DOCSLIB.ORG

MHJ2012-6-Herodes-An

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MHJ2012-6-Herodes-An World’s Most Widely Read Biblical Archaeology Magazine SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2012 Y VOL 38 NO 5 Y $5.95 WWW.BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGY.ORG Machaerus— Salome Where Danced Antipas—The Herod Jesus Knew Has King David’s Palace Been Found? Josephus and Jeremiah: History vs. Prophecy S E F / A R T R E S O U R C E , N Y Antıpas The Herod Jesus Knew Morten Hørning Jensen HEROD THE GREAT GETS ALL THE PRESS. HIS SON HEROD Antipas is known mostly, as the preceding article explains, as the Herod for whom Salome danced and who ordered John the Baptist to be beheaded. Many people mistakenly think it was Herod the Great for whom Salome danced. This is understandable because the Gospels refer to Herod Antipas simply as “Herod,” or occa- sionally as “Herod the tetrarch” or even as “King Herod” (Mark 6:14), but never by his common name Antipas (see How Many? on p. 11). Herod Antipas ruled Galilee for most of Jesus’ life. His father, Herod the Great, reigned from 37 to 4 B.C. Jesus was apparently born in about 6 B.C. If so, from the time Jesus was 2 years old until his crucifixion in about 30 A.D., Herod Anti- pas governed Galilee (and Perea, where John the Baptist came from). Antipas served as tetrarch (appointed by the emperor Augustus to rule over one quarter of his father’s kingdom) from 4 B.C. until 39 A.D., almost exactly the time of Jesus. 42 SEPTEMBER/OCTO BER 2012 According to the three synoptic Gospels, Herod Jesus, for which Luke skillfully prepares his reader Antipas’s relationship to Jesus is somewhat vague by references to Antipas along the way that build and indecisive. up an intense question in the reader’s mind: Is In Matthew and Mark, Herod Antipas is ambiv- Antipas interested in Jesus or is he trying to kill alent with regard to Jesus. Both gospels quote him? (See Luke 3:19–20, 9:7–10, 13:31–33.) Herod Antipas as saying, after he has had John the When Antipas finally gets to meet Jesus in Luke Baptist executed, that Jesus is actually John resur- 23:7–12, an almost-absurd scene ensues. At first rected (Matthew 14:1–2; Mark 6:14–16). Both gos- Antipas is “exceedingly glad” to see him; he had pels state that Antipas was actually saddened by wanted that for a long time and had hoped to see Salome’s request to have John beheaded (Matthew Jesus perform a sign. Then, under the impression 14:9; Mark 6:26), and they seem to blame Salome that Jesus has remained silent, he treats him with and her mother, Herodias, for John’s execution. contempt and mocks him. Finally, he sends Jesus in Bound by his own oath, Antipas is nevertheless a bright shining robe to Pilate. Pilate understands forced to fulfill his promise to Salome. this as an acquittal of Jesus. At the same time, however, we get the feeling It may come as no surprise that scholars have in Matthew and Mark that Antipas is a shadow of disagreed on how to understand Antipas’s relation death over Jesus. When Jesus hears that John has been killed, “he withdrew from there in a boat to COMPARED TO HIS FATHER, Herod the Great, Antipas was not much of a builder. Although he founded cities a lonely place,” apparently fearful of Antipas (Mat- and may have built theaters at Sepphoris and Tiberias, thew 14:13). In Mark 3:6, the Herodians counsel they were relatively small compared to the later Roman- about how to kill Jesus, just as Jesus in Mark 8:15 period structures that can be seen there today. Excava- warns against “the leaven of Herod.” tions of the Tiberias theater (below) by the Israel Antiqui- Luke’s account differs from Matthew’s and ties Authority began in 2009 under the direction of Walid Mark’s by concentrating mostly on the trial of Atrash and Avner Hilman. H E R S H E L S H A N KS B IBLICA L A RCHA E O L O GY REVIEW 43 HER OD A NTIPAS A F I A H F O Y T I S R E