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Diptera: Culicidae) in Aligudarz County (Luristan Province, Western Iran

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Diptera: Culicidae) in Aligudarz County (Luristan Province, Western Iran View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S233-S241 S233 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.apjtb.com Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C186 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 The ecology and larval habitats characteristics of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Aligudarz County (Luristan province, western Iran) 1 2 3 Hamid Amani , Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi , Hamid Kassiri * 1Azna Health Services Center, Luristan University of Medical Sciences, Azna, Iran 2Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT Peer reviewer Objective: Anopheles To determine ecology and characteristics of the larval habitats of the genus ( ) Prof. Mohammad Reza Fakoorziba, Methods:Dipetra: Culicidae in Aligudarz County, western Iran. Department of Medical Entomology, This descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out to study the anopheline School of Health, Shiraz University of larvae ecology in seven rural districts, Aligudarz County, from late April to late November 1997. Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Larvae were captured using the dipping method. Larval breeding places characteristics were Tel: +987117251020 noted according to water situation (turbid or clean, stagnant or running), substrate type, site type Fax: +987117260225 (man-made or natural), sunlight situation, site situation (transient or permanent, with or without ) E-mail: [email protected] Results:vegetation . Anopheles 9 620 3 4 115 22 A total of rd and th instar larvae of fromAnopheles breeding stephensi, places Anopheles in Comments dvillages’thali Anopheleswere captured, apoci whichAnopheles belonged superpictus to the following species: Anopheles marterii sogdianus, , , (forms A and B), Anopheles turkhodi, Anopheles maculipennis Anopheles claviger. Anopheles stephensi, It is a good research in which the Anopheles maculipennis Anopheles apoci S.L and authors found some aspects of ecology Anopheles superpictus S.L and were collected for the first time in this county. and characteristics of breeding places (93.18%) was the most prevailed one and dispersed over the entire region. of anopheline mosquitoes in the Larval habitats consisted of nine natural and three artificial larval habitats. The most important western Iran. larval habitats were river edges (54.8%), rice fields (12.2%), and grassland (8.7%) with permanent or Details on Page S240 transient, stagnant or running and clean water, with or without vegetation, sand or mud substrate inConclusions: full sunlight area. Regarding this research, river edges and rice fields are the most important breeding places of malaria vectors in Aligudarz County. It is worthy of note in larvicidal programs. KEYWORDS Anopheles, Larval habitat, Ecology, Biology, Aligudarz County, Iran 1. Introduction transmitted by mosquitoes was discussed in Iran. Prior to the implementation of malaria control programs to be launched in Currently, malaria in many countries especially in South Iran, about 60 percent of people were living in endemic areas Africa is one of the most important problems of the health. where morbidity rates were 30% to 40%[2]. Iran is categorized Unfortunately, many people die due to this disease around into four areas based on the disease epidemiology[3]. The south the world every year[1]. Malaria as the most important disease of the country is the most important area in which malaria is a *Corresponding author: Dr. Hamid Kassiri, Assistant Professor, Department of Article history: Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur Received 13 Dec 2013 University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Received in revised form 20 Dec, 2nd revised form 23 Dec, 3rd revised form 29 Dec 2013 Tel: 0098-611-3738269 Accepted 28 Jan 2014 Fax: 0098-611-3738282 Available online 5 Apr 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: Supported by Luristan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Grant No: 2501). Hamid Amani et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S233-S241 S234 An. d’thali , Anopheles fluviatilis An. fluviatilis , Anopheles problem. More than 90% of malaria cases are reported from the ( ) ( ) maculipennis An. maculipennis , Anopheles sacharovi An. provinces of Sistan-Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan[4]. ( ) ( sacharovi , Anopheles stephensi An. stephensi Anopheles Of 11 460 cases of malaria reported in Iran in 2008, 9.7% was due ) ( ) and Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium