2008 Minerals Yearbook Europe and Central Eurasia

U.S. Department of the Interior December 2010 U.S. Geological Survey Th e Mi n e r a l In d u s t r i e s o f Eu r o p e a n d Ce n t r a l Eu r a s i a By Alberto Alexander Perez, Mark Brininstool, Richard M. Levine, Steven T. Anderson, Harold R. Newman, Glenn J. Wallace, and David R. Wilburn

Europe and Central Eurasia as defined in this volume all the former Soviet Republics except the Baltic states of encompass territory that extends from the Atlantic coast of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The countries that make up the Europe to the Pacific coast of the Russian Federation, including CIS are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the British Isles, Iceland, and Greenland (a political extension of Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Denmark). and Uzbekistan. The CIS provides a common economic space Economic integration in Western Europe evolved into the for these countries. The CIS does not have supranational powers formation of the European Union (EU), which is a supranational and all member countries have equal standing under international entity that at yearend 2008 comprised the following 27 law. Although the member countries are pledged to economic countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech integration, few actual measures have been taken to make the CIS Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, a functioning integrated economic bloc similar to the EU. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, In September 1993, the Governments of the CIS states signed the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, an agreement on the creation of an economic union based on Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The European Free the free movement of goods, services, labor, and capital. The Trade Association (EFTA), which is an alternative entity to economic union would work to coordinate monetary, tax, price, the EU in Western Europe, comprised Iceland, Liechtenstein, customs, and external economic policy, develop methods of Norway, and Switzerland. There exists also the Agreement on the regulating economic activity, and create favorable conditions for European Economic Area (EEA), which has been in force since the development of direct production relations. Integration of January 1, 1994, and brings the 27 EU members and 3 EFTA the countries of the CIS was executed through its coordinating members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) into a single institutions (charter bodies, executive bodies, and the bodies internal market. The EEA provides for the free movement of of branch cooperation of the CIS). On March 27, 1997, goods, services, persons, and capital among the 30 EEA states. Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Switzerland is not part of the EEA but has a bilateral agreement Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine signed another agreement to with the EU that addresses the same issues covered by the EEA cooperate in the areas of science, exploration, and the use of (European Free Trade Area, 2010). The euro (€) operates as a mineral resources, with the goal of establishing international single currency for countries within the EU that have fulfilled cooperation in the use of the economic and technical resources the stated requirements of the European Central Bank (located in of the CIS states. The signers sought to reestablish ties among Frankfurt, Germany) for inclusion in the economic and political the mineral industries of the CIS states that had been broken structures of single currency use. As of 2008, the EU countries with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This agreement that comprised the Eurozone were Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, resulted in the formation of the Inter-Governmental Council. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Inter-Governmental Council coordinated more than 10 Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. joint programs and projects relating to scientific and technical Croatia, Macedonia, and Turkey are candidate countries cooperation, harmonizing laws about the use of resources and for future integration in the EU (no date given for expected engaging in information exchanges. accession). Negotiations continued with Albania, Bosnia and An additional agreement was signed by the CIS countries in Herzegovina, Kosovo (under UN Security Council resolution 2001 that allowed the signatories to settle disputes regarding 1244), Montenegro, and Serbia towards their achievement of mineral development in border areas, implement environmental EU candidate country status. The EU also promoted democratic measures to protect the population of the neighboring states stability and economic development in such Commonwealth when developing mineral resources, and specify conditions of Independent States (CIS) countries as Ukraine through its for cooperation between neighboring CIS states in mineral European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and in Russia through development. One of the basic documents regulating these a strategic partnership (European Commission, 2007a; 2007c, matters was the Model Law Code that was signed by the p. 2-8; European Union, undated). Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS countries in 2002. The The EU population in 2008 was roughly 500 million, which Model Law Code deals with a wide range of issues regarding was about 60% more than that of the United States. The EU’s minerals and mineral development. total gross domestic product (GDP) based on purchasing power The transition to open political systems with market-based parity was approximately equal to that of the United States economies among the countries of the CIS was still in progress (tables 1, 2). in 2008. Some of these countries had taken significant steps The CIS was founded in 1991 by several Republics of the towards the establishment of open political systems and former Soviet Union (FSU) and later was extended to include market-based economies, but others had made little progress.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.1 Acknowledgments and Central Asia (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 2008, p. 19; World Bank, The, 2008, p. 40, 55, 69). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acknowledges and Although the region as a whole experienced an economic thanks the following foreign Government agencies, international slowdown, the pace at which the region’s economy had institutions, and private research organizations for providing developed in the first half of 2008 allowed many countries still mineral-production statistics, basic economic data, and other to show net positive growth for 2008. In particular, Poland mineral-related information: showed a net 4.9% growth in its GDP for 2008 and Spain had a • Albania—Institute of Statistics (INSTAT); 1.2% rate of growth. This trend was reflected also in production, • Armenia—National Statistical Service; as production of such commodities as aluminum, steel, and zinc • Austria—Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Familie und dropped in the region during the third quarter of 2008, but net Jugend; production still increased from the previous year’s level for most • Azerbaijan—State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan countries in the region, with the notable exception of Russia. Republic; The full effect of the economic downturn in the region’s mineral • Belarus—Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the industry would not be properly reflected in the reported numbers Republic of Belarus; until the end of 2009. • Belgium—Statistics Belgium (StatBel); In 2008, the EU continued to import raw materials from, sell • Croatia—Statistical Information and Documentation equipment and technology to, and invest in mineral development Division; projects in the as-yet unaffiliated countries of the Balkans • Czech Republic—Czech Geological Survey, Ministry of and the CIS. This asymmetry was diminishing, particularly as Industry and Trade; Russian mineral enterprises were attempting to internationalize • Denmark—Danmark og Gronlands Geologisk their holdings. Some of Russia’s leading companies, including Undersogelse; ALROSA Company Ltd., MMC Norilsk Nickel, and United • Estonia—Geological Survey of Estonia; Company (UC) RUSAL, were buying major foreign assets. • Finland—Statistics Finland; The countries of the EU and the CIS were substantial • France—Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières participants in the world mineral economy and occupied (BRGM); important roles as suppliers and consumers of all major • Germany—Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und mineral commodities. Although their predominant role in the Rohstoffe; world mineral industry continued to be one of processing and • Hungary—Magyar Köztársaság Gazdasági Ès Közlekedési consuming rather than mining, production of gold in Europe and Minisztérium Magyar Geológiai Szogálat (Hungarian Central Eurasia accounted for 16.6% of total world production, Geological Survey); and that of silver accounted for 17.4%. Nickel mine production • Iceland—Statistics Iceland; in Europe and Central Eurasia accounted for 41.6% of world • Ireland—Geological Survey of Ireland; production, and the production of refined copper (primary) and • Italy—Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT); refined zinc (primary and secondary) as a proportion of world • Kazakhstan—Agency on Statistics; production was 20.3% and 23.8%, respectively. The EU was • Kyrgyzstan—Ministry of Foreign Affairs; practically self-sufficient in the production of construction • Lithuania—Statistics Lithuania; materials and remained among the world’s leading producers • Luxembourg—Central Statistical Service; of potash. Significant natural gas and petroleum resources have • Netherlands—Staatstoezicht op de Mijnen [State been developed in the North Sea, and the EU also has significant Supervision of Mines]; coal reserves (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und • Poland—Central Statistical Office; Rohstoffe, 2008, p. 22). • Portugal—IGM-Division de Statistical Studies; The EU was mostly dependent on imported mineral raw • Romania—National Institute of Statistics; materials for metals, industrial minerals, and fuel minerals. The • Slovakia—Statistical Office; import dependence for many metal ores was 100% [antimony, • Slovenia—Slovenian Government; cobalt, ilmenite, molybdenum, niobium, platinum-group metals • Ukraine—State Statistics Committee; and (PGM), rare-earth metals, rutile, tantalum, and vanadium] and • United Kingdom—British Geological Survey. the EU was from 70% to 90% import dependent for most other metallic ores. The EU’s dependence on imports of metallic General Economic Conditions mineral raw materials (such as concentrates, ores, and scrap) and obtaining sources of energy for its metal refining and In the first half of 2008, the global mineral industry processing industries were key concerns for the EU’s mineral experienced a significant upsurge in demand and prices. industry (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Growing demand in China was a significant part of this 2008, p. 19, 22; European Commission, 2008b). increased demand. The world economic downturn that began As a major world mineral processing and consuming area, in the second half of 2008 changed the economic conditions the EU remained a significant determinant of world demand of the mineral industry and was expected to lead to a period of for nearly all mineral commodities. Its mineral processing reduced production in the short to medium terms and could have and manufacturing industries accounted for a significant share a significant negative effect on the mineral industries of Europe of the world production of semimanufactured and fabricated

