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A Study of Ancient Egyptian Themes in the Lyrics and Visual Art of Earth

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A Study of Ancient Egyptian Themes in the Lyrics and Visual Art of Earth ABSTRACT HUMANITIES BAILEY, TRENTON H. B.A. MOREHOUSE COLLEGE, 2008 M.A. CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 2011 KEMETIC CONSCIOUSNESS: A STUDY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN THEMES IN THE LYRICS AND VISUAL ART OF EARTH, WIND & FIRE, 1973-1983 Committee Chair: Thomas Scott, Th.D. Dissertation dated December 2017 By the mid-1970s, Earth, Wind & Fire (EWF) became one of the most commercially successful pop music bands in the world. Their dynamic sound thrilled listeners and their elaborate concerts captivated audiences. EWF stood out from other artists with their philosophical messages and their use of ancient Egyptian symbols and imagery in their visual art. The ancient Egyptian themes intrigued fans but drew criticism from others. This study examines the ancient Egyptian themes incorporated into the lyrics of the songs recorded by the band. This study also examines the ancient Egyptian symbols used in the EWF’s visual art, including album covers, music videos, and concerts. A content analysis was conducted to study the lyrics and identify themes related to ancient Egyptian spirituality. A content analysis was also used to study the visual art i and decipher what the symbols may signify. This research was based on the premise that Earth, Wind & Fire used their artistry to be a positive influence. When the lyrics and visual art were examined, the researcher found that they both contain themes of ancient wisdom and universal truths. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that EWF’s mission was to raise the consciousness of the world, and the way people responded is an indication that the mission was accomplished. The findings also suggest that the negative criticism EWF has received is unjustifiable. ii KEMETIC CONSCIOUSNESS: A STUDY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN THEMES IN THE LYRICS AND VISUAL ART OF EARTH, WIND & FIRE, 1973-1983 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY TRENTON BAILEY DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES ATLANTA, GEORGIA DECEMBER 2017 © 2017 TRENTON HARRELL BAILEY All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Two years of hard work brought this dissertation to an expected completion. I must express gratitude to those who helped make this journey more exciting than challenging. First and foremost, I must thank the Almighty Creator, without whose love and might, I would not have the desire or will to complete this project. This dissertation would not have been possible without the late, great Maurice White who created Earth, Wind & Fire, a band which produced great music and visual art that I found worthy to be studied for scholarship. My committee members are the people who helped me complete this work in a timely manner: Thomas Scott, Th.D., Stephanie Evans, Ph.D., and especially Marcellus Barksdale, Ph.D., my Morehouse brother who has been a mentor to me for several years. There are others for whom I must express gratitude. I would like to thank my family and close friends who supported me during this endeavor. I thank Dr. Samuel Livingston for serving as a mentor and advisor. I also appreciate my Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity brother and Morehouse brother, Dr. Anthony Neal, for his advice and encouragement. I commend my fraternity brother, Jerry Freeman, who once worked with Earth, Wind & Fire and provided crucial information. I appreciate the musicians who provided interviews: Verdine White, Ralph Johnson, Sheldon Reynolds, Morris Pleasure, Morris James O’Connor, and Wayne Vaughn. I give special thanks to musician James Paris for helping me in a special way and the personnel at Clark Atlanta University who assisted me in some manner. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 Black Arts Movement ....................................................................................... 3 Creation of Earth, Wind & Fire ...................................................................... 13 Classic Period.................................................................................................. 20 Everything Must Change ................................................................................ 31 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 33 Purpose ............................................................................................................ 35 Rationale ......................................................................................................... 36 Outline of Chapters. ........................................................................................ 37 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................... 39 Black Arts Movement ..................................................................................... 40 Earth, Wind & Fire ......................................................................................... 46 Funk Music ..................................................................................................... 49 African-American Music ................................................................................ 55 Popular Music ................................................................................................. 64 Ancient Egyptian Aesthetics. .......................................................................... 66 Rhetoric. .......................................................................................................... 76 III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 81 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 81 Rhetoric ........................................................................................................... 86 iv CHAPTER Research Methods ............................................................................................99 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 99 IV. VISUAL STATE OF MIND: EXAMINING THE KEMETIC THEMES IN THE VISUAL ART OF EARTH, WIND & FIRE ....................................... 101 Spirit .............................................................................................................. 109 All ‘N All ....................................................................................................... 111 Best of Earth, Wind & Fire, Vol. 1 ............................................................... 122 I Am ............................................................................................................... 124 Faces ............................................................................................................. 128 Let Me Talk ................................................................................................... 130 Raise .............................................................................................................. 135 Fall in Love with Me ..................................................................................... 137 Electric Universe .......................................................................................... 143 V. WHAT THE MUSIC SAID: ANALYZING THE KEMETIC THEMES IN THE LYRICS OF EARTH, WIND & FIRE ................................................ 145 Head to the Sky ............................................................................................. 150 Open Our Eyes .............................................................................................. 153 That’s the Way of the World ......................................................................... 156 Gratitude ....................................................................................................... 163 Spirit .............................................................................................................. 166 All ‘N All ....................................................................................................... 172 I Am ............................................................................................................... 184 Raise .............................................................................................................. 187 v VI. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 221 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Earth, Wind, & Fire (EWF) is one of the greatest bands in the history of African- American music. Since the band’s founding in 1969, they have sold more than ninety million records. This achievement makes EWF one of the best-selling bands of all time. They have also won numerous prestigious awards, including six Grammy Awards, four American Music Awards, and three Lifetime Achievement honors.1 EWF is one of the first African-American popular music bands to have mass crossover appeal. In 1975, EWF became the first African-American music act to reach number one on Billboard’s album and singles charts simultaneously. This was accomplished when their signature hit song “Shining Star” and the album That’s the Way of the World both climbed to the top of the charts.2
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