Chapter 11 Energy Efficiency
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Investigation of the Impact of Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use
NISTIR 7238 Investigation of the Impact of Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use Steven J. Emmerich Tim McDowell Wagdy Anis NISTIR 7238 Investigation of the Impact of Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use Steven J. Emmerich Building and Fire Research Laboratory Timothy P. McDowell TESS, Inc. Wagdy Anis Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Building Technologies June 2005 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Hratch Semerjian, Acting Director ABSTRACT This report presents a simulation study of the energy impact of improving envelope airtightness in U.S. commercial buildings. Despite common assumptions, measurements have shown that typical U.S. commercial buildings are not particularly airtight. Past simulation studies have shown that commercial building envelope leakage can result in significant heating and cooling loads. To evaluate the potential energy savings of an effective air barrier requirement, annual energy simulations were prepared for three nonresidential buildings (a two-story office building, a one-story retail building, and a four-story apartment building) in 5 U.S. cities. A coupled multizone airflow and building energy simulation tool was used to predict the energy use for the buildings at a target tightness level relative to a baseline level based on measurements in existing buildings. Based on assumed blended national average heating and cooling energy prices, predicted potential annual heating and cooling energy cost savings ranged from 3 % to 36 % with the smallest savings occurring in the cooling-dominated climates of Phoenix and Miami. -
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The trusted partner that clients continually rely upon to solve their most complex design challenges and building issues serviced through an exceptional consultant experience. WE DELIVER SUSTAINABLE BUILDING SOLUTIONS WHILE RESPECTING ASPIRATIONAL PROJECT GOALS. WE BUILD LASTING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OUR CLIENTS, COLLABORATORS, AND EACH OTHER. WE ARE FOCUSED ON PROJECT EXECUTION AND EXCEL AT CLIENT DELIVERABLES AND CONSULTING SERVICES. Firm Profile DeSimone Consulting Engineers provides high-quality structural engineering, facade consulting, and forensic services, in addition to risk management and construction claims consulting for all types of buildings. Known for the highest quality of service, the firm provides each client with personal, dedicated, and inspiring engineering solutions. Founded in New York City in 1969, the firm is organized to support clients around the country and around the globe with offices in the United States, South America, and the Middle East. To date, DeSimone has designed over 10,000 projects in 44 states and 55 countries. Our project portfolio demonstrates the firm’s dedication to pursuing and developing superlative structures. The firm is also consistently listed on Engineering News Record’s Top 500 Design Firms. DeSimone produces extremely efficient designs and is known for creative thinking and for outright innovation. The firm combines cutting edge technology with seasoned experience to provide professional services unmatched in the industry. DeSimone’s approach is process driven, utilizing an open office, collaborative design environment. Technology, communication, and responsiveness are key strengths that facilitate the firm’s commitment to exceptional service, and engender the creation of a better-built environment. Global Presence DeSimone has offices throughout the United States, the Middle East, and South America. -
Insulating Basements: Part 1 Fundamentals
The Pennsylvania Housing Research Center Insulating Basements: Part 1 Fundamentals Builder Brief: BB0510 Brian Wolfgang, PHRC Fellow INTRODUCTION HEAT FLOW The perception of a basement has changed Heat flows from warm to cold. Heat flow can take significantly over time from basic utility space to a place through any of the following mechanisms and space that is habitable or can easily be converted to a typically includes a combination of all three: habitable space. This shift in expectation has presented numerous challenges to builders as 1. Conduction: Heat flow through a substance basement walls are fundamentally different from or material by direct contact. traditional above-grade walls. 2. Convection: Transfer of heat through air when considering building enclosures. With residential construction, it is not only important 3. Radiation: Transfer of heat through to understand the building process but also the electromagnetic waves travelling in a gas or science behind it. A solid understanding of the vacuum. physics of heat and moisture will allow builders and designers to produce more efficient structures. It will Although heat transfer through conduction tends to also allow for building components to be evaluated govern in basement walls, convection caused by air as parts of a whole system. leakage into or out of a structure (caused by negative or positive pressurization) can result in significant Insulating Basements consists of three PHRC amounts of heat loss or gain. Builder Briefs addressing fundamental building physics, basement wall materials, and basement wall Special Considerations systems. This first brief describes the fundamental building physics concepts that play a role in the Although many design methods are based on the performance of a basement wall system. -
