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Edmund WALLER

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Edmund WALLER The English SocietySooiety of Japan EDMuND WALLER 竹 友 藻 風 る に い て そ の 頽慶期 を成 して ゐ る 、 Elizabeth朝 の あ と を受 け 、 あ 意 味 於 一 一 に intellectualな もの 當 の 人 の 所謂 十 七 世 紀 の 丈學 を邇 じて 、 般 時 ‘ ’ ‘ ’一 い す るや う に な り、 wit と eloquence が 、 次 第 に著 し 風潮 を形 成 の exu − 之 に 反 して emotional な もの や imaginative な もの が や うや くそ に の beranceを失つ て 行 つ た。 もと よ り如何 な る時代 の 丈 學 も 或 程 度 V ・ こ で emotion と或程 度 の intellectの 存 在 す る こ とは 言 ふ ま で もな と あ つ る Marlowe の に り、 代 に 依 て 常に推移す 。 るが 、 そ の 程 度 比率は 人 依 時 Marlowe よ は Shakespeareよ り も intellectualで あ つ た。 然 しなが ら・ inte11ectualで つ た と言 ひ得 る で り も Ben Jens。 n の 方 が 更に 意識的 に あ Restorationに 至 る ま で の 間 の 大詩人 は Milton あ らう。Ben 工onson の 後 、 一 て へ Milton だ け は い つ も こ の 時代 の 般 の 傾向 よ り引離 し 考 な で あ る 。 一 の つ て る は Caroline poets の 人 け れ ば な らぬ さ ま ざま 理 由 を有 ゐ 。 彼 一 Cowley Dry− Restoration の 人 で もな い 。 Donne ， ， で もな け れ ば 、 poets 一一 て den Pope の に か に 出 した大 詩 人 英文 學 の 前後 を 通 じ ， な ど 上 邁 傑 一 の で あ る 然 し な が ら 、 そ の Shakespeare に 對立 す る 殆 ん ど唯 人 天 才 。 へ の で あ る か と 言 ば 、 内容 よ り も Miltonで す ら、 彼 の 詩 重大 な特 質は何 inspireせ の よ b も意 的 に 努 力 して 逹成 し 形式 、 無意 識 の 裡 に られた も 識 Nature た もの で あ る と言 は なけ れ ば な らぬ 。Shakespeare が で あ る とす τt る で は な で る と よ り、 そ の A は 單 な 技巧 れば 、 Milton は Art あ 。 も の の V ・ て emotional に い て も、 他 多 く く 、 imagination に 於 も 、 power 於 つ に す 、 よ り natural poets に 遜 色 の あ る も の で は なか た が 、 そ れ も係 ら ふ の で つ た Lamb ・ Hazlitt・ 以上 に 大 な る藝衛上 の 技巧 と 溝成力 を俘 も あ 。 Coleridge等 が Shakespeare と 同 じや うに Milton に 封 して 抱V ・ て ゐ た讃 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service The English SocietySooiety of Japan 304 竹 友 漢 風 の は に み ば ぬ Dryden Pope 仰 惰 常 顧 なけれ な ら 。 や に比 較すれ ば 、 比較1 1 の 來 な い くの が る こ 出 程多 詩的本 質 存 在 す と も亦事實で あ る 。 然 しな が ら 、 Miltonは 十 七世紀 の 詩 入で あ り、Elizabeth朝 の 全 盛 を既 に 過 去 の も の と す る時代 に 終始 した こ と も亦疑 ふ こ とが 出 來 な い 。過 去 に 對 す る 關係 に 於 い て Milton は そ の の 人 と ん に つ て ゐ の 時代 詩 殆 ど同 じ立揚 立 る 。 そ 立 揚 を異 に して ゐ る の は未來に對す る關係 で ある。 ‘ ’ Milton の Art は所 謂 wit に 矚す る もの で は な い 。 Donne の 影響は 年少 の 頃 の 詩篇 On tlie Death Of Fair Itfant や ” σ 漸四 か Uymn の 中の 〃 zus 或 部分 ・ SirWaLterRaleighの 論 に俵 れ ば Co の 巾 の Lady が そ の 弟 “ ” の 逹 を見失 は せ た こ と に對 して 夜 を責め る 言 葉 中、 OthieviShNight よ り始 ま る 數行 が metaphysical poets の 詩 風 に 逝iい もの で あ る と い ふ こ と で あ る が 、 い つ れ に せ よ て 些 の で る に 、 極 め 細 な も あ 。 Milten は 多 くの metaPhysical PQets に 見 る や うな澄 明な style を發見 す る こ と が 出 來 な い ろ 】 や の い て 一 。