IV N UM, U E S MU T H C E H , I V LE I A SH to Jesus. Some suggest Antipas was really one of to what can be seen today.1 Similarly, it is possible Jesus’ enemies; others that Antipas was simply per- that the stadium in Tiberias mentioned by Jose- plexed. My own view is that the latter is the bet- phus and discovered in a recent Israel Antiquities ter argument: Herod Antipas was a perplexed and Authority salvage excavation directed by Moshe indecisive ruler. Hartal goes back to Antipas, but the main part of He simply could not match his father either as what can be seen today postdates Antipas. This is a tyrant or as a builder. On the other hand, it is not to say that Sepphoris and Tiberias were not significant that we get no reports in the Gospels important cities in Antipas’s time or that Antipas or otherwise of any riots caused by bad govern- did not sponsor a certain amount of building activ- ment or religious oppression during Antipas’s rule ity, but compared to their later phases, these cit- in Galilee. ies were in their “urban infancy” during Antipas’s It is also significant that, archaeologically speak- time. ing, we have no evidence of Roman temples, What about rural Galilee? gymnasia or hippodromes built during Antipas’s Recent excavations of rural villages and towns reign. This changed dramatically after the Roman such as Yodfat, Cana, Capernaum and Gamla reveal destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D., but the sit- a first-century period with an increase in the set- uation was quite different in the earlier period. tled area right up until the outbreak of the Jew- Although theaters have been discovered at Sepph- ish Revolt in 66 A.D. Yodfat is especially inter- oris and Tiberias that may have been built by Anti- esting; its destruction by the Romans during the pas, they were built on a smaller scale compared war effectively sealed off its first-century layers. 44 SEPTEMBER/OCTO BER 2012 H E R OD ANTIPAS LIVING WELL IN GALILEE. Recent surveys and excavations of rural Galilee reveal that villages and towns continued to expand in the first century A.D., as indicated by a rise in the area and number of settlements. Although pov- erty was a fact of life for some in this period, the region in general was thriving economically. This can be seen especially at Yodfat, where the Roman destruction sealed o! the first-century layers. The growing town included an upper-class area with an elite house that featured high-quality frescoes (left) much like those at Herod the Great’s palace at Masada. A cave at the site contained remains of olive-oil pro- duction (right), which was one of several prosperous industries at Yodfat. As illustrated in the drawing of an olive press below it, the flat, fallen stone (A) in the center of the photo was one of two upright stones that sup- ported baskets of olives being crushed. A wooden beam anchored in a socket (in the wall at back center) pressed the oil out of the olives into a collecting vat (also in back) with the help of two weight stones (B, in the foreground of the photo) hung from the free end of the beam. Excavator Mordechai Aviam dug, so to speak, right into the first century and found evidence of olive-oil production, pottery manufacturing and textile pro- A duction, while the town expanded on the southern slope throughout the first century. Most interesting is the discovery of an upper-class area with an elite house featuring frescoed walls quite similar to those found at Herod the Great’s magnificent northern palace at Masada.2 Moreover, a number of surface surveys all testify to a rise in the number of settlements in Galilee in the first century. Most important is the recent B survey by Israeli archaeologist Uzi Leibner, who M O R describes how rural settlements increased dramati- TE N H cally in this period, even at places that were diffi- Ø R 3 N cult to protect and of “no strategic value.” ING J Taken