Home Performance for Solar Professionals and Solar Decision Makers Introduction Welcome to Home Performance for Solar
Home Performance for Solar Professionals and Solar Decision Makers Introduction Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Who am I? • Home Energy Nerd • Passionate Environmentalist • 15+ Years in Solar and Cleantech • 10 Home Energy / Solar Certifications • Energy Auditor – 1000+ Energy Audits • General Contractor, Electrician – 100+ Whole Home Upgrade • Solar Consultant for Leading San Diego Based Companies • Regional Manager for Enphase Energy Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Outline for the Course 1. What does a value-based transaction look like in the solar industry? 2. Why home performance can have such a big impact on a solar project? 3. What are some of the basic principals of home performance? 4. What is the approach you can use to understand where the opportunities are? 5. What solutions are the most commonly effective on the efficiency side? 6. What is the future vision for the home’s energy systems? Summary: What are the highlights from this course that will enable the design of great home energy projects. Welcome to Home Performance for Solar Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this training, participants will be able to… 1. Assess any solar energy project through a “whole home” approach. 2. Apply new tools to increase value created through any solar energy project. Bonus: 3. Move forward with a new/expanded passion for home performance. Value: What does a value-based transaction look like in the solar industry? Value Why are we talking about value here? • Today we have solar professionals and homeowners together!!! • Ultimately there will be a certain level of value for each project. -
Radiant Insulation Solutions Radiant Insulation Solutions Now More Than Ever
Fi-Foil Radiant Insulation Solutions Radiant Insulation Solutions Now more than ever... COMMERCIAL Architects, Builders and Homeowners are demanding superior energy-efficiency, comfort, value, along with safe, sustainable building materials. Building Green For more than 25 years, Fi-Foil has been committed to the principles of sustainable construction. Our radiant barrier and reflective The Fi-Foil Family of insulation products are Energy Star® compliant, and meet or exceed Insulation Products various performance and code criteria established by national, regional and local governing bodies. Fi-Foil products can also contribute LEED credits for "Energy, Materials & Resources," confirming our After more than two decades of service, Fi-Foil continues to lead the industry in radiant insulation solutions for commercial buildings. commitment to you, the industry and our world. Fi-Foil’s two main product categories are: • Reflective Insulation • Radiant Barriers Reflective Insulation uses layers of aluminum foil, paper and/or plastic to enclose a building For more information, visit our website at cavity. These layers form reflective air spaces that greatly reduce radiant heat transfer and heat flow www.FiFoil.com. by convection. Radiant Barriers are primarily used in a vented cavity to reduce radiant heat transfer, which is often the primary method of heat gain and loss in a structure. P.O. Box 800 Auburndale, FL 33823 Toll-free 1-800-448-3401 863-965-1846 Fax 863-967-0137 Our Solutions Reflect on You Fi-Foil Radiant Insulation Solutions - Commercial Masonry Wall Insulation Metal Building Insulation Roof/Attic Radiant Barrier Leading energy-efficiency experts recognize radiant barriers as an energy-saving technology and a key • Replaces or Complements Foam Board or Foam Filled Cavities component to an energy-efficient home. -
Air Space R-Value
Evaluation of Reflective and Non-Reflective Airspaces for Energy Code and FTC R-value Rule Compliance ABTG Research Report No. 1601-02 Conducted for the Foam Sheathing Committee (FSC) of the American Chemistry Council Report Written by: Applied Building Technology Group, LLC appliedbuildingtech.com Final Report: September 19, 2016 Updated: January 14, 2021 ABTG is an APPROVED SOURCE This research report is based on practical scientific research (literature review, testing, analysis, etc.). This research report complies with the following sections of the building code: IBC Section 104.11.1 and Section 1703.4.2 – "Research reports. Supporting data, where necessary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid research reports from approved sources." IBC Section 202 – "APPROVED SOURCE. An independent person, firm or corporation, approved by the building official, who is competent and experienced in the application of engineering principles to materials, methods or systems analyses." Applied Building Technology Group, LLC | 6300 Enterprise Lane, Madison, WI 53719 | 608-310-6710 | appliedbuildingtech.com Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ page 3 Background ........................................................................................................................ page 3 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... -
Effects of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Tallwood Building Envelope