寧 po ysyllable Latinism 多 、 極 め 難解 な もの 或意 味 2 ‘ ’ に 於 い て poetic jargonと も稱 へ 得 る もの で あ る 。 Milton の eloquence を否定 す る こ と は 出來 な い けれ ど も、 それす ら、 こ の 時代 の 詩人が次 第に 一 意 識 して 來た流暢 さ 表 現 の ．h の 秩序 と 明 断 と を爾 ぶ 所 の もの 一 で は 一 の harmony ふ べ 一 な く、 寧ろ 種 と も言 き もの 、 言葉 と言葉 、 意味 と 3’ 意 味 の な ん で に や 明瞭 輪廓 を包 全篇 鳴 り轟 く うな莊 重 な趣 を特色 とす る 。 IRomant 三c 。 etry の Miltonic Reviva1 p 初期 に 於 け る は そ の 有力 な 特徴で あ ら う。 2 11． ，C ． Grierson ： Tlte Backgeound E 怫 Literadeire ‘ The Meta ・ ∫ Of ゆ ， ‘ Poets ・r35 −6 ： ‘ in main re − physical ， PP Donne and ∫onson are probablア the spQnsib1e forthe unconventional purity and naturalness of their ［i．e ． the met εしphysical ， ， poets］dict亘on ， for these had both ‘ shake 駐 hands with Spenserian archaism and ‘ ， strangeness and with the Qf and of ， rhethoric the sonneteers poems IikeVenas and Adonis； and their style is uhtouched by ally foreshadowing of MiltQnic diction or the ” jargon of a later poetic vocabulary ． ‘ £ WP ・Ker ： Fonn avid Slyle Poetnyt ．122 ： ‘ magnificent and 3C in ， P ZPtcidasis not simple ．The censtruction the Qf is infalliblebut the tTansitions ， proportion parts， ； ， s mto be abrupt the mind is hu厘 θ to very 〜 Russe］1 ， d differentclimates James 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service The English SocietySooiety of Japan EDMUND WALLER 305 ’ 一 こ の の 若 し の や う な言葉が 許 され る もの とす れ ば 、 ＋ 七世 紀 般 詩 人 emotional eloquence は intellectUal eloquence で あ り、 Milton の そ れ は e1oquence で い で あ る と 言 ふ こ と が 出來 る で あ らう。 Art あ る 點 に 於 て 、 Milton Shakespeare 叉 意 識 した もの で あ る點 に 於 い て 、 は に 封 立す る も Elizabethan eloquence の で あ る に 係 らす 、 そ の eloquence は の 流 を diction style い Spenser Shakespeare の い 汲 み 、 と に 於 て や に 員ふ 所 多 こ の artist て の Milton は 十 の で る もの で あ る 。 點 、 と し 七 世紀 主潮 あ 所 spirit of spirit of の い に の 、 poetry に 封立 す る prose 新 し 展 開 全 然逆 行 一 す る 。彼 は最 後 の 人 に な る まで spirit of poetrア を 持 ち續けた。 そ の の こ の よ り へ て 理 が か つ た と は は な い の で あ 孤立 i姿は 、 意 味 考 も 由 無 思 れ る 。 − Intellectual eloquence spirit of prose の 新 しい 展 開 を示 した もの と 一 へ ・つ eloquence ば の う に は 假 に 稱 た 、 今 の は 、それ な ら 、 ど や な所 現 れ Milton 、 Milton た か と言 ふ に 、 と略 同時代 の 詩人 、 然 しなが ら とは 殆 ん ・ 一 ど比 較 を許 さ なV 程 の minor poet に 依 つ て 、 先 づ そ の 第 の 徴 候 を示 し − 一 た。Edmund Waller（i606 1687 ） は 般に heroic couplet の 創始 者 で あ る か の や う に 考 へ られ て ゐ る 。 Waller が こ の 詩形 の 創始 春 で あ る と 言 ふ こ と は 出來 な い 。英丈 學に於 け る最初 の heroic couplet は Chaucer に 依 つ ont and て 試み られ 、 Marlowe ， Slrakespeare， Drayton， 8ea Fletcher の の Waller こ な ど も、 そ 作品 何處 か に こ の 詩形 を用 ゐ た 。