Sustainable Development: An Introduction

Rinki Jain Email: [email protected]

Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

8 December 2014 International Centre for Environment Audit and Sustainable Development (iCED) Structure of lecture

Part I: Theoretical understanding of sustainable development and related concepts

Part II: Case study  PART I: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS AND EVOLUTION QUESTION

What do you understand by sustainable development? Sustainable Development: Global Genesis

DEFINITION Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: – the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and – the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.

(Chapter 2, Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Sustainable Development: Indian Context

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) • “If the gains in productivity are to be sustained, resources must also continue to be available over time. This requires that, while providing for current needs, the resources base be managed so as to enable sustainable development.” (Volume 2, Chapter 18) The Constitution of • Article 21 conferring the Right to Life encompasses right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to live with dignity and a number of other associated rights • The Directive Principles of State Policy often referred to as the ‘conscience’ of the Constitution are intended to ensure ‘distributive justice’ and that political democracy in India is accompanied side by side with social and economic democracy

The National Environment Policy • “only such development is sustainable, which respects ecological constraints and the imperatives of social justice” Sustainable Development: Indian Context

• The ideology of sustainable development was a part of Seventh Five Year Plan and predates the United National Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 • National Environment Policy, 2006 of India articulates that sustainable development should respect ecological constraints while harmonize the imperatives of social justice • In the context of sustainable development and India, it is evident that sustainable development has been much more than a narrative and is deeply embedded in Indian culture and in the ideology of development; tradition in India has always embraced sustainability • For developing countries sustainable development and related concepts like green economy will be linked to social pillar and inclusivity Green Economy

• A green economy recognises that the goal of sustainable development is improving the quality of human life within the constraints of the environment, which include combating global climate change, energy insecurity, and ecological scarcity (UNEP 2011). Components of Sustainable Development: Dominant View Figure Three pillars of sustainable development • Three pillars of sustainable development Sustainable development – Economic – Social – Environmental • Achievements – policy mainstreaming and

consensus building Social

Economic – Responsible corporate

Environmental conduct – Formal and informal institutions working together Governance • Criticisms – Compartmentalized – Leading to Isolated actions? Inspired by Our Common Future, 1987; World Summit, 2005 – An oxymoron? – Fuzziness? Components of Sustainable Development: Emerging View

Figure Interfaces of the components of sustainable development • Also focus on interfaces Institutions around components of sustainable development Social Social • Social ecology (social and Ecology environment) • Green economy (economic and environment) Environment Sustainable Social Equity Development • Social equity (social and economic) Green Economy

Economy

GoI (2010), official submission to UNCSD second preparatory committee meeting, pg 30 Institutions and stakeholders

Source: MoEF-TERI (2011)

• Major Groups • Governments • International community QUESTION

Why sustainable development? Multiple drivers and discussion around SD • Global environment issues – Climate change – Biodiversity loss – Land degradation • Traditional security – Conflicts and wars • Non-traditional security – Energy – Food – Water – Others • Global integration • Inequity – intra-generational inequity – Inter-regional inequity – Inter-generational inequity – The question of fairness • Financial crises Sustainable Development

A timeline Key principles • Rio principles (27; International policy) • Agenda 21 and JPOI • The precautionary principle (General) • United Nations Global Compact (Corporate) • Other – The triple bottom line (abbreviated as TBL or 3BL, and also known as people, planet, profit or the three pillars (Corporate) – The Equator Principles (EPs) (Banking) – The precautionary principle (General) – Biomimicry (Design and architecture) – EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) Global Policy: Some developments

United Nations General Assembly to agree on Post- 2015 Sustainable Development Goals - The Outcome Document of the United Nations Open Working Group on the Post-2015 Development Agenda including Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will form the basis.