buildings Article Effects of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Tallwood Building Envelope Maurice Defo * and Michael A. Lacasse National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the potential effects of climate change on the moisture performance and durability of massive timber walls on the basis of results derived from hygrothermal simulations. One-dimensional simulations were run using DELPHIN 5.9.4 for 31 con- secutive years of the 15 realizations of the modeled historical (1986–2016) and future (2062–2092) climates of five cities located across Canada. For all cities, water penetration in the wall assembly was assumed to be 1% wind-driven rain, and the air changes per hour in the drainage cavity was assumed to be 10. The mold growth index on the outer layer of the cross-laminated timber panel was used to compare the moisture performance for the historical and future periods. The simulation results showed that the risk of mold growth would increase in all the cities considered. However, the relative change varied from city to city. In the cities of Ottawa, Calgary and Winnipeg, the relative change in the mold growth index was higher than in the cities of Vancouver and St. John’s. For Vancouver and St. John’s, and under the assumptions used for these simulations, the risk was already higher under the historical period. This means that the mass timber walls in these two cities could not withstand a water penetration rate of 1% wind-driven rain, as used in the simulations, with a drainage cavity of 19 mm and an air changes per hour value of 10. -
780 Cmr: State Board of Building Regulations and Standards
780 CMR: STATE BOARD OF BUILDING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 780 CMR: MASSACHUSETTS AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2009 CHAPTER 13: ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1301.1.1 Replace as follows: 1301.1.1 Criteria. Buildings shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the International Energy Conservation Code 2009 (IECC 2009) with Massachusetts Amendments as follows: 101.2 Add a second sentence as follows: These Massachusetts Amendments, intended to expressly apply to IECC 2009, are also to apply in intent to ASHRAE 90.1. 101.5.2 Change title of this section to read: 101.5.2 Low Energy Buildings and Exempt Buildings. 101.5.2 Add 2 exemptions as follows: 3. Portions of aircraft hangars where aircraft are housed or stored and/or aircraft servicing, repairs or alterations may occur are exempt from the provisions of Chapter 13 of the International Building Code 2009 with Massachusetts Amendments (780 CMR 13.00). 4. Greenhouses that are free-standing, or attached to a building and separated by a wall having the same thermal value as an exterior wall, and provided with a separate temperature control system. 101.5.3 Add subsection: 101.5.3 Heating, Pumping, Process Piping and Refrigeration Systems. Heating, pumping, process piping and refrigeration systems shall be installed by contractors and personnel appropriately licensed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Engineered designs and specifications prepared by registered design professionals shall identify systems requiring compliance with appropriate sections of M.G.L. c. 146 and the regulations of the Bureau of Pipefitters & Refrigeration Technicians found in 528 CMR. Shop drawings and design layout prepared by licensed installing contractors shall note the name(s), license number(s) and license expiration date(s) of the contractor(s) installing the heating, pumping, process piping and refrigeration systems. -
Tierra-Linda-Passive-House-Design
TIERRA LINDA Passive House Design About The Project In July 2014, Latin United Community Housing Association (LUCHA) led an interactive eco-charrette to generate and target sustainability goals for its new wellness-centered scattered-site housing development called Tierra Linda, located near the 606 Trail in Humboldt Park. The project kick-off brought together members of the LBBA design team with the maintenance staff, tenants, and neighbors of the future development and introduced the benefits of “green” housing and collaboratively developed a vision and strategies for the project. LUCHA incorporated key tactics into the development of Tierra Linda that supports the core theme of healthy living and wellness integrated amongst tenants and the community. The project has received Passive House certification—the first affordable multi-family housing type to achieve PH certification in Chicago! In addition to the Passive House 6-flat, the development also includes a “twin” building that is designed to comply with code-minimum energy requirements which will allow the team to compare energy usage between the two. What Is Passive House? Passive House is a building standard popular in Europe and Canada. However in recent years, Passive House Alliance launched a United States program aimed at making high- performance passive building the mainstream market standard. Passive building is made up of a set of design principles used to attain rigorous level of energy efficiency within a quantifiable comfort level. To that end, a passive building is designed and built in accordance with these five building science principles: 1. Employs continuous insulation throughout its entire envelope without any thermal bridging. -
Using Air Barriers in Masonry Walls
