DOCSLIB.ORG

Ultrastructural and Molecular Delineation of the Chytridiaceae (Chytridiales)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ultrastructural and Molecular Delineation of the Chytridiaceae (Chytridiales) 1561 Ultrastructural and molecular delineation of the Chytridiaceae (Chytridiales) Peter M. Letcher, Martha J. Powell, James G. Chambers, Joyce E. Longcore, Perry F. Churchill, and Phillip M. Harris Abstract: The Chytridiomycota is in need of taxonomic revision, especially the largest order, the Chytridiales. We ana- lyzed 25 isolates in, or allied to, the Chytridium clade of this order. Isolates were selected based on one or more of the fol- lowing criteria: (i) having a large subunit molecular sequence similar to that of the type of the genus Chytriomyces,(ii) having specific zoospore morphology, and (iii) currently classified as a species in the genus Chytriomyces. We examined ultrastructural characters and partial sequences of large subunit and small subunit rDNA and generated a phylogenetic hy- pothesis using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. The sequence analyses strongly supported the Chytridiaceae, Phlyctochytrium, and Chytriomyces angularis clades, and each clade had a specific zoospore type. Developmental mor- phology of the thallus did not mirror the DNA-based phylogeny. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses of sequen- ces and ultrastructural characters, we emend the Chytridiaceae by including exogenous and polycentric development and define the family on the basis of a single zoospore type. Species identified as being in the genus Chytriomyces occur in several separate, well-supported clades along with species currently classified in seven other genera (Asterophlyctis, Ento- phlyctis, Obelidium, Physocladia, Podochytrium, Rhizoclosmatium, and Siphonaria), indicating that Chytriomyces as cur- rently defined is polyphyletic. Key words: Chytridiomycota, morphology, ribosomal RNA genes, ultrastructure, zoospore. Re´sume´ : Une re´vision de la taxonomie des Chytridiomycota est ne´cessaire, surtout l’ordre le plus important, celui des Chytridiales. Les auteurs ont analyse´ 25 isolats du clade Chytridium et entite´s apparente´es, appartenant a` cet ordre. Ils ont se´lectionne´ les isolats sur la base d’un ou plusieurs des crite`res suivants: (i) posse´dent une se´quence mole´culaire LSU si- milaire a` celle du genre type Chytriomyces;(ii) posse´dent une morphologie zoosporale spe´cifique; (iii) couramment classi- fie´s comme espe`ces du genre Chytriomyces. Ils ont examine´ les caracte`res ultrastructuraux et les se´quences partielles de la grande sous-unite´ et de la petite sous-unite´ de l’ADN ribosomal, et ils ont ge´ne´re´ une hypothe`se phyloge´ne´tique, en utili- sant les analyses de parcimonie maximale et baye´sienne. Les analyses de se´quences supportent fortement les clades Chy- tridiaceae, Phlyctochytrium, et Chytriomyces angularis, et chaque clade posse`de un type spe´cifique de zoospore. La morphogene`se du thalle ne refle`te pas la phyloge´nie base´e sur l’ADN. A` partir de ces re´sultats, obtenus par analyse phylo- ge´ne´tique des se´quences et des traits ultrastructuraux, les auteurs modifient les Chytridiaceae en incluant le de´veloppement exoge`ne et polycentrique, et ils de´finissent la famille sur la base d’un seul type de zoospore. Les espe`ces identifie´es comme e´tant du genre Chytriomyces se retrouvent dans plusieurs clades se´pare´s, bien supporte´s, avec des espe`ces couramment classifie´es dans sept autres genres (Asterophlyctis, Entophlyctis, Obelidium, Physocladia, Podochytrium, Rhizoclosmatium et Siphonaria), ce qui indique que les Chytriomyces, tels que pre´sentement de´finis, sont polyphe´tiques. Mots cle´s:Chytridiomycota, morphologie, ge`nes de l’ADN ribosomal, ultrastructure, zoospore. [Traduit par la Re´daction] Introduction vestigators to seek alternative characters for chytrid system- atics. Zoospore ultrastructural characters proved to be more Classically, chytrid taxonomy has been based on thallus stable and conserved than taxonomic characters used previ- morphology and development (Whiffen 1944; Sparrow ously. Thus, for the past 30 years, combinations of zoospore 1960; Roane and Paterson 1974; Karling 1977); however, ultrastructural characters have defined orders in the Chytri- observations of morphological variation in chytrids (Miller diomycota (Barr 1980, 2001), and ultrastructural characters 1968, 1976; Powell and Koch 1977a, 1977b) prompted in- have been used to define genera in the Chytridiales sensu Barr (Longcore 1993; Letcher and Powell 2005a) and Spi- Received 24 May 2005. Published on the NRC Research Press zellomycetales (Barr 1980; Longcore et al. 1995). Web site at http://canjbot.nrc.ca on 11 February 2006. In an attempt to resolve phylogenetic groups within the P.M. Letcher,1 M.J. Powell, J.G. Chambers, P.F. Churchill, Chytridiales, Barr (1980) described zoospore types: Group I and P.M. Harris. Department of Biological Sciences, The type zoospore based on Chytridium olla (Barr and Hartmann University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. 