 86 217–219 German, 32, 86 Limpieza de Sangre, 66 Ilocano, 157, 163 Linda de Chamounix, 101, 117n53 Italian, 104 Linguistics, 16, 24, 40, 64, 70, 158, musical, 76, 150 161 Spanish, 70, 88, 93, 173 system, 40 Tagalog, 70, 76, 88, 91, 94, 106, Listening, 15–17, 19–26, 28, 35, 37, 113, 147–150, 156, 158, 160, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 67, 163, 165n20, 177 69–71, 74, 110–112, 114, 121, Visayan, 69 124, 137, 142, 144, 146, 159, See also Vernacular 164n14, 170, 174, 203 La Nuestra Señora de Paz y Buen Viaje, Li Tai Pe, 198 58, 86 Literacy, 38, 70, 128 La Oceañia Española, 91, 111, Literature, 1, 23, 43, 49n31, 49n37, 118n71, 209, 222n44 52n66, 72, 82n49, 83n62, 127, Lapasionaria, Las hijas del Zebedee, 144, 155, 165n17 107 Little brown brothers, 183, 185 Lapu-lapu, 55 Liu Yu (character in Turandot), 198 Las cigarreras, 107 Loa, 58, 86, 87 La tela de arana, La marcha de Cadiz, Lo-fi, 112 107 Logic Latin (language), 42, 65, 70 aesthetic, 27 Law, 34, 66, 81n25, 124, 141, 146, cultural, 60, 139 147, 151, 153, 155, 156, 191n34 economic, 26 Laws of the Indies, 61, 66, 81n25 London, 33, 146, 208, 209 Le Garde Republicaine Band of Lorenzana, José, 203 France, 186 Los aragoneses, 107 Legislation, 93, 141, 147 Los desaparecidos, 107 Leisure, 26, 27, 36, 74, 87, 89 Los Lombardos en la Primera Cruzada Lent, 86 o sea La Jerusalem Libertad, 101 Leoncavallo, Ruggero, 97 Los ratoneros, 107 Leon, Felipe de, Jr., 88, 146, 160, Louisiana Purchase, 181, 182, 187 168n61 Louisville (Kentucky), 187 Letona, Bartolome de, 57, 80n6 Loving, Walter H., 148, 180, Lian, Municipality of (Batangas), 177 187–189, 193n55 Liceo Cientifìco Artistico Literario, Loyola, Patricio, 149 77 Lucia de Lamermoor, 101 Lied, 160 Lucrezia Borgia, 101, 105 Li Hou Xiang, 218 Luneta (theatre seating), 108 Liliuokalani, 188 moro, 175 Limbas (character in Sangdugong Luneta, Paseo de, 94, 95, 99, 175 Panaguinip), 149 Luzon, 72, 149 256 INDEX

M as global cultural nexus, 7, 90, 91, Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (Long Live 113, 227 Philippines), 155 ‘golden age’, 2, 91, 138 MacArthur, Douglas, 153 intramuros, 76, 104 Macau, 8, 92, 198, 205–207 as Little Italy/Munting Milan Machiavelism, 183 (Little Milan) of the Far East, McClellan, Michael, 1, 11n1 105 McLuhan, Marshall, 38, 52n67 theatre scene, 73, 92, 100, 145, 148 Mactan, 55 Manila band, 131, 146, 205–207, Madison, 188 211, 213, 214 Madrid, 58, 67, 73, 98, 106, 145, Manila Cathedral, 72, 76, 106, 151, 152, 171, 172, 174, 208 115n24 Magellan, Ferdinand, 55 Manila Chamber Music Society, 78 See also Komedya Manila Dramatic Club, 78 Majayjay, Municipality of, 203 Manila Grand Opera House, 92, 102, Malabon, 17, 178, 191n26 104 Malay Manila men (Manila musicians), people, 67 135n28, 196, 197, 211, 216 world (religion), 16 Manilans (people), 19, 32, 87, 93, 95, Malayan (concept of race), 61, 67, 85, 96, 142, 175, 208 205 See also Manileño Malaysia, 205, 218 Manileño, 72 Malaysian (people), 195 See also Manilans (people) Mallat de Bassilan, Jean Baptiste, Marcha, 146 21–23, 48n15, 48n19, 48n24, Marcha cristiana, 88 49n29, 174, 190n15 Marcha Nacional, Marcha Nacional Malolos, 76, 148, 178 