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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the orignal or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are misang pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, banning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directiy to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infbnnalion Compaiy 300 NorthZeeb Road, Arm Azfoor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 EDUCATION AND NATIONALISM IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: A POLICY ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL REFORM FROM 1974 - 1991 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dorothy Darinka Soljaga, M.Ed. ***** The Ohio State University 1998 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Robert Lawson, Adviser Professor Antoinette Errante Professor Charles Gribble Adviser College of Education UMI Number: 9911275 UMI Microform 9911275 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ABSTRACT Yugoslavia provides a salient portrayal of the resounding effect of nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In efforts to explain the disintegration of the nation, education has been given scant attention. This study examines the Constitution of 1974, the resulting laws and educational policy documents and the effects of education’s role in fostering brotherhood and unity among the South Slavs. An analysis of archival documents along with public sentiment engrossed in interviews tentatively confirm that sporadic ethnic hostility, economic depressions and ever-present Communist dogmatism, are reflected in subsequent educational policies and reforms. Dedicated to my fanuly and to ail who suffered the wrath of nationalism U l ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout researching and writing, I have been blessed by generous people who left worthwhile impressions on my life and this accomplishment. I would like to thank Dr. Lawson, whose guidance and patience continually inspired me. Dr. Errante and Dr. Gribble my committee members. Dr. Nada Svilar and Ana Zunjic steadfast sources of motivation, Zorica and Milica Jovanovic for constant support, Kole Soljaga, a dear assistant and thinker, Mr. Mile and Mrs. Dobrila Zivkov for sharing their time and tireless talents, Tanja Rafailovic, Strina Beba, Diane Zamiska, Sladjana Brankovic and Ivan Cukanic, Ms. Iskra Maksimovic and the Ministry of Education in Belgrade, Diane Tomich, Mira Kozul and my devout mother, my earnest father and my dear brothers. Please accept my sincere gratitude and may God bless you all. IV VITA March 11, 1973 Bom - Cleveland, Ohio June 1994 B.S. Education, The Ohio State University August 1995...................M.Ed. Theory and Practice, The Ohio State University 1995 - 1996....................................................... Teacher, Worthington Schools EDELDS OF STUDY Major Reid: Education TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................................................................ii Dedication...................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments........................................................................................iv Vita............................................................................................................. V List of Tables .............................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations.....................................................................................ix Chapters: 1. An Overview of Yugoslavia, Education and Nationalism.............. ...... 1 1.1 Setting................................................................................2 1.2 Background.........................................................................13 1.3 Statement of the Problem. .................................................... 39 1.4 Objectives of the Study........................................................ 40 1.5 Definition of Terms .............................................................43 1.6 Assumptions and Limitations............................................... 46 1.7 Significance of the Problem. ..................................................48 2. A Discussion of Education and Nationalism in the Yugoslav Context..........52 VI 2.1 Conceptions of Nationalism........................................................ 53 2.2 Nationalism in the Yugoslav Context...........................................66 2.3 Yugoslav Education and Nationalism..........................................82 3. An Analysis of Yugoslav Education and Nationalism............................. 108 3.1 The Pioneer’s Textbook............................................................108 3.2 The Constitutions.................................................................... 116 3.3 Goals of Lessons in History.....................................................120 3.4 Tasks of Teaching History. ........................................................121 3.5 Operating Tasks for the Rfth Grade .......................................... 122 3.6 The Rfth Grade History Curriculum......................................... 124 3.7 The Sixth Grade History Curriculum..................... 126 3.8 The Seventh Grade History Curriculum.................................... 133 3.9 The Eighth Grade History Curriculum..................................... 144 3.10 Reforms in 1984/5 and 1990/1...............................................150 4. Conclusions About Education and Nationalism in the Former Yugoslavia.. 165 4.1 Discussion............................................................................ 165 4.2 Conclusions..........................................................................174 4.3 Suggestions for Further Study................................................187 4.4 Summary..............................................................................189 Bibliography. .......................................................................................... 192 V ll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 National Composition of Yugoslavia, 1961-1991................................ 69 2.2 Excerpts form the Syllabus of General Education and General Technical Subjects for the Occupation of Mathematics- Computer Programming Operative and Natural Sciences Operative (Level IV)........................................................................ 87 3.1 Synopsis of the 1976 Rfth Grade History Curriculum.......................125 3.2 Synopsis of the 1976 Sixth Grade History Curriculum.......................133 3.3 Synopsis of the 1976 Seventh Grade History Curriculum...................141 3.4 Synopsis of the 1976 Eighth Grade IBstory Curriculum....................150 3.5 Comparison of 1976,1984/5 and 1990 Rfth Grade History Curricula.............................................................................. 151 3.6 Comparison of 1976,1984/5 and 1991 Sixth Grade KGstory Curricula........................................................................................ 153 3.7 Comparison of 1976,1984/5 and 1991 Seven± Grade History Curricula....................................................................................... 156 3.8 Comparison of 1976,1984/5 and 1991 Eighth Grade History Curricula...................................................................................... 159 V lll LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DFJ—Democratic Federation of Yugoslavia FNRJ—Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia KCSC—Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes KPJ—Communist Party of Yugoslavia LCS—League of Communists of Serbia LCY—League of Communists of Yugoslavia NDH—Independent State of Croatia NOB—National Liberation Battle (WW IT) NOR—National War for Liberation (WW H) NOP— National Liberation Movement NOVJ—National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia SAP—Socialist Autonomous Province SFRJ—Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SR—Socialist Republic IX CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF YUGOSLAVIA, NATIONALISM AND EDUCATION Throughout perhaps all of Europe, Yugoslavia provides the most salient portrayal of the resounding effects of the sweeping returns to nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The breakup of Yugoslavia both astounded and perplexed the world in terms of its violence and complexity. Economic, political and historical theories
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