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Karol Bohdanowicz (1864–1947) – Dyrektor Dwóch S³u¿B Geologicznych: Rosyjskiej I Polskiej (W 150

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Karol Bohdanowicz (1864–1947) – Dyrektor Dwóch S³u¿B Geologicznych: Rosyjskiej I Polskiej (W 150 Przegl¹d Geologiczny, vol. 62, nr 3, 2014 Z MINIONYCH CZASÓW Karol Bohdanowicz (1864–1947) – dyrektor dwóch s³u¿b geologicznych: rosyjskiej i polskiej (w 150. rocznicê urodzin) Marek Graniczny1, Halina Urban1, Stanis³aw Wo³kowicz1, Krystyna Wo³kowicz1 Karol Bohdanowicz (1864–1947) – director of the Rus- sian and Polish geological surveys (at the 150th anni- versary of his birth). Prz. Geol., 62: 130–134. Abstract.KarolBohdanowicz was born on December 10, 1864 in Lucyn (Polish Livonia, presently Ludza in Latvia). He studied at the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg (1881– 1886) gaining the diploma of mining engineer. In 1885, during student’s field work, he took part in the Urals expe- M. Graniczny H. Urban S. Wo³kowicz K. Wo³kowicz dition lead by F.N. Tchernyshev. In the period 1886–1901, Bohdanowicz was employed at the Department of Mining in St. Petersburg and since January 1901 as a geologist in the Geological Committee. In the years 1886–1888, he carried out geologi- cal and hydrogeological investigations at the Russian-Persian border. During next two years, he participated in an expedition to Tibet lead by M. V. Pievcov. He studied tectonics of Tian Shan and Kunlun Mts., precious stones and gold deposits at that time. In the period 1892–1894, Bohdanowicz carried out geological and hydrogeological studies and exploration of mineral raw materials deposits along the constructed trans-Siberian railway. In 1895–1898, he was a leader of the Okhotsk-Kamchatka expedition. Its main target was exploration of gold deposits between the Amur River and Okhotsk. He also studied there volcanic phenomena and glaciological problems of Kamchatka Peninsula. At the end of 1899, he visited Manchuria and Liaodong Peninsula, carrying out preliminary explora- tion for gold deposits. In 1900, Bohdanowicz again lead an expedition for gold in the areas of Chukchi Peninsula. At that time, he also visited Alaska twice. In January 1913, Bohdanowicz was nominated as a vice-director and later as a director of the Geological Com- mittee in St. Petersburg (after the death of director F. N. Tchernyshev in January 1914). His nomination for director was signed by tsar Nicholas II in January 1915. Most probable, the final nomination was delayed because of his Polish roots. He remained at this post for nearly four years, untill March 1917. Because of outbreak of the October Revolution in Russia, he decided to return in 1919 (with some difficulties) to Poland, which regained its independency. At that time, he did not come to agreement with J. Morozewicz to replace him on the post of director of the Polish Geological Institute (PGI). In the middle of 1921, he was nominated professor of applied geology of the Mining Academy in Cracow, working there untill 1935. With the strong support of military circles, Bohdanowicz was nominated for the PGI director in April 1938. He started a very active reorganization of the institute. The beginning of war in September 1939 stopped these effective efforts. After World War II, still on the post of the PGI director, he contributed significantly to its reconstruction and organization. Bohdanowicz died after