The Guide to Radiant Barrier Insulation
Total R-Value Calculations for Typical Building Applications
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Acknowledgements
TIASA, the TIASA Technical Committee and The Reflective foil / Radiant Barrier manufacturers of South Africa (as listed below) wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from the various publications listed below as well as the invaluable assistance and dedication by Mr. Alf Peyper in the development of this Guide to Radiant Barrier Insulation.
Africa Thermal Insulations (Pty) Ltd Bhamuza (Pty) Ltd Nampak L&CP Sealed Air Africa
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc Fundamentals 1993/7 - 2001/5 (ASHRAE) National Building Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. NBRI *DIS 16 -1960 DIS 61 -1958XBOU 2 -74 1987 X/BOU 2 - 8 1971 (Calc) CSIR Research Report No. 214 14-2-1957 Principles of Heating, Ventilating and Air - Conditioning HVAC Research at reference libraries of Universities - Wits & Tukkies 1960/70/80 Calculations: - Based on X/BOU 2-8-1971, 2-74-1987 - Thermal and Water Vapour Transmission ASHRAE 25-2005 (RSA values used). Dust:- NBRI and ASHRAE Reflectance Emittance 25-2005 & 3-10-2005 Effects of mean temperature rise ASHRAE 24-14-15-16-2005 & 22.6+16-1997 TIASA Thermal Insulation Handbook April 2001 (test methods - ASTM C158 & 177)) Poor Installation - Application ASHRAE 23 -15 & 24.3 - 2001 Moisture: - (Effects of) ASHRAE 23.5-6-2005, 24.5-2005 Facings ASHRAE 26.82001/5 Absorption - Exitance ASHRAE 3-9-2001 Resistance Attic Spaces ASHRAE 25.2-2005, 25.13-2001 Air Spaces Thermal Resistance ASHRAE 25.4-2005 Vapour Barriers ASHRAE 26.8 Results compare favorably with and are supportive of results published in Australia and America, most of which originated in South Africa (Lotz and van Straaten)
DISCLAIMER All information, recommendation or advice contained in this AAAMSA Publication is given in good faith to the best of AAAMSA’s knowledge and based on current procedures in effect. Because actual use of AAAMSA Publications by the user is beyond the control of AAAMSA such use is within the exclusive responsibility of the user. AAAMSA cannot be held responsible for any loss incurred through incorrect or faulty use of its Publications. Great care has been taken to ensure that the information provided is correct. No responsibility will be accepted by AAAMSA for any errors and/or omissions, which may have inadvertently occurred. This Guide may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any means provided the reproduction or transmission acknowledges the origin and copyright date.
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ...... 3
Background, Foreword & Scope...... 5
Objective ...... 6
1. National Building Regulation XA3 ...... 1.1 SANS 10400-XA Energy usage in buildings ...... 7 1.2 SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings ...... 8
2. Types of Reflective Foil Membranes/Radiant Barriers ...... 9
3. Terms & Definitions ...... 10
4. Introduction to Radiant Barriers ...... 14
5. Fundamental principles of Radiant Heat Barriers / Reflective foils...... 15
6. Moisture ...... 17
7. The Effects of Mean Temperature Change on Conductance and Resistance ...... 18
8. Calculations ...... 20 8.1 Methods and Values for Calculation of Heat Flow ...... 20 8.2 Surface Coefficients and Resistance Values...... 20 8.3 Air Spaces, Coefficients, Thermal Conductances and Resistance Values ...... 21 8.4 Thermal Resistance of Air Spaces ...... 21
9. Domestic Roof Applications ...... 22 9.1 Combinations - Best Practice Reflective Foil & Bulk Insulation ...... 22 9.2 Application: Domestic Metal Sheet Clad Pitch 45o Roof - Reflective Membrane and Bulk Material .....23 9.3 Applications: Domestic Cement Tile and Metal roof ...... 24 9.4 Applications - Domestic Low Pitch 10o Metal Clad Roof ...... 26 9.5 Applications - Domestic Exposed Beam Cathedral Roof ...... 27
10. Industrial Roof Applications ...... 28 10.1 Application: Industrial Best Practice - Roof System Material Combinations - Thermal ...... 28 10.2 Application: Industrial Single Layer Double Sided Radiant Barrier/Reflective Foil Membrane ...... 29 10.3 Application: Industrial Single Layer Double Sided Foil Membrane Introducing a Thermal Block ...... 30 10.4 Application: Industrial Single Skin Roof Metal System With Two Double Foil Membranes ...... 31 10.5 Comparisons: T1, T2, T3 With and Without Radiant Heat Barrier/Reflective Foils/Multiple Air Spaces32 10.6 Example of Typical Industrial Installation Procedure & Specification Guidance ...... 33
11. Wall Construction Comparisons ...... 35
12. Apparent Typical Thermal Properties of Building and Insulation Materials ...... 36
4 BACKGROUND
The recent publication of SANS 10400-XA Energy usage in buildings and SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings, with regard to Thermal Insulation products, obviated the need for a guide to be developed with specific reference to Reflective Foil Laminates/Radiant Barriers. As there is limited information available to consumers and professionals in South Africa, the objective in publishing this guide, is to disseminate knowledge about Reflective Foil Laminates/ Radiant Barriers and their contribution to achieving the performance requirements of SANS 204 in respect of energy efficient thermal insulation within the building envelope.
Reflective Foil laminate/Radiant Barrier technology is vastly different to that of ordinary bulk insulation materials. The National Executive Committee of TIASA (Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa) agreed in February 2009, that due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of these materials in combination with airspaces, a guide to educate both Consumers and Professionals regarding its correct use and application, needed to be made available by the Reflective Foil Manufacturers in TIASA.
FOREWORD
The phenomenal progress and advances in technology combined with the unparalleled growth in the industrial sector globally, through the twenthieth century, is awe-inspiring.
Opportunities of employment and improvement of quality of life further led to urbanization around the globe, resulting in an increased demand for housing, commercial and industrial buildings, as well as increased transportation, food production and worldwide travel for business and pleasure.
Furthermore, providing for mans need, creating a controlled environment in which to work, shop, be entertained, relax and sleep, has increased demand for energy supply to such an extent that world-wide energy shortages are a reality.
Pursuing all of mans needs and advances has resulted in global pollution of the earths ecosystem, thereby threatening the survival of future generations.
Climate change has become a reality; the challenges for man in the twenty first century is to, reduce pollution, conserve energy and observe greater awareness of energy efficiency in his daily life and planning for the future.
Man made buildings, together with the component parts of materials used in construction, may not always achieve the required levels of performance in resisting heat, cold, moisture and noise so as to provide a comfortable and, most importantly, a healthy environment.
Thermal insulation materials, Radiant Heat Barrier/Reflective Foil Membranes, as well as all forms of bulk or mass insulation used singularly or in combination, are able to contribute substantially in conserving energy, many of which depend largely on air, - be it through entrapment or division to be effective. However air is also the conveyor of dust and moisture, both of which impact, to a certain degree, on the performance and efficiencies of all insulating materials; their performances are further influenced by a rise and fall in temperature.
SCOPE
This document is based on calculations and is intended as a reference to address the performance of Radiant Heat Barriers/Reflective Foil Membranes in combination with air spaces. Particularly in Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Although there is reference to the performance of materials in general it is not intended to detract from the support such products may provide, for Heated, Ventilated and Air-conditioned (HVAC) buildings and their related services.
As they are outside the scope of this document, the subjects of Fire, Moisture, Acoustics and HVAC, all being specialized engineering sciences, is not addressed in any detail and reference should be made to the requirements of the National Building Regulations, as published with amendments at any given time.
Research has revealed that there is a demand for more information on the performance of Radiant Heat Barriers and Reflective Foil Membranes, furthermore that such information be of a less academic approach so as to elucidate on the thermal values of RMB and RFL membranes in building applications. Furthermore the document embraces the combination of Radiant Heat Barriers Membranes (RMB)/Reflective Foil Laminates (RFL). RMB/RFL may be referred to within this document from time to time and Bulk in support of each other, thereby enhancing their performances.
5 OBJECTIVE
This guide has been developed to assist designers, specifiers and builders to:
determine the Total R-Value of common roof construction systems increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact of building projects assist in complying with the requirements of SANS 10400-XA Energy usage in buildings and energy rating software demonstrate accepted industry installation practices clarify and standardize the value of reflective foil insulation in typical building applications
Notes:
Calculations in this Guide are based on research, by: The National Building Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - RSA The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc. 1993 - 2005.
The effect of anti-glare coatings or dust on the top surface of foil has been taken into account. In addition to the Total R-Value of the roof structure, the un-insulated R-Values are also provided to demonstrate the thermal resistance without reflective foil: these are shown for summer and winter conditions.