Filipina, Marcha Nacional Malolos, Bulacan, 177, 178 Filipina Magdalo, 146, 164n14, Malolos Congress, 76, 148, 178 178 Mañalong, Cecilio, 212 See also Philippine National Anthem Mandolin, 20 Marcial, L.F., 216 Mangalore, 175, 198 Marcia Trionfale, 146 Mangkukulam (character in Marcos, Ferdinand, 161, 162, 195, Sangdugong Panaguinip), 150 217 Manila Marcos, Imelda, 226 as centre of performing arts in the Marikina Orchestra, 76, 103 Asia Pacific, 45, 131, 207 Marques del Duero, 207 city of, 6, 56 Martial arts, 86 as emblematic reference to migrant Mascagni, Pietro, 97, 198 natives of Spanish Philippines, Mass, 20, 34, 63, 65, 66, 72, 86, 87, 67 115n7, 133n14, 156, 173 establishment of, 4, 171 Matusky, Patricia, 205, 222n33 first global city, 56 Maugard, Alfred M., 100, 117n45 INDEX 257

Medan, 113, 198, 205, 206 Missions, 16, 57, 60–62, 68, 69, 73, Media 123, 131, 185, 186, 192n39, concept, 9, 43 197, 198 event, 43 religious, 60 mass, 6, 43, 45, 130, 131, 218 Mode-of-produciton, see Production new, 27, 112, 216 Modern age, 110, 123, 129 Mediascape, 47, 128, 139, 159, 161, Modernities 215 artistic, 45, 131, 207 Mediatization, 9, 112, 186 aural, 123 Melbourne, 225 multiple, 27 Melody, 88, 95, 146, 150, 151, 205 sonic, 16, 185, 219 See also Punto; Tono Modern subjectivity, 10, 26, 28, 29, Mendoza, Ignacio, 212 42, 111, 142, 227 Mercene, Floro L., 82n44, 199, Mojares, Resil, 117n60, 148, 154, 221n18 165n16, 165n18, 167n37, Mestizos/mestizas, 66, 67, 100 167n43 Metaphor, 19, 24, 39, 40, 110 Molina, Juana “Titay”, 103, 149 Meter (music/poetry), 69, 88 Moors, 87, 88 Metropolitan Theatre, 102 See also Moro; Muslim/Moslem Mexican National Band, 186 Morals/morality, 28, 29, 60 Mexicans (people), 171 Morelos, Jose Maria, 78 Mexican War, 79 Moritz, Karl Philipp, 28 Mexico, 58, 62, 67, 75, 78, 171 Moro, 149, 171, 184 Mexico City, 56 See also Moors; Muslim/Moslem Middle East, 5, 195, 216, 217 Moro-moro, 87–89 Migration, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 73, 121, Motif/motives (musical), 79, 88, 146, 122, 124, 129, 131, 133n17, 203 195–201, 203, 207, 217, 227 Movement sonic, 195–201 anti-colonial/liberationary/ Mikado, The, 97 independence/revolutionary, Military, 6, 25–27, 44, 71, 74–76, 93, 122, 137, 177, 179 95, 99, 114, 122–125, 131, 146, anti-Napoleon, 142 163, 169–189, 200, 204, 210, artistic, 42 212 centrifugal, 25 Milwaukee, 187 centripetal, 25 Mindanao, 75, 171 nationalist, 67, 143, 144 Ming, Yao, 218 political, 142, 143 Minstrelsy, 218 reform, 142 Miranda, Apolonio, 212 social, 126 Mirano, Elena, 2, 72, 83n54, 83n56, translocal/global, 94, 96, 114, 84n67, 117n46 116n38, 140, 218, 227 Missionaries, 16, 57, 60–64, 68–70, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 226 73, 81n31, 197 Murillo Velarde, Pedro, 58, 70, 197 258 INDEX