1.2 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 ferrous and nonferrous metals. In 2008, Germany remained Legislation the EU’s dominant smelter and refiner of most metals. With a high per capita income and standard of living, the EU was In September 2007, Kazakhstan’s Senate had approved a bill one of the world’s major consumers of mineral fuels and to amend the law “on the subsurface and use of the subsurface” of mineral products in consumer goods. Also, despite the dated 27 January 1996 (the Subsurface Law), which expanded diminution of Western Europe’s importance as a mining region, the Government’s ability to revise or annul contracts concerning Western Europe is an important world financial center and the exploitation of subsurface resources. On January 12, 2008, the headquarters of such major global mining and mineral the Government passed further amendments to the Subsurface processing companies as Anglo American plc, BHP Billiton plc, Law and to the law “on Petroleum” dated 28 June 1995 (the and Rio Tinto plc. Petroleum Law). These amendments changed the wording In 2008, natural gas and petroleum imports to the EU from of Kazakhstan’s preemptive purchase right for oil assets to Russia were particularly important. The EU and Russia agreed stipulate that the Government has to pay “prices not exceeding to establish an early warning system for disruptions of oil world-market prices” instead of world market prices; the and gas supplies from Russia to the EU. In November 2008, amendments also prohibit the transfer of subsurface-use the European Commission (EC) ordered a revision to the Gas rights “for two years after the effective date of a Hydrocarbon Security of Supply directive (2004/67/EC) and was expected to Contract.” This rule does not apply to rights “disposed of sign an agreement with Russia on the proposed early warning during a liquidation, reorganization, or the exercise of a security system by the end of 2009. In January 2009, gas supplies to the interest” or when the transferee is KazMunaiGas (the state oil EU were severely disrupted because of a disagreement between company). Russia and Ukraine on gas deliveries and payment (European Kazakhstan’s Energy and Natural Resources Minister Commission, 2006; 2007b, d; 2008a, p. 4, 16; 2009a, p. 2-4). said that the law preventing foreign investors from selling In 2008, Central Eurasia remained a major world supplier stakes in Kazakhstan’s assets to third parties for 2 years after of mined and processed minerals. Its consumption of these purchase was in part a response to the $1.9 billion sale of commodities, although at a low level compared with that of the the Karazhanbas oilfield by Canada-based Nations Energy to EU, was increasing. Increased domestic mineral consumption China International Trust and Investment Corp. (CITIC). The in Central Eurasia could result in the Central Eurasian countries Minister also stated that the 2005 sale of PetroKazakhstan Inc. reducing mineral exports to world markets. The unaffiliated (another Canada-based company with Kazakh oil assets) to countries of the Balkans played a much lesser role in both the China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC) illustrated the need supply and the consumption of most mineral commodities. for the new law giving Kazakhstan the first right of refusal In the CIS, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine were the to buy assets in any proposed transfer of oil assets between main mineral producing countries, although many other CIS foreign companies. KazMunaiGas became a stakeholder in countries also were important producers and processors of PetroKazakhstan in 2005, and following the passage of this minerals. Russia, which occupied about 77% of the territory amendment, KazMunaiGas executed an agreement with CITIC of the CIS, was by far the largest country in the CIS in terms to purchase 50% of Karazhanbas. of both population and territory and had the leading mineral A major function of the EU has been to remove barriers to producing sector. In 2008, Russia ranked among the world’s trade in an attempt to create a single market and to develop leading producers or was a significant producer of such mineral a common set of economic policies. New and prospective commodities as aluminum, arsenic, asbestos, bauxite, boron, EU members must adhere to the EU’s environmental and cadmium, cement, coal, cobalt, copper, diamond, fluorspar, gold, commercial standards. In November 2008, the EC adopted a iron ore, lime, lithium, magnesium compounds and metals, mica new integrated strategy on raw materials that sets out targeted (scrap sheet and flake), natural gas, nickel, nitrogen, oil shale, measures to secure and improve the access to raw materials palladium, peat, petroleum, phosphate rock, pig iron, platinum, for EU industry. According to an EC communication, the EC potash, rhenium, silicon, steel, sulfur, tin, titanium sponge, will report results to the European Council in 2 years following tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. the implementation of the raw materials initiative (European Kazakhstan was a significant producer of such mineral Commission, 2009b). products as arsenic, barite, beryllium metal, bismuth, cadmium, chromite, copper, ferroalloys, lead, oil, rhenium, titanium Exploration sponge, uranium, and zinc. Ukraine was a significant producer of such mineral products as ferroalloys, iron ore, manganese Based on data provided by Metals Economics Group1 (MEG) ore, pig iron, steel, and titanium raw materials. Other CIS in 2008, exploration budgets for Europe and Central Eurasia countries were significant world or regional producers of one or more mineral commodities, including Armenia (molybdenum), 1Metals Economics Group (MEG) estimates reflect anticipated exploration Azerbaijan (oil), Belarus (potash), Kyrgyzstan (antimony budgets for projects in mainland Asia, the Commonwealth of Independent metal, gold, mercury ore and metal), Tajikistan (aluminum and States, Europe, and the Middle East. The Europe and Central Eurasia antimony ore), Turkmenistan (natural gas), and Uzbekistan designation used by the U.S. Geological Survey excludes countries located (gold and uranium), and all the CIS countries produced a range in the Middle East, and estimates for mainland Asia (primarily China and Mongolia) were subtracted from the total in order to determine the Europe and of other mineral commodities. Central Eurasia estimate. Insufficient data were available in 2007 to allow for the separation of exploration budgets of countries in the Middle East or Asia (other than China) from the MEG data.