together, the picture we get is of a E N S E thriving economic situation in the rural areas of N Galilee that does not match earlier proposals of a devastating urban elite’s exploitation of a uni- formly poor peasant population. beam This is not to deny that poverty was a persistent fact of life in this period—to a degree more than B enough for a social prophet like Jesus to arise. But socket Herod Antipas did not add to this in any notewor- in wall A thy way. stone weights Herod Antipas’s coinage is telling for the impact support stone support stone (or lack of it) that he had on Galilee. In his 43 years as a ruler, he issued only five series of coins. And the collecting vat first was not issued until his 24th regnal year. More- baskets containing crushed olives over, all of them were small in number. In a recent B IBLICA L A RCHA E O L O GY REVIEW 45 H E R OD ANTIPAS PLANTS NOT PORTRAITS. Herod Antipas’s coinage is telling in what it lacks.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Archaeology in the Holy Land IRON AGE I
    AR 342/742: Archaeology in the Holy Land IRON AGE I: Manifest Identities READING: Elizabeth Bloch-Smith and Beth Alpert Nahkhai, "A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron Age I, " Near Eastern Archaeology 62.2 (1999), pp. 62-92, 101-27; Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, "Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology Preserves What is Remembered and What is Forgotten in Israel's History," Journal of Biblical Literature 122/3 (2003), pp. 401-25. Wed. Sept. 7th Background: The Territory and the Neighborhood Fri. Sept. 9th The Egyptian New Kingdom Mon. Sept. 12th The Canaanites: Dan, Megiddo, & Lachish Wed. Sept. 14th The Philistines, part 1: Tel Miqne/Ekron & Ashkelon Fri. Sept. 16th The Philistines, part 2: Tel Qasile and Dor Mon. Sept. 19th The Israelites, part 1: 'Izbet Sartah Wed. Sept. 21st The Israelites, part 2: Mt. Ebal and the Bull Site Fri. Sept. 23rd Discussion day & short paper #1 due IRON AGE II: Nations and Narratives READING: Larry Herr, "The Iron Age II Period: Emerging Nations," Biblical Archaeologist 60.3 (1997), pp. 114-83; Seymour Gitin, "The Philistines: Neighbors of the Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Israelites," 100 Years of American Archaeology in the Middle East, D. R. Clark and V. H. Matthews, eds. (American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston: 2004), pp. 57-85; Judges 13:24-16:31; Steven Weitzman, "The Samson Story as Border Fiction," Biblical Interpretation 10,2 (2002), pp. 158-74; Azzan Yadin, "Goliath's Armor and Israelite Collective Memory," Vetus Testamentum 54.3 (2004), pp. 373-95. Mon. Sept. 26th The 10th century, part 1: Hazor and Gezer Wed.
    [Show full text]
  • Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran Patricia A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, Art, Art History and Design, School of School of Art, Art History and Design 8-2018 Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran Patricia A. Patton University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Patton, Patricia A., "Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran" (2018). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 136. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents/136 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. POTTERY AND PURPOSE: USING GIS TO EVALUATE THE ‘SCROLL’ JARS AT QUMRAN by Patricia A. Patton A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Art History Under the Supervision of Professor Philip Sapirstein Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2018 POTTERY AND PURPOSE: USING GIS TO EVALUATE THE ‘SCROLL’ JARS AT QUMRAN Patricia A. Patton, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisor: Philip Sapirstein This thesis uses geographical information systems (GIS) to map the findspots of the so-called ‘scroll’ jars and associated artifacts at Qumran.
