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A Critique of International Relations and International Political Economy

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A Critique of International Relations and International Political Economy Imperialisms: A Critique of International Relations and International Political Economy By Brandon Joseph Tozzo A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Studies In Conformity with the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen‘s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada November 2012 Copyright © Brandon Joseph Tozzo, 2012 ii Abstract Theories of empire and imperialism have a long history in both the International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) literature. Yet both literatures have significant theoretical and methodological problems. IR scholars assume the American empire has a progressive role in the global system, promoting peace, security and prosperity. They divorce the ideals of America from its history of violence and exploitation. Alternatively, the IPE literature recognizes that capitalism is a driving force behind imperialism, but tends to ignore other determinants of American foreign policy. This dissertation aims to use an interpretation of Karl Marx‘s method of historical materialism to reconceptualize imperialism in the 20th and early 21st century. Building upon theories offered in the IPE literature, it argues there are three interrelated types of imperialisms at work: geopolitical, geocapital and capital imperialism. Geopolitical imperialism is when geopolitics is the main determinant behind foreign policy. This process is driven by international security concerns or domestic politics and often has few direct economic motivations. Geocapital imperialism is when the needs of capital accumulation coincide with the policies of the government. The third type is ―capital imperialism.‖ This process conditions countries and institutions through transnational corporations and international finance, such as bond markets, the repo markets, currency speculation and investment flows. The recent financialization of the international system has made this process of imperialism a much more rapid and disruptive international process. This thesis will place an emphasis on relations, context and history in order to provide a thorough understanding of the forces of imperialism with a particular focus on the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. iii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge numerous people for their support through my time as a student. In particular I would like to thank my supervisor Phillip Wood who guided me through my research and offered hours of advice on a wide array of academic and non-academic issues. I am certainly a better student, writer, researcher and teacher thanks to his supervision. I would like to thank Wayne Cox for his advice and support in this project, particularly on the first chapter. I would also like to thank Kim Richard Nossal, David Haglund and Grant Amyot at Queen‘s who offered their insights on this project. I further owe a debt to my colleagues throughout the years in the Queen‘s Master‘s and Ph.D program, in particular Stephen Noakes and Dru Lauzon for their years of friendship and camaraderie. This project was strengthened immensely from their suggestions and critiques. I would also like to acknowledge the students I have taught throughout the years –their energy and enthusiasm continues to ignite my passion for politics and social research. Thanks go my long time friends Dorian Mills and Robbyn Lindsay in London, Ontario for their moral support. I‘d like to acknowledge Jenna Willoughby for her years of love and patience as I went through this process. Finally, I would like to recognize an incalculable debt to my family, Joseph and Jill Tozzo, Eleanor Hobden, Jamie and Kyra Ellington and Graham Tozzo. Without the love from my friends and family this would not have been possible. iv Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………..........iv Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: The Co-optation of Mainstream IR for the Project of Empire………………...10 Chapter 3: Dialectic Historical Materialism: An Examination of Marx’s Method……..…44 Chapter 4: Imperialism in the IPE Literature………………………………….……………74 Chapter 5: Imperializing: The Transformations in the Global Economy………………... 104 Chapter 6: Imperialisms……………………………………………………………...……….179 Chapter 7: Imperialisms in the 21st Century……………………………………………….245 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..……….256 1 Every single empire in its official discourse has said it is not like all the others, that its circumstances are special, that it has a mission to enlighten, civilize, bring order and democracy, and that it uses force only as a last resort. And, sadder still, there is always a chorus of willing intellectuals to say calming words about benign or altruistic empires, as if one shouldn’t trust the evidence of one’s eyes watching the destruction and the misery and death brought about by the latest mission civilizatrice. – Edward Said.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has been the dominant capitalist country in the international system. It has been central to the expansion of capitalism into new markets and into new territories. While America has relied upon incentives, it also has at its disposal the most advanced military in the world to ensure the stability of the capitalist system. During the financial crisis of 2008, the United States was the source of crises, with the financial contagion spreading to the rest of the global economy. Since then, this superpower has been mired in poor economic growth with its political system seemingly unable to contend with these new problems. The relatively minor crisis in the American housing market has had far- reaching and dire ramifications in seeming unrelated parts of the world. The problems quickly spread to the Eurozone, which could soon be on the verge of collapse due to a series of sovereign debt crises. Even in East Asia, China has taken measures to ensure the continuity of its regime and the country‘s continued economic growth. The recession has highlighted that capitalism is a global system that interconnects disparate countries and peoples. And yet after all these difficulties with massive unemployment and an increase in poverty, capitalism continues and 1 Edward Said, Orientalism. (New York : Pantheon Books, 1978; 2003.): xxi. 2 expands unabated by meaningful political or social resistance. The costs of the crisis are borne by some of the poorest people, while investors and corporations receive tax cuts and government bailouts. Even the United States, the supposed empire and central network of the economy, seems powerless against the forces of global capitalism. The purpose of this dissertation will be to uncover the economic, social, and political processes of imperialism that led to the financial crisis and continue to condition governments and people in America and throughout the world. This dissertation aims to develop an approach that relies extensively on Karl Marx‘s method of Dialectical Historical Materialism (DHM) in order to present a superior examination of imperialism than is offered in either the International Relations (IR) or International Political Economy (IPE) literature. Too often approaches in the IR literature ignore capitalism as a global system that links together seemingly disconnected states and peoples. While at the same time, the IPE literature assumes that capitalism is the main cause behind the policies of the United States, rather than one of many determinants of American imperialism. The approach I will use recognizes that capitalism and imperialism are systemic and totalizing, but that they must be discussed in their historical context to be appropriately understood. The reason for rethinking this topic is of the utmost importance for political studies: if contemporary theories misrepresent empire or imperialism, then its problems will be ignored. It is even more pertinent at this time when capitalism is in crisis and the developed world is mired in recession. A theory that presents an alternative understanding of imperialism with its relationship to capitalism and the American state can lead to new methods and locations to challenge its expansion and exploitation. The use of the terms ―empire‖ and ―imperialism‖, in both mainstream International Relations and in the International Political Economy literature, have become more 3 commonplace. Scholars in mainstream IR often argue the American empire promotes international stability, free markets, and political liberalism; it is often viewed as benevolent, progressive and necessary in global politics.2 Mainstream scholars in IR cheer the promise of empire while downplaying or ignoring its failures and history of military force.3 Other scholars in IPE argue imperialism spreads conflict and violence, with America using military might to invade countries and expand markets. IPE often integrates production and the capitalist system in their analysis, but shares a number of assumptions with IR, emphasizing the actions of the United States government as the main agent that spreads capitalism. I argue that both literatures have significant empirical and theoretical weaknesses whose origins are to be found in their failure to deal with a series of methodological, epistemological, and
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