唯 、 の や うに 、 の の の 詩形 彫琢 に 心 を傾 け 、 彼 の 後 、 殆 ん ど百五 十 年 に 渉 る 長 い 時代 詩人 逹が 等 し くそ の 流に從 つ て 他 を顧み なか つ た ほ ど の 成果 を收 め た も の は つ い こ で 無か た と ふ とは 言 ひ得 る あ ら う。 ‘‘ But the excellence and dignity of it［i．e ． rhyme ］were never fully ‘ ， − ‘‘ LoweU u4m σng Boaks II M 三1セon ・284 ： The truth is Milton was a ， 勿 ， ， ， PP 5 ， harnlonist rather than melodist ．．．。Ihave spoken elsewhexe of Spensers fendness fbr as respects thoughts and extendS to 跚 離 sD and dilatation huages．1n Milton it 1 guage ， ， often to the single words of which a period is couposed ノ 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service The English SocietySooiety of Japan 306 竹 友 漢 風 known till Mr ． Waller taught it； he first made writing easily an art ； first showed us to conclude the sense most c 。 only in distitchs which ， ， in the verse of those before him runs on for so many together ， iines ， ” 1 that the reader is out of breath to overtake it． The 1？ieval つ と 、 Dryden は Ladies の Dedicatfonの 中 に 言 て ゐ る 。Waller の こ つ て て こ に野す る奪崇 念は れ に依 見 も知 る とが 出來 る の で あ るが 、 そ こ こ こ て ceuplet れ よ の も重大 な と は 、 に 認 め られ ゐ る distitch， 帥 ち heroic の で 2Elizabeth の の heroic couplet rtm −on − 特 性 ある 。 朝 詩人 用 ゐ た に は line つ が 多 く、 意 昧 も亦數 行 に渉 て 居 り 、 rhyme を除 け ば blankverse と こ の い の つ て Waller つ て 、 殆 ん ど相選 ぶ と ろ な も と な ゐる 。 に依 始 め られ Waller よ り後 の 詩人 に 依 つ て 完成 せ られ た heroic couplet は 一っ の dis− titch の に の sentence が の 一つ の 中 そ 終 る 。 爾 、 そ 上 に 、 distitchを形成 の 一 て 一 して ゐ る 二 行 中 の 行宛が 明確 に 分 たれ 居 り、 叉 、 そ の 行 は 眞 中 に pause を置い て 前後照應 す る や うな形 に な つ て ゐ るが 、 それ で ゐ て 支 つ 一 の 離滅裂 な もの とな て は な らぬ 、 近 代 叙情詩 に 於 け る sonnet の 理 一 法 は窮極 に 於 い て こ の 詩形 の 根本 的律動 を支 配す る 、 要 す る に 、 明噺 と せ へ の が の の で 優 雅 と を併 具 た も 尠 くと もそ 典型的 な も あ り 、 それ は や て へ が 、 こ の 詩形 の 特 性 と も考 られ た 。曩 に も述 べ た や うに 、 Waller以 の の 前 の 詩人 中 に も 、 部分 的 に は 、 Waner 以後 詩 人 の 志 した や うな趣 を こ の 詩形に 依 つ て 現は さ う と した もの が絶 無 で あ る と言 ふ こ とは 出 來 な い alandis 。 Drayton の ffif． Hereicall EPistles な どは Waller の それ に ・ distitch へ の overlap こ 劣 らなV 程 、 よ り distitch意 味 す る とが稀 で あ Lytton Strachey C £ Strachey Rope The り、 の 指 摘 し て ゐ る や う に ［ ， ， Leslie Stephen Lecture for エ ．23 Othello Pope g25， p ］、 の 中 に す ら、 が 3 書 い た と言 つ て も然 る べ き程 精確 な heroic couplet を發見す る 。 1Cf ． Essays tf bhn 」Dnydeza ed ． by W P Ker 1 ・ ／ ， ，． ， ， p ・7 2 Heroic ceuplet は iambic pentameter よ り成 る distitchの 特稱 で ある。 3Strachey の の Otltelto 1 i 155 −60 指摘 し て ゐ る は ， ， ， で ある。 “ She that in Wisdom nevcr was so frail 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service The English SocietySooiety of Japan ・ EDM UND W ALLER 307 Waller の 頃 の 詩 人 の 中に は Waller 以外 に も Tasso の 英譯者 Edward − Fairfax （d． i635 ）や Ovid の 英 譯者 George Sandys（1578 16 ，t4）の や う “ ” の の に と の stopPed couplet George SaintSbury を ゐ に 、 そ 作 品 中 ［ ］ 用 Sir Beaumont r583 − r623 つ た 者が あ り、 殊 に John （ ） に 依 て 、 こ の 詩形 の こ の の ・ 必 要 が痛 切 に 感ぜ られ 、 叉 、 詩形が そ 最 も精確 な形 に 於V て 使 用 1Waller の distitchは こ の が に じ て ゐ の せ られ た 。 れ ら 詩人 共 逋 感 た も を 代表 した の で あ る に 過 ぎ な い 。 て こ の couplet に る に spirit ef さ 、 heroic が 十 七 世紀 於 け 詩 現 は れ た “ prose と し て の 本質的 な意 義 は 何 で あ ら う。 Ibelieve that the main ’ influence was the the anti − reason of Wallers popularity and prosaic， which conceived fbr ・ Edmund Gosse imaginative， function he poetry と つ て る 2Waller の heroic couplet spirit of と の に は言 ゐ 。 と prose 間 特殊 一 の 關係 を認 め る こ と は決 して 私 個 の 私 見 を強 ひ る もの で は な い 。然 しな が ら何故 そ れが heroic couplet の 形 を と らな けれ ば な らなか つ た か と い ふ 一 こ とに 就 い て は精細 な碑究 を必 要 とす る。さ うV ・ふ 揚合 に い つ も第 の 典 へ の こ の の て ゐ 撮 と して 數 られ る は 、 や は り、 時代 丈學 を最 もよ く理 解 し ・ 、 Dryden の で る た 詩人 、 と V ふ よ りも寧ろ 批評家 言説 あ 。 曩 に 引用 した − rhyme Tke Rival ．乙adies の Dedication の 中 に 、 の 效用 を読 き 、 そ れ の repartees 一 が 記憶 を助 け る も で あ る事 、 叉 戲 曲に 於 け る に 種獨特 の 風 ， ， To change the cod s head for the sal mon s tai1； ， She that cQuld think and ne er disclose her mind ， ， See suitors fol1owing， and not look behind ； was a wight 正f ever such wight were She ， ， To suckle f・ ols and chr 。nicle small beer ， ・ Iago 1・149 L 160 こ の 言 葉 が の 言葉 で あ る こ と は 注意 に 値す る 。 以下 、 ま で ‘‘ つ DesdemQna の To do の 臺詞全體 が heroic ceuplet Vl な て 居 り sL160 は ” what 〜 つ と い ふ 問に 觜 す る 答 に な て ゐ る 。 I Sir ∫ohn Beaumont ： To 撚 加 を 吻 セ5 弓1 ‘ o耀 8 吻 去 施 Tne 」劭 物 8 ゲ 塊 薦 虍 Poetry・ 2G 。 sse ：・Fr ・m SlitikesPeαre to PvPe ・ ・ ， P 56 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service The English SocietySooiety of Japan 308 竹 友 藻 風 へ へ 一 致 を添 る もの で あ る 事 、 を數 た後 Dryden は次 の や うに 言 つ て ゐ る Jtalicsは の ゐ る の で 。 ［ 私 用 も あ る 。］ ‘‘ But that benefit which 工 consider most of it i．e ． rhyme because I ［ ’ ］ have not seldom found is that it beuftds and circzanescre bes ， thefanC7． For imagination in a is a facu正t so wild and lawless that Iike an poet ア ， high−ranging spaniel itmust ， clogs tied to it 1estit outrull have ， the judglnent・ The great easiness of blank verse renders the poet
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