    [Show full text]
  • اإلدارة المتناقضة للمواقع األثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District
    Present Pasts, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, 75-88, doi:10.5334/pp.24 اﻹدارة المتناقضة للمواقع اﻷثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District أحمد الرجوب AHMED A. RJOOB مدير دائرة تطوير املواقع يف وزارة السياحة واآلثار الفلسطينية، و طالب دكتوراة يف ,Director, Department of Site Development جامعة فريارا-ايطاليا Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities متت ادارة الرتاث الثقايف الفلسطيني من قبل ادارات متعددة منذ أكرث من قرن، وكان -Over more than a century, Palestinian cul لكل واحدة منها طرقها الخاصة يف التدبري والحامية واألهداف البحثية والسياسية، ما tural heritage has been managed by several جعل املواقع األثرية الفلسطينية واحدة من أكرث املواقع األثرية ترضرا يف العامل، وأكرثها different administrations. Each of these has ًتعرضا للحفريات األثرية العلمية وغري العلمية. فوفقا التفاقيات السالم الفلسطينية- -had its own methods of management, pro االرسائيلية )1995-1993( تتوىل السلطة الفلسطينية مسؤولياتها عن اآلثار يف -tection, research, and distinct political pur مناطق “ألف” و”باء”، التي متثل حوايل ٪40 من األرايض الفلسطينية املحتلة. pose, making Palestinian cultural heritage وبالرغم من هذا العائق، اال انها كانت املرة األوىل التي يتوىل فيها الشعب الفلسطيني -one of the most intensively abused, exca إدارة تراثه بنفسه. -vated and subsequently disturbed world wide. In accordance with the Oslo Accords تحاول هذه الورقة مناقشة هذه القضايا وتأثريها السلبي عىل حفظ املواقع األثرية the Palestinian Authority took ,(1993-1995) يف منطقة الخليل وحاميتها، وسيتم إيالء اهتامم خاص لحالة ووضع تراثها األثري بعد over responsibility for archaeology in Areas اتفاقيات اوسلو، وذلك بعدما أصبح الرتاث الثقايف يف االرايض الفلسطينية يدار من قبل A” and “B”, representing about 40% of the“ إدارتني متناقضتني، هام: دائرة اآلثار الفلسطينية يف املناطق “ألف وباء” ، وضابط Occupied Palestinian Territories.
    [Show full text]
  • A Monumental Fortification Tower and Militaria: Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Military Architecture and Equipment Discovered at Khirbet El-Maqatir, Israel
    In the Highland’s Depth Volume 10, Issue 1, Spring 2020, pp. 37*-69* DOI: https://doi.org/10.26351/IHD/10-1/7 ISSN: 2521-9456 (print); 2706-7572 (online) A Monumental Fortification Tower and Militaria: Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Military Architecture and Equipment Discovered at Khirbet el-Maqatir, Israel Mark A. Hassler, Katherine A. Streckert and Boyd V. Seevers Abstract At Khirbet el-Maqatir in the northern Judean highlands, archaeologists discovered a monumental fortification tower and military equipment from the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. The tower’s megaliths, thick walls and massive base made it one of the largest towers in Israel during the late Second Temple period. The military equipment at the village emerged gradually throughout the archaeological project, and included hobnails, slingstones and ballista balls, a sling pellet, arrowheads, a javelin head, metal blades, and equestrian fittings. All these elements fit within their historical and cultural milieu, and reinforce the excavators’ conclusion that the settlement was founded in the second century BCE, demolished by the Romans in 69 CE during the First Jewish Revolt, temporarily occupied by Roman soldiers soon thereafter, and then resided in by a small Jewish population that reused the hiding complex during the Second Jewish Revolt (132–135 CE), before being abandoned until the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. Keywords: military, tower, Early Roman, Hellenistic, Jewish Revolt, Khirbet el-Maqatir Dr. Mark A. Hassler – Department of Old Testament Studies, Virginia Beach Theological Seminary; [email protected] Katherine A. Streckert – Department of Biblical and Theological Studies, University of Northwestern–Saint Paul; [email protected] Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Crown and Courts Materials