Added R-Values indicate the improvement in thermal resistance achieved by correct installation of insulation products. In the case of reflective foil insulation, details may be used in combination with other complimentary insulation products to satisfy SANS 10400-XA requirements for added insulation.
Note that the correct choice of insulation is dependent on a range of factors, other than thermal performance.
6 CHAPTER 1: NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATION XA3
1.1 SANS 10400-XA Energy Usage in Buildings
There are three ways of proving compliance with the new legislation on energy usage in buildings. The most common is to comply with the requirements of the Deemed-to-satisfy rules that are documented in the Application of the National Building Regulations SANS 10400: XA Energy usage in buildings. The other is by way of a rational design.
This document addresses deemed-to-satisfy requirements for compliance with Regulation XA3 (a).
The functional regulations contained in part XA3 of the Regulations shall be deemed to be satisfied where, the building classification in accordance with the regulation; has an orientation, shading, fenestration and roof / ceiling construction, and the insulation thereof are in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10400-XA and SANS 204.
South Africa has been divided into six climatic zones (see climatic zone map). The requirements of the building design will depend on the building construction type, the climate and required thermal performance.
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Note: Total R-Values are based on the sum of all components of the building system including indoor and outdoor air- films, building materials used in the system and air-spaces.
Climatic Zone Map
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7 1.2 SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Why use radiant heat barrier/reflective foil insulation materials?
Reflective Foil Insulation materials (Radiant Barriers) work on a different concept to conventional bulk insulation materials like rigid foam boards or fibrous blankets.
Radiant Heat Barriers/Reflective Foil Membranes reduce heat transfer through radiation.
A layer of Reflective Foil Insulation/Radiant Heat barrier is an effective barrier against radiant heat transfer and also as a vapour barrier. Reflective Foil Insulation also offers excellent insulation, performance for downward heat flow (summer heat gain), but only moderate performance for upward or horizontal heat flow (slowing heat losses in winter) and requires an airspace of at least a 25mm between the foil surface and the solid surface to achieve the full insulation qualities. For optimum energy savings install in conjunction with conventional bulk insulation.
In accordance with SANS 204, all tile roofs in climatic zones 1, 2, 4 and 6 shall have a tile underlay or radiant barrier and the joints have to be sealed.
Annual Solar Radiation Map measured in MJ/m² as provided by the CSIR.
8 CHAPTER 2: TYPES OF REFLECTIVE FOIL INSULATION
In accordance with SANS 1381 Materials for thermal insulation of buildings Part 4: Reflective foil laminates (rolls, sheets and sections), Reflective Foil Insulation have been divided into the following categories:
a) Category A - reflective foil laminate, reinforced, both surfaces reflective; b) Category B - reflective foil laminate, reinforced, one surface reflective; c) Category C - reflective foil laminate, unreinforced, both surfaces reflective; d) Category D - reflective foil laminate, unreinforced, one surface reflective; e) Category E - reflective foil laminate, one surface reflective, with polyethylene air cells; or f) Category F - reflective foil laminate, both surfaces reflective, with polyethylene air cells.
Examples:
Category A & B: Double or single sided, reflective foil laminate incorporating layers of aluminium foil, high strength paper and reinforcing scrim bonded together with low density polyethylene.
Category C & D: Double or single sided, reflective foil laminate incorporating layers of aluminium foil, high strength paper and reinforcing scrim bonded together with low density polyethylene.
Category E & F: Double or single sided, reflective foil laminate incorporating layers of aluminium foil, encapsulated air bubbles and low density polyethylene.
9 CHAPTER 3: TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Absorbtance: Symbol - ‘a’ (previously absorptivity) The ratio of the radiant, or luminous, flux absorbed by a body to the flux falling on it. Absorbtance of a black body is by definition 1, (black body is a hypothetical body that absorbs all the radiation falling on it, it thus has an absorbtance and an emissivity of 1). The emissivity of a surface is dependant or equal to its absorption.
Absorption: The take-up of heat, especially radiant heat, by a surface of mass or membrane barrier, contributes to the heat gain and loss through a system, wall construction, etc. Light coloured surfaces viz white and highly reflective surfaces, viz bright foils, will reflect large quantities of radiant heat minimizing the rate of heat absorbed. Should such surfaces further have a similar finish on the opposite surface viz the underside of a roof or opposite side to heat source, it will only emit small percentages of the absorbed heat to an air space, providing the underside remains clean. Surfaces do however over a period of time become dull through ageing or dust accumulation on the upper surface and therefore will reflect less heat, progressively these surfaces will then absorb more heat. Nevertheless, providing the underside (opposite side) remains clean it will continue to only emit small percentages of the heat absorbed, to the air space adjoining it. Progressively should the underside become tarnished it will emit a larger percentage of heat. We can therefore conclude that: Reflectance + Absorbance = 1 Absorbtance = Emissivity In practice there is no perfect black body, (1.00 Absorbtance; 1.00 Exitance) which means that absorbtance and emissivity are always less than 1.00
Air Spaces: Reflective / Non Reflective Horizontal / Vertical
Air Surface Coefficients: The 'C' / 'R' Values for the thin air layers immediately adjacent to either side of the building sections are given as: F1 Inside air surface conductance coefficient F2 Outside air surface Conductance coefficient The unit of measure is W/(m².K)
Angle of Incidence: The angle between a ray leaving a reflecting surface and the perpendicular (normal) to the surface at the point at which the ray strikes the surface.
Angle of Reflection: The angle between a ray leaving a reflecting surface and the perpendicular (normal) to the surface at the point which the ray leaves the surface.
Apparent: Samples of materials submitted for testing in accordance with selective test methods and procedures, will yield a given value/result, being for Acoustics, Fire, Moisture or Thermal, etc, determined in a laboratory. DEFINED: The stated value of performance is representative only of that sample based on that test method and procedure. When used in its present form APPARENT, attests, confirms, certifies, to the value of a product, applied in similar conditions, as those in the test.
Attic Spaces: Non-ventilated / Natural Ventilated Reflective / Non-reflective
Black Body: A hypothetical body that absorbs all the radiation falling on its surface, reflecting and transmitting none. It thus has an absorbtance and emissivity of 1.00.
Black Body Radiation: Is the electromagnetic radiation by a black body. See emissivity / Exitance. (Stefans Law, Plancks Radiation Law and Wiens Displacement Laws).
Bulb Temperature: Wet (Coastal 50 upward) Dry (Inland 50 downward) 10 Condensation: The change of a vapour or gas into a liquid. The change phase is accompanied by the evolution of heat.
Conduction Thermal: Is the transfer of heat through a solid (material). When one end of a metal rod (poker) is left in the fire the opposite end will also become warm although not in direct contact with the flame. The flow of heat along the length of the rod is by conduction. The rate of Heat (energy) flow is influenced by the temperature difference between the warm side and the cool side, the area of the material, distance (thickness) of the material from warm side to cool side, and the thermal conductivity of the material. Most insulating materials (mass bulk) have low thermal conductivity, which, combined with their thickness, density and the operating temperature, slows conductive heat transfer.
Conductance Thermal: Symbol 'C' - (Refers to any thickness of material or structural component viz a wall). Is the thermal transmission through a unit area of a structural component or of a structure. The unit temperature difference between the hot and cold faces measured in W/(m².K) units.
Conductivity Thermal: Symbol ‘k’ apparent A measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat. It is time rate of heat flow though a unit area (1m³) of 1 metre thick homogenous material in a direction perpendicular to the isothermal planes, induced by a unit temperature gradient viz 1 metre cube of material will transmit heat at a rate of 1 watt for every degree of temperature difference between opposite faces. The measure of flow is given as 1 W/(m.K)
A ‘k’ value cannot be given for Radiant Heat Barriers or Reflective sheet insulation as these are highly dependable upon surrounding air spaces, since heat flow for an air space is not directly proportional to its thickness. Variations in direction of heat flow, the position of the air space (viz horizontal, vertical etc) and fluctuations in mean temperature, etc have varying effects.
Convectional Heat: As air warms it becomes lighter, due to expansion, therefore it rises and it is replaced by cold air which is heavier. Liquids and gasses react in a similar fashion, as the liquid or gas warms it expands (becomes less dense - lighter) and rises, the warm liquid is displaced by denser colder material at a lower level.
Density: The mass of a substance per unit of volume. SI unit of measure is kg/m³. 11 Dew Point: The temperature at which water vapour in air is saturated. As the temperature falls the dew point is the point at which the vapour begins to condense as drops of water.
Electrolytic Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs through an electrochemical reaction, such as between copper and aluminium.
Emissivity: Symbol ‘e’ The ratio of the power per unit area radiated by a surface to that radiated by a black body at the same temperature. A black body therefore has an emissivity of 1 and a perfect reflection has an emissivity of 0.03. The emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorbtance.