Murphy, Michael, 127 N Musard, Philippe, 21 Naga (city), 106, 157 Music Nao de Acapulco, 57 Cantonese, 218 See also Galleon Chinese, 101, 209, 216 Nao de China, 57 dance, 45, 92, 131, 180, 184, 205, See also Galleon 210 Nation, 3–6, 10, 25, 29, 31, 38, 40, German, 150, 151 44–46, 57, 80n5, 85, 107, 110, Italian, 106 113, 114, 122–128, 137–163, jazz, 186, 210, 216 169–189, 195, 199–201, 228 Latin American, 216, 217 Nationalism, 23, 25, 27, 44–46, 93, as organized sound media, 9 107, 113, 122, 124–127, 129, popular, 16, 22, 45, 95, 151, 180, 132n6, 133n17, 134n19, 184, 186, 198, 205, 206, 210, 137–148, 150–152, 155, 216, 218 161–163, 164n6, 167n45, 169, scores, 32, 35, 61, 74, 89, 95 173, 199, 207, 217 theatre/drama, 8, 9, 24, 26, 29, 30, Nationalist, 2, 22, 45, 67, 87, 98, 36, 69, 78, 86, 89, 90, 92, 95, 117n53, 122, 126, 132n6, 96, 98–101, 104–106, 109, 134n19, 138, 143, 144, 147, 110, 113, 128, 137–163, 198, 148, 150–152, 154–156, 160, 208 (see also Opera) 176, 177, 179, 183, 199, 207 theory, 73 Nativism/nativist, 129, 141, 144, 155 Western /European, 20, 61, 68, 72, Navarro, Pedro B., 180, 186, 188, 97, 98, 113, 144, 184–186, 189 197, 208, 216 Nazzari, Alberto, 97 See also Band; Instruments; Negritos, 184 Musicians; Orchestra Nepomuceno, Vicente, 183 Music-drama, 152, 227 Netherlands, 223n63 Musicians New England Conservatory of Music, British, 185 180 Filipino/Manila, 152, 167n35 New media, 27, 112, 216 French, 172, 178 New World, 154 German, 92, 210 New York, 195, 208 Italian, 105 Ng, Stephanie Sooklynn, 216, 223n70 See also Band Nhà hát lớn Hà Nội, see Hanoi Opera Musicology, 2, 21, 24, 42, 164n14, 227 House Musico mayor, 206 Nicolas, Vicente, 203 Music theatre, 8, 24, 26, 29, 30, 36, Niederlein, Gustavo, 183 69, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96, 98–100, Nina Pancha, 107 104–106, 109, 110, 113, Noise, 19–21, 26, 32, 49n31, 109, 112 137–163, 198 Noli me Tangere, 22, 71, 83n52, 127 Muslim/Moslem, 60, 66, 150 Norma, 101 INDEX 259

Norodom I, 206 Orchestra director, 92, 101, 102 Noroña, Jose, 203 Orchestra of Vietnam National Opera North America, 8 and Ballet, 225 Notation (musical), 43 Ordoñez, Fermin, 203 Novel, 23, 71, 99, 227 Organs, 21, 32, 33, 61, 73, 112, Novenario, Agapito, 212 117n53, 197 Nueva España, 62, 75, 170, 171 Orient, 92 See also Mexico Oriental, 23, 57, 130, 151, 166n33 Nueva Segovia, 73 Orkestang Babae, see Orquesta Nuevo Teatro de Arroceros, 77, 102 Feminina de Pandacan (also known as Orkestang Babae) O’Rourke, Kevin H., 11n3, 12n5, 56, O 79n1, 79n4 Obbligato, 152 Orquesta Feminina, 178 Oboes, 58 Orquesta Feminina de Pandacan (also Ocampo, Ambeth R., 88, 115n8, 146, known as Orkestang Babae), 76, 164n13 103 Ocampo, Cariaco de, 203 Orquesta Molina, 149 Occident, 68 Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, Ocular-centrism, 24 58 Oido, 71 See also La Nuestra Señora de Paz y Old World, 56 Buen Viaje Ong, Aihwa, 7, 12n11, 129, 135n22, 135n24 Ong, Walter J., 44, 82n49, 133n14 P Ontology, 38 Padang, 102 Opera, 159 Pagibig sa Tinubulang Lupa (Love for buffa, 159 the Homeland), 155 comic, 21 Pagliacci, 97 See also Music-drama Painting, 35, 40, 104, 105 Opera bufa, 159 Pampanga, Province of, 171 Opera company/opera group/ opera Pampango (people), 172 troupe, 1, 3, 25, 31, 37, 92, 94, Panama-Pacific International 96, 97, 99–105, 116n38, Exposition, 188 117n45, 145, 150, 178, 226 Panunuluyan, 65, 82n39 See also individual entries Parian (Chinese district), 66, 107 Operettas, 36, 91, 95, 98, 116n38, Paris, 22, 92, 93, 97, 110, 146, 208 175 Parishioners, 63, 81n31, 202, 211 Orchestra, 75 Paroquianos, see Parishioners Orquesta Feminina de Pandacan, 76 Pasa-doble Hanoi, 178 Orquesta Molina, 149 Pasig (river), 16 See also individual entries Pasig (town), 149 260 INDEX