1976, Barr 1980), Group II type zoospore based on Chytri- J.E. Longcore. Department of Biological Sciences, University dium lagenaria (Barr and Hartmann 1976, Barr 1980), and of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. Group III type zoospore based on Rhizophydium spp. (Barr 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). and Hadland-Hartmann 1978, Barr 1980). We consider Can. J. Bot. 83: 1561–1573 (2005) doi: 10.1139/b05-115 # 2005 NRC Canada 1562 Can. J. Bot. Vol. 83, 2005 Group IV as the Nowakowskiella spp. type of zoospore (Lu- Molecular methods carotti 1981) and Group V as the type of zoospore for Chy- triomyces angularis. Evaluation of zoospore ultrastructure DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing from a broader range of taxa is needed to clarify the taxo- DNA was purified and amplified for sequencing as de- nomic use of ultrastructural features because some genera scribed in Letcher and Powell 2005a from 22 pure cultures contain species with different zoospore subtypes. Barr and (Table 1). The LROR/LR5 primer pair was used for amplifi- Hartmann (1976) reported variation in zoospore ultrastruc- cation of the LSU (28S) rRNA gene and the NS1/NS4 pri- ture among Chytridium species: Chytridium olla and Chytri- mer pair for the SSU (18S) rRNA gene (White et al. 1990). dium confervae with one type of zoospore and Chytridium For LSU analyses, partial nucleotide sequences of the LSU lagenaria with another type. Batko (1975) transferred Chy- rRNA gene (approx. 900 bp from the 5’ end) from 22 taxa tridium confervae to Chytriomyces because it produced epi- (Table 1) were generated. LSU sequences for an additional biotic resting spores, the location of the resting spore three isolates (JEL 45 Chytriomyces angularis, JEL 347 un- relative to the substratum being the primary feature distin- identified sp. C, and JEL 187 unidentified sp. D) were ob- guishing Chytriomyces from Chytridium (Sparrow 1960). tained from the AFTOL database (Assembling the Fungal Thus, the dilemma is that two types of zoospores are re- Tree of Life, Duke University; http://www.biology.duke. ported in one genus (Chytridium), while the same type of edu/fungi/mycolab/) with the permission of Dr. T.Y. James. zoospore is found in different genera (Chytridium and Chy- For combined SSU and LSU analyses, partial nucleotide se- triomyces). quences of the SSU rRNA gene (approx. 1100 bp from the Phylogenetic hypotheses derived from analyses of gene se- 5’ end) from 14 taxa (Table 1) were generated. quences provide frameworks upon which to test the reliability and taxonomic applications of zoospore characters. A recent Sequence analysis phylogenetic reconstruction of the Chytridiomycota from SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences were aligned based analyses of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene supported on the secondary structure model of Saccharomyces cerevi- the reliability of zoospore characters (James et al. 2000), siae rRNA (sites 4–29 for the SSU rRNA gene (Van de Peer although in that study, only a few of the taxa had been studied et al. 1997) and sites B11–D5 for the LSU rRNA gene (Ben ultrastructurally. For the Chytridiales sensu Barr (Barr 1980), Ali et al. 1999; Letcher et al. 2004)). Outgroup taxa for the James et al. (2000) resolved four monophyletic clades (Chy- LSU and the combined LSU and SSU analyses were Mono- tridium, Rhizophydium, Nowakowskiella, and Lacustromy- blepharis macrandra and Oedogoniomyces sp., members of ces), each corresponding to one of Barr’s (1980), Lucarotti’s the Monoblepharidales, which is a sister clade to the Chytri- (1981), or Longcore’s (1993) zoospore types. dium clade (James et al. 2000; Chambers 2003). The purpose of this study was to use zoospore ultrastruc- We analyzed nuclear LSU rRNA gene sequences alone tural and molecular analyses to resolve relationships among and combined with SSU rRNA sequences. ModelTest (v. a broad sampling of organisms provisionally placed in the 3.06) (Posada and Crandall 1998) was used to calculate the Chytridium clade (James et al. 2000). We included isolates most appropriate model of DNA substitution for both the in this study based on one or more of the following criteria: LSU data set and the combined LSU–SSU data set. For the (i) having a large subunit (LSU) molecular sequence like LSU data set, the general time-reversible (GTR) model with that of members of the Chytridium clade (James et al. invariant sites and rates of substitution among sites approxi- 2000), (ii) zoospore morphology (having a Group I type or mated by a gamma distribution ( = GTR + I + G) was Group II type zoospore (Barr 1980), and (iii) currently clas- chosen. This model and maximum parsimony (MP) and sified as a species in the genus Chytriomyces (Letcher and Bayesian inference algorithms were used to construct trees Powell 2002). We generated a phylogenetic hypothesis for in PAUP* (v. 4.0b10) (Swofford 2002). MP analyses were 25 isolates through analyses of the LSU rRNA gene, with conducted as described in Letcher and Powell (2005a). sequence alignment based on rRNA secondary structure. Bayesian tree inference (MRBayes 3.0b4) (Huelsenbeck and We further investigated the resolution of the LSU gene com- Ronquist 2001) with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling bined with the SSU rRNA gene in molecular analyses.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Zoosporic Fungi of New Zealand. V. Species of Asterophlyctis, Obelidium, Rhizoclosmatium, Riphonaria and Rhizophlyctis
