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Biology of Stonecat, Noturus Flavus

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Copyright © 1985 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/85/0003-0085 $2.00/0 BIOLOGY OF THE STONECAT, NOTURUS FLAWS (SILURIFORMES: ICTALURIDAE), IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI STREAMS, AND COMPARISONS WITH GREAT LAKES POPULATIONS AND CONGENERS1 STEPHEN J. WALSH, Department of Zoology and The Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 BROOKS M. BURR, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901 ABSTRACT. Aspects of the general biology of the stonecat, Noturusflavus, were analyzed from 261 preserved specimens from Illinois and Missouri streams. Individuals ranged in age from one to 62 mo. The largest specimens examined were a 180-mm SL male and a 165-mm SL female. Females were mature at 3-4 yr and a mean SL of 119.4 mm. Mature oocytes, produced seasonally, ranged from 189 to570(x = 377.8; N = 12) per female. Seven nests, each containing a clutch of embryos or larvae and guarded by a male, were found under large, flat rocks in pools and riffles. All nest-guarding males were 3 yr old and ranged from 87 to 105 mm SL (x = 94.8). Nests were observed in early July at water temperatures of 27 to 29°C. Clutch sizes ranged from 104 to 306+; embryos were spherical, opaque white or light yellow, and ranged in diameter from 2.6 to 4.0 mm (x = 3.4 mm; N = 40). At hatching, mesolarvae ranged from 6.7 to 7.5 mm TL; development was similar to that described for other ictalurids. Stomachs of adults contained a variety of benthic organisms, primarily aquatic larval insects and decapod crustaceans. Great Lakes stonecats live longer, attain a greater maximum size, and have a higher absolute fecundity than southern inland stream populations. Comparisons with con- geners indicate that N. flavus has life-history traits that are near one extreme within the genus, and they include a longer lifespan and a lower relative fecundity. OHIO J. SCI. 85 (3): 85-96, 1985 INTRODUCTION Dinkins 1984, Shute 1984, Mayden and The ictalurid catfish genus Noturus con- Walsh 1984). The present study considers tains 25 described species, all endemic to the general biology of the stonecat, Noturus eastern North America. Systematics of the flavus Rafinesque, in Illinois and Missouri genus were revised by Taylor (1969). Two streams. Comparisons are made with pub- species have been described since publica- lished studies of N. flavus in Lake Erie, tion of his monograph: Noturus taylori and the reproductive biology of the species Douglas 1972 and Noturus stanauli Etnier is compared with congeners. Brief ac- and Jenkins 1980. Aspects of the biology counts of certain aspects of the biology of of nearly half of the species recently have this species were presented by Eigenmann been reported (Mahon 1977, Clark 1978, 1896, Greeley 1929, 1934, Bowman 1936, Mayden et al. 1980, Burr and Dimmick Langlois 1954 (nesting sites, spawned 1981, Mayden and Burr 1981, Miller eggs, fecundity), Fish 1932, Tin 1982 1984, Burr and Mayden 1982a, b, 1984, (larval development), Cahn 1927, Greeley 1929, Bowman 1936, Gilbert 1953, Lan- glois 1954, Pflieger 1975, Wolfert et al. 'Manuscript received 9 October 1984 and in re- 1975, Angermeier 1982 (diet), Gilbert vised form 9 January 1985 (#84-46). 1953 and Carlson 1966 (age and growth). 86 S. J. WALSH AND B. M. BURR Vol. 85 Throughout most of its range in north- magnifications of 75-35OX. Terminology for inter- central United States and southern Canada vals of larval stages follows Snyder (1976). (Taylor 1969: map 8), N. flavus generally RESULTS inhabits riffles of medium-size to large AGE, MAXIMUM SIZE, AND WEIGHT- streams that usually have many large rocks; LENGTH REGRESSION. Only some breeding it is also present in lakes (e.g., western Lake and exceptionally large individuals were Erie) around limestone reefs and gravel aged in this study. Specimens (90-135 mm shoals where the currents and wave action SL; N = 17) aged from pectoral spines produce stream-like conditions (Trautman were probably three or four yr old. The 1981). N. flavus also lives in the main largest specimens, aged from vertebrae, channels of the Missouri, Ohio, and Mis- were a 165-mm female (4 + yr), a 175-mm sissippi rivers, where small-eyed indi- male (5 + yr), and a 180-mm male (5 + yr) viduals are found over sand in swift current (Illinois: Vermilion Co., Stony Creek, (pers. observ., Pflieger 1975). 