Emittance: See Exitance
Exitance: Symbol ‘m’ (Formally Emittance) The radiant or luminous flux emitted per unit area of a surface. The radiant Exitance (m) is measured in watts per square meter (Wm²).
Heat: The process of energy transfer from one body or system to another as a result of difference in temperature.
Heat Capacity: (Thermal Capacity) The ratio of the heat supplied to an object or specimen to its consequent rise in temperature.
Heat Radiation: (Radiant Heat) Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted by a solid, liquid or gas as a result of its temperature. It can be transmitted through space: if there is a material medium this is not warmed by the radiation except to the extent that it is absorbed. The highest proportion of this radiation lies in the infrared portion of the spectrum at normal temperatures.
Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy, from one body or system to another as a result of a difference in temperature. This transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.
Humidity: The concentration, of water vapour in the atmosphere.
Insolation: Solar radiation that is received at the earths surface, per unit area. It is related to the Solar Constant, the duration of daylight, the altitude of the sun and the latitude of the receiving surface, and is measured in Mjm².
Intensity: The rate at which radiant energy is transferred, per unit area.
Joule: Symbol ‘J’ The SI unit of work and energy.
Kilo Watt Hour: Symbol ‘kWh’ The commercial unit of electrical energy. I is equivalent to a power of consumption of 1000 watts per 1 hour.
Kirchoffs Law of Radiation: A law stating that the emissivity of a body is equal to its absorbtance at the same temperature,
Newtons Law of Cooling: The rate at which a body loses heat is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and the surroundings. It is the imperial law that its only true for substantial temperature difference if the heat loss if forced by convection or conduction.
Radiant Energy: Energy transmitted as electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation: Energy traveling in the form of electromagnetic waves.
12 Reflectance: (Radiant Reflectance) The ratio of radiant flux reflected by a surface to that falling on it.
Resistance: Symbol 'R' The ratio of the potential difference across a component / system to the heat passing through it. It is therefore a measure of the components / systems ability to restrict the flow of the heat passing through. Measured in (m².K)/W.
Resistance Thermal - R-Value 'R' (Reciprocal of Conductance) The ‘R’ number or value indicates the ability of one specific material, or group of materials, in a building system (section), to resist heat flow through them. The higher (greater) the 'R' number, the more effective the insulating value of the material and the lower the heat loss/gain. Thus, a high 'R' value number means lower heating and cooling costs and less energy used to maintain lower temperature balances. Collectively the total 'R' value in a system viz the combined individual values of a number of elements is used to indicate the total R-Value for that system. It is also used to calculate the 'U' value, thermal transmittance of a product or a building system, viz the overall heat transfer of a building/system.
Thermal Transmittance: The 'U' value = (Coefficient Thermal Transmittance) (Overall Heat transfer coefficient) The 'U' is similar to the 'C' value and has the same unit of measurement - W/(m².K). This term is a measure of the total heat transference through complete building systems, such as a wall or roof, including the outside and inside air surface films. In calculating 'U' values, air spaces (including attic and head clearance) must be taken into account.
Sol Air Temperature: The Sol - Air temperature concept applies to roofs (flat or sloping) as well as vertical walls having various aspects. In calculating the heat load on a building the direct and diffused rays of the sun on a building will increase the heat load above that which will apply if the outside air temperature is considered alone. It is also influenced by the surface colour finish of the systems roofs, walls etc.
Solar Energy: Electromagnetic energy radiated from the sun.
Watt: Symbol W The SI unit of power, defined as a power of one joule per second.
13 CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO RADIANT HEAT BARRIERS/REFLECTIVE FOILS
Radiant Heat Barriers in combination with air spaces acts as insulation, waterproofing, under tile wind and airflow retarders as well as a dust cover to the attic and other spaces below.
In selected climatic regions, where high thermal resistance intervention values are required, foil membranes will support to improve the performance of bulk/mass insulation materials by;-
Reducing radiant heat flow into the attic space, preventing an increase in mean temperature, ensuring that ceiling insulation performs more efficiently Reducing exposure to moisture or wet entering the ceiling insulation (moisture absorption affects the performance of bulk/mass type insulation materials most negatively). Reducing excess dust infiltration.
Dust is acknowledged and accepted worldwide. First and foremost and most importantly, the affects of dust on Reflective Foil Membranes in combination with air space needs to be clarified.
All thermal values as reflected in the diagrams and tables are based on the upper/top surface - facing the roof cover - being completely dust covered: Dust WILL NOT settle on a vertical plane.
Reflective is a misnomer as it misleads regarding fundamental principles, on which Radiant Heat Barrier Insulation is based, such as: - Reflectance, Absorbtance, Conductance and Emissivity.
In combination with air spaces and the resistance of the individual materials of a system, through which the heat/cold flows, will result in a total ‘R’ - resistance value for the system, or thermal transmittance ‘ U’ value.
Dust Advantage - It is highly unlikely that dust will settle on the under / lower side surface facing. The somewhat less efficient performance in heat retention (outward flowing) as a result of dust settlement on the upper outer surface, the emissivity increasing from 3 - 5% on the lower inner surface compared to some 90 - 95% on the upper outer surface; furthermore the change from a radiant heat source to that of a convectional heat flow.
This apparent weakness due to dust may well be an advantage - in selected climatic zones where the build-up of daytime heat within the building through radiation and convection heat flow, once the indoor temperatures increase to higher than ambient, the warm air will migrate outward to the atmosphere. This is an advantage for large warehouse storage areas where the contents will absorb excessive heat and needs to release heat storage above ambient so as to cool. A further example is a process / manufacturing plant generating massive heat: the heat buildup above ambient will migrate outward, allowing the building to perform naturally.
Reflectance - When first installed the membrane will not have dust on the upper (top) or lower (bottom) surfaces. It will therefore reflect a large portion of the radiant heat falling on to it, however, progressively as dust accumulates and settles on the upper surface, over a period of time, it will, dependant on the rate of precipitation, reflect less and absorb a greater percentage of the heat falling on it or conducted to it through the roof cover.
In turn the greater the rate of Absorbtance the higher the percentage of heat conductance through the membrane itself, flowing to the opposite cooler surface and emitted to the air space opposite the source or direction from where it arrives.
Most Importantly: Exitance (previously Emittance) providing the Reflective surface, to the opposite side of the heat source, remains clean, untarnished and reflective, it will continue to emit or re-radiate only between 3 - 5 % of the total heat absorbed to an air space, keeping the whole building shaded and cool.
A Radiant Heat Barrier Reflective foil used as a tile underlay will not only provide water, dust and wind proofing to the attic space as the heat flow figures clearly indicate on page 28, reducing downward heat flow into the attic space, Radiant Barrier reflective foils provide a stable, cooler temperature which assists with the performance of the bulk/ mass insulation material laid on the ceiling. It will also have a positive effect on other services, generally installed in the attic space, by reducing the intense heat build-up where natural ventilation, under normal conditions, is not sufficient.
Product Performance: Property ownership may only be achieved after 25 - 30 years, when loan repayment is achieved; one would therefore expect the component materials to last the same period or longer in terms of the lifetime of the building, SANS 10400 part B suggests 15 years. Field observations and complaints received on a regular basis reveal that certain products fail after a very short period of time; some after merely a three year life span, as a result of heat, U.V., dust, Products must comply with SABS 1381 Materials for thermal insulation of buildings Part 4: Reflective foil laminates (rolls, sheets and sections). 14 CHAPTER 5: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIANT HEAT BARRIER/REFLECTIVE FOILS
Reflective insulation materials work on a different concept than conventional bulk insulation like rigid foam boards or fibrous blankets. Unlike conventional bulk insulation, reflective insulation has very low emittance values “e-values” (typically 0.03, compared to 0.90 for most insulation) and that significantly reduces heat transfer by radiation
In order to understand reflective insulation capabilities, one must be aware that the radiant heat rays of the sun do not become heat until they strike an object such as a home or everything that is in it. Thus, radiant heat rays must be kept out in warm weather; while in the cold weather, warmth must be kept in.
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1. A Reflective attic space is defined as one in which either the upward facing surface or the downward facing surface (or both) comprises bright aluminium foil, having an emissivity of 0.05. 2. It is virtually impossible to provide a completely non - ventilated attic space in a roof construction where the roof cover is metal, cement tile or slate. 3. Expansion and contraction of a metal roof takes place as well as air leakage at the flashings at the parapet wall and at the eaves (soffit area). 4. Roof tiles do not nestle so as to be air tight; the same applies to slate and flat profile tiles as a result of expansion and contraction. 5. A ventilated attic space is an advantage where Reflective Foil is applied as a tile underlay and radiant heat barrier - the movement of natural air flow will enhance the performance against downward heat flow. 6. For the retention of heat, reflective foils are less efficient 14 & 28. 7. Ventilated attic spaces are a distinct disadvantage where open cellulose boards or fibrous materials are installed as a ceiling insulation layer.