long illness in Warsaw on June 5th 1947. Keywords: Karol Bohdanowicz, explorer of Asia, mineral exploration, geological expeditions Karol Bohdanowicz by³ naukowcem niepospolitym. udzia³ w ekspedycji F. N. Czernyszewa na Ural. Po ukoñ- Jego dzia³alnoœæ zawodowa obejmowa³a szerokie spek- czeniu studiów podj¹³ pracê w Departamencie Górniczym trum nauk o Ziemi, pocz¹wszy od geografii, przez geologiê w Petersburgu, mniej wiêcej w tym samym czasie rozpo- ogóln¹ i ekonomiczn¹, po hydrogeologiê i sejsmologiê. cz¹³ równie¿ wspó³pracê z Komitetem Geologicznym (KG), Jego zainteresowania w pierwszym rzêdzie skupia³y siê który by³ pierwowzorem rosyjskiej s³u¿by geologicznej wokó³ surowców mineralnych. Œwiadczy o tym niezwykle (Graniczny i in., 2011). W 1886 r. uczestniczy³ w wypra- bogaty dorobek badacza, obejmuj¹cy 217 pozycji: pod- wie do po³udniowej czêœci Kraju Zakaspijskiego w celu rêczników, opracowañ, artyku³ów i sprawozdañ. Spoœród przeprowadzenia badañ geologicznych i hydrogeologicz- nich 60 jest poœwiêconych kruszcom, 40 geologii ropy naf- nych zwi¹zanych z budow¹ Zakaspijskiej Kolei ¯elaznej. towej, a 5 geologii wêgla. Pozosta³ych 112 prac dotyczy Swoje prace rozszerzy³ na pó³nocn¹ Persjê. W trakcie eks- innych dziedzin nauk geologicznych, g³ównie stosowanych. pedycji zbada³ pogranicze gór Kopet-dag, a nastêpnie ³añ- Okres dzia³alnoœci naukowej Bohdanowicza jest równie¿ cuchy Elbrusu i Gór Chorasañskich i opracowa³ zarys ma³o imponuj¹cy, trwa³ od 1885 r. do 1947 r., a wiêc 62 lata. Pierwsze 34 lata to czas badañ w Rosji, kolejne 28 lat to dotychczas znanej orografii tych regionów oraz ich budowy badania w Polsce. Pierwszy z tych okresów nale¿y uznaæ geologicznej. Bada³ te¿ z³o¿a turkusów i miedzi w okolicy za wa¿niejszy w jego dorobku naukowym, poniewa¿ przy- Niszapuru oraz pracowa³ jako geolog przy budowie linii niós³ mu s³awê na skalê œwiatow¹ (Jaskólski, 1969). kolejowej Samara–Z³atoust (Graniczny i in., 2010). Og³o- Karol Bohdanowicz urodzi³ siê 10 grudnia 1864 r. szone w 1888 r. wyniki wyprawy przynios³y Bohdanowi- w Lucynie na obszarze Inflant polskich (obecnie Ludza na czowi srebrny medal Rosyjskiego Towarzystwa Geogra- £otwie). W 1881 r. rozpocz¹³ studia w Instytucie Górni- ficznego oraz sprawi³y, ¿e zaczêto interesowaæ siê tym czym (IG) w Petersburgu. Ju¿ jako student w 1885 r. wzi¹³ m³odym geologiem. 1 Pañstwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Pañstwowy Instytut Badawczy, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa; marek.graniczny@ pgi.gov.pl, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 130 Przegl¹d Geologiczny, vol. 62, nr 3, 2014 Rok póŸniej M. W. Piewcow zaproponowa³ Bohda- Po powrocie do Petersburga Bohdanowicza niemal nowiczowi udzia³ w wyprawie w g³¹b Azji, tzw. Azji tybe- natychmiast (13 stycznia 1901 r.) wybrano na geologa tañskiej. Celem ekspedycji, która ruszy³a z Przewalska Komitetu Geologicznego (Graniczny i in., 2011). Wybór (obecnie Karako³ w Kirgistanie), by³o zbadanie ³añcucha ten zatwierdzi³y najwy¿sze w³adze pañstwowe 21 czerwca górskiego Kunlun oraz pó³nocnego skraju Wy¿yny Tybetañ- 1901 r. (Wójcik, 1997). Niezale¿nie od pracy w KG Bohda- skiej po po³udnik jeziora Lob-nor. Tempo i intensywnoœæ nowicz by³ zatrudniony w Instytucie Górniczym w Peters- wyprawy by³y zawrotne – przyk³adowo w ci¹gu 19 dni burgu. Od 25 stycznia 1903 r. pracowa³ w charakterze Bohdanowicz przeszed³ dystans ok. 460 km w trudnym, profesora nadzwyczajnego, a od 31 maja 1911 