Paso doble, 88 Philippine Exposition Board (St. Louis Passports, 73, 203, 204, 212 Exposition), 183, 192n43 Pastores, 65, 82n40 Philippine independence, 7, 143, 153, Pasyon, 20, 159 178 Paterno, Adela, 149–151, 153, 154, Philippine Musical Association, The, 165n16 78 Paterno, Pedro, 147, 165n17, 178 Philippine National Anthem, 88, 147, Patronage, 72, 156, 210 152, 164n15, 178 Penang, 198, 201, 203, 211, 213 Philippine Revolution, 98, 113, Peninsulares, 66, 142 114n3, 169, 175, 176, 179, 180, Pensionado, 196 191n31 Percussion (instrument) Philippines cymbal, 151 Filipinas (Spanish colonial regime), drums, 23, 58, 151, 177, 185 75 gong, 46, 185 Philippine Assembly, 143, 156 Perez, Anores, 212 Philippine Islands (American Perfecto, Segundo, 212 colonial regime), 154, 195, 216 Performances, 3, 9, 10, 20, 22, 23, Philippine Revolutionary Republic, 25, 27, 34–37, 42, 44, 45, 58, 183 59, 64, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 86, Republic of the, 163n1 88, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, Philippine Scouts, 180 103, 108, 110–112, 117n53, Phillips, John, 6, 12n8, 135n26 123, 128, 131, 134n19, 137, Philosophy, 28, 38, 52n66, 126, 127, 143, 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 151, 152 161, 166n28, 173, 175, 178, Phnom Penh, 198, 206, 208 186–188, 198, 207, 211, Photography, 40 213–215, 220, 225, 226 Piacenza, 198 Performance Studies, 24, 42–44, Pianos, 19, 32, 33, 73, 74, 92, 95, 168n55, 227 102, 149, 207, 208, 222n39 Performativity, 23, 63, 64 Picture (as concept), 3, 39–42, 99, Performing arts, 3, 25–27, 37, 65, 96, 108, 110 98, 140, 225 Pigafetta, Antonio, 55 Periphery(ies), 129, 130 Pinpin, Tomás, 88, 114n5 Persians, 57 Pirates, 63, 75, 171 Perspective (visual arts technique), 5, Plaza de Magallanes, 94, 145 24, 39, 43, 49n31, 89, 104, 112, Poblete, Pascual, 155 126, 226, 228 Poetry, 88, 160 Philip III, 171 Copla-estrebillo, 159 Philippine Constabulary, 156, 184 villacinco, 159 Philippine Constabulary Band (PC Polavieja, Camilo de, 177 Band), 8, 148, 149, 166n27, Policy, 32, 81n31, 86, 127, 147, 162, 179–189, 192n36 196, 199, 217, 218 INDEX 261

Politics, 23, 41, 46, 125, 139, 143, sarswela/zarzuela, 37, 94, 98, 157 154, 156, 161, 183 sound, 20, 24, 26, 42, 45, 46 Polyphony, 69 theatre, 27, 71, 74, 77, 98, 104, Pompei, Giovanni, 101 205 Ponte-Perfecto, Nicolasa, 157 Professionalization, 29, 37, 71, 72, 98 Popular music, 16, 45, 95, 131, 137, Professional 144, 159, 184, 186, 198, 206, cultural workers, 215 210, 216, 218 musicians, 73–75, 170, 215 Portugal, 60 Propaganda, 186 Portuguese (people), 185 Protestantism, 41 Portuguese colony, 131 Puccini, Giacomo, 97 Postcolonial, 5, 6, 8, 24, 46, 59, 112, Punto, 88 122, 126, 127, 129, 130, See also Melody; Tono 138–140, 144, 185, 200, 227 Postmodernism, 34, 46 Power Q colonial/imperial, 4, 68, 114, 130, Quiapo, 76, 100, 116n38, 148 137, 147 Quinta, 173, 190n12, 204 electric, 187 of sound and music, 111 struggles, 74 R of symbols, 154 