16 CHAPTER 6: MOISTURE
Moisture is, by far, the largest factor which impacts on the performance and durability of a building as well as the component parts of buildings such as rotting of timber, corrosion of metals, hydration of plastics, spalling of concrete and masonry as well as the growth of mould and mildew, the effects together with damp may lead to serious illnesses and structure failure
As moisture is a component of, and transported by air, it is by far the most complicated and challenging, especially so in climatic regions where air being introduced to the building envelope needs to be hydrated or dehydrated, cooled or heated, etc. It is an engineering science of a specialised field and best left to consultants who specialize in the field.
Foil membranes are excellent vapour barriers and are often applied, as such, in providing protection for mass or bulk type insulation applications directly under the roof cover, against moisture migration into the insulation or moisture flowing onto the roof cover and condensating.
In high humidity regions a double layer of foil, above and below the insulation, may be best in practice.
In wall applications for most climatic regions a vapour barrier is not best practice therefore a vapour retarder pegboard or pinhole type foil membrane is the better choice, so as to allow the moist air to move inward and outward through the wall via capillary action.
Selected products of the mass or bulk type materials are often applied as moisture retarders in a wall construction, producing acceptable results however, as moisture is a conveyor of heat, allowance in design must allow for the increase of heat flow (conductance) and lowering of resistance through the insulation material as a result of the moisture present.
Well documented research shows that a take up of 1% moisture by volume will decrease or lower the efficiency of certain bulk mass type insulations by as much as 25 - 30%.
The general guidelines (house rules) in terms of location of vapour barriers and moisture retarders is to install them on the warmer surface side, which in itself is a challenge to determine the location.
Daytime - Due to Radiation and Heat Build-up, the outside is warmer. At Night - The inside surface is warmer.
In a controlled temperature within a building having a temperature of e.g. 24oC the outside air during the day may rise to 35oC, the outside is the warmer surface. A sudden downpour or cold front reduces the outside air temperature to 16oC, the inside surface is now the warmer surface. Placing a retarder at both inner and outer surfaces may be the only solution in some climatic zones.
Basic Guidelines are: Identify the climate Identify whether it is heating or cooling or both Identify the means of transport, via air movement, capillary suction, visible wet liquid flow or vapour diffusion. Select moisture control options / applications for draining, venting etc..
17 CHAPTER 7: THE EFFECT OF MEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON CONDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE
All insulating materials have their strengths and weaknesses.
Natural elements such as heat, cold, dust etc, do not nullify Insulation materials effectiveness, yet will impact on the overall efficient performance of materials.
Dust on reflective foil surfaces is a weakness, and this is taken into account for all values published in this document.
Reflective foil works by division of air into two or more spaces.
Bulk/mass type product encapsulates small air or gas pockets within the body of the material.
Change in mean or operating temperatures impacts on the performance of all products and systems.
In-situ bulk/mass types may change in chemical makeup & stability, as a result of continuous exposure to heat.
Foils contribute to the effectiveness of bulk type insulation materials, by limiting the amount of heat that enters the roof / attic area.
Creep: Expansion, results in the mechanical strengths of the products weakening and leading to break- up of a percentage of the (Styrenes) material, or continues to creep causing the material to bulge.
Thermal Drift: Low conductivity or high resistance values will be affected when the gasses forming or captured within products is replaced by air. (Poly Isocynurates)
Chemical (1): Catalyst included in the make-up of products to produce or form air like pockets, induces a chemical reaction with the roof material, especially so in the presence of moisture.
Chemical (2): Resin binders in the make- up of fibrous type materials react electrolytically to certain metals such as stainless steel.
Moisture: Moisture or visible wet increases the conductivity thereby lowering the resistance to heat flow, for mass/bulk type materials, once moisture evaporates the bulk insulations values normalize.
Facings -These should preferably include a sheet of foil.
1. Metalised facings, where the carrier of the metalising has little resistance to moisture, will result in moisture vapour causing the metalsing to oxidize (rust) resulting in a complete change in character or value in addition to appearing as water stains.
2. Applying a Foil facing to a product slows down the entry of moisture or escape of gasses. It may well add value to the thermal performance.
The Effect of Mean Temperature change on Conductance and Resistance of Bulk Products
A 50mm thick product having a density of 12kg/m³
naeM ecnatcudnoC ecnatsiseR erutarepmeT 01 oCm(/W830.0 .K²) m(23.1 . W/)K 52 oCm(/W140.0 .K²) m(22.1 . W/)K 05 oCm(/W840.0 .K²) m(40.1 . W/)K
18 The table is illustrative of the apparent effects on an open cell fibrous product, due to change in Mean temperature.
naeM m(/WniytivitcudnoClamrehT . ³m/gKniseitisnedwolebehtrof)K erutarepmeT eergeD oC 01 21 61 81 02 42 03 23 63 84 06 46 08 69
1 06830. 0430. 0330. 0230. 0130. 0030. 0030. 0930. 0920. 0020. 0030. 0130. 0130. 30.0
01 08040. 0630. 0530. 0430. 0230. 0130. 0030. 0030. 0030. 0130. 0130. 0330. 0330. 30.0
52 01440. 0940. 0830. 0630. 0530. 0330. 0330. 0230. 0130. 0230. 0230. 0330. 0330. 30.0
05 08550. 0440. 0340. 0140. 0940. 0730. 0730. 0630. 0530. 0630. 0630. 0730. 0730. 30.0
57 09460. 0150. 0850. 0640. 0340. 0040. 0040. 0940. 0730. 0730 0830. 0030. 0040. 40.0
001 05470. 0760. 0350. 0150. 0750. 0440. 0440. 0340. 0140. 0140. 0340. 0340. 0340. 40.0
Therefore to achieve the same resistance to energy transfer of 1.32 W/(m².K) at mean temperature of 50oC the material will have to increase by as much as 26% compared to the thickness at 10oC mean.
Ideal climatic conditions, such as those which exist in laboratories and apparatus where products are evaluated to determine their abilities to resist heat / cold flow simply do not exist in practice.
To date, air movement, moisture and dust as examples are not always simulated so as to produce real conditions in practice.
Values for ‘R’ resistance and ‘C’ conductance are given as guidelines and reference. All values irrespective of Bulk/ Mass or Reflective Foils must be regarded as ‘APPARENT’ values.
As Reflective Foils depend on the conditions of their surfaces together with the thickness and orientation of air spaces, so to do Bulk/Mass types depend on their thicknesses and densities. Irrespectively, all depend on the temperature difference as well as the operating/mean temperature
Failures are generally the result of accelerated ageing due to heat or UV, fracturing, tearing, foil fracturing and peeling away, delamination due to expansion and contraction as well as poor workmanship, etc. It is therefore most important that products comply with SANS 1381 part 4 and that the workman are truly qualified to perform the installation.
The efficiency of the performance of bulk/mass (table above) insulation materials are determined by their thicknesses, densities, operating temperatures, compression and orientation (heat flow direction through a material). Establishing the values of conductivity or ‘k’ factor is generally by laboratory test method. Once the ‘k’ value or ‘C’ conductivity is established it is quite simple to calculate the ‘R’ value (resistance to heat flow), by dividing the ‘C’ value into the thickness of the material.
Thickness 50mm = R-Value 1.316 W/(m².K) k 0.038
19 CHAPTER 8: CALCULATIONS
8.1 Methods and values for Calculation of Heat Flow
The ability of Mass or Bulk materials to slow down or reduce the rate of energy flow, reducing the percentage of heat gain or loss, is dependent on their 'R' Resistance value to energy flow, which is based on the materials ‘k’ value or conductivity 'C' value. An 'R' Resistance value is reciprocal of the 'C' conductivity. 'C' and 'R' are dependent on the thickness, density and temperature (mean). Once the “k” value is determined by laboratory test method and procedures, the R-Values can be determined by the equation:
‘R’ = thickness of material Conductivity
A 12mm thick Gypsum board is calculated thus
0.012mm = R = 0.071 (m². K)/W 0.17 ‘C’
As a “k” value (see definitions) cannot be determined for Reflective Membranes separately, the heat gain or loss is evaluated by calculating the ‘U’ value, being the amount of energy flow per degree centigrade difference in watts between the air on one side of the component and the air on the opposite side of the component, such as a roof assembly. The ‘U’ value will therefore include the Thermal Resistance of all the individual material components, as well as all air spaces and air surfaces internally and externally.
Thermal Transmittance - ‘U’ value of a system is determined on the following equation;- 1 u = 1 + 1 + (d1 + d2 + d3) + (1 + 1 + 1) W/(m².K) ho hi (k1 k2 k3) (a1 a2 a3)
Where ho and hi: = Outside air surface and inside air surface respectively d1, d2, d3, etc: = Density and thickness of bulk / mass material k1, k2, k3 etc: = Conductivity 'C' of the materials a1, a2, a3 etc: = thermal conductivity of air spaces.