superpictus An. superpictus to and 90.3% was due to ( ) are well known vectors for malaria vivax Anopheles pulcherrimus [5]. According to the report of World Health Organization in Iran. is a potential vector for this Plasmodium (WHO), gradual reduction of disease cases is seen due to the disease in the southeastern of Iran[2]. Also, oocytes Anopheles multicolor widespread implementation of malaria control programs in the have been observed in in Sabzevar Plasmodium country. Thus, Iran is classified in the pre-elimination phase of County[6]. Recently, parasites were identified Anopheles hyrcanus An. hyrcanus the disease[1]. in ( ) by molecular genetics Luristan province was previously one of the malarious zones; methods in Guilan Province; and thus, this species was and now is divided into two zones: the malaria-free zone introduced as a potential vector for malaria[13]. An. superpictus (sensitive to the transmission) and low transmission zone is an important vector in the Palaearctic (vulnerable). In the malaria-free zone, the most cases observed region; and distributes across Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, are imported from the malarious zones of Iran; and the disease Middle East, North Africa, newly independent countries of the transmission does not occur. But in low transmission zone, some former Soviet Union, and central and southern Europe. This cases of malaria are seen each year that some of them may have species is widely distributed in the whole country; and it has been infected through local transmission. The rural districts been reported across the plateau of Iran, Alborz Mountains and of Eastern Zalaghi, Western Zalaghi and Mahroo in Aligudarz southern regions of Zagros Mountains; it has been found rarely County are in low transmission zone; and due to technical in the plains adjoining the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Anopheles and administrative problems, and unlike the first zone, these Sporozoite indices of this in Masjed-Soleiman, Tabas regions cannot easily respond to the malaria control activities. and Kazeroun were 1.20%, 6.40% and 0.65%, respectively. The Aligudarz County has the potential for further transmission; and blood feeding of this species is done on human and animals, ’ the tribal and rural residents are more at risk of infection. Given although this species does prefer animal s blood. Also, it has An. superpictus the importance of malaria in Iran including Luristan Province exophagic and exophilic-endophilic behaviors. and potential possibility for transmitting other diseases such is the dominant species and the main vector for malaria in the as West Nile fever, Sindbis, Dirofilariasis, Rift Valley fever, Luristan Province[14]. Recently, a molecular study on different etc An. superpictus Japanese Encephalitis, . by Culicidae mosquitoes[6], the populations of throughout Iran has revealed necessity of this study is highlighted. In addition to the above three different genotypes in this species; and therefore, this mentioned problems, the nuisance caused by mosquito bites is species has been proposed as a sibling vector (composed of another part of the problems of people in this county. species X, Y and Z)[15]. Based on the common classification, the Culicidae family One of the important properties for breeding the mosquitoes includes three subfamilies, 10 tribes, 39 genera, 135 subgenera is appropriate biological conditions. Since the developmental and more than 3 450 species and subspecies[7]. The genus stages of mosquitoes are in the water, the specific ecological Anopheles consists of six subgenera and at least 484 species conditions, such as abundant larval habitats with appropriate identified in the world[8]. According to the latest classification of chemical and physical conditions to increase their density mosquitoes, the Culicidae family has been introduced in such are very important. Despite the importance of ecological and a way that includes two subfamilies, 11 tribes, 113 genera and biological studies in the mosquitoes control programs, there is Anopheles 3 531 species in the world. Also, the genus is divided scattered and limited information about the characteristics of Anopheles into 7 subgenera and at least 465 species[9]. the larval nests and ecology of the species of in Iran; Anopheles Sedaghat and Harbach reported 25 species of the and the most of the information are in connection with vectors fauna in Iran[10]; but in the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes, of malaria in south of the country. Marsh noted a number of Anopheles apoci An. apoci Azari-Hamidian has pointed to 64 species and 3 subspecies larval nests of the ( ) (with description in the Culicidae family; and in the meantime, he introduced of
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