    David C. Flatto on The Crown and the Courts: Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Im.agination Wednesday February 17, 2021 4 - 5 p.m. Online Register at law.fordham.edu/CrownAndCourts CLE COURSE MATERIALS Table of Contents 1. Speaker Biographies (view in document) 2. CLE Materials The Crown and the Courts: Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Imagination Panel Discussion Cover, Robert M. THE FOLKTALES OF JUSTICE: TALES OF JURISDICTION (view in document) Cardozo Law Review. Levinson, Bernard M. THE FIRST CONSTITUTION: RETHINKING THE ORIGINS OF RULE OF LAW AND SEPARATION OF POWERS IN LIGHT OF DEUTERONOMY (view in document) Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities. Volume 20. Issue 1 Article 3. The King and I: The Separation of Powers in Early Hebraic Political Theory. (view in document) The Crown and the Courts: Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Imagination Biographies Moderator: Ethan J. Leib is Professor of Law at Fordham Law School. He teaches in contracts, legislation, and regulation. His most recent book, Friend v. Friend: Friendships and What, If Anything, the Law Should Do About Them, explores the costs and benefits of the legal recognition of and sensitivity to friendship; it was published by Oxford University Press. Leib’s scholarly articles have recently appeared in the Yale Law Journal, Virginia Law Review, Georgetown Law Journal, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, University of Chicago Law Review, California Law Review, and elsewhere. He has also written for a broader audience in the New York Times, USA Today, Policy Review, Washington Post, New York Law Journal, The American Scholar, and The New Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Paneas Caesarea Philippi and the World of the Gospels
    Paneas/Caesarea Philippi and the World of the Gospels John Francis Wilson Caesarea Philippi is a place name familiar to biblical scholars. This familiarity is almost exclusively due to its presence in one very familiar text: Matt 16:13–23. Recent archaeological excavations and the accompanying attention to ancient texts, geography, and contextual history that necessarily follow such excava‐ tions are transforming an obscure place‐name into a significant reality. This paper will be limited to a discussion of what we are learning about Caesarea Philippi that relates more or less directly to the study of the gospels and earliest Christianity. Attempts to consolidate disparate bits of data, such as the present one, are admittedly in a very early and very fluid state of development. Most of the topics mentioned are discussed more fully and accompanied with much fuller documentation in my book Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan (London: IB Taurus, 2004), chaps. 1–5, and in John Francis Wilson and Vassilios Tzaferis, “A Herodian Capital in the North: Caesarea Philippi (Panias),” in The World of the Herods (ed. Nikos Kokkinos; Oriens et Occidens 14; Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2007), 131–43. The first two volumes of the official excavation reports for Paneas are now also available.1 The Names The Paneion The name Paneion first appears in Polybius’ second‐century bce description of a battle between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies over the control of Coele Syria and Phoenicia.2 This name refers first to the large cave from which one of the major sources of the Jordan river flows and, by extension, the cult center dedicated to the god Pan that had developed around the cave and, by further extension, a geographical district named for the area’s most distinctive site.
    [Show full text]
  • Mason's History of the Jewish War and the Siege of Masada
    Recovering Josephus: Mason’s History of the Jewish War and the Siege of Masada Gwyn Davies and Jodi Magness In a recent book, S. Mason, a highly-regarded Josephus specialist, presents an overview of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome.1 Mason argues that Josephus’ testimony is unreliable and incomplete, and therefore cannot form a basis for reconstructing events which unfolded in Judea and Rome two thousand years ago.2 Instead, according to Mason, any one of a number of scenarios not presented by Josephus could equally likely have occurred.3 One episode that Mason discusses at length is Josephus’ account of the siege and fall of Masada.4 In this paper, we examine the archaeological remains at Masada, and conclude — contra Mason — that they support Josephus’ description of the Roman assault over other possible scenarios. Mason’s book is not a critique of Josephus’ testimony as such, but rather the way in which that testimony has been interpreted and understood by modern scholars, as he seeks ‘to distinguish between the interpretation of whatever has survived… and our imagining of the lost past.’5 To achieve this, Mason sets out ‘to investigate crucial moments in the war and the evidence for them by looking first for the simplest, or most analogically complete, explanations.’6 In other words, according to Mason, we cannot know what really happened in the past, due to the nature of our sources, because (as he says regarding the First Revolt): ‘We have no one to rely on for this war.’7 Instead, Mason believes we should be open to considering various possibilities, even if they conflict with surviving literary accounts.8 In this paper, we test Mason’s post-modern literary approach to Josephus through one case study: the siege of Masada, focusing in particular on the assault ramp.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade and Social Change in Early Bronze Age Palestine
    oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION • No. 50 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THOMAS A. HOLLAND, Editor With the assistance of Richard M. Schoen oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu SUBSISTENCE, TRADE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN EARLY BRONZE AGE PALESTINE DOUGLAS L. ESSE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION • No. 50 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-62583 ISBN: 0-918986-66-4 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute ©1991 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1991. Printed in the United States of America. COVER ILLUSTRATION: AN EARLY BRONZE AGE III RED POLISHED WARE JAR FROM BETH YERAH (PLATE 3:G). oi.uchicago.edu To Ann oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF PLATES xv LIST OF TABLES xvii 1.THE ENVIRONMENT 1 The Physical Landscape: Constraints and Potential 1 Geomorphology 1 Soils 5 Phyto-Geography 7 Rainfall 11 Hydrology 12 Topography 14 Man in His Environment 14 Trade Routes 14 Pre-Modern Land Use 19 Sixteenth-Century Records from the Ottoman Period 19 Nineteenth-Century Eyewitness Accounts 23 Transition: The Central Jordan Valley in the Early Twentieth Century 27 Summary 29 2. BETH YERAH: HISTORY AND MATERIAL CULTURE 33 Site Identification 34 Site Topography 36 Archaeological Investigations at Beth Yerah 37 The Kinneret Tomb 41 Oriental Institute Excavations 42 Analysis of the Ceramics from Beth Yerah 45 EBII Pottery from Beth Yerah 45 EB III Pottery from Beth Yerah 48 Summary 52 3.
    [Show full text]
  • With Letters of Light: Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Early Jewish
    With Letters of Light rwa lç twytwab Ekstasis Religious Experience from Antiquity to the Middle Ages General Editor John R. Levison Editorial Board David Aune · Jan Bremmer · John Collins · Dyan Elliott Amy Hollywood · Sarah Iles Johnston · Gabor Klaniczay Paulo Nogueira · Christopher Rowland · Elliot R. Wolfson Volume 2 De Gruyter With Letters of Light rwa lç twytwab Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Early Jewish Apocalypticism, Magic, and Mysticism in Honor of Rachel Elior rwayla ljr Edited by Daphna V. Arbel and Andrei A. Orlov De Gruyter ISBN 978-3-11-022201-2 e-ISBN 978-3-11-022202-9 ISSN 1865-8792 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data With letters of light : studies in the Dead Sea scrolls, early Jewish apocalypti- cism, magic and mysticism / Andrei A. Orlov, Daphna V. Arbel. p. cm. - (Ekstasis, religious experience from antiquity to the Middle Ages;v.2) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “This volume offers valuable insights into a wide range of scho- larly achievements in the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish apocalypti- cism, magic, and mysticism from the Second Temple period to the later rabbinic and Hekhalot developments. The majority of articles included in the volume deal with Jewish and Christian apocalyptic and mystical texts constituting the core of experiential dimension of these religious traditions” - ECIP summary. ISBN 978-3-11-022201-2 (hardcover 23 x 15,5 : alk. paper) 1. Dead Sea scrolls. 2. Apocalyptic literature - History and criticism. 3. Jewish magic. 4. Mysticism - Judaism. 5. Messianism. 6. Bible. O.T. - Criticism, interpretation, etc. 7. Rabbinical literature - History and criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery, the Research the Importance…
    ONCE AGAIN, THE DRENTS MUSEUM THE DISCOVERY, HAS SUCCEEDED IN BRINGING A UNIQUE ARCHEOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF THE RESEARCH WORLD RENOWN TO THE NETHERLANDS: THE IMPORTANCE… THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS. HIGHLIGHTS Roman weaponry, gem stones THE DISCOVERY OF THE SCROLLS AND In addition to the manuscripts and ceramics, a tunic which was themselves, 400 exceptional used to cover a deceased child, objects from ancient Judea, inscriptions and written upon in- THE RESEARCH INTO THE IMPORTANCE Masada, En Gedi, Gamla, Jeru- scribed potshards and something salem and the caves at Qumran which appears to be a table. Of will be on display; these objects special interest are the medieval OF THE TEXTS HAVE CHANGED OUR VIEW Scroll jars found in will place the manuscripts in the examples of the holy texts of the Qumran cultural and historical context of