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Regional Tourism in Africa: South Africa As A REGIONAL TOURISM IN AFRICA: SOUTH AFRICA AS A SOURCE OF, AND DESTINATION FOR REGIONAL TOURISTS Ruth Wanjiku Kiambo A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2014 i Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. _____________________________________ Ruth Wanjiku Kiambo Thirtieth day of January 2014 ii Abstract African countries in general have registered improved socio-economic and economic growth and development for the past 20 years since the 1990s. Of particular interest is southern Africa which has recorded a period of unprecedented political stability and economic growth in the wake of South Africa’s change to a democratic dispensation in 1994. Economic growth has brought with it an increase in the number of families counted in the middle class and therefore as prospective domestic and outbound tourists. This study examined the extent to which both the private and the public sectors in southern Africa, created with a focus on overseas or international tourists, have recognized this regional tourist market. The study used the core-periphery relationship as the conceptual framework to determine the difference ways in which core and periphery dynamics influenced the recognition of the regional tourist as a tourism market. The research found that the regional market has been recognized to different extents by the public and the private sector in the four case study countries. The core country, South Africa, has shown the most comprehensive recognition by dedicating resources to research into and planning around how to capture or retain market share. The peripheral countries have dedicated few if any resources to understanding the regional market; their systems and investors continue to focus primarily on the international market, and because the international and regional markets have different needs, find it difficult to switch their focus to this emerging market. The study also found that having a core country as an immediate neighbor pulls all those with the willingness and ability to travel towards itself, to the detriment of domestic tourism development in the short-term. The study suggests that to access the existing regional market, the three case study countries of the periphery would be well served to adapt to their circumstances the data-driven approach of South Africa. iii Dedication To the ancestors upon whose shoulders I stand. For Ng’endo, so glad you came. iv Acknowledgements I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the following people who have been especially supportive during this journey: • Prof. Stefan Grab for his patience and guidance as my final supervisor, • Prof. Chris Rogerson for his patience and guidance as my initial supervisor, • NRF (gun award) and Wits Postgraduate Merit Award, • (past and present) Staff and students at the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies for their support and sense of humor, particularly Prof. Karim Sadr, Prof Charles Mather, Thandizwe Nsimbi, Pam Thompson, and Wendy Job, • Mugure Mburu for cheering me on and giving me ngotos when the situation called for it, Anne Juma for accentuating the positive, Thomas Bigala for the support and sense of humor, Sidonio Sidonio for sharing so much, • The Drs. Nyairo, Macharia, Raimundo, Juma, Githaiga-Mwicigi and Ngugi for reminding me walikua wananingoja, • My parents and siblings for their support, prayers and nudging to get on with it, • And the lady upstairs, for making it so. v Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 1 1.1 Background............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research aim ............................................................................................ 4 1.3 Definition of study area............................................................................ 6 1.4 Scope and rationale................................................................................... 8 1.5 Thesis structure......................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 10 2.2 Selection of the study area and context .................................................. 10 2.3 The methodological framework: qualitative and quantitative data ........ 11 2.4 Procedures during fieldwork....................................................................... 19 2.5 Data analysis ............................................................................................... 20 2.6 Constraints experienced in the research and methodological limitations ... 21 CHAPTER THREE: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PARADIGMS AND THE CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONSHIP ............................................................... 23 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 23 3.2 Tourism development literature ............................................................. 23 3.2.1 Modernization theory........................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Dependency theory............................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Neoliberal theory.................................................................................. 26 3.3 Core and periphery in tourism development............................................... 27 3.4 Non-Western Tourism................................................................................. 36 3.5 Conclusion................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER FOUR: REGIONAL TOURISM IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD 40 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 40 4.2 Terms and concepts in regional tourism................................................. 40 4.2.1 Definition of regional tourism.............................................................. 43 4.2.2 Regional integration and its benefits.................................................... 45 4.3 Triggers for regional tourism growth ..................................................... 48 4.3.1 Domestic tourism ................................................................................. 48 4.3.2 Institutional support ............................................................................. 53 4.3.3 Changes in geopolitics and economic policies..................................... 55 4.3.4 Visa and immigration regulations ........................................................ 59 vi 4.3.5 Expanding transport networks and improving technology .................. 60 4.4 Benefits of regional tourism development ............................................. 63 4.5 Prospects for economic development through regional tourism development ...................................................................................................... 64 4.6 Challenges and issues around regional tourism development................ 67 4.7 Conclusion.............................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER FIVE: THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FOR REGIONAL TOURISM IN AFRICA........................................................................................ 70 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 70 5.2 Bottlenecks to African tourism development.............................................. 70 5.2.1 Adoption of Structural Adjustments by African Countries.................. 71 5.2.2 Lack of sufficient trained tourism professionals................................. 74 5.2.3 Regional economic and political instability......................................... 75 5.2.4 Inadequate transport networks and infrastructure................................ 76 5.2.5 Negative attitudes towards regional tourists ........................................ 76 5.3 Changes favoring the development of regional tourism in Africa.............. 77 5.3.1 Improvements in Information and Communication Technology......... 77 5.3.2 Expanding Professional and Personal networks .................................. 80 5.3.3 Expanding media influence.................................................................. 83 5.3.4 Expanding financial sources and services............................................ 85 5.3.5 The rising middle class......................................................................... 88 5.3.6 Expanding Accommodation availability.............................................. 89 5.3.7 Improving transport networks and infrastructure................................. 91 5.3.8 National government attention to tourism............................................ 96 5.3.9 International donors ............................................................................. 97 5.4 Conclusion................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER SIX: DEVELOPMENT
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