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 1966/1968 Band/Volume: 20 Autor(en)/Author(s): Karling John S. Artikel/Article: Some Zoosporic Fungi of New Zealand IV. Species of Asterophlyctis, Obelidium, Rhizoclosmatium, Riphonaria and Rhizophlycits. 96-108 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Some Zoosporic Fungi of New Zealand. V. Species of Asterophlyctis, Obelidium, Rhizoclosmatium, Riphonaria and Rhizophlyctis. By John S. Karling (Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.) With Plates XVII—XIX Asterophlyctis This genus was established by Petersen in 1903 for a sapro- phyte, A. sarcoptoides, which he found on the exuviae of caddis flies in Denmark, and up to the present time it has been regarded as a monotypic genus. However, a second species has been found in New Zealand on strips of chitin which were added to a water culture (CLO1) *) from Lake Ohau, Canterbury Province). It is characterized primarily by irregular resting spores which are borne at the apex of an empty basal cell, and in this respect it differs markedly from the type species. Accordingly, it is described as a new species and named A. irregularis. Asterophlyctis irregularis sp. nov. Saprophytica. Sporangia extramatricalia, sessilia, subglobosa, 18— 27 \i diam. vel ovoidea, 26—39 X 50—55 u.; pariete hyalino, verruculis 7—82 conoideis, obtusiusculis, raro bipartitis, ad basim usque ad 4 ^ diam. et usque ad 8 u. prominulis praedito; apophysis subglobosa, 5.5— 11 ]i diam., ad basim vel ad latera rhizoideis plus minusve ramulosis, ad 4 (i crassis, usque ad 210 |i extendentibus praedita; zoosporae glo- bosae, 4.8—5.3 ix diam.
    [Show full text]
  • For Review Only 377 Algomyces Stechlinensis Clustered Together with Environmental Clones from a Eutrophic 378 Lake in France (Jobard Et Al
    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Page 18 of 43 1 Running head: Parasitic chytrids of volvocacean algae. 2 3 Title: Diversity and Hidden Host Specificity of Chytrids infecting Colonial 4 Volvocacean Algae. 5 Authors: Silke Van den Wyngaerta, Keilor Rojas-Jimeneza,b, Kensuke Setoc, Maiko Kagamic, 6 Hans-Peter Grossarta,d 7 a Department of ExperimentalFor Limnology, Review Leibniz-Institute Only of Freshwater Ecology and Inland 8 Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 9 b Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Campus San Pedro, Apdo. 10138-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica 10 c Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 11 Japan 12 d Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14476 Potsdam, 13 Germany 14 15 Corresponding Author: 16 Silke Van den Wyngaert, Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of 17 Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 18 Telephone number: +49 33082 69972; Fax number: +49 33082 69917; e-mail: [email protected], 19 [email protected] 20 21 22 23 1 Page 19 of 43 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 24 ABSTRACT 25 Chytrids are zoosporic fungi that play an important, but yet understudied, ecological role in 26 aquatic ecosystems. Many chytrid species have been morphologically described as parasites on 27 phytoplankton. However, the majority of them have rarely been isolated and lack DNA sequence 28 data. In this study we isolated and cultivated three parasitic chytrids, infecting a common 29 volvocacean host species, Yamagishiella unicocca. In order to identify the chytrids, we 30 characterized morphology and life cycle, and analyzed phylogenetic relationships based on 18S 31 and 28S rDNA genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Assessment of Non-Cultured Aquatic Fungal Diversity from Differenthabitats in Mexico
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Valderrama, Brenda; Paredes-Valdez, Guadalupe; Rodríguez, Rocío; Romero-Guido, Cynthia; Martínez, Fernando; Martínez-Romero, Julio; Guerrero-Galván, Saúl; Mendoza- Herrera, Alberto; Folch-Mallol, Jorge Luis Assessment of non-cultured aquatic fungal diversity from differenthabitats in Mexico Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 87, núm. 1, marzo, 2016, pp. 18-28 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42546734003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87 (2016) 18–28 www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Taxonomy and systematics Assessment of non-cultured aquatic fungal diversity from different habitats in Mexico Estimación de la diversidad de hongos acuáticos no-cultivables de diferentes hábitats en México a a b b Brenda Valderrama , Guadalupe Paredes-Valdez , Rocío Rodríguez , Cynthia Romero-Guido , b c d Fernando Martínez , Julio Martínez-Romero , Saúl Guerrero-Galván , e b,∗ Alberto Mendoza-Herrera , Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol a Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico b Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico c Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Col.