three Abrahamic religions: a folio the Greco-Roman period during from an 8th century Quran, a OF JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY. F. Hayez, The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (1867), Venezia, which the texts were written and folio from a 11th century Jewish Gallerie dell’Accademia, su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali. hidden during the Jewish Revolt Bible and a 15th century Bible against Rome (66-70 C.E.). from Cologne. ORIGINAL FRAGMENTS The texts in these world-famous Several exceptional ossuaries The objects will be presented in DISCOVERY life was far richer and more The exhibition, which was scrolls supply us with invaluable will be displayed as well as silver an impressive design, which al- The Dead Sea Scrolls were varied than we knew before the made in close cooperation with information about both history coins from a coin hoard in Qum- lows visitors to imagine them- discovered in eleven caves near discovery.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenwashing the Occupation
    Greenwashing the Occupation The Solar Energy Industry and the Israeli Occupation January 2017 Greenwashing the Occupation P.O.B. 1084, Tel-Aviv 6101001, Israel [email protected] | www.whoprofits.org شقور Greenwashing the Occupation The Solar Energy Industry and the Israeli Occupation January 2017 Reprinted March 2018 Who Profits from the Occupation is a research center dedicated to exposing the commercial involvement of Israeli and international companies in the continued Israeli control over Palestinian and Syrian land. Who Profits operates an online database, which includes information concerning companies that are commercially complicit in the occupation. In addition, the center publishes in-depth reports and flash reports about industries, projects and specific companies. Who Profits also serves as an information center for queries regarding corporate involvement in the occupation. In this capacity, Who Profits assists individuals and civil society organizations working to end the Israeli occupation and to promote international law, corporate social responsibility, social justice and labor rights. www.whoprofits.org | [email protected] Contents Methodology 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations 8 Executive Summary 9 The Israeli Industry of Renewable Energy 12 Green Electricity: A Booming Industry 12 Targeting the Occupied West Bank 13 Incentivizing Private Investment 14 The Israeli Solar Industry in the West Bank 17 Greenwashing the Occupied West Bank 17 The Occupied Jordan Valley 17 Israeli Development 17 Palestinian De-development 19
    [Show full text]
  • Were the Galileans “Religious Jews” Or “Ethnic Judeans?”
    Were the Galileans “religious Jews” or “ethnic Judeans?” Markus Cromhout (Johannesburg)1 Research Associate: Faculty of Theology University of Pretoria Abstract This article focuses on an investigation into the ethnic identity of first-century Galileans. Its aim is to argue that the Galileans were not descendents of northern Israelites but were mostly descendents of “Jews” who came to live in the region during the Hasmonean expansion. The article demonstrates that this thesis is supported by Josephus and also by archaeological evidence. From the perspective of this thesis, the article contends that the term “Jew” does not apply to Galileans. First-century Galileans should rather be understood as “ethnic Judeans”. 1. INTRODUCTION Who were the Galileans in the first century CE? The nature of their identity, needless to say, is important to various aspects of New Testament scholarship. Galilee was the heartbeat of Jesus’ ministry, and many, if not most of his initial followers, came from this region. What is important therefore is how the people of Galilee related to Judeans/“Jews” and Jerusalem in the south; was their culture similar or different? Was the culture from Judea a foreign import, or was it part of their cultural heritage? Were they descendents of Northern Israelites, a hybrid of various peoples, “Jews”, or perhaps, more accurately, Judeans (in the ethnic-cultural sense)? It can be mentioned that the situation of Galilee was very different in the early history of Israel. Originally it was the territory of the tribes of Naphtali, Zebulun and probably Issachar as well (Jdg 5:7-21). In time they became subordinated to the monarchy and Temple in Jerusalem, and after Solomon’s 1 Markus Cromhout (PhD) participates in the research project “Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics”, directed by Dr Andries G van Aarde, honorary professor at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Pretoria.
    [Show full text]