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Silver Lake Research Natural Area

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Silver Lake Research Natural Area SILVER LAKE RESEARCH NATURAL AREA Supplement No. 15 1 Sarah E. Greene 2 Robin Lesher Robert Wasem The Research Natural Area described in this 2. Sites for study of natural processes in undis- supplement is administered by the National Park turbed ecosystems; and Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of 3. Gene pool preserves for all types of or- the Interior. Research Natural Areas located ganisms, especially rare and endangered within National Parks or National Monuments types. are administered by the Superintendent of the The Federal system is outlined in "A Direc- Park or Monument. A scientist wishing to use tory of the Research Natural Areas on Federal one of the tracts should contact the Superinten- Lands of the United States of America." 3 dent responsible and outline the proposed Of the 71 Federal Research Natural Areas es- research. tablished in Oregon and Washington, 45 are Because of long involvement with scientific described in "Federal Research Natural Areas in and educational use of National Parks and Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Monuments, the National Park Service has de- Scientists and Educators" (see footnote 1). Sup- veloped standard procedures regarding applica- plements to the Guidebook describe additions to tions to use areas for research. A study proposal the system. must be prepared by the principal investigators The guiding principle in management of Re- and approved by the Superintendent. Park Ser- search Natural Areas is to prevent unnatural vice research biologists will assist in preparing encroachments or activities that directly or in- proposals. Collecting permits are necessary. directly modify ecological processes. Logging There may be limitations on research activities. and uncontrolled grazing are not allowed, for The Research Natural Area described in this example, nor is public use that might impair sci- supplement is part of a Federal system of such entific or educational values. Management tracts established for research and educational practices necessary for maintenance of ecosys- purposes. Each Research Natural Area consti- tems may be allowed. tutes a site where natural features are preserved Federal Research Natural Areas provide a for scientific purposes and natural processes are unique system of publicly owned and protected allowed to dominate. Their main purposes are to examples of undisturbed ecosystems where sci- provide: entists can conduct research with minimal 1. Baseline areas against which effects of interference and reasonable assurance that in- human activities can be measured; vestments in long-term studies will not be lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. 1Supplement No. 15 to "Federal Research Natural Areas in In return, a scientist wishing to use a Research Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Natural Area is obligated to: Educators," by .Jerry F. Franklin, Frederick C. Hall. C. T. Dyrness, and Chris Maser (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 1. Obtain permission from the appropriate ad- Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, ministering agency before using the area; 4 498 p., illus .. 1972). The guidebook is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402: stock number 001-001-00225-9. 3 Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. A directory of the Research Natural Areas on Federal lands of the United 2Sarah E. Greene is a research forester, Forestry Sciences States of America. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Agriculture, Forest Service; 1977. 4 Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Robin Lesher is a Six agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific botanist in Bellingham, Washington. Robert Wasem is Park Northwest: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service; Biologist, North Cascades National Park, Sedro Woolley, U.S. Department of the Interior-Bureau of Land Washington. Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service; U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Department of Defense. 1984 Sl-1 2. Abide by the administering agency's regula- tions governing use, including specific limi- tations on the type of research, sampling methods, and other procedures; and 3. Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, published results, and disposition of collected materials. The purpose of these limitations is to: 1. Insure that the scientific and educational values of the tract are not impaired; 2. Accumulate a documented body of knowl- edge about the tract; and 3. Avoid conflict between studies. Research must be essentially nondestructive; destructive analysis of vegetation is generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive modification of the forest floor or extensive ex- cavation of soil. Collection of plant and animal specimens should be restricted to the minimum necessary to provide voucher specimens and other research needs. Under no circumstances may collecting significantly reduce population levels of species. Collecting must also be carried out in accordance with applicable State and Federal agency regulations. Within these broad guidelines, appropriate uses of Research Natural Areas are determined by the administering agency. Sl-2 1984 SILVER LAKE RESEARCH NATURAL AREA An alpine lake surrounded by glaciers, with alpine plant communities and a rapidly flowing stream. 4. Silver Lake Research Natural Area (RNA) Silver Lake RNA is in the northeast corner of was established in March 1974 to exemplify an North Cascades National Park, Whatcom alpine cirque lake typical of those on the western County, Washington, 1 kilometer south of the slopes of the North Cascades in Washington. Canadian border. It is located in portions of The 682.7-ha (l,687-acre) area includes twelve sections 2, 3, 4, T. 40 N., R. 12 E., and portions glaciers, the summit of Mount Spickard, alpine of sections 34 and 35, T. 41 N., R. 12 E., Will- plant communities, a fastflowing outlet stream, amette meridian (lat. 48°59'05" N., long. and a lake with an approximate maximum depth 121°13'45" W.). It is bounded on the south by of 159 m (525 ft). Elevations range from 2 720 Mount Spickard and on the north by Custer m (8,979 ft) at the summit of Mount Spickard to Ridge. 1125 m (3,712 ft) below the lake (fig. 1). 1984 Sl-3 Access and Accommodations Silver Lake RNA is accessible by helicopter or by an arduous 2- to 3-day cross-country hike. There are no trails. Anyone planning to enter the area should notify Park Service headquarters at Sedro Woolley, Washington. The nearest commercial accommodations are at the Diablo Lake Resort, 48 km (30 mi) east of Marblemount on State Highway 20 (fig. 2). Environment Silver Lake occupies a cirque basin which was subjected to extended periods of ice-scouring of bedrock during the Pleistocene glaciations and post-Pleistocene neoglaciation (fig. 3). The lake is fed by the large glacier on the north slope of Mount Spickard. There are twelve active glaciers covering 320 ha (800 acres) in the Research Natural Area. The one on the north slope of Mount Spickard is the largest. It covers 0.9 km2 (0.6 mi2) and is 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long. It is moderately crevassed and is retreating slightly. The other glaciers are smaller cirque glaciers ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 km (0.1 to 0.3 mi) in width and 0.3 to 0.8 km (0.2 - 0.5 mi) in length Sl-4 1984 and varying in number of crevasses. All glaciers Daly (1912) mapped the area around Silver are stationary, and the source of snow and ice Lake in 1904 and 1905, but the lake was not accumulation is direct snowfall and minor shown on the map he published in 1912. Ice is snowdrift (Post and others 1971). shown extending into the area now occupied by the northeast end of the present lake. A Silver Lake is unusually deep for a lake with 1:62,500-scale topographic map published by the 2 2 U.s. Geological Survey in 1913 shows Silver such a small surface area-0.16 kmP P (0.26 miP ).P Table 1 shows how it compares with other lakes Lake (then known as Glacier Lake) with about in the United States. The continental ice sheet one third of its present surface covered by the around Silver Lake may have reached up to 2121 Mount Spickard Glacier. m (7,000 feet) in this area, but around Silver Lake alpine glaciers were more prominent. The extreme depth of Silver Lake is the result of extensive, erosive action by these alpine glaciers. Aquatic Features (thermocline), and hypolimnion (fig. 4). Water temperature at the surface, near the outlet Silver Lake covers 65 ha (162.5 acres) and stream, measured 8.3°C (46.9°F) at 0945 P.d.t. reaches a depth of 159 m (520 ft). At 2 065-m on August 21, 1979, and 4.5°C (40.1°F) at 30 m (6,763-ft) elevation, it is one of the highest lakes (99 ft). The temperature at maximum depth was in the North Cascades National Park. The lake is estimated to be 4.0°C (39.2°F). classified as glacial because the glacial flour Both the inlet and outlet streams flow across held in suspension frequently restricts visibility, rock and gravel. The inlet stream on the south- as measured by the Secchi disk, to less than 4 m west side of the lake comes from the large (13.2 ft). The water is extremely oligotrophic Mount Spickard glacier and contains substantial and has low values of specific conductance, sedimentary deposits up to 70 m (231 ft) in bicarbonate alkalinity, and hardness, with width. Water temperature at the inlet measured slightly acid pH values (table 2). Most of the 1.7°C (35°F) at 1630 P.d.t.
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