SDGs are supposed to be action oriented, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries, while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html Global Policy: Some developments

List of Proposed Sustainable Development Goals to be attained by 2030 1. End poverty everywhere 2. End hunger, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Attain healthy lives for all 4. Provide quality education and life-long learning opportunities for all 5. Attain gender equality, empower women and girls everywhere 6. Ensure availability and sustainable use of water and sanitation for all 7. Ensure sustainable energy for all 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 9. Promote sustainable infrastructure and industrialization and foster innovation 10. Reduce inequality within and between countries 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and sustainable 12. Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns 13. Tackle climate change and its impacts 14. Conserve and promote sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources 15. Protect and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, halt desertification, land degradation and biodiversity loss 16. Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice for all, and effective and capable institutions 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and the global partnership for sustainable development

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html QUESTION

Can we measure sustainable development? Framework

• Social • Economic • Environmental • Institutional Social

Theme Sub-theme Indicator Equity Percent of population living below poverty line Poverty Gini index of income inequality Unemployment rate Gender equality Ratio of average female wage to male wage

Nutritional status Nutritional status of children Mortality Mortality rate under 5 years old Infant mortality rate Life expectancy at birth Health Sanitation Percent of population with adequate sewage disposal facilities Drinking water Population with access to safe drinking water Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities Healthcare delivery Immunization against infectious childhood diseases Contraceptive prevalence rate Education Education level Children reaching grade 5 of primary education Adult secondary education achievement level Economic

Theme Sub-theme Indicator Economic performance GDP per capita Investment share in GDP Trade Balance of trade in goods and Economic services structure Debt to GNP ratio Total ODA given or received as Financial status a percent of GNP Fiscal Deficit Intensity of material use Annual energy consumption Material consumption per capita Share of consumption of renewable energy resources Consumption and production Energy use per unit of patterns Energy use per unit of by Energy use sector Intensity of energy use: Transportation Energy Imports Environmental

Theme Sub-theme Indicator Atmosphere Climate change Emissions of greenhouse gases Ozone layer depletion Consumption of ozone depleting substances

Air quality Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas

Arable and permanent crop land area Per hectare food grain production Land Agriculture Percentage of gross cropped area irrigated

Use of fertilizers Institutional

Theme Sub-theme Indicator Institutional Strategic implementation of National sustainable framework SD development strategy

International cooperation Implementation of ratified global agreements Science and technology Expenditure on research and development Institutional capacity Disaster preparedness and Economic and human loss response due to natural disasters Communication Main telephone lines per Infrastructure 1000 inhabitants Information Access Number of internet subscribers per 1000 inhabitants Life Cycle Assessment

Environment • Aims to consider Extraction all processes & Processing from “cradle to grave” Energy Production Emission • Need data for each stage of Use life cycle

Waste – Energy Material Reuse or – Materials recycle – Emissions Disposal • Popular and standardized

Waste Emission Life Cycle Approaches – example of paper bag Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): Some indicators Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) as a tool for decision-making Multiple-criteria decision-making or multiple- criteria decision analysis is a sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly considers multiple criteria in decision-making environments.

Question to Sustainability Goal goal auditors: Who makes decision?

Factor 1 Constraint 1 Criteria MCA Decision Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Attributes

Note: Criteria can be economic, social, ecological, cultural, institutional…. Global Warming

• The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and other industrial activities since the industrial revolution have increased the GHGs in the atmosphere in such a level that the earth’s surface is heating up to temperatures that are very destructive to life on earth Consequences PART II: CASE STUDY Project on mega-events and sustainable development in developing countries: India, Brazil and South Africa

• Project conducted by TERI in partnership with SEA (South Africa) and GiTEC (Brazil); supported by Konrad Adenaur Stiftung (KAS) • Common framework by three partner research organization • Broad framework(SD) – Economic (including fiscal) – Social – Environmental – Institutional Introduction

• Hosting of mega-events has a tremendous effect on developing and emerging countries. • Positive - economic investment, job creation, skills development and international branding • Negative - environmental footprint, for example via carbon emissions

An important question • How such a mega-event, in particular the expenditure and investments that come with it, will benefit the poor ? • While this aspect might not be as relevant in a developed country context, it is crucial in a developing one. Objective

• Mega-events have been and are being staged in developing countries. • Provides an opportunity to analyse the planning and implementation of three mega-events – in South Africa, India and Brazil and • Review the lessons learned regarding their contributions to sustainable urban development. CWG Games in 2010

