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Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft (2021) THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/26050 SHARE Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft (2021) DETAILS 0 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-25680-3 | DOI 10.17226/26050 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Policy Studies; Transportation Research Board; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine FIND RELATED TITLES SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2021. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26050. Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Transportation Research Board Special Report 336 Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Committee on Lead Emissions from Piston-Powered General Aviation Aircraft A Consensus Study Report of PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Transportation Research Board Special Report 336 Subscriber Categories Aviation; policy Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or nationalacademies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail [email protected]). Copyright 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This publication was reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine. This study was supported by Contract No. 693KA9-19-P-00025 by the Federal Aviation Administration. International Standard Book Number-13: International Standard Book Number-10: Digital Object Identifier: Library of Congress Control Number: PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs ii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state departments of transportation, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org. PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs iii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo. PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs iv Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft COMMITTEE ON LEAD EMISSIONS FROM PISTON-POWERED GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT AMY R. PRITCHETT, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Chair BRIAN J. GERMAN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta JACK D. GRIFFITH (NAS), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill KIMBERLY A. KENVILLE, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks MARIE LYNN MIRANDA, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN ROBERT A. K. MITCHELL (NAE), Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (retired), Alpine, CA GLENN W. PASSAVANT, Ingevity Corporation (retired), Tecumseh, MI BERNARD I. ROBERTSON (NAE), Daimler Chrysler Corporation (retired), Bloomfield Hills, MI JAY R. TURNER, Washington University, St. Louis, MO ASCIATU J. WHITESIDE, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Arlington, TX Staff RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Scholar THOMAS R. MENZIES, JR., Director, Consensus and Advisory Studies MICAH HIMMEL, Senior Program Officer, Consensus and Advisory Studies CLAUDIA SAULS, Program Coordinator, Consensus and Advisory Studies PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft PREPUBLICATION COPY – Uncorrected Proofs vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Options for Reducing Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Preface In Section 177 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254), Congress called on the Secretary of Transportation to arrange for a study of aviation gasoline by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies). Congress indicated that the study should include assessment of: (1) Existing non-leaded fuel alternatives to the aviation gasoline used by piston-powered general aviation aircraft; (2) Ambient lead concentrations at and around airports where piston- powered general aviation aircraft are used; and (3) Mitigation measures to reduce ambient lead concentrations, including increasing the size of run-up areas, relocating run-up areas, imposing restrictions on aircraft using aviation gasoline, and increasing the use of motor gasoline in piston-powered general aviation aircraft. Chapter 1 of this report provides additional information about the committee’s Statement of Task. To carry out that congressional request, the National Academies formed a committee of 10 members providing expertise in air pollution modeling and monitoring, airport planning and operations, regulation of aviation fuels and emissions, exposure and health risk assessment, statistics, mechanical and aviation engineering, transportation systems analysis, aviation fuel performance,
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