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Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER the Dissemination of Wind Pump Technology in Colombia Vissers, Y

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Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER the Dissemination of Wind Pump Technology in Colombia Vissers, Y Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER The dissemination of wind pump technology in Colombia Vissers, Y. Award date: 1994 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain The Dissemination of Wind Pump Technology in Colombia Y dir Vissers July 1994 Supervisors: Dr.Ir. AM.C. Lemmens Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, EUT Ir. P.T. Smulders Faculty of Technical Physics, EUT Dr. P.E. Lapperre Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, EUT Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences Department of Development Science Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands The Dissemination of Wind Pump Technology in Colombia. COLOMBIA U IOlO m Tiara caltènlc ICXXJ-20lXJ m Tierr<J Lemplada 2(XX)- 30lXJ m Tterra fri.l >3ül0 m Tierra heladJ (páramo) COLOMBIA Rlohacha 200 km Sant a Marta ILA GWUIRA.··,..I '"'"'I'-- / / '···\ ~. \ Amazonas ) '-.. '\..-J" .. _ .. .-··,..·· ..... I i Lr·. - \e/Lel•c•a ............. ·y ··---··- ·-·· Abstract. A socio-economie investigation was undertaken to examine the process of wind pump dissemination from manufacturer to end-user in Colombia. The products of five locally-based wind pump manufacturers and one foreign manufacturer (through a distributor) are currently available on the Colombian market A sixth local manufac­ turer has suspended production while two prospective manufacturers are vying for the rights to the designs of another foreign model. Two of the currently existing manufac­ turers were examined in more detail: Industrias Jober and Centro Las Gaviotas. Throughout Colombia, three regions have been recognized with ample possibilities for wind pump implementation, namely the Andes highlands, the Bastem Plains and the Caribbean coastal region. Three municipal Departments were chosen from each region for the investigation: respectively Boyacá, Casanare and La Guajira. Each Department had its own typical (potential) end-user. In Boyacá, the small farmer/ag­ riculturalist was the predominant end-user type. In Casanare, the large landowner / cattie rancher was the stereotypical end-user. And in La Guajira, the indigenous semi­ nomadie and settled Wayuu communities were the investigated end-user types, although small and medium-sized laudowners are also potential end-users in this region. A model was set up to examine the dissemination process on the basis of five so­ called factor clusters: the Physical/Ecological cluster; the GeographicalfDemographi­ cal cluster; the Infrastructural/Political cluster; the Economie cluster; and the Cultural cluster. Each cluster in principle has to be positively inclined, i.e. conducive to wind pump dissemination. The model was applied to the two manufacturers, Jober and Gaviotas, and the three Department typical potential end-users. The model yielded the following results: The elirnatic conditions, geographical location, economie circumstances and personal dedication are all favourable to the marketing conditions for Jober. Govemment assistance however, is lacking and hampers the development of a mature market The politica! conditions for the manufacturer Gaviotas on the other hand are quite amenable. The psychological willingness embodied in the cultural cluster however is absent. In Boyacá, the economie circumstances for the (potential) end-user present a harrier to wind pump purchase while there is also a pervasively negative image of the wind pump technology. Casanare has all the potential of being an exploitable market, however the geographical location presents a number of problems. In La Guajira, the indigenous Wayuu end-users are also geographically and economically hampered. Furthermore, it is still unclear what the cultural effects are. The model as applied to the two manufacturers and three types of end-users are only to a limited degree extrapalatabie to the entire national wind pump situation. V Table of Contents. Foreword. XI Preface. Xlll Chapter 1. Introduction. 