Rabel, 58 Prado, Jose, 76, 103 Rama V, see Chulalongkorn, Rama V Prado, Simplicio, 76, 103 Rama VI, see Vajiravudh Principalia, 170 Ratia, Nemesio, 106, 111, 118n72 Print, 125 Ray Del Val, 218 capitalism, 125, 128, 133n17, Realism, 158 134n19 (see also Capitalism) Reconquista, 66 printing press, 61 Reduccion bajo el toque dela campana technology, 44 [resettlement under the peal of Procession, 58, 86, 188 the bell], 63, 81n31 Production Relationship as an artistic work, 105 between image and picture, 40, 110 artistic, 31 between sonus and sound, 42, 219 as a concept of socio-cultural- Religion, 31, 34, 44, 60–62, 71, 87, economic process, 110 122, 123, 159, 179 cultural, 4, 9, 26, 27, 29–35, 37, world, 62 44, 71, 86, 98, 101, 108, 128, Religious drama, 29, 65, 82n38 140, 198, 215, 227 Religious institutions, 34, 65 mode of, 33, 35, 98, 110, 126, 127, Religious music, 20, 69, 151 157 Religious services/rituals/rites/ musical, 74 events/ceremonies, 21, 65, 69, opera, 22, 105, 226 72, 84n65, 86 262 INDEX

Rengger, Nicholas J., 10, 12n15 Royal Italian Band, 186 Repairing the Fractured Mirror: A Royal Western String Orchestra, 97 Chronicle and Source Book devoted Rubio, Hilarion, 75, 83n63 to the Performing Arts in Manila, 1848–1898, 2, 96 Retana, Wenceslao Emilio, 32, 50n44, S 50n48, 50n49, 100, 101, Saigon, 92, 216 105–107, 116n38, 117n50, Sainete, 87 117n56 St. Joseph’s Band, 211, 212 Revolution, Philippine, 98, 113, 114n3, St. Louis World Exposition/St. Louis 138, 154, 158, 161, 165n16, 175, Exposition, 180, 181, 183, 184, 176, 179, 180, 191n31 188, 192n43 Reyes, Portia L., 148, 165n17, Salary, 37, 172, 191n33, 209 165n19 Salazar, Sinforoso, 212 Reyes, Roman G., 148 Salazar, Vicente, 212 Rhythm, 17, 79, 159, 172 Salome, 198 Richardson, Claiborne T., 187, Salubong, 65, 82n38 191n35, 192n36, 193n53, Sampaloc (District of Manila), 76, 206 193n55 San Agustin Church, 76, 104 Rigoletto, 101, 150 Sanchez, Carlos, 204 Rio, 129 San Fernando (city), 106 Ritualization of culture, 65, 82n37 San Francisco (California), 188 Rituals/rites, 10, 20, 34, 36, 58, Sangdugong Panaguinip, 106, 138, 63–65, 71, 72, 184, 185 147–150, 152, 154, 162, Rizal, José, 22, 23, 48n26, 71, 83n52, 165n20, 167n35, 178 108, 109, 118n62, 127, 130 See also Dreamed Alliance, The; La Rizal Orchestra, 76, 103 Alianza Sonada Rizal y los Dioses, 147, 165n20 Sangleyes, 30, 66, 79 Roa, Manuel, 107 San Juan de Letran, 73 Robertson, James Alexander, 48n15, San Juan del Monte Orchestra, 76, 48n19, 48n24, 49n29, 80n6, 103 82n48, 83n51, 83n55, 83n58, San Luis, Teodora, 105 84n70, 170, 189n1, 190n12, San Roque, municipality of, 203 190n15, 221n24 Santa Ana orchestra, 76, 103 Rohr, Helena, 225 Santa Cecilia Band (Sta. Cecilia Band), Romanticism, 28, 45, 95, 127, 142, 78, 204, 208–215 145, 175, 201 Santiago, Fernando Jr., 149, 166n27 Rome, 56, 101 Santiago, Francisco, 160 Rosario, municipality of, 203 Santiago, Juan de, 197 Rossini, Gioachino, 101, 145, 174, Santos, 69 187 Santos, Ramon, 45, 53n87, 159, 160, Roxas, Isidoro, 157 164n12, 168n57, 168n60, Royal Hawaiian Opera House, 188 168n62 INDEX 263