r. profesora górskim terenie miêdzy Jarkend-dari¹ a Tyznafem, odkry- zwyczajnego geologii z³o¿owej. waj¹c przy tym z³o¿a nefrytu. Efektem prac by³o opraco- W trakcie profesury oraz pracy w KG Bohdanowicz wanie przez niego schematycznej mapy geologicznej i oro- nie przerwa³ prac terenowych. Poszukiwa³ m.in. z³ó¿ ropy grafii Kunlunu i wschodniego Tien-szanu, opisanie wystê- naftowej na Kaukazie, bada³ kaukaskie wody mineralne, puj¹cych tam z³ó¿ nefrytu i z³ota oraz zebranie kolekcji budowê geologiczn¹ g³ównego grzbietu Kaukazu oraz skutki geologicznej. Ponadto Bohdanowicz interesowa³ siê rów- trzêsieñ ziemi w Messynie (1908 r.) i Tien-szanie (1911 r.). nie¿ etnografi¹ i archeologi¹. W drodze powrotnej uczest- W 1905 r. Bohdanowicz zetkn¹³ siê tak¿e po raz pierwszy nicy dotarli do granicy chiñsko-rosyjskiej, a nastêpnie do z geologi¹ Polski, zapoznaj¹c siê z triasowymi z³o¿ami Zajsanu, gdzie ekspedycja zosta³a zakoñczona w styczniu cynku i o³owiu w Zag³êbiu D¹browskim. 1891 r. Tak¿e i ta wyprawa przynios³a Bohdanowiczowi W 1913 r. Komitet Geologiczny w Petersburgu uzyska³ awanse, otrzyma³ srebrny medal imienia Przewalskiego nowy statut i mo¿liwoœæ rozszerzenia etatów. Utworzono oraz sta³¹ roczn¹ pensjê w wysokoœci 150 rubli (S³abczyñ- równie¿ nowe stanowisko wicedyrektora KG. Drog¹ g³oso- ski, 1988). wania niemal jednog³oœnie wybrano na nie Karola Bohda- Ju¿ w nastêpnym roku wyruszy³ on na kolejn¹ wy- nowicza, a od 12 stycznia 1913 r. oficjalnie powo³ano go na prawê w zwi¹zku z budow¹ syberyjskiej drogi ¿elaznej. wicedyrektora Komitetu Geologicznego. Dnia 2 stycznia Powierzono mu kierownictwo nad jedn¹ z ekip geologicz- 1914 r. zmar³ dyrektor KG F. N. Czernyszew. W zaistnia³ej nych, które mia³y zbadaæ warunki hydrogeologiczne oraz sytuacji na jego miejsce mianowano Bohdanowicza. Warto rozpoznaæ z³o¿a surowców wzd³u¿ budowanej linii kolejo- jednak zaznaczyæ, ¿e do lutego 1915 r. w protoko³ach wej. Bohdanowicz pocz¹tkowo prowadzi³ badania miêdzy posiedzeñ KG przy nazwisku Bohdanowicza figuruje napis Irtyszem a Iszymem, a nastêpnie miêdzy A³atau KuŸniec- „pe³ni¹cy obowi¹zki”. Nale¿y zatem przypuszczaæ z du¿¹ kim a Jenisejem. W rejonie A³atau KuŸnieckiego odkry³ doz¹ prawdopodobieñstwa, ¿e na to stanowisko poszuki- liczne wyst¹pienia z³ota, po czym dotar³ do zachodnich wano geologa Rosjanina (Wójcik, 1997). Oficjalna nomi- Sajanów. Niezwykle owocna by³a nastêpna ekspedycja do nacja dyrektorska podpisana przez cara Miko³aja II nosi terenów po³o¿onych na zachód od Bajka³u, równolegle datê 28 stycznia 1915 r. Wkrótce potem Bohdanowicz do pó³nocnego sk³onu wschodniego odcinka Sajanów. Na przyst¹pi³ do reorganizacji KG, zaproponowa³ podzia³ na trasie od Irkucka do Kañska, licz¹cej 700 km, Bohdanowicz kilka wydzia³ów i podj¹³ dzia³ania zmierzaj¹ce do usprawnie- odkry³ wiele z³ó¿ kopalin, w tym pok³ady wêgla kamienne- nia dzia³alnoœci tej instytucji. Warunki wojenne postawi³y go w pobli¿u Czeremchowa, gdzie dziœ znajduje siê ogrom- przed Komitetem Geologicznym nowe zadania zwi¹zane ne zag³êbie czeremchowskie. Ponadto ekspedycja natrafi³a z pozyskaniem z³ó¿ surowców mineralnych, g³ównie rud na nefryty w dorzeczu Angary oraz z³o¿a rud ¿elaza. metali. Innym polem do dzia³ania by³o zapotrzebowanie na W latach 1895–1898 Bohdanowicz prowadzi³ badania paliwo i koniecznoœæ znalezienia na pó³nocy Rosji odpo- geologiczne nad Morzem Ochockim, w Kraju Chabarow- wiednich surowców energetycznych.
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