1 1.1 Research Background. 1 1.2 Research Objectives. 3 1.3 Research Methodology. 4 1.4 Structure of the Report. 5 Chapter 2. A Framework and a Model. 7 2.1 The Framework. 7 2.2 Critical Issues. 8 2.3 Barriers and Constraints. 9 2.4 The Model. 11 2.4.1 Quantification of the Model. 14 Chapter 3. Profile of Colombia. 17 3.1 A Country Profile. 17 3.1.1 Geography and Demography. 17 3.1.2 Ristory and Polities. 18 3.1.3 Economy, Trade and Industry. 19 3.2 An Energy Sector Profile. 20 3.2.1 Conventional Sourees of Energy. 20 3.2.2 Non-Conventional Sourees of Energy. 21 3.3 The Wind Pump Sector Profile. 23 3.3.1 Physical Resources. 23 3.3.2 Past and Present Status of Wind Pumps. 24 3.4 Departmental Profiles. 26 3.4.1 Boyacá. 27 3.4.2 Casanare. 27 3.4.3 La Guajira. 28 Chapter 4. Institutional Aspects. 29 4.1 Structure of Institutions. 29 4.1.1 The Ministry of Mining and Energy. 29 4.1.2 The Ministry of Education. 31 4.1.3 The Ministry of Agriculture. 32 4.2 Policies Regarding Renewable Energy Resources. 33 4.2.1 General Policies. 33 4.2.2 Specific Policies. 33 Chapter 5. The Wind Pump Technology. 37 5.1 Theoretical aspects of the Wind Pump. 37 vii Table of Contents. 5.1.1 The Wind Rotor. 37 5.1.2 The Piston Pump. 40 5.1.3 Coupling of Piston Pump and Wind Rotor. 42 5.2 Technica! Aspects of Colombian-Based Wind Pumps. 42 5.2.1 The Aermotor/Fiasa Wind Pump. 44 5.2.2 The lndussierra Wind Pump. 44 5.2.3 The Gaviotas Wind Pumps. 45 5.2.4 The Gavilan Wind Pump. 46 5.2.5 The Jober Wind Pump. 46 5.2.6 The Recent Import-Copy Wind Pumps. 47 5.2.7 The CWD2000 Wind Pump. 48 Chapter 6. Wind Pump Manufacturer Considerations. 49 6.1 The Physical/Ecological Cluster. 49 6.1.1 The Climate. 49 6.1.2 The Hydrology. 51 6.1.3 The Topography. 52 6.1.4 The Geology/Soils. 52 6.1.5 The Ecology. 53 6.2 The Geographical/Demographical Cluster. 53 6.2.1 The Population. 53 6.2.2 The l..ocation. 54 6.2.3 The Dispersion. 55 6.3 The Infrastructural/Political Cluster. 56 6.3.1 The Infrastructure. 56 6.3.2 The Policies and Laws. 58 6.3.3 The Government. 59 6.3.4 Aid. 60 6.4 The Economie Factor Cluster. 61 6.4.1 Prices. 61 6.4.2 Marketing. 61 6.4.3 Employment. 63 6.4.4 Trade. 64 6.5 The Cultural Cluster. 65 6.5.1 The Social Structure. 65 6.5.2 Indigenous Organization. 65 6.5.3 Land. 66 6.5.4 The Household. 66 6.5.5 Management. 66 6.5.6 Knowledge. 67 6.5.7 Personal Aspects. 68 6.5.8 Attitudes. 68 Chapter 7. Wind Pump End-User Considerations. 71 7.1 The Physical/Ecological Cluster. 71 7 .1.1 The Climate. 71 Vlll Table of Contents. 7.1.2 The Hydrology. 74 7.1.3 The Topography. 75 7 .1.4 The Geology/Soils. 76 7.1.5 The Ecology. 76 7.2 The Geographical/Demographical Cluster. 77 7 .2.1 The Population. 77 7 .2.2 The Location. 78 7 .2.3 The Dispersion. 79 7.3 The Infrastructural/Political Cluster. 80 7.3.1 The Infrastructure. 80 7.3.2 The Polides and Laws. 81 7.3.3 The Government. 82 7.3.4 Aid. 82 7.4 The Economie Factor Cluster. 83 7.4.1 Prices. 83 7.4.2 Marketing. 85 7.4.3 Employment. 86 7.4.4 Trade. 86 7.5 The Cultural Cluster. 86 7.5.1 The Social Structure. 86 7.5.2 Indigenous Organization. 87 7.5.3 Land. 88 7.5.4 The Household. 89 7.5.5 Management. 89 7.5.6 Knowledge. 89 7.5.7 Personal Aspects. 90 7.5.8 Attitudes. 90 Chapter 8. The Model: Validity and Application. 93 8.1 The Investigation. 93 8.2 Generalizations. 94 8.3 The Model. 95 8.3.1 Model Results. 96 Chapter 9. Conclusions and Recommendations. 99 Bibliography. 103 Appendix A. Weighted Entities. 109 Appendix B. Assessment of Manufacturer Jober. 113 Appendix C. Assessment of Manufacturer Gaviotas. 117 Appendix D. Assessment of Boyacá End-User. 121 Appendix E. Assessment of Casanare End-User. 125 Appendix F. Assessment of La Guajira End-User. 129 IX Foreword. As a prelude to the ITDS assignment, I had the privileged opportunity of doing some technica! research work for the Grupo de Energfa at the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia. This group continued to be my home base during the socio­ economie investigation for this final thesis. Within the group I received an enormons amount of support, guidance and above all friendship, for which I am etemally grateful.
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