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.3 increased by about 10% from the previous levels in 2007. Kazakhstan, 12,700 t (which meant that most of its production In addition, for the first time since the MEG initiated these was exported). For comparison, apparent consumption in the studies in 1989, companies budgeted more, worldwide, for the year 2000 was as follows: in Germany, 2,062,800 t; in Italy, exploration for base metals than for gold (Metals Economics 1,377,200 t; in France, 1,050,000 t; in Russia, 748,000 t; in the Group, 2009). United Kingdom, 690,100 t; in Spain, 374,700 t; and in Poland, Based on exploration site data collected by the USGS, 63,400 t. exploration activity took place in 2008 in Albania, Armenia, In 2008, France’s output of primary aluminum remained Finland, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, at a similar level to that of 2007, and secondary aluminum Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, production was also estimated to have remained at the same Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, the United Kingdom, level as that of 2007. France’s Aluminum Pechiney S.A., and Uzbekistan. In 2007 (the latest year for which data were which was owned by Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. of Canada, was available), exploration activity in the CIS focused on gold the country’s sole producer of primary aluminum. Rio Tinto (65%), nickel (7%), copper (6%), PGM (6%), and silver (4%). Alcan also operated facilities for the production of alumina and European mineral exploration focused on base metals (37%), aluminum semimanufactures. In March 2008, Rio Tinto Alcan gold (33%), and uranium (8%). Because of high metal prices in closed the company’s 50,000-metric-ton-per-year (t/yr)-capacity the first part of 2008, many former mining areas of Europe were Lannemezan smelter. being reevaluated with newer geophysical methods; areas rich The automobile industry was the leading consumer of in base-metal sulfides were often being reevaluated for PGM aluminum produced in Germany, and supplies of scrap potential. aluminum were affected by the decrease in sales (and trade-ins) of vehicles and other transportation equipment in the country Commodity Overview during 2008. In 2008, Norsk Hydro ASA of Norway invested more than €25 million in new aluminum recycling furnaces in This report includes commodity outlook tables. Estimates Hamburg and Neuss. Together, these furnaces would have a for production of major mineral commodities for 2011 and recycling capacity of 100,000 t/yr of aluminum. beyond have been based upon such factors as announced plans In 2008, Italy’s total output of primary and secondary for increased production and new capacity construction and aluminum increased slightly (by about 5,800 t); estimated bankable feasibility studies. The outlook tables in this summary secondary production remained at a level similar to that of the chapter show historic and projected production trends; therefore, previous year, and primary production increased by 3.2%. The no indication is made about whether the data are estimated or country’s chief producers of alumina and primary aluminum reported and revisions are not identified. Data on individual were Rio Tinto-Alcoa Italia S.p.A. and Eurallumina S.p.A., mineral commodities in tables in the individual country respectively. chapters are labeled to indicate estimates and revisions. The Kazakhstan’s first aluminum smelter, was commissioned outlook segments of the mineral commodity tables are based in December 2007. The smelter was expected to reach its full on projected trends that could affect current producing facilities annual capacity of 250,000 t/yr by 2011. and on planned new facilities that operating companies, In Norway, Alcoa Inc. of the United States was expected to consortia, or Governments have projected to come online within take over Orkla’s 50% equity share in Elkem Aluminium ANS, indicated timeframes. Forward-looking information, which which would give Alcoa a 100% share in Elkem Aluminium. includes estimates of future exploration, mine development and Also in Norway, Norsk Hydro announced that it had signed production, cost of capital projects, and timing of the start of an agreement with Vattenfall Nordic for the supply of about operations, are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that 18 terawatthours of electricity during an 8-year period starting could cause actual events or results to differ significantly from in 2013. This agreement was expected to secure the basis for expected outcomes. Projects listed in the following section are continued operation of the Sør-Norge Aluminium AS (Søral) presented as an indication of industry plans and are not a USGS aluminum plant at Huses. Søral was a leading aluminum prediction of what will take place. producer in Norway in 2008. In Poland, the Konin-Impexmetal aluminum smelter at Konin Metals used about 64% of the alumina imports in the production of primary aluminum; the remaining 36% of imports was used to Bauxite and Alumina and Aluminum.—In 2008, Russia produce aluminous cement, chemicals, electroceramics, glass, was the leading individual producer of aluminum in the whole and high-alumina refractory materials. Aluminum production is region, with nearly three times as much production as Germany, estimated to have decreased by 16% in 2008. which was the second ranked producer. Russia and Kazakhstan Russia’s bauxite production was estimated to have fallen accounted for the majority of bauxite production in the region, by 7% and the production of aluminum, by 4%. Production although production was significantly below that of the world’s of alumina was estimated to have been reduced slightly to leading producers (table 6). 3.2 million metric tons (Mt). Apparent consumption of aluminum in 2008 in Germany In Spain, Alcoa produced 1.5 Mt of alumina and 408,000 t of was 1,940,000 metric tons (t); in Italy, 1,280,000 t; in Russia, aluminum in 2008. Aluminio/Alumina Español, S.A. (AESA) 1,144,000 t; in France, 719,000 t; in Spain, 695,000 t; in the produced alumina, alumina chemicals, alumina hydrates, and United Kingdom, 655,000 t; in Poland, 137,000 t; and in primary aluminum in San Ciprian. AESA was owned by the