    [Show full text]
  • S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological, Molecular, and Ultrastructural Characterization of Rozella Rhizoclosmatii, a New Species in Cryptomycota
    fungal biology 121 (2017) 1e10 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota Peter M. LETCHERa,*, Joyce E. LONGCOREb, C. Alisha QUANDTc, Domingos da Silva LEITEd, Timothy Y. JAMESc, Martha J. POWELLa aDepartment of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA bSchool of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA dDepartamento de Genetica, Evoluc¸ao~ e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13082-862, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Rozella is a genus of unwalled endoparasites of a variety of hosts including Oomycota (Stra- Received 10 June 2016 menopiles), Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota (Fungi), and one green alga (Coleo- Received in revised form chaete, Chlorophyceae). It currently includes more than 20 formally described species, 15 August 2016 and no new species of Rozella have been described since 1987. We discovered a new Rozella Accepted 19 August 2016 species parasitizing Rhizoclosmatium globosum (Chytridiales, Chytridiomycota) and investi- Available online 4 September 2016 gated its morphology, ultrastructure, and phylogenetic position. Herein named as Rozella Corresponding Editor: rhizoclosmatii sp. nov., the organism induces hypertrophy of the host. Its zoospore is ultra- Gordon William Beakes structurally similar to that of Rozella allomycis, although it has a unique zoospore ultrastruc- tural feature, a lattice of perpendicular rods about the nucleus. The 18S rDNA molecular Keywords: sequence of R. rhizoclosmatii is similar to that of the previously sequenced ‘Rozella ex Rhizo- Lattice closmatium’. This is the first study to inclusively characterize a new species of Rozella with Morphology morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversité Phylogénétique Et Fonctionnelle Des Eumycètes Dans Les Écosystèmes Pélagiques Marlène Jobard-Portas
    Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques Marlène Jobard-Portas To cite this version: Marlène Jobard-Portas. Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques. Sciences agricoles. Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. Français. NNT : 2010CLF22090. tel-00769938 HAL Id: tel-00769938 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769938 Submitted on 4 Jan 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE BLAISE PASCAL Année 2010 N°D.U. 2090 ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE, SANTE, AGRONOMIE, ENVIRONNEMENT N° d’ordre 535 Thèse Présentée à l’Université Blaise Pascal pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR D’UNIVERSITE (Spécialité : Ecologie Microbienne) Soutenue le 14 Décembre 2010 Marlène JOBARD Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques Président : Pr Gilles Bourdier, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Fd, France Invité Institutionnel : Dr Henry-Michel Cauchie, CRP, Belvaux, Luxembourg Directeur de
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification of Lower Organisms
    The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting and Recording Fungi
    British Mycological Society Recording Network Guidance Notes COLLECTING AND RECORDING FUNGI A revision of the Guide to Recording Fungi previously issued (1994) in the BMS Guides for the Amateur Mycologist series. Edited by Richard Iliffe June 2004 (updated August 2006) © British Mycological Society 2006 Table of contents Foreword 2 Introduction 3 Recording 4 Collecting fungi 4 Access to foray sites and the country code 5 Spore prints 6 Field books 7 Index cards 7 Computers 8 Foray Record Sheets 9 Literature for the identification of fungi 9 Help with identification 9 Drying specimens for a herbarium 10 Taxonomy and nomenclature 12 Recent changes in plant taxonomy 12 Recent changes in fungal taxonomy 13 Orders of fungi 14 Nomenclature 15 Synonymy 16 Morph 16 The spore stages of rust fungi 17 A brief history of fungus recording 19 The BMS Fungal Records Database (BMSFRD) 20 Field definitions 20 Entering records in BMSFRD format 22 Locality 22 Associated organism, substrate and ecosystem 22 Ecosystem descriptors 23 Recommended terms for the substrate field 23 Fungi on dung 24 Examples of database field entries 24 Doubtful identifications 25 MycoRec 25 Recording using other programs 25 Manuscript or typescript records 26 Sending records electronically 26 Saving and back-up 27 Viruses 28 Making data available - Intellectual property rights 28 APPENDICES 1 Other relevant publications 30 2 BMS foray record sheet 31 3 NCC ecosystem codes 32 4 Table of orders of fungi 34 5 Herbaria in UK and Europe 35 6 Help with identification 36 7 Useful contacts 39 8 List of Fungus Recording Groups 40 9 BMS Keys – list of contents 42 10 The BMS website 43 11 Copyright licence form 45 12 Guidelines for field mycologists: the practical interpretation of Section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005 46 1 Foreword In June 2000 the British Mycological Society Recording Network (BMSRN), as it is now known, held its Annual Group Leaders’ Meeting at Littledean, Gloucestershire.