8.2 Surface Coefficients and Resistance Values
seulaVecnatsiseRdnastneiciffeoCecafruS:1elbaT noitceriD ecafruS eulaV-R ecafruSfonoitisoP fo tneiciffeoC ²m( . W/)K wolftaeh ²m(/W . )K tneiciffeoCecafruSriAlanretnI evitcelfernon–lacitreV.1 latnoziroH 4.9 601.0 evitcelfernon–latnoziroH.2 drawpU 0.11 190.0 evitcelfernon–latnoziroH.3 drawnwoD 8.6 741.0 50.0foytivissimehtiwedisrednuhtiw–latnoziroH.4 drawnwoD 3.1 967.0 50.0foytivissimehtiwedisrednuhtiw–latnoziroH.5 drawpU 3.4 332.0 50.0foytivissimehtiwlacitreV.6 latnoziroH 2.3 313.0 evitcelfernon–secafruslanretxE.7 snoitceridllA 0.02 050.0
20 8.3 Air Spaces, Coefficients, Thermal Conductance s and Resistance Values seulaVecnatsiseRdnas.ecnatcudnoClamrehTstneiciffeoCsecapSriA:2elbaT noitceriD ecafruS eulaV-R ecapSriAfonoitisoP fo tneiciffeoC ²m( . W/)K wolftaeh ²m(/W . )K Vlevitcelfernon-lacitre H2atnoziro 61. 61.0 Hpevitcelfernon-latnoziro U465.7-8. 31.0-741.0 Hnevitcelfernon-latnoziro D3wo 59.5-2. 81.0-291.0 4pevitcelfernon-elgna5 U261. 61.0 4nevitcelfernon-elgna5 D7wo 55. 71.0 50.0ehtiwecafrusyradnuobreppufoedisrednu-latnoziroH aneromro>mm001ecapsriafossenkcihT. D8wo 006. 74.1 bnmm04ecapsriafossenkcihT. D0wo 191. 09.0 cnmm02ecapsriafossenkcihT. D8wo 16. 55.0 >mm02ecapsriafossenkcihT.d U6p 25. 83.0
8.4 Thermal Resistance of Air Spaces (m2.K)/W
C°6foecnereffiderutarepmeThtiwC°03naeM@secapsriAfoecnatsiseRlamrehT:3elbaT Hllatnoziro atnoziroH wolFtaeHfonoitceriD 2mmm0 4mm0 1mm00 2mm0 4mm0 m001 W508.0ehti 051. 051. 051. 051. 051. 1.0 ssenkcihtecapsriA mmni W105.0ehti 022. 022. 012. 022. 022. 2.0 noitatneirO lacitreV W702.0ehti 003. 084. 073. 003. 084. 3.0 sllaW W750.0ehti 045. 006. 076. 045. 006. 6.0 U))ssoltaeH(drawp niaGtaeH(drawnwoD W408.0ehti 041. 041. 051. 061. 061. 1.0 ssekcihtecapsriA mmni W005.0ehti 002. 012. 012. 042. 042. 2.0 54noitatneirO o W302.0ehti 033. 053. 073. 053. 044. 4.0 epolSfooRhctiP W850.0ehti 084. 024. 085. 005. 068. 7.0 U))ssoltaeH(drawp niaGtaeH(drawnwoD W308.0ehti 041. 041. 051. 071. 081. 1.0 noitatneirO W805.0ehti 091. 001. 012. 052. 082. 2.0 fooRlatnoziroH talF W802.0ehti 002. 023. 073. 093. 004. 6.0 W950.0ehti 023. 074. 084. 055. 049. 4.1
DEFINITION: “e” Emissivity - The ratio of power per unit area radiated by a surface to that radiated by a black body at the same temperature. A black body therefore has an emissivity of 1 and a prefect reflection has an emissivity of 0. THE EMISSIVITY OF A SURFACE IS EQUAL TO ITS ABSORBPTANCE
Air spaces in combination with reflective surfaces are an effective barrier to heat flow.
Depending on the orientation of the air space, the thickness and depth of the space is not always the defining factor, as can be seen in the table, that increasing the thickness of the airs space on a vertical plane beyond 40mm thick will not yield much improvement in thermal resistance.
For sloped orientation there is some improvement in the upward direction yet less efficiency in a downward direction, although ever so slight.
Increasing the air space thickness on an orientation horizontal plane from 40mm to 100mm thick has a positive impact for downward heat flow; there is however a very small gain in upward heat flow.
As is shown in the table on pages 35 (Walls), by increasing the number of air spaces in combination with reflective foils results in greater resistance to heat flow. 21 CHAPTER 9: DOMESTIC ROOF APPLICATIONS
9.1 Combinations - Best Practice: Radiant Heat Barrier/Reflective Foils and Bulk Insulation Materials
Combining Foils with Bulk Type Insulation;
Reflective Foil under roof cover as sarking and Bulk Insulation laid on ceiling complement each other.
Replacing standard non-reflective tile or roof under lays with a reflective foil membrane introduces distinct advantages in both thermal performance of the building and longevity of the roof assembly.
Foil is not affected adversely by excessive heat or UV Foil as insulation is many times more effective, thermally, than standard non-reflective membranes. Foils will keep the whole of the structure cool and by limiting the radiant heat to the attic space, reduce the increase in mean temperature supporting the bulk insulation to work more effectively as ambient temperatures increase, conductivity and the R-Values are negatively affected.
Bulk insulation will in turn slow down the heat loss to the attic space. Bulk further reduces the total cubic volume of air to be warmed in winter; both will contribute to the reduction of noise.
Cautionary notes: Insulation can add to the discomfort in a building unless certain precautionary measures are introduced. In summer, shading of all east, west and north facing windows is essential, Should this not happen radiant heat entering the building will, after insulating have no route of escape, trapping excess heat within the building. Radiant heat, prior to insulating, will now be substantially reduced therefore the need to allow entry through the window area in winter. Heat generated within the building will prior to insulating the ceiling area, migrate through the ceiling and attic area which contributes to the water system not freezing. SANS 204 recommends insulation to pipes and geysers, when insulating roofs and ceilings. Sound advice after insulation is introduced is, to ventilate the area, providing, the outside air temperature does not exceed the inside ambient temperature. Ensure that all windows, doors, etc, are sealed against draughts. Warm air will always migrate to the colder side therefore cold air replaces warm air flowing outward in winter and warm air will replace cool air flowing inward in summer. Air flow is as important in summer as winter.
22 9.2 Application: Domestic Metal sheet clad pitch 45o Roof - Reflective membrane and bulk material.
noitalusnIlioFevitcelfeRahtiwnoitanibmocnidesunoitalusnIkluBfoelpmaxE enarbmeMlioF noitalusnIoN teknalB/lioF ylnO taehfonoitceriD Srremmu Wretni Sremmu Wretni Sremmu etniW O5tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 050. 050. 050. 050. 050. 0.0 M009.eteehSfooRlate 000. 000. 000. 000. 000. 0.0 M-paGriAmm05ni -031. 920241. 0391. 41.0 R-50.0+09.0eenarbmeMLF ----- A9+>mm001gniliecehtotecapsri 041. 071. 154. 0783. 154. 83.0 1-teknalbssalgerbiFgk21xmm50 ---23.636.2 C5muspyGmm9draoBgnilie 050. 050. 050. 050. 050. 0.0 I709.etneiciffe-ocriAedisn 0141. 0790. 0141. 0790. 0141. 90.0 T²ecnatsiseR-'R'lato m( .K7W/) 0134. 0133. 129. 047. 495. 43.3 TmecnattimsnarTlamrehT'U'lato (/W .2 K9) 222. 320. 095. 123. 002. 3.0
Assumptions: Roof colour red or green On 50mm thick x 75mm pine timber purlins Ceiling flat 9mm gypsum Plaster Board fixed to rafter (tie beam) on 38 x 38mm timber pine Natural ventilated attic space not sealed Upper surface of foil grey (dust covered) Foil laid as sarking slightly ditched between the trusses fixed under timber purlins
Foils in combination with Air Spaces and component Materials
Each air surface and air space contributes to the total resistance of the system in combination with the roof and ceiling material.
As shown in the table introducing a reflective foil membrane reduces the downward heat gain into the attic space stabilizing the mean temperature, resulting in an improved performance of the system, adding longevity to the mass/ bulk insulation materials, as well as other services such as aging of electrical wiring.
