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Knowefield, Stanwix, Carlisle KNOWEFIELD, STANWIX, CARLISLE Cumbria Archaeological Assessment Report Oxford Archaeology North August 2007 Cumbria Institute of the Arts Issue No: 2006-7/557 OA North Job No: L9662 NGR: NY 403 472 Knowefield, Stanwix, Carlisle: Archaeological Assessment 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ 7 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Contract Background .................................................................................... 8 1.2 Topography and Geology.............................................................................. 9 2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Aim 1.......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aim 2.......................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Aim 3.......................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Aim 4.......................................................................................................... 11 2.6 Aim 5.......................................................................................................... 11 3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 12 3.1 Project Design............................................................................................. 12 3.2 Desk-Based Assessment.............................................................................. 12 3.3 Geophysical Survey .................................................................................... 14 3.4 Visual Inspection ........................................................................................ 15 3.5 GIS and Database........................................................................................ 16 3.6 Analysis...................................................................................................... 17 3.7 Reporting and Dissemination of Information............................................... 19 4. DATA SOURCE QUANTIFICATION ............................................................... 20 4.1 Intervention Quantification ......................................................................... 20 4.2 Monument Quantification ........................................................................... 24 5. RESULTS OF SURVEYS ................................................................................ 27 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 27 5.2 Geophysical Survey .................................................................................... 27 5.3 Visual Inspection ........................................................................................ 28 6. QUANTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................... 30 6.1. Monument Quantification ........................................................................... 30 6.2 Analysis of Significance.............................................................................. 34 7. INTERPRETATIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................... 38 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 38 For the use of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts © OA North: August 2007 Knowefield, Stanwix, Carlisle: Archaeological Assessment 2 7.2 Prehistory.................................................................................................... 38 7.3 Roman Period ............................................................................................. 40 7.4 Medieval Period.......................................................................................... 46 7.5 Post-Medieval Period.................................................................................. 50 8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRIORTIES......................................................... 53 8.1 Survival of Archaeological Deposits in the Study Area ............................... 53 8.2 Statutory Constraints................................................................................... 58 8.2 Priorities and Recommendations ................................................................. 59 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 66 9.1 Primary Sources.......................................................................................... 66 9.2 Secondary Sources...................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX 1:GAZETTEER OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ........................ 72 APPENDIX 2: GAZETEER OF MONUMENTS ............................................................. 89 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 107 LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................... 108 For the use of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts © OA North: August 2007 Knowefield, Stanwix, Carlisle: Archaeological Assessment 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Summary of intervention records generated by the Stanwix assessment..........................................................................................20 Table 2 Summary of archaeological interventions undertaken within the study area prior to 1984......................................................................21 Table 3 Archaeological interventions undertaken by CAU/CAL within the study area, 1984-2001.........................................................................22 Table 4 CAU/CAL interventions within the study area, showing levels of reporting.............................................................................................22 Table 5 Interventions undertaken by contractors other than CAU/CAL, 1999-2006 ..........................................................................................23 Table 6 Number of interventions producing evidence for activity or occupation of a particular period.........................................................24 Table 7 Summary of monuments recorded from each source...........................24 Table 8 List of Cumbria HER records selected for use in the Stanwix assessment..........................................................................................25 Table 9 Listed buildings and listed structures within the study area .................25 Table 10 Summary of documentary references selected for use in the assessment..........................................................................................26 Table 11 Historic maps of relevance to the Stanwix assessment ........................26 Table 12 Summary of archaeological monuments within the study area ............30 Table 13Quantification of archaeological monuments by broad chronological period...........................................................................34 Table 14 Scoring of monuments by significance................................................35 For the use of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts © OA North: August 2007 Knowefield, Stanwix, Carlisle: Archaeological Assessment 4 SUMMARY In January 2006 Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) was commissioned by the Cumbria Institute of the Arts to produce an archaeological assessment of the Knowefield area of Stanwix, which includes part of the Hadrianic frontier and Stanwix Roman fort (NY 403 572). The entire study area forms part of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site, and a significant part is also protected as a Scheduled Monument (SM 28484). The project involved the collation and synthesis of a considerable body of data generated by a series of archaeological investigations that extend back to the 1930s, and also included information provided by documentary and cartographic sources, listed building records, and stray finds of archaeological materials from within the study area. In addition, a walkover survey of the whole area was undertaken, as well as a geophysical survey of the playing fields area in front of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts. The assessment has clearly demonstrated that archaeological remains of great importance survive below the modern ground surface over large parts of the study area, including much of the area currently occupied by the Institute of the Arts. Prehistoric Activity: a pre-Roman field system has been identified in the northern part of the study area comprising ard marks associated with ditched field boundaries. It is evident that they pre-date the Hadrianic frontier system and so they are either of Prehistoric date or are early Roman. The presence of an extensive system of prehistoric fields in this
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