masonry walls BY CLAYFORD T. GRIMM, P.E Using Air Barriers in Masonry Walls ater in masonry relative humidity rises. When interior air Paul R. Achenbach provides an exam- walls creates nu- at 70° F and 50% relative humidity is ple of interstitial condensation in his pres- merous prolems: cooled to 50° F, its relative humidity in- entation “General Construction Principles,” freeze/thaw frac- creases to 100% and condensation occurs. Moisture Control in Buildings (ASTM In- tures, cracks form, In summer, the sun drives water vapor ternational, West Conshohocken, Pa., 1994, efflorescence ap- inward by diffusion or warm moist air is page 285). Wpears, wall stains, insulation failure, forced inward by convection towards an “Air-conditioned buildings constructed material swelling, wood warp, gypsum air-conditioned space, which diminishes of masonry block and finished with fur- decay, metal corrosion, paint peels, mold the air’s ability to hold water and increases ring strips, insulation, vapor retarder be- grows, mildew forms, and odors reek. its relative humidity. If air at 85° F and tween furring strips, and plasterboard in- Much thought is given to warding off 90% relative humidity is cooled just three terior frequently experience condensa- wind-driven rain by using wall drainage degrees to 82° F, its relative humidity in- tion on the back of the vapor retarder cavities, flashing, and weep holes. creases to 100% and condensation occurs. and softening of the plasterboard inte- However, little attention is given to in- Richard L. Quirouette in his paper “Dif- rior in humid and rainy climates. Even terstitial condensation that is often just as ference Between a Vapor Barrier and an though the masonry block is painted, ex- damaging. -
Vapor-Tight Barriers Pdf Download
THE USE OF VAPORTIGHT BARRIERS AS BASIS FOR HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION DESIGN Copyright Material IEEE Paper No. PCIC-(do not insert number) Allan Bozek, P.Eng Lin Duquette, P.Eng Allen Gibson Robert Seitz, PE Senior Member, IEEE Member, IEEE Member, IEEE Life Senior Member IEEE EngWorks Inc Alliance Pipeline Roxtec Group Artech Engineering 1620 49th Avenue, SW 800, 605 5th Ave SW 1340 Camelot Drive 23827 Homestead Rd Calgary, AB T2T 2T7 Calgary, AB T2P 3H5 Liberty, MO 64068 Chugiak, Alaska 99567 Canada Canada USA USA Abstract - This paper explores the use of vaportight barriers vaportight barrier as defined by the relevant hazardous area as basis for classifying hazardous locations. It reviews the classification standards and recommended practices. industry accepted definition of “vaportight” in accordance with standards and recommended practices and provides III. VAPOR BARRIERS IN THE CONTEXT OF A considerations for the specification, design and construction of HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION a vapor barriers. It also provides a test criteria and methods for verifying the integrity of a vapor barrier and provides A non-hazardous location may be located adjacent to a guidance on installing doors, conduit, cables and piping hazardous location where flammable gases or vapors may be penetrations through vapor barriers. A case example is present provided the locations are separated by a wall, floor provided to illustrate implementation of the concepts covered. and/or partition incorporating a vaportight barrier. Fig. 1 illustrates the use of the concept in the context of a Index Terms — Hazardous Area Classification, Vaportight modularized skid. Barrier, Air Barrier I. INTRODUCTION Vapor barriers may be used to separate non-hazardous locations from classified hazardous locations. -
Simulation of Convective Heat Loss Through Mineral Wool in a Rainscreen Facade
Simulation of Convective Heat Loss through Mineral Wool in a Rainscreen Facade M. Steven Doggett, Ph.D. and Robert F. Brunjes, AIA Built Environments, Inc., Stillwater, Minnesota, U.S.A. Abstract – This study applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine the effects of wind- induced convection through mineral wool in a ventilated rainscreen system. Wind studies of a conceptual low-rise building subject to a wind speed of 6.7 m/s demonstrated dynamic airflows and rainscreen velocities ranging from 0.1 to over 3 m/s. Localized pressure fields near cladding support framing increased air velocities within the mineral wool by one to two orders of magnitude. These high pressure regions, together with increased surface flows at corner domains, represented the primary pathways governing convective heat loss. Simulated convection through mineral wool slabs showed that even high density materials are prone to increased heat transfer due to air permeability into the open pore volume. Vertical and horizontal flow regimes at 1 to 2 m/s increased heat transfer by 4 to 42% over the range of simulated mineral wool densities. Gaps between and behind insulation slabs further increased the convective effects, resulting in heat flux densities that were up to 62% higher than non-gapped, impermeable insulation. The results of this study support growing recognition that exterior mineral wool must be protected from the detriments of convective forces. Alternatively, adjustments in effective R- values should be made when using un-faced mineral wool slabs. 1. INTRODUCTION convective forces within the rainscreen cavity, air permeability of the insulation, and continuity of The use of air-permeable fibrous insulation poses the insulation layer.