1.4 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 world’s leading alumina producer, Alcoa World Alumina and In Poland, copper ore production decreased by about 3% in Chemicals Inc. (AWAC). AESA was AWAC’s only European 2008 compared with that of 2007, and the copper content of producer of alumina, alumina chemicals, and alumina hydrates. both ore and concentrates decreased by about 5%. Production Primary aluminum was also produced by Alcoa Inespal S.A. of electrolytically refined copper decreased by only about 1% (AISA) in the Provinces of Aviles and La Coruña. AISA was a owing to increased imports of copper concentrates, blister, subsidiary of Alcoa (100%). The Alcoa smelter in the Province and scrap. The decrease in mine production in 2008 was of Aviles was modernized by 2008 with an investment of caused by a reduction in working hours that began in 2007 at $55 million. the request of the National Labor Inspectorate and a decrease Copper.—In 2008, Central Eurasia was the region’s main in the copper content of mined ore, which dropped to 1.64% producer of copper ore, and the EU was the leading producer in 2008 from 1.67% in 2007 and 1.79% in 2006. Kombinat of refined copper. Russia and Kazakhstan, in order of amount Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz S.A. (KGHM) forecast produced, accounted for the majority of copper ore production. electrolytic copper production of 500,900 t in 2009, which Western Europe, although only a minor mine producer of copper is a decrease of about 5% compared with production in 2008 ore, produced a significant share of total world output of primary (Kombinat Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz S.A., and secondary refined copper. Central Europe’s contribution to 2009a, p. 4-5; 2009b). KGHM planned to lower production copper ore production and refined copper came almost entirely costs and increase the company’s resource base for the period from Poland. Russia remained the leading producer of refined 2009 to 2018. The cost of production of refined copper at copper in the region (tables 7, 8). KGHM increased to $4,031 per metric ton in 2007 from Apparent refined copper consumption in Germany in 2008 $1,603 per metric ton in 2003. To reduce production costs, was 1,398,000 t; in Russia, 670,000 t; in Italy, 634,000 t; in KGHM planned to invest in building new and upgrading France, 379,000 t; in Spain, 281,184 t; in Poland, 247,000 t; existing infrastructure, including the construction of a flash and in the United Kingdom, 43,468 t. Apparent consumption furnace at the Glogow I smelter, the modernization of the in the year 2000 was as follows; in Germany, 1,307,000 t; in Glogow II smelter, and the replacement of mining and France, 574,000 t; in Italy, 673,000 t; in the United Kingdom, beneficiation machinery. The company planned to expand 322,000 t; in Spain, 289,000 t; in Poland, 246,300 t; in Russia, its resource base and increase the production of copper in 183,000 t; and in Kazakhstan, 16,000 t. concentrate to about 700,000 t/yr by investing in additional In 2008, EuropaMetalli Italia S.p.A, which was a subsidiary mining and exploration within Poland and in the Weisswasser of KME Group S.p.A. (a major European refiner and fabricator region of eastern Germany. KGHM planned to build coal, gas, of copper and headquartered in Florence), conducted its and wind-powered electricity generation units. The construction operations in Italy at Barga and at Scrivia. Copper and copper of two gas-powered generation units that were forecast to semimanufactures were the main products at these locations. provide 22% of KGHM’s electricity needs was approved by the Italy imported small amounts of copper concentrate and relied company in October. mainly on imports of copper metal and scrap recovery. In 2008, Russia’s total refined copper production was In Germany, the volume of throughput of copper concentrates estimated to have fallen by 4.8% compared with production at Norddeutsche Affinerie AG’s primary copper production levels in 2007. facilities in Hamburg appeared to decrease slightly compared Gold.—In 2008, Europe and Central Eurasia accounted with that of 2007, which corresponded with a slight decrease for about 16.6% of world gold production; the majority of in the production of primary refined copper in Germany. gold production in the region came from Central Eurasia. The potential for a slight decrease in throughput of copper The principal producers, by volume, were Russia, which concentrates however, did not appear to agree with the produced 176,347 kilograms (kg), Uzbekistan (85,000 kg), and significant increase in the production of primary smelter copper Kazakhstan (22,000 kg) (table 9). in the country. Norddeutsche’s Hamburg plant accounted for the In 2008, 4,160 kg of gold was produced in Bulgaria. Dundee vast majority of primary (smelter and refined) copper production Precious Metals Inc. announced plans to expand its Chelopech in Germany and was expected to expand its capacity to process mining project to produce up to 2 million metric tons per year copper concentrates. (Mt/yr) of ore, which was an increase from about 1 Mt/yr in In 2008, Kazakhstan’s copper mine production increased 2008, and to build a facility to process the ore. In July, the by 3.7% compared with that of 2007, whereas its refined Government of Bulgaria approved the environmental impact primary production decreased by about 2%. Its major copper assessment for the mine expansion and processing plant producer was Kazakhmys plc, which was engaged in mining, construction after Dundee agreed to pay higher royalties on beneficiating, smelting, and refining copper products. mine production and gave the Government a 25% interest in Kazakhmys’ copper division comprised 20 mining entities the processing facility. Dundee estimated that it would take with 14 underground mines and 6 open pit mines. The 18 months to complete construction of the processing plant mineral reserves and resources of these mines reportedly are after the construction permits are approved. Dundee planned to adequate to support projected production for at least 20 years. continue producing gold and copper concentrate and to ship the Kazzinc JSC, which was the country’s leading producer of concentrate to Namibian Custom Smelters (NCS) in Namibia lead and zinc, also was the country’s second ranked copper for processing until the new processing plant in Bulgaria is producer. Kazzinc planned to build a copper smelter at the completed (Dundee Precious Metals Inc., 2008; 2009, p. 15, 16; Ust-Kamenogorsk metallurgical plant. Ilieva, 2008).