Sanvitores, Diego Luis, 197 Shi dai qu, 216 Sarawak, 198, 204 Siam, 57, 61, 175, 197, 198 Sarswela (Zarzuela), 2, 36, 37, 73, Siegert, Bernhardt, 38, 43, 51n63, 89–91, 94–96, 98, 99, 103, 51–52n66, 52n82, 52n83 105–109, 113, 119n72, 127, Silence, 24, 124, 212 137, 138, 142, 144, 145, Silk, 57 149–151, 155–162, 174, 175, Silos, Juan, 76, 103, 161 177, 198 Silver, 58, 60, 154 Sassen, Saskia, 219, 224n78 Singapore, 3, 8, 20, 39, 78, 85, 92, Sastrón, Manuel, 176, 190n21, 96, 97, 100–102, 104, 113, 191n31 116n38, 129, 198, 200–202, Savoy Theatre, 97 204, 205, 208–216 Say Liman ag Naketket Pampinsiwan Singapore Chronicle, 173, 190n13 (The Hand that Cannot be Cut Singers, 101, 102, 105, 145, 150, Must be Kissed), 157 162, 198, 206 Scenario, 85, 158, 161, 168n55 Singing Scenic painter, 101, 104 bel canto, 160 Schafer, R. Murray, 21, 24, 48n22, Lied, 160 49n31, 112 Sirenas (character in Sangdugong School, 72 Panaguinip), 151 Cambridge School (of global Slave, 57 history), 59 enslavement, 170 See also Specific names Slave trade, 171 Schwartz, Hillel, 19, 48n11 Smith, Anthony, 125, 132n6 Scott, James C., 163, 168n64 Smith, Bruce R., 15 Scott, William Henry, 81n26, 88, Smith, Joseph F., 15 114n4 Smith, Mark, 15, 47n1, 48n11 Sculpture, 35, 40 Social capital, see Capital Sea chanteys, 88 Social drama, 63, 65, 111 Seattle, 188 Sociedad Anonima, 77 Sebwanos, 163 Sociedad Artistica-Recreativa, 107 Secularization, 27 Sociedad de Artes y Oficios, 77 Sedition Law, 143, 155 Sociedad de Recreo, 77 Seditious plays, 155, 156 Sociedad Lirico-Dramatica, 107 Selangor State band, 205 Sociedad Musical Filipina de Santa Selangor, State of, 212 Cecilia (Philippine Musical Sellner, George C., 188 Society of Santa Cecila), 77, 78, Senson, Rufino, 212 209 Sephardic Jews, 66 Solano, Anacleto, 107 Serialization, 112, 125 Soldiers Severino Reyes, 157 American, 145, 180, 186 Shanghai, 1, 8, 113, 198, 201, Filipino, 75, 172, 173, 175–180, 208–210, 213, 216 189, 198 264 INDEX

Soldiers (cont.) Stanley Opera Company, 97 Muslim, 150 Star-Spangled Banner, 152 Pampango, 171, 172 See also American National Anthem Spanish, 75, 170–172 Status, 147, 153, 162, 207, 213, 217 Tagalog, 150 Steam engine, 16, 85 Soliano, Alfonso, 218 Steamship, 7, 8, 25, 86, 90, 100, 113, Songs, 19, 64, 88, 160, 162, 177, 131 214, 216, 218 Sterne, Jonathan, 15 Sonic, 17, 21, 39, 40, 46, 63, 65, 85, Stevens, Joseph Earle, 17, 19, 22, 23, 112, 123, 137, 139, 144, 38, 47n5, 47n8, 48n13, 48n25, 146–148, 152, 158–162, 172, 49n30, 99, 116n36, 150, 202, 226 166n31, 174, 175, 190n17, 199, Sonicscape, 87, 131, 138, 150 221n17 Sonus (plural soni), 42, 44–46, 95, Straits Settlements, 203 112, 123, 124, 131, 137–163, Strauss, Richard, 198, 205 177, 185–187, 189, 198, 201, Stringer, Mr., 101 202, 207, 217, 219, 220, 226 Subjectivity, 10, 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, Soprano (voice), 73, 105, 151, 198 39, 42, 111, 142, 203, 227, 228 See also Tiples See also Modern subjectivity Sorsogon (city), 107 Subaltern, 30 Soundscape, 15–17, 19, 22, 32, Sucharitkul, Somtow, 226 49n31, 58, 95, 99, 112, 113, Suez Canal, 7, 31–33, 90, 102, 113, 173, 185, 207 129 urban, 85 Sugar, 32, 91 Sound studies, 9, 42–44, 227 Sulawesi, 226 Sousa, John Philip Band, 186 Summers, William John, 