23 9.3 Applications: Domestic Cement tile and Metal roof
See explanatory notes A-G on page 25
03erutarepmeTnaeM oC Srremmu etniW 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC drawnwoDtaeH-remmuS oN dradnatS )D(lioF oN dradnatS )D(lioF drawpUtaeH-retniW noitalusnI 59-e 50-e noitalusnI 59-e 50-e revoCfooReliT ecnairaVerutarepmeT A0tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistuO. 0050. 0050. 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 B4eliTfooRetercnoCkcihTmm02. 0420. 0420. 0420. 0420. 0420. 20.0 C059-e)1(ecapsriAmm04. 0500. 0571. 0071. 0100. 0141. 41.0 D550-e)2(ecapsriA>mm001. 0571. 0571. 1174. 0161. 0561. 83.0 E3muspyGkcihT-+mm9. 0350. 0350. 0350. 0350. 0350. 50.0 F7tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisnI. 0741. 0741. 0141. 0190. 0190. 90.0 S²eulaV-RLATOTmetsy m( .K9W/) 0444. 0426. 1829. 0873. 0315. 47.0 TmlatoTecnattimsnarTlamreh (/W .2 K3) 232. 1106. 0025. 2056. 1139. 53.1 emaSelitsecalperrevocfoorlateM* ²m(eulaV-RlatoT-ngised . riamm05W/)K 0**524. 0*006. 1*009. 0*453. 0*594. 917.0 pag -ecnattimsnarTlamrehTfooRlateM 27353. 1666. 0525. 2028. 2120. 93.1 m(/W .2 )K 24 Explanatory notes: Refer page 24 Tables and Diagram Values
A. Air passing over the roof cover has a cooling effect. R 0.050 (m².K)/W.
B. The Roof cover will absorb the radiant heat, conducted through the air and emit downward 90 - 95% of the heat absorbed. Tile R-Value 0.024 (m².K)/W Metal Roof R- value 0.000 (m².K)/W.
C. As all surfaces facing air space 1 are regarded as grey, the foil (dust covered) will receive and absorb 90 - 95% of the heat emitted radiated from the roof cover. This air space reduces the amount of heat through conduction. It is also a ventilated airspace. The natural air flow allows for hot air to flow up and outward. R 0.175 (m².K)/W.
D. This air space (2) provides the greater resistance to heat flow. The foil membrane, having absorbed all the heat 80- 95%, It in turn, provided the surface facing the attic space remains clean will only emit 5% of the total heat it absorbed to the air space between the underside of the foil and the upper surface of the ceiling. R 1.475 (m².K)/W.
E. The 9mm gypsum or other choice of ceiling material will provide resistance to heat flow. R 0.053 (m².K)/W.
F. As with the outside air surface, air passing over the inside surfaces will add a small R-Value against cooling/ heating. R 0.147 (m².K)/W.
TOTAL R- Value of the Roof System:- Summer R 1.92 (m².K)/W Winter R 0.743 (m².K)/W
Double sided foil serves a dual purpose, providing a waterproofing, dust proofing, insulation and U.V. Barrier. Product installed over rafters of the truss configuration, laid slightly ditched between rafters so as to eliminate and avoid dust build up and water ponding behind the upper vertical face and so reduce the risk of batten rotting.
Standard type membrane installed as water proofing and dust cover, adds minimum thermal values to the roof system, they have no reflective values facing the air spaces and has poor resistance to U.V.
Reflective Foil Laminate (RFL) / RMB Prior to fixing the roof - tile battens the contractor shall cover the whole roof area with reinforced aluminium foil. The RFL / RMB shall be longitudinally over the rafter working from the eaves to the ridge and lapped at joints.
If waterproofing is required for boxed eaves, the first run of material shall be brought over the tilting batten and turned down into the gutter. In the case of open eaves, the first run of material shall commence 100mm beyond the outer wall face.
Note: In this position the RFL/RMB, reinforced Aluminium Foil gives excellent waterproofing and thermal insulation. PROVIDING THAT THERE IS AN AIR SPACE BELOW THE RFL/RMB.
25 9.4 Applications - Domestic Low Pitch 10o Metal Clad Roof
senarbmeMlioF2snoitpOecapsriA3 niaGtaeHremmuS ssoLtaeHretniW 03erutarpemeTnaeM oC oN htiW oN htiW 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI O0tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 R0)degA(teehSfoo 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 A5mm05rewoL50-e,reppU08-e)1(ecapSri *571.0 0171. *141.0 41.0 F0)1(enarbmeMlio 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 A0mm051rewoL50-e,reppU50-e)2(ecapSri 0000. 1074. 0500. 83.0 F0)2(enarbmeMlio 0000. 000. 0000. 00.0 A0mm05rewoL50-e,reppU50-e)3(ecapSri 0000. 0019. 0500. 83.0 93gnilieCmuspyGkcihtmm 0350. 0350. 0350. 50.0 I7tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0741. 0141. 0190. 90.0 S²eulaV-RlatoTmetsy m( . W/)K 05524. 2508. 0533. 01.1 SmeulaV-UlatoTmetsy (/W .2 )K 27353. 0553. 2589. 09.0 ecapSriAelgniS*
Summer = Heat Gain - Winter = Heat Loss R-Values (Resistance) U-Value (Transmittance are for naturally ventilated Roof Space. In certain Climatic Regions, voids can lead to condensation, which may be reduced through ventilation. To achieve Energy Efficiency Levels, bulk insulation may be introduced in place of an air space. As the upper outer surface of the foil membrane, in combination with air space 1, will become dust covered, there is merit in sacrificing the air space in favour of a bulk/mass type insulation material. The foil membrane serves as a carrier to the mass/bulk insulation.
Examples
*Installing a 50mm thick insulation material having a conductivity of 0.040 W(m.K), will yield an R - Resistance value of 1.25 (m²K/W). The total R-Value for summer will be increased from 2.805 to 3.88 (m².K)/W. The total R-Value for winter from 1.105 to 2.214 (m².K)/W.
Increasing the air space from 50mm - 75mm and placing the purlin on edge using the same bulk / mass type insulation in the same position, we are able to increase the R-Value further again. R-Value of 75mm thick material being 1.88 (m².K)/W increasing the Resistance in both directions summer and winter by 0.63 (m².K)/W e.g. Summer 4.510 and Winter 2.844 (m².K)/W.
Caution In selected areas creating cavities may introduce or encourage the formation of condensation, consideration for the ventilation of these cavities is essential. Should the dew point however be at the underside of the roof cover, the foil membrane will act as a waterproof.
26 9.5 Applications - Domestic Exposed Beam Cathedral Roof
03erutarpemeTnaeM oC lioFediS2 lioFediS1 lioFediS2 lioFediS1 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC remmuS remmuS retniW retniW wolFtaeHfonoitceriD nwoD nwoD pU pU e0retuO-poTlioF e09.0 e09.0 e09.0 9.0e e5rennI-rewoLlioF e00.0 e59.0 e00.0 9.0e O009-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 M0teehSfooRlate 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 NecapSriAo ---- F0narbmeMlio e 0000. 0000. 000. 00.0 A9mm04-ecapSri 0209. 0591. 0083. 41.0 C0mm21-G&TrebmiTgnilie 0021. 0021. 0021. 21.0 I709-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0741. 0141. 0190. 90.0 T²nieulaV-RecnatsiseRlato m( .K6W/) 1922. 0605. 0146. 04.0 T²niecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m(/W .K6) 0518. 1869. 1445. 94.2 W²eulaV-RnoitalusnIonhti m( .K9W/) 0905. 0105. 0104. 04.0 :etoN foseulavevissime-'e'htiwecapsriaehtgnicafliofrofsisnmulocninwohssaseulavecnatsiser-'R'latoT .50.0
Notes: a) Cathedral Roof has limited air space for division into multiple air spaces. b) Cathedral roof has many individual isolated air pockets; this may lead to excessive condensation areas. c) General practice is for bulk or mass type insulation laid directly on top of the ceiling. d) Applying a foil membrane as a water proofing membrane will ensure longevity, as foils are seldom affected by U.V. or high hot temperatures. e) Beware of using untreated waterproofing membranes as many of the optional water proofing membranes harden, crack and tear over a very short period of time, as a result of U.V. and excessive Heat at pressure points.