• The XIX 2010 in represented the largest sporting event held in India after the 1982 Asian Games. • More than 8000 athletes and team officials from 71 teams participated in the event. • A vision of ‘Green Games’ - main focus was to reduce the carbon footprint and set a benchmark for the games in the future. Profile of Delhi

• Delhi is the national capital and is situated next to the Yamuna River. • Mega-city with population of 16.7 million (MoHPA 2011) • Fast growing economy that has grown at a CAGR of 9.8% in the period 2000-2010. • Contributes to 3.5% and 1.2% to the national GDP and population (GoNCTD 2010) Socio-economic challenges in Delhi

• About 16% of the urban poor households have no access to piped water supply. • According to the “State of Urban Health in Delhi Report”, infant mortality rate among the urban poor in Delhi stands at 94.4 per thousand live births compared to an average of 46 for urban Delhi (MoHFW-UHRC 2007). • Particulate matter concentrations and Nox level have been higher than the national standards (GoNCTD 2010). Some observations: Agenda 21 framework

Agenda 21 programme areas Delhi experience Adequate shelter DDA , SJJD (MCD) and slum rehabilitation activities? Improving human settlement management Funds under JNNURM could have been better utilized towards improving settlements Sustainable land-use planning and Ecology and case of Yamuna banks management Integrated provision of environmental Funds under JNNURM could have been infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and utilized towards improving settlements solid-waste management Sustainable energy and transport systems in Major long-term boost to East Delhi human settlements Human settlement and disaster management CWG village quake faultline that runs along riverbed

Sustainable construction industry Green buildings and awareness Human resource development and capacity- Not much allocated to MCD and NDMC; which building in turn could have led to better rehabilitation activities Land-use and sustainability

• Delhi and changing land- use and land cover (LULC) dynamics • Development of urban agglomerations Expansion of built-up area in Delhi

Source: Sudhira, HS (2011) Case of Games Village on Yamuna river banks

• Residential complex for athletes to be developed on land in Yamuna river banks. • Games Village was developed on an area of 59.28 hectares on the banks of river Yamuna. • The first step towards regularization of the site for development of the Games Village was in the form of ‘change of land use’ of the earmarked area. • According to public notification in 2006, the land use of area measuring 42.5 hectares (105.0 acres) was sought to be changed from ‘agricultural and water body’ to ‘public and semi-public facilities’. • Further, the land use of an area of 16.5 hectares was changed to ‘Residential’ for 11 hectares and 5.5 hectares to ‘Commercial/ Hotel’. Picture of site

Common Wealth Village (2011) Civil society voices

Source: TERI study

Comptroller and Auditor General key reports • July 2009 • August 2011 Land-use: Case of CWG village on Yamuna floodplain

CWG Village area Oct., 2000

Water Dense vegetation Scattered vegetation/agriculture Sparse vegetation Open area Mixed Built-up area 3 km Source: TERI study Land-use: Case of CWG village on Yamuna floodplain

CWG Village area Oct., 2010

Water Dense vegetation Scattered vegetation/agriculture Sparse vegetation Open area Mixed Built-up area 3 km Source: TERI study Pictures of site

Source: TERI study CWG Village area in Feb 2001 and Nov 2010

Source: TERI study (based on satellite imagery available with google) Findings of the 2011 Comptroller and Auditor General’s Report • Mentions environmental clearances and monitoring by expert committees • Risk mitigative and abatement measures identified by were: – Raising and strengthening embankments. – Strengthening existing embankments – one layers of stone and nets to protect bunds and bridges. – protection of existing bridges – arrangements to protect flooding area due to back flow of water • The developers took action only on one aspect viz. strengthening of Akshardham bund. Case study discussion

• Governments are responsive to civil society and knowledge communities • Only ex-post? • Could measures be taken ex-ante? • Social issues?

Extra reading material

Proposed Goals and Targets on Sustainable Development for the Post2015 Development Agenda http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html Key challenges in the host cities !nclusive growth

Lets us an a society reflect on the social, economic and environmental conditions

Pearls of wisdom

Green Growth and Development, Development, and GreenGrowth

Source: Issue 1, 1 Volume

Speed is irrelevant if you are going in the wrong direction -- Mahatma Gandhi THANK-YOU 