2, 11n2, 91, Southeast Asia, 1, 4, 6–8, 12n6, 16, 95, 96, 115n15, 116n25, 116n43 20, 38, 130, 163, 171, 179, Surabaya, 92, 102 222n39, 226–228 Sureq Galigo, 226 Sovereignty, 44, 124, 125, 137–140, Suzara, Venancia, 106 143–154 Symphony, 92, 173, 188 Spain, 22, 28, 29, 32, 56, 60, 66, 75, Synaesthesia, 40, 161 85, 86, 88, 96, 113, 114n3, 130, as metaphor, 40 141, 142, 145, 151–154, 170, Syncopation, 137 173, 174, 178, 198 Syncreticism, 20, 61, 63, 65, 68, 90, Spanish Empire, 2, 4, 6, 8, 25, 67, 79, 98 85, 86, 89, 113, 124, 130, 137, Synecdoche, 199 139, 140, 163, 169, 177, 179, 185, 196 Spanish Revolution, 141 T Spivak, Gayatri, 129 Taft’s Own, 188–189 Stagings (historical metaphor), 58, 59, Taft, William Howard, 154, 180, 183, 62, 68 188 INDEX 265

Tagalog Telegram, 28 language, 67, 70, 88, 91, 94, 106, Telegraph, 85, 130, 208 138, 145–154, 156, 157, Telephone, 17, 85 165n20, 177 Telescope, 43 people, 142, 163, 171 Television, 88 region, 113, 142, 148, 158, 160 Television Malaysia (RTM) Orchestra, Tagaroma, Patrocinio, 106 218 Tambakan, 76 Telonista, 104 Tamon, Fernando Valdes, 72, 83n55, Tempo, 17, 147, 162 172, 189n8 Tenor (voice), 58, 70 Tanikalang Guinto (Golden Chain), Terrenate, 172 155 Tertulias, 74 Tan, Marcus Cheng Chye, 16, 47n3 Text Tarik (character in Sangdugong dramatic play/text, 88 Panaguinip), 149, 151 Thailand, see Siam Tartars, 57 Theatre, see Individual entries of Taxation, 66, 81n31 theatre buildings Tayabas, Province of, 203 Theatre company/group/troupe, Taylor, Diana, 158, 168n55 25, 32, 36, 37, 99, 101, 102, Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 186, 210 109 Teatro Circo de Zorilla (or Teatro de See also Drama company/group/ Zorilla), 97, 101, 102, 150 troupe Teatro Circo de Zorillo/Teatro Theatre studies, 42, 43 Zorilla, 89, 96, 99, 149 Theatricality, 63, 64, 108, 168n55 Teatro de Binondo, 76, 89 Theatrical performance, see Teatro del Principe Alfonso (also called Performances the Nuevo Teatro de Arroceros), Third World, 16, 219 77, 100, 102 Through-composed, 151 Teatro de Sirena, 102 Tiaong, Municipality of, 203 Teatro de Tondo, 87, 101, 102, 111 Tiktik (character in Sangdugong Teatro de Variedades, 109 Panaguinip), 150 Teatro español (Spanish language Timbre, 85, 123, 173 theatre), 77 Tiongson, Nicanor G., 87, 107, Teatro Filipino, 102 114n1, 117n57, 155–158, Teatro Pandaqueño, 105 166n34, 167n44, 167n48, Teatro Paz, 102 167n52 Teatro tagalo (Tagalog langauge Tiples, 72, 73 theatre), 89 Titay Molina, 149 Technology, 6, 9, 10, 22, 24, 25, 27, See also Molina, Juana “Titay” 32, 38, 39, 41–46, 85, 86, 96, Tkaczyk, Viktoria, 15 111, 112, 121–123, 128–131, Tobacco, 108, 213, 223n63, 225 133n14, 140, 158, 172, 185, Manila, 32 196, 197, 200, 207, 216, 219 Tocsan, Felipe, 197 266 INDEX