27 CHAPTER 10: INDUSTRIAL ROOF APPLICATIONS
10.1 Application: Industrial Best Practice - Roof System Material Combinations - Thermal
wolFtaeHfonoitceriD Dddrawnwo rawnwoD ecnairaVerutarepmeT AeenarbmeMlioFoN. narbmeMlioFhtiW.B tneiciffeocecafruSriAedistuO 00050. 50.0 teehSfooRlateM 00000. 00.0 A-09.0=ehtiwkcihtmm04.1ecapsri 1.0 92 mm021senibmoc2+1.liofonecapsriA 0-291. F-enarbmeMlio - A-0.0-eliofhtiw>mm08,2ecapsri 5 74.1 1 lenapytisned³m/gk42,2xkcihtmm52 05526. 26.0 09.0-etneiciffeocecafrusriAedisnI 07741. 41.0 T²"R"ecnatsiseRLATO m( .K4W/) 1510. 84.2 S²ecnattimsnarTlamrehT’U‘latoTmetsy m(/W .K6) 0289. 04.0 :etoN sisnoitanibmocteknalBlioFdnaylnoenarbmeMlioF,snmulocninwohssaseulavecnatsiser-”R“latoT .yfilauqtonod50/0foseulavevissime-”e“rehgihhtiwecafrusrehtO.ecapsriaehtgnicafliofrof
Notes: a) With no foil in the system the ‘R’ value from the outside air surface to the top surface of the ceiling insulation panel is R 0.242 (m².K)/W, yielding a ‘U’ value thermal transmittance of 4.132 W/(m².K). b) The ‘R’ value of the system from the outside air to the top surface of the insulation panel, with the foil membrane included, is 1.713 (m².K)/W yielding a ‘U’ value thermal transmittance of 0.584 W/(m².K). Degradation of efficiencies due to the UV and excessive heat buildup, resulting in aging, delamination, bowing, creep etc. can be reduced or eliminated with the inclusion of Reflective Foil membrane. Dependant on the temperature of the roof sheet in summer, together with the temperature variance, the conclusion in theory and mathematical analysis, is the total heat reaching the insulation panel is reduced by some 84% by including Reflective Foil surfaces in the system combination, with very little risk of dust or tarnishing.
Cautionary: Risk of condensation with this system is high it is therefore necessary to determine at what surface/s condensation will occur so as to provide measures to reduce the risk; effective ventilation is a measure to consider. 28 10.2 Application: Industrial Single layer Double sided Radiant Barrier/Reflective Foil Membrane
T1
03erutarpemeTnaeM oC lioFediS2 lioFediS1 lioFediS2 lioFediS1 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC remmuS remmuS retniW retniW wolFtaeHfonoitceriD nwoD nwoD pU pU F0retuO-poTlio e09.0 e09.0 e09.0 9.0e e5rennI-rewoLlioF e00.0 e59.0 e00.0 9.0e O009-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 M0degA-teehSfooRlate 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 F0enarbmeMlio 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 I950.0-elioF-tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0-67. 0-2. 33 I-59-58-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0-141. 790.0 T²nieulaV-RecnatsiseRlato m( .K9W/) 0718. 0391. 0182. 41.0 T²niecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m(/W .K1) 1622. 5470. 3235. 90.7 W²eulaV-RnoitalusnIonhti m( .K7W/) 0791. 0191. 0141. 41.0 Initially a white roof sheet is clean and the foil top surface has no dust cover, the cooling effect will be pronounced however as the roof sheet ages and dust accumulates on the top surface of the foil the performance will deteriorate to the values as shown in the table. i. Laboratory tests do not make provision for the effects of dust; values must be accepted with caution, as they represent comparison only. ii. The values indicated below are extrapolated, based on well researched and documented values; they do make allowances for the effects of dust. iii. An air space between the underside of the roof cover and the upper surfaces of the foil as claimed is very much debatable, based merely on the sheet profile and material sagging between purlins, there is no allowance in the table for such an air space. The heat from the roof cover is conducted to the foil membrane. iv. The importance of a low emissive bright foil surface to the opposite side from the direction of the heat sources is again in evidence. v. The lower resistance to outward flow, generally viewed as weakness, is in fact a benefit in certain applications such as large bulk storage warehouses or factories where the general operation within produces excessive buildup of heat. Having a low resistance to outward heat flow any energy/heat above ambient will flow outward, allowing the building structure to perform naturally in cooling off at night.
29 10.3 Application: Industrial Single Layer Double Sided Foil Membrane Introducing a Thermal block
T2
03erutarpemeTnaeM oC lioFediS2 lioFediS1 lioFediS2 lioFediS1 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC remmuS remmuS retniW retniW wolFtaeHfonoitceriD nwoD nwoD pU pU e0retuO-poTlioF e09. e09. e09. 9.e e5rennI-rewoLlioF e00. e59. e00. 9.e O009-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 M0teehSfooRlate 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 A009-egnicafecafrusyerG-ecapSri 0091. 0191. 0171. 41.0 F0derevoctsudretuOenarbmeMlio 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 F950-etneiciffe-ocecafrusria,naelC-rennIlio 0-67. 0-2. 33 F-09-etneiciffe-ocecafrusria,etihw-rennIlio 0-11. 4790.0 T²nieulaV–RecnatsiseRlato m( .K0W/) 1700. 0483. 0224. 82.0 N²eulaV–RnoitalusnIo m( .K7W/) 0791. 0191. 0141. 41.0 W/eulav–UnoitalusnIoNhti W²m( .K6) 5670. 5270. 7290. 90.7
Cautionary measures may be required for certain applications in selected climate zones, Voids may encourage condensation.
Ventilation may be sufficient for some applications, for other selected zones and applications, it may be more suitable to fill the air space (gap) with bulk type insulation, if the underside surface of the roof sheet is maintained at the same temperature as the insulation, the dew point is generally at the top outer surface of the roof sheet.
Introducing a spacer or thermal block and thereby creating an air space with two reflective surfaces in combination with the inner underside being reflective provides for efficient thermal insulation, especially so in keeping the radiant heat out in summer, in selected climatic regions, where occupational hours during the day time is the main cause of discomfort.
30 10.4 Application: - Industrial Single Skin Roof Metal System with two Double Foil Membranes
T3
lioFediS2 lioFediS1 lioFediS2 lioFediS1 wolFtaeHfonoitceriD remmuS remmuS retniW retniW nwoD nwoD pU pU e0retuO-poTlioF e09. e09. e09. 9.e e5rennI-rewoLlioF e00. e59. e00. 9.e e5retuO-poTlioF e50. e50. e50. 0.e e5rennI-rewoLlioF e00. e59. e00. 9.e O009-etneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 M0teehSfooRlate 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 F01enarbmeMlio 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 A0kcihtmm04ecapSri 0019. 0552. 0083. 91.0 F02enarbmeMlio 0000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 I9tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0767. 0341. 0132. 90.0 T²nieulaV-RecnatsiseRlato m( .K9W/) 1727. 0844. 0166. 33.0 T²/WniecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m( .K) 0775. 8 2732. 1194. 20.3 N²eulaV-RnoitalusnIo m( .K7W/) 0791. 0191. 0141. 41.0
Notes: Existing Heat flow tests in accordance with SANS 1381 part 4 makes no provision for dust or orientation.
Present Procedure of testing is comparison of products.
The importance of a smooth double sided reflective foil is once again in evidence, despite the dust cover and loss of reflectivity of the uppermost surface.
31 10.5 Comparisons: T1, T2, T3 with and without Radiant Heat Barrier/Reflective Foils/Multiple Air Spaces
03erutarepmeTnaeM oC htiW tuohtiW htiW tuohtiW 6ecnereffiDerutarepmeT oC slioF slioF slioF slioF snosirapmoC T²eulaV-RecnatsiseRlatoT=1 m( . W/)K 07918. 0391. 0182. 41.0 T²'U'ecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m(/W . )K 16122. 5470. 3235. 90.7 W²eulaV-RnoitalusnIoNhti m( . W/)K 07791. 0191. 0141. 41.0
T²eulaV-RecnatsiseRlatoT=2 m( . W/)K 1700. 0483. 0224. 82.0 T²'U'ecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m(/W . )K 0499. 2885. 2653. 45.3 W²eulaV-RnoitalusnIoNhti m( . W/)K 07791. 0191. 0141. 41.0
T²eulaV-RecnatsiseRlatoT=3 m( . W/)K 17927. 0844. 0166. 33.0 T²'U'ecnattimsnarTlamrehTlato m(/W . )K 07875. 2732. 1194. 20.3 W²eulaV-RnoitalusnIoNhti m( . W/)K 07791. 0191. 0141. 41.0
Note:
Total 'R'-resistance values as shown in columns, is for foil facing the air space with “e” - emissive values of 0.05.
32 10.6 Example of Typical Industrial Installation Procedure & Specification Guidance
The application below is typical standard practice, i.e. industrial application with a single layer Radiant Heat Barrier/Reflective foil membrane installed in a building with a metal roof 22opitch
Purchasing of materials:
In accordance with the requirements of the SABS Standard, products supplied must be clearly marked on each package containing a roll(s) or on a label inside or securely attached to the package or to the roll, and have to supply the following information; a) the manufacturer’s name, and trade name or trademark, or both; b) the product standard and category designation; c) the batch identification or date of manufacture; d) the nominal length and width, in millimetres; e) the nominal and coverage area of the material in square metres; f) the nominal gross mass of the roll, in kilograms; and g) the fire classification shall be printed legibly on the roll and on the label.
