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Recruitment and Ddr: the Case of Liberia RECRUITMENT AND DDR: THE CASE OF LIBERIA by Crystal Gilhooly B.A., International Relations, University of Calgary, 2009 B.A., History, University of Calgary, 2009 PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES In the School for International Studies © Crystal Gilhooly 2010 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2010 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Crystal Gilhooly Degree: Master of Arts in International Studies Title of Recruitment and DDR: The Case of Liberia Research Project: Supervisory Committee: Chair: Dr. John Harriss Professor of International Studies Jeffrey T. Checkel Senior Supervisor Professor of International Studies John Harriss Supervisor Professor of International Studies Date Approved: August 12, 2010 ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 ABSTRACT This paper argues that if Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR) programmes have evolved from conflict resolution mechanisms to conflict prevention mechanisms, then there must be a greater focus on the nature of the recruitment relationship between the faction and the individual. Based on the theoretical and empirical work of Pugel, Humphreys, and Weinstein, the project uses the case of Liberia and its ex-combatants to support the theory that factions with different social and economic endowments will recruit individuals seeking out those endowments. It concludes that in the case of Liberia and other DDR programmes, there has been an overemphasis on short-term employment solutions for ex-combatants, that DDR should provide more methods to include those ex-combatants who wish to participate in the rebuilding and reconciliation process, and that continued emphasis on the context of the individual is essential. Keywords: conflict prevention; DDR, disarmament; demobilisation; demobilization; ex-combatants; Liberia; reconciliation; recruitment; rehabilitation; reintegration iii DEDICATION For Those Who Remain Unheard… and for my father, Kevin… May knowledge bring Peace iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my supervisors, Dr. Jeffery T. Checkel and Dr. John Harriss, and the faculty and staff at the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University. I am in debt to Martha Snodgrass and James Pugel, who took the time out of their busy schedules to assist me with finding and interpreting essential documents for this project. I would also like to thank my friends and family who have supported me during this project. In particular, Patricia Gilhooly and Scott Thran for their patience, understanding, and support during the writing process, and the wonderful colleagues in the MAIS programme with whom I have grown this year. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi Glossary ........................................................................................................................ viii 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2: DDR Programmes for Conflict Prevention .............................................................. 4 2.1 Conceptions of DDR ............................................................................................... 5 2.2 From Conflict Resolution to Conflict Prevention ...................................................... 6 2.3 DDR: For Security or For Development? ............................................................... 11 3: Conflict Prevention through Addressing Faction Membership ........................... 15 3.1 The Individual-Faction Link is Important ................................................................ 15 3.2 Rational Choice and Structural Conditions ............................................................ 16 4: Understanding the Recruitment Relationship – Framework and Data ................ 20 4.1 Liberia as a Case Study ........................................................................................ 20 4.2 Framework Components ....................................................................................... 23 4.2.1 The HW Theory ......................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 The Weinstein Theory ................................................................................ 26 4.2.3 My Combined Framework .......................................................................... 28 4.3 Source of Data ...................................................................................................... 30 4.3.1 Proxies for Rebel Group Endowments ....................................................... 31 4.3.2 Proxies for Individual Determinants ........................................................... 31 4.4 Implications ........................................................................................................... 32 5: Liberia’s Factions and their Recruits ..................................................................... 34 5.1 Government of Liberia/Taylor Militia ...................................................................... 34 5.1.1 Profile of Economic and Social Endowments ............................................. 34 5.1.2 Profile of Participants ................................................................................. 35 5.2 NPFL ..................................................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Profile of Economic and Social Endowments ............................................. 36 5.2.2 Profile of Participants ................................................................................. 36 5.3 LURD .................................................................................................................... 38 5.3.1 Profile of Economic and Social Endowments ............................................. 38 5.3.2 Profile of Participants ................................................................................. 39 5.4 MODEL ................................................................................................................. 40 vi 5.4.1 Profile of Economic and Social Endowments ............................................. 40 5.4.2 Profile of Participants ................................................................................. 41 5.5 Results .................................................................................................................. 41 5.5.1 Sources of Error .......................................................................................
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