    [Show full text]
  • Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota)
    VOLUME 5 JUNE 2020 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 17–38 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.02 Taxonomic revision of the genus Zygorhizidium: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales ord. nov. (Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota) K. Seto1,2,3*, S. Van den Wyngaert4, Y. Degawa1, M. Kagami2,3 1Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira-Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan 2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 3Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240- 8502, Japan 4Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: During the last decade, the classification system of chytrids has dramatically changed based on zoospore Chytridiomycota ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. In contrast to well-studied saprotrophic chytrids, most parasitic chytrids parasite have thus far been only morphologically described by light microscopy, hence they hold great potential for filling taxonomy some of the existing gaps in the current classification of chytrids. The genus Zygorhizidium is characterized by an zoospore ultrastructure operculate zoosporangium and a resting spore formed as a result of sexual reproduction in which a male thallus Zygophlyctis and female thallus fuse via a conjugation tube. All described species of Zygorhizidium are parasites of algae and Zygorhizidium their taxonomic positions remain to be resolved. Here, we examined morphology, zoospore ultrastructure, host specificity, and molecular phylogeny of seven cultures of Zygorhizidium spp. Based on thallus morphology and host specificity, one culture was identified as Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella Multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota
    DR. PETER LETCHER (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-4455-9992) Article type : Original Article Letcher et al.---A New Rozella From Pythium Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of Rozella multimorpha, a New Species in Cryptomycota Peter M. Letchera, Joyce E. Longcoreb, Timothy Y. Jamesc, Domingos S. Leited, D. Rabern Simmonsc, Martha J. Powella a Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, Alabama, USA b School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, Maine, USA c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA d Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13082-862, Brazil Corresponding author: P. M. Letcher, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 1332 SEC, Box 870344, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA, telephone number:Author Manuscript +1 205-348-8208; FAX number: +1 205-348-1786; e-mail: [email protected] This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/jeu.12452-4996 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of sequences of basal fungi from environmental DNA studies are being deposited in public databases. Many of these sequences remain unclassified below the phylum level because sequence information from identified species is sparse. Lack of basic biological knowledge due to a dearth of identified species is extreme in Cryptomycota, a new phylum widespread in the environment and phylogenetically basal within the fungal lineage.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order Within the Chytridiomycota David Rabern Simmons
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2007 Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order within the Chytridiomycota David Rabern Simmons Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Simmons, David Rabern, "Systematics of the Lobulomycetales, a New Order within the Chytridiomycota" (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 671. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/671 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. SYSTEMATICS OF THE LOBULOMYCETALES, A NEW ORDER WITHIN THE CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA By David Rabern Simmons B.S. University of Virginia's College at Wise, 2004 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Botany and Plant Pathology) The Graduate School University of Maine May, 2007 Advisory Committee: Joyce E. Longcore, Research Associate Professor of Biology, Advisor Seanna L. Annis, Associate Professor of Mycology Seth Tyler, Professor of Zoology and Cooperating Professor of Marine Sciences Copyright 2007 David Rabern Simmons SYSTEMATICS OF THE LOBULOMYCETALES, A NEW ORDER WITHIN THE CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA By David Rabern Simmons Thesis Advisor: Dr. Joyce E. Longcore An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Botany and Plant Pathology) May, 2007 Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the polyphyletic order Chytridiales, one of the four orders in the Chytridiomycota, contains several well- supported clades.
    [Show full text]