Tokyo, 8, 113, 146, 198, 216 U Tolentino, Aurelio, 147, 155, 156, Unang Pag-ibig, 106 165n20 Un Ballo in Maschera, 101 Tolentino, Fulgencio, 157 UNESCO, 226 Tonal centre, 152 Uniformization (cultural), 123 Tondo, 76, 103, 111, 119n72, 171, Union Artistico-Musical, 103 203, 204 Universalizing, 60, 122, 123 Tongking/Tonkin, 57, 86 Uray (character in Sangdugong Tono, 88 Panaguinip), 149, 151 See also Melody; Punto Urban, 6, 7, 17, 26, 33, 36, 37, 45, 67, Torneo, 88 85–87, 89, 92, 112–114, 129–131, Torre, Hugo de la, 107 135n24, 202, 207, 216, 218, 227 Tosca, 97 Urbanization, 39, 131 Trade, 130 Urban planning/organization, 61 cultural, 3, 25, 59, 90 Uruttia, G., 213 Galleon (see Galleon) US, 8 global, 4, 35, 56, 61, 85, 142 colonial administration/ Trade network/route, 32, 35, 57, 79, government, 143, 146, 148, 85, 86 153–156, 178–180, 183 Tram, 17, 47n6, 85 colonial occupation, 8, 140 (see also Transculturalization, 61, 185, 218, American Empire) 220 imperialism, 6, 107, 143, 179–189 Translocality, 3, 5–9, 25, 27, 31–33, US Marine Band, 186 35–37, 56, 59, 62, 86, 92, 94, US–Philippine Commission, 180, 181, 96, 97, 108, 116n38, 121, 183 125–128, 131, 132, 139–141, 196, 208, 227, 228 Transmutation, 98, 144 V Transnational, 3, 5, 16, 135n28, 144, Vajiravudh, 97, 98 217 Valdes, Ramon, 76, 103 Treatise, 88, 94, 152 Vega, Ventura de la, 106 Treaty, 32, 86 Vela, Melchior, 208, 209 Treaty of Paris, 85, 113, 143, 178 Velarde, Miguel, 70, 71, 83n51, 161, Tribute, 149, 170, 171, 190n12 197 Trining (character in Sangdugong Velasquez, Valentin, 76 Panaguinip), 149 Vellarde, Pedro Murillo, 58 Tristan und Isolde, 151 Veloso, Sabas, 107 Tulisanes (bandits), 63 Veni, Vedi, Vici, 147 Turandot, 198 Verdi, Giuseppe, 101, 145, 146, 150, Turks, 57 186, 205 Turner, Victor, 34, 51n61, 63, 65, Vernacular, 5, 64, 65, 86, 107, 138, 111, 118n69 156, 157, 159, 200 Typography, 44 See also Language INDEX 267

Vernacularization, 155, 158 White noise, 112 Verse, 87, 88, 165n20 Williamson, Jeffrey G., 11n3, 12n5, Verse-drama, 86 56, 79n1, 79n4 Vietnam, 225 Wilson, Rob, 129 Viet, Peter, see Chenduriyang, Phra Wilson, Robert, 226 (Peter Viet) Wilson, William P., 183 Vigan (city), 106 Wind instruments, see Specific Villacinco, 159 instruments Villanueva, Isidro, 212 Women, 50n49, 100, 150, 152, 177, Villaruz, Hermogena, 212 183 Visayan (language), 69 Wong, Jum-sum “James”, 218, Visayan (people), 184 223n77 Visayas, 69, 88, 184 Worlding, 7, 129 Visual culture, 6, 130 World Picture Visual studies, 40 Age of World Picture, 39 Vogl, Joseph, 38, 43, 51n66, 52n78, World system, 32, 59, 86, 197 53n85 World War II/Second World War, Voice, 16, 20, 21, 58, 68, 70, 73, 12n6, 113, 127, 138, 163, 195, 79, 99–109, 138, 152, 160, 216 198 Writing, 16, 23, 39, 44, 71, 116n38, Voice types, see Alto (voice); Baritone; 127, 139, 144, 148, 173, 200, Bass (voice); Soprano (voice); 214 Tenor (voice) Writing system, 70 Von Oppen, Achim, 5, 12n7 Vries, Jan de, 26, 49n37 Vu, Nguyen, 225 Y Yang Gui Fe (character in Li Tai Pe), 198 W Yeo, Wei-wei, 6, 12n8, 130, 135n26, Wagner, Richard, 150, 151, 186, 210, 219, 224n79 226 Yepes, Juan de la Fuente, 73 Walang Sugat, 157, 162 Wallett’s Bijou Circus, 212 Washington D.C., 188 Z Watkins, Lee William, 205, 216, 218, Zabat Orchestra, 76, 103 222n34, 223n73, 223n74 Zamboanga, 172 Weber, Carl Maria von, 186 Zapa, Antonio, 101 Weber, Max, 10, 13n17, 68, 82n47, Zomia, 163 186 Wedding, 63, 75, 207, 210, 215 Western music, 20, 61, 68, 140, NON-LATIN CHARACTERS 184–186, 216, 218, 225 黃湛森, see Wong, Jum-sum “James” White Man’s Burden, 185 เจ้าตากสิน, see Chao Tak Sin