21 Sept. 1951). The largest specimen from the Vermilion River was a 131-mm METHODS AND MATERIALS female (3+ yr; 28 July 1964); from the Laboratory procedures generally followed those of Meramec River it was a 136-mm male (age Mayden et al. (1980), Mayden and Burr (1981), and Burr and Mayden (1982a, b). Analyses of size, age, undetermined; 16 July 1981). growth, reproductive cycles, sex ratios, diet, and Growth rate was greatest in the first parasites were made from 261 preserved specimens year. In early August 1964, 17 one-yr-old from central Illinois and Missouri streams. Locality specimens from the Vermilion River aver- data of sites where specimens were collected are available from the authors. Additional specimens aged 48.6 mm, close to the mean of were collected and field observations were made of 52.5 mm reported for one-yr-old speci- nest sites, embryos, and larvae at Meramec River, mens from Ohio streams (Gilbert 1953). Meramec River State Park, Franklin Co., Missouri Seven three-yr-olds had a mean SL of (16 July 1981, 1982), and Middle Fork Vermilion River, south of Potomac, Vermilion Co., Illinois 100.0 mm. Ten four-yr-olds averaged (8 July 1982). Adults were collected with seines and 123.3 mm, differing from an average SL of dip nets; embryos and larvae were captured with dip 104 mm for Ohio stream specimens of the nets while using snorkeling gear. Voucher specimens same age (Gilbert 1953). Lack of adequate examined in this study are deposited at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and the Illinois sample sizes in this study did not allow Natural History Survey, Champaign. clear separation of age classes by length- Adults were measured to the nearest mm standard frequency analysis. length (SL) with dial calipers and were aged by Regression of body weight on length of counting annual rings on cross sections of pectoral Illinois specimens was similar to that spines following the procedures of Clugston and Cooper (I960) as modified by Mayden and Burr found in South Dakota and Ohio speci- (1981). Some specimens with excessively pliable fin mens. There was no significant difference spines were aged by counting annuli on vertebrae. in weight-length regression equations be- Adjusted body weights (weight of specimen minus tween males and females; for the sexes stomach, intestine, liver, and gonads) were mea- sured to the nearest 1.0 mg. Gonads were blotted combined, the relationship between ad- dry, and their weights were recorded to the nearest justed body weight in grams (W) and SL 1.0 mg and used to calculate the gonadosomatic in- was Log W = -4.91 + 3.04 Log SL dex (GSI) by the formula GSI = [weight of gonads (r = 0.99; N = 132). Slope values of (g)/adjusted body weight (g)] X 1000. Oocyte diameters and total lengths (TL) of larvae were mea- 2.84 and 3.05 were reported for Ohio sured to the nearest 0.1 mm with an ocular micro- (N = 68) and South Dakota (N = 47) meter. Developmental stages of embryos and larvae specimens, respectively (Gilbert 1953, were approximated from times reported for Carlson 1966). The former study included laboratory-reared N. albater, N. exilis, N. miurus, and N. nocturnus at 25°C (Mayden et al. 1980, May- Lake Erie specimens, the latter used total den and Burr 1981, Burr and Mayden 1982a, b) and lengths, and both presumably used total from larvae of one laboratory-reared clutch of N. body weights; all may be possible reasons flavus preserved at various intervals. Drawings of for the slight differences in slope and inter- larvae were done with the aid of a camera lucida at cept values from those in this study. OhioJ. Sci. BIOLOGY OF NOTURUS FLAWS 87 AGE AND SIZE AT MATURITY. Females muscles and swollen genital papillae from Illinois reached reproductive matu- (fig. 2). rity in a minimum of three yr, in contrast B. Females. From late spring to early to smaller madtoms such as N. exilis and autumn there was little change in GSI of N. nocturnus that mature in one-two yr immature females (fig. 3), with a slight (Mayden and Burr 1981, Burr and Mayden decrease from a mean of 4.4 (N = 3) in 1982b). Mature females ranged in size May to 2.4 (N = 17) in September. Lack from 97-134 mm (x = 119.4 for two of specimens from the remainder of the three- and 10 four-yr-olds). Several col- year prevented a comparison of GSI lections had gravid and immature females throughout winter and early spring, but of similar sizes, indicating overlap in size ovarian growth in immature N. flavus is of females possibly of different ages, or that probably similar to the variable, slight sea- some individuals may not breed for the sonal increase in other species (Mayden and first time until their fourth yr. No female Burr 1981, Burr and Mayden 1982a, b). older than five yr was seen, despite studies GSI of immature females reached a mini- indicating that the species lives much mum in August (x = 2.2; N = 17), pos- longer than other madtoms (Gilbert 1953, sibly due to the inclusion of more young (0 Carlson 1966). and 1+ yr classes) specimens having very Age at first spawning for males could small ovaries, and to increased somatic not be ascertained, although all males growth during summer.
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