Additional installation requirements: · Support Wire (straining wire) · Double sided adhesive tape
Notes: 1. Make allowance for cutting and waste 2. Always equal tension - Never over tension. 3. Once the roof sheet is permanently fixed in place the product must be turned down onto purlins leg face, at ridge and eaves permanently fixed with cover strip or adhesive.
33 Installation Specification Guidance
THE INSTALLATION SPECIFICATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MANUFACTURERS INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS.
Typical example of installation specification:
On completion of the erection of the steel structure, including the location and fixings of steel purlins, the contractor shall position, tension and fix the 14 gauge or 16 gauge galvanized support strainer wires,______per width of ______, directed:
The first support wire shall be located ______in from extreme end of top purlin (at ridge), tied securely and laid down to bottom purlin (at gutter), tensioned and tied. The support wires must run on top of purlins. (Tying is one method of securing support strainer wires, but any other approved method would be acceptable).
The Additional support strainer wires are to be located thereafter at ______mm centres, tensioned and permanently secured in a similar manner. ______aluminium foil insulation shall be laid from ridge to gutter purlin, commencing at extreme end of purlin, thus over running the first strainer wire by ______, shall be temporarily clamped to face of top purlin, pulled taut down to eaves and temporarily clamped in a similar manner to gutter purlin.
The contractor shall now proceed to locate and permanently fix the first run of roof sheeting, after which the clamps may be removed. Progressively the roof shall be clad with ______and the roof sheeting and permanently fixed as before, care being exercised to see that each run of ______overlaps the preceding by ______mm. A strainer support wire must now centrally support each side lap and the centre of each width of ______with the introduction of two additional wire supports at ______mm.
Note: Should end laps occur in a short run of ______these should be located, glued and secured at the top face of a purlin and not between purlin centers.
34 CHAPTER 11: WALL CONSTRUCTION COMPARISONS
Wall Construction Comparisons Using Radiant Barrier/Reflective Foil Membranes
rehtaeWrebmiT kcirByalC teehSlateM draoB reeneV nisnoitacilppAlioFrofsnoitpOevitartsullI oN lioF oN lioF oN lioF noitcurtsnoCllaW noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI noitalusnI A B C O0tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedistu 0050. 0050. 0050. 0050. 0050. 50.0 mm52egarevallaWdraoBrehtaeWrebmiT 07761. 0061. 0000. 0900. 0931. 31.0 kcihT mm02secafrushtoB50.0=ehtiwecapSriA ----5.0 70 kciht 09.0=e,edisenO50.0=ehtiwecapSriA -00-03. 0-03. 00 51.0 2xkcihtmm02edisesreveR mm04secafrushtoB50.0=ehtiwecapSriA -00-046. 0--46. kciht 09.0=e,edisenO50.0=ehtiwecapSriA ------kcihTmm04edisesreveR 09.0=e)detalusninU(secafrusliofonecapSriA 0-051. 0-01. 50 0-51. secafrushtoB F-enarbmeMlio 000. 000000. 0000. 0000. 00.0 G1kcihtmm21draoBllaWmuspy 0170. 0170. 0170. 0170. 0170. 70.0 I6tneiciffe-oCecafruSriAedisn 0601. 0601. 0601. 0601. 0601. 01.0 N²eulaV-RlatoT-noitalusnIo m( .K4W/) 0-745. 0-673. 0-15. W²eulaV-RlatoTnoitalusnIhti m( .K-4W/) 1-733. 1-661. 80.1 T²eulaV-U-ecnattimsnarTlamreh m(/W .K8) 1038. 0357. 2756. 0858. 1139. 29.0 W²eulaV-RlatoTsnoitpOdeddahti m( .K-4W/) 2-771. 2-600. 05.1 eulaV-UlatoTsnoitpOdeddahtiW ²m(/W . )K -00-864. 0-494. 66.0 In certain applications and climate regions the foil products provide a vapor barrier if so required.
In selected climatic regions as well as for certain applications the air spaces (voids) should provide for ventilation, e.g. a perforated foil membrane is a preferred option, so as not to restrict capillary action. A value of ‘R’ is for untarnished clean reflective surfaces
For buildings that have a overhang (Canopy verandah) shading a percentage of the upper side of the wall and direct radiant heat strikes the lower part of the outside wall, convectional thermal heat flows may develop in the air cavities, providing a free flow of air between the cavities so as to minimise the risk of condensation taking place, as well as a free flow of capillary action to take place.
Optional added Foil surfaces by installing foils to inside surfaces of both outer and inner walls.
35 CHAPTER 12: APPARENT TYPICAL THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING AND INSULATION MATERIALS
ssenkcihT eulaV-K egarevA ytisneD eulaV-R epyTlairetaM mm m(/W . )K eulaV-C ³m/gk ²m( . W/)K sroolF mm56-deercS+balsetercnoC 1556&00 13. 2023 11.0 mm561=balsmm001revodeercs 740.0 S0enots&levarg,dna 190 15.2-4. 201. 042
460.0 S5enotS&levarg,dna 162 15.2-3. 109. 422
enotsemiL 560 10. 2142 30.0 daperbif&tepraC 073.0 daprebbur&tepraC 022.0 C2kcihtmm2.3elitkro 36. 0440.0-240. 0640. 1371-63 70.0 mm52ozzarreT 410.0 V4tlahpsa,muelonil,lyniv,rebburlyni 22010. 1021 21.0 W4mm91)sdoowdraH(doo 2201. 1021 21.0 sllaW B4yalcderifskcir 171 144.1-12. 103. 2004 80.0 B4skcir 101 183.1-70. 101. 2742 90.0 B4skcir 151 088.0-17. 007. 1567 10.0 B4skcir 131 085.0-34. 004. 1482 20.0 P3rgadnas,tnemecretsal 12087. 10.0 revoCfooR C9mm91elityal 14008. 1329 20.0 S3mm31etal 1917.1-4. 13. 28272-365 00.0 W3selgnihsdoo 12062.0-01. 011. 3108-86 80.0 M3)leets(teehSlate 507058 00.0
36 ssenkcihT eulaV-K ytisneD eulaV-R epyTlairetaM mm m(/W . )K ³m/gk ²m( . W/)K )erutarepmetgnitarepodnassenkciht,ytisnedottcejbus(noitalusnI E0enerytsylopdednapx 5 730.0 61 53.1 05 530.0 42 34.1 05 330.0 63 25.1 E0enerytsylopdedurtx 540620. 380.2 E0dedurtxE/dednapx 590620. 235-9 7.1 galSkcoRsttab/teknalb:erbiflareniM 580 0630. 2-81 23.1 G0dednoberbifssal 500840. 151-0 2.1 E0dednobetilrePdednapx 520650. 1269.0 U0enahtar 560020.0-320. 204-4 0.2 P0llecdesolcciloneh 570210. 349.2 P0llecnepociloneh 530530. 223-9 5.1 P0erbifretseylo 570340. 16.0 0.1 M5dednob–nisererbiflarei 220040. 204 06.0 M5elitcitsuocaerbiflareni 230050. 324 74.0 M5elitcitsuocaerbiflareni 200050. 209 05.0 mm7.21elitenacrodooW 022.0 mm0.91elitenacrodooW 033.0 C0rednibtnemechtiwdoow;erbiftneme 560070.0-270. 4034-08 46.0 lliFesooL C0repapdellimerbiFcisolulle 560140.0-930. 385-7 1.1 V0etilucimre 580060. 1431-01 7.0 V0etilucimre 530960. 696-4 7.0
37 ssenkcihT eulaV-K ytisneD eulaV-R epyTlairetaM mm m(/W . )K ³m/gk ²m( . W/)K deilppayapS *maofenahterU 460 0020.0-320. 234-4 6.1 C0erbifesolulle 490640.0-240. 589-6 8.0 G0erbifssal 490230.0-830. 547-6 0.1 sgnileC G6mm000.6draobretsalp/muspy 031. 7959 30.0 G5mm005.9draobretsalp/muspy 97. 031. 969 5.0 G7mm007.21draobretsalp/muspy 17.2 031. 959 70.0 G9mm009.51draobretsalp/muspy 17.5 031. 949 9.0 slenapniyal/seliT mm7.21citsuoca/nialP 2009 22.0 mm00.91citsuoca/nialP 2009 33.0 P6draobpihc/elcitra 150031. 800 21.0 gniliecdesserplateM 503 7058 00.0 A0eterchs 51066. 1243 80.0 A5tnemeCsotsebs 24026. 1906 30.0 A0elittlahps 2313. 2542 10.0 W0doo 520120-01. 3308-86 13.0 S2draoberbiftfo 180450. 276 02.0 H6draobdra 01.21012 30.0 ssalG W65ssalgwodni 037. 2884 00.0 teehSfooRlateMotnodeyarpsyltceriddednemmocertoN*
38