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.5 Hellas Gold S.A., which was a subsidiary of European exploration near the current reserves (Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., Goldfields Ltd. of Canada, owned three gold and base-metal 2009). Lappland Goldminers AB’s Haveri gold project was deposits in northern Greece. These were the Olympias deposit, located in the Tampere Schist Belt. Haveri was considered to which contained gold, lead, silver, and zinc; the Skouries have the potential to become an important gold mine. Extensive copper/gold deposit; and the polymetallic Stratoni deposit. exploration work had been carried out. Lappland Goldminers In 2008, the Olympias and the Skouries deposits were in the analyzed and compiled the information and estimated that the development stage; the Stratoni Mine was in production. project’s mineral resources consist of 24.7 Mt of gold ore at The Olympias project benefited from an existing stockpile of a grade of 0.89 g/t gold with a cutoff of 0.5 g/t gold, which gold-bearing pyrite concentrates, which represented at yearend was equivalent to resources of 20,135 kg of gold (Lappland 2007 a reserve of about 172,000 t grading 23.5 grams per metric Goldminers AB, 2008a). ton (g/t) gold. Hellas secured the sale of the entire stockpile to The number of licenses for exploration and development of six different purchasers, thereby creating a market for its gold gold mines in the United Kingdom increased to 32 in 2008 from concentrates that did not exist before 2007 (European Goldfields 22 in 2007, with one new license granted in Wales and the rest Ltd., 2008). in Northern Ireland. The number of mining leases remained In 2008, Cambridge Mineral Resources Plc of the United constant at four. The great fluctuation in the international price Kingdom, Euromax Resources Ltd. of Canada, and International of gold continued the interest for gold the United Kingdom in Resources Holdings Ltd. of Australia operated exploration 2008 and led to continued exploration at Cononish in Perthshire projects in Bulgaria, but by the end of 2008, Euromax did not and in Northern Ireland. In Scotland, Scotgold Resources plc have any active operations in the country. Throughout 2006 had licenses from Mines Royal for the areas around Glen Lyon, and 2007, Euromax was unable to continue exploration at its Glen Orchy, and Inverliever and also owned the gold and silver Popintsi license because of opposition by local residents and assets of the Cononish deposit near Tyndrum. subsequent restrictions on Euromax’s exploration license. In In Northern Ireland, the Omagh (formerly Cavanacaw) December 2008, Euromax decided to discontinue exploration deposit, which was located 10 km southwest of the town of at its Trun property after Teck Cominco Ltd. of Canada decided Omagh, was owned by Omagh Minerals Ltd. (a wholly owned not to exercise its option to obtain a 55% share of the project subsidiary of Galantas Gold Corp.). The deposit has a proven (Euromax Resources Ltd., 2009, p. 8, 34). and probable reserve of 367,310 t grading 7.52 g/t gold for a In Finland, development of Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. of width of 4.43 m within the designated open pit area. Galantas Canada’s Suurikuusikko Mine on the Kittila gold deposit had been granted exploration licenses to the west and north continued in 2008. The Suurikuusikko Mine, which was an of its existing license and held licenses for an area totaling estimated resource of 110 t of gold, was considered to be 460 square kilometers. Conroy Diamonds and Gold plc, was the largest gold deposit in northern Europe. Production was exploring in the Clontibret district, which is located on the planned to begin by yearend 2008 and to continue for 13 years. border of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland near Suurikuusikko would initially be mined by open pit method Monahan. In July 2008, the company announced a substantial followed by underground mining using ramp access (Geological resource increase, to more than 1 million troy ounces of gold Survey of Finland, 2008). Dragon Mining Ltd. of Australia (British Geological Survey, 2008, p. 51). was engaged in the exploration, development, and mining In 2008, Russia produced 176,347 kg of gold. This was 12.3% of gold projects within 100 km of the Vammala processing more than was produced in 2007. facility, which included the Jokisivu Mine, the Orivesi Mine, In Sweden, Lappland Goldminers made an agreement and the Vammala plant, and encompassed a portion of the with the receiver in bankruptcy for Scan Mining AB and its Tampere Schist and the Vammala Migmatite Belts. The region subsidiaries to acquire a processing plant and the mines in is also host to the company’s Orivesi Mine and to the Storimi Blaiken and Svarttrask for $5.5 million. Lappland Goldminers copper-nickel mine, which was closed in 2006 (Dragon Mining expected the operations to resume by yearend 2008 (Lappland Ltd., 2008a). Dragon Mining continued work on the Orivesi Goldminers AB, 2008b). In 2008, Dragon Mining continued Mine and reported that delineation drilling had intercepted exploration that was outlining and upgrading the Svartliden high-grade gold ore. The estimated 4,300-kg resource at Kutema project. The Svartliden project is located in the world-class Deeps represents a medium- to high-grade extension below Skellefteå mining district. Dragon Mining reported that its the existing underground mine. The project to deepen the mine diamond drill program targeting the depth extension of the to the 820-meter (m) level was under consideration, and a Svartliden Mine had returned high-grade intercepts, including decision was expected to be made in 2010. Remnant mining 6 m grading 8.8 g/t gold and 4 m grading 7.2 g/t gold. Dragon recommenced in mid-2007 and was continuing in 2008 from the Mining considered that these results highlighted the potential Kutema decline. Mining from the Sarvisuo decline commenced for high-grade mineralization below planned limits to open in April 2008 (Dragon Mining Ltd., 2008b). Agnico-Eagle was pit mining and provided information that would assist in expecting to pour first gold from its Kittila Mine in January evaluating the viability of establishing an underground 2009. The Kittila Mine has estimated proven and probable gold operation. reserves of 21.4 Mt grading 4.7 g/t gold. The mine was expected Iron and Steel.—Europe and Central Eurasia produced to produce 3,534 kg of gold in 2009. Agnico-Eagle announced about 23.9% of world crude steel output and 18% of pig iron that it had budgeted $16 million for exploration spending in and direct-reduced iron output in 2008. The EU produced 2009 on resource-to-reserve conversion at Kittila and on other about 62% of crude steel in the region, but Russia was the

1.6 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 leading individual producer with 68.7 Mt followed by Germany (Sidenor), which was a leading producer of special steels (45.8 Mt), Ukraine (37.1 t), and Italy (30.6 Mt). in Spain, was planning to start producing stainless steel by Apparent consumption of finished steel in Russia in 2008 was modernizing its existing EAF at its works in Basauri in northern 117,300,000 t; in Germany, 36,500,000 t; in Spain, 35,200,000 t; Spain (Sidenor Industrial, S.L., 2009). in Italy, 34,900,000 t; in France, 30,870,000 t; in the United Iron Ore.—Europe and Central Eurasia produced 11.6% of Kingdom, 22,000,000 t; and in Poland, 17,400,000 t. In the year the world’s iron ore in 2008. Central Eurasia was the dominant 2000, apparent consumption in Germany was 39,037,000 t; in producer of iron ore in the region. Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, and Italy, 30,000,000 t; in Russia, 24,355,000 t; in France 19,404,000; Kazakhstan were the leading iron ore producers in the region, in Spain, 17,400,000 t; in the United Kingdom, 13,484,000 t; in accounting for a combined production of 126 Mt in 2008. Poland, 7,576,000 t; and in Kazakhstan, 900,000 t (table 11). Kazakhstan produced 21,486,300 t of iron ore, which was 9.8% France’s output of pig iron decreased in 2008 by 1.02 Mt, to less than was produced in that country in 2007. In 2008, Russia 11.4 Mt, which was the lowest output in the past 5 years. Crude produced 99.9 Mt of iron ore, which was 4.8% less than was steel production dropped by 1.3 Mt, to 17.9 Mt, which was also produced in 2007 (table 10). the lowest output in the past 5 years and far from the highest Nickel.—Production of the region’s mine output of nickel levels of production set in 2004. Crude steel consumption was almost entirely the result of Russian mining activity, and decreased by 7.8% in 2008 and the change averaged a decrease refined nickel production took place mainly in Russia and of slightly more than 1.3 Mt/yr for the past 5 years. The Western Europe. Russia accounted for about 26% of nickel mine consumption of finished steel averaged 15.3 Mt/yr for the past output and 51% of nickel refinery production in the region in 5 years. 2008 (table 12). Italy remained a major European producer and consumer Finland’s Talvivaara nickel deposit was the largest nickel of pig iron and crude and finished steels. In 2008, Italy’s deposit in Western Europe; it is composed of two polymetallic production of pig iron decreased by about 6% (compared deposits—the Kolmisoppi and the Kuusilampi—which are with output in 2007) to 10.4 Mt, and the production of crude located about 30 km from Sotkamo. Based on estimated proven steel decreased by about 4.1% to 30.6 Mt, which was Italy’s reserves, the deposit was considered to have resources to highest level of crude steel production ever. Italy’s apparent produce about 2.5% of the world’s nickel during its scheduled consumption of crude steel continued to rank second in the 24-year operating life. Talvivaara’s bioheap-leach project was whole of Europe (excluding the CIS) after Germany. planned to produce nickel from an open pit operation and cobalt, In 2008, Kazakhstan produced 4.2 Mt of crude steel. This copper, and zinc as byproducts. The planned nickel production amount was 7.9% less than the amount produced in 2007. of 50,000 t was anticipated to be reached in 2012 (Mining Oxygen-blown converters at ArcelorMittal Poland S.A.’s Technology, 2008). The Kevitsa nickel deposit, which is located plants at Dabrowa Gornicza and Krakow accounted for about in northern Finland, was one of the world’s major undeveloped 54% of all crude steel production in Poland in 2008; the nickel sulfide deposits. In April 2008, First Quantum Minerals remaining production was from electric arc furnaces (EAF). Ltd. and Scandinavian Minerals Ltd. entered into an agreement CMC Zawiercie S.A. was the largest EAF plant in terms of in which First Quantum Minerals would acquire all outstanding production and produced about 1.3 Mt of steel in 2007 (the shares of Scandinavian Minerals. In November 2008, First latest year for which data were available). Celsa Huta Ostrowiec Quantum Minerals announced that it was proceeding with the S.A. and ISD Huta Czestochowa S.A. each produced between development of the Kevitsa project with the construction of 600,000 and 800,000 t, and the remaining plants produced an open pit mine and a 5-Mt/yr-capacity ore treatment plant. less than 400,000 t each (Ney, Smakowski, and Galos, 2009, Estimated proven and probable reserves were 107 Mt at a grade p. 245). Combined production at ArcelorMittal Poland’s of 0.29% nickel. Production was scheduled for mid-2012 (First Dabrowa Gornicza and Krakow plants decreased by about Quantum Minerals Ltd., 2009). 16% in 2008 compared with that of 2007, whereas crude In Sweden, Belvedere Resources Ltd. announced that, owing steel production from all other plants in Poland increased by to the sustained period of low nickel prices, it had suspended about 2%. In September, ArcelorMittal Warszawa Sp. z o.o. all operations at its Hitura and Särkiniemi Mines in 2008, and opened a bar rolling mill with a production capacity of placed the mines on care-and-maintenance status. All mine 650,000 t/yr. Construction of the mill cost about $118 million, personnel not required to preserve the mine under care and and ArcelorMittal Warszawa intended to sell most of its maintenance were dismissed (Belvedere Resources Ltd., 2008). production in the Polish construction market. At the end of Platinum-Group Metals.—Within the region of Europe 2008, ArcelorMittal S.A. announced that the company would and Central Eurasia, almost all platinum-group metal (PGM) lay off 1,000 production employees in Poland in 2009 owing to mining took place in Russia, although small amounts of PGMs decreased demand for steel products (ArcelorMittal S.A., 2008; were also mined in Finland, Poland, and Serbia. Russia and Economic Times, The, 2008). South Africa were the world’s two leading PGM ore producers; In 2008, Russia produced 68.7 Mt of crude steel. This was Russia was the world’s leading producer of palladium and 5.1% less than was produced in 2007. South Africa was the world’s leading producer of platinum Spain produced 19 Mt of steel in 2008, which was about the owing to the different ratio of these metals in the ores of each same level as that of 2007. Compañia Española de Laminación country. S.L. (Celsa) produced 2.4 Mt/yr of steel in 2008 (Compañia PGMs have important applications in the industrial sector. Española de Laminación S.L., 2009). Sidenor Industrial, S.L. Palladium and platinum and, to a lesser extent, rhodium are

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.7 critical components of catalytic converters, which control production at its San Juan de Nieva plant in Castillon. automobile emissions, and platinum is the critical catalytic Asturiana’s core business was the refining and production of element in the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell zinc metal, mainly zinc ingots. According to Asturiana, the San under development to power automobiles. PGM will be in Juan de Nieva plant, which had a capacity of 500,000 t/yr of much greater demand as the world’s automobile fleet increases zinc metal, was the leading single zinc smelter in the world and and is equipped with catalytic converters. As legislation one of the world’s lowest cost operations (Asturiana de Zinc calling for stricter automobile emissions controls is enacted, S.A., 2008). greater loadings of PGM in catalytic converters will likely be required. Also, the need for alternative sources of energy to oil Industrial Minerals could result in the development of a hydrogen-based economy powered by fuel cells that use platinum as a catalyst. Diamond.—Russia was the world’s leading diamond mining Zinc.—Europe and Central Eurasia produced about 12.8% of country and the only significant diamond mining country in the world’s mine output of zinc and about 23.8% of world zinc Europe and Central Eurasia. Almost all Russia’s output of metal output in 2008. Ireland and Kazakhstan were the leading diamond was mined by the Russian company ALROSA, which producers of zinc ore, and Spain and Kazakhstan were the first had its main operation in the Sakha Yakutia Republic in East and second ranked producers of refined zinc (tables 17, 18). Siberia. ALROSA was one of the world’s leading companies Russia reportedly possesses 17% of the world’s zinc reserves in the field of diamond exploration, diamond mining, sales of (about 45 Mt) and has two large zinc deposits (the Kholodninskoe rough diamond, and diamond processing, and the company and the Ozyornoe), which are located in the Republic of Buryatia. accounted for 97% of Russia’s diamond production. Russia’s In Russia, more than 60% of zinc was used for the production share of global rough diamond production was 24.2% in 2008 of galvanized steel, mainly for the automobile and construction (tables 4, 19). industries. According to forecasts of the commercial director of Russia’s leading zinc metal producer, the Chelyabinsk Zinc Mineral Fuels and Related Materials Plant, based on trends evident in 2006, Russia’s construction volumes could increase by more than 50% by 2010 and Coal.—In 2008, Europe and Central Eurasia accounted for automobile production could double by 2015. Also, substantial 60.1% of lignite production, 10.7% of world bituminous coal potential existed for zinc consumption to increase in such areas production, and 5.6% of world anthracite production. In Central as alloy production and usage in the chemical industry. Eurasia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine were the leading coal In Germany, GEA Group AG of Germany attempted to producers, and within the EU, Germany and Poland were the find a buyer for Ruhr-Zink Gmbh during 2008 but ended up leading coal producers. A number of other countries throughout closing Ruhr-Zink’s plant in Datteln on December 31, citing the region also mined coal (tables 4, 21). significant losses by Ruhr-Zink during the year. Recylex S.A. Russia ranked fifth in the world in the total volume of coal processed 32,000 t of zinc scrap compared with 35,000 t mined following China, the United States, India, and Australia. in 2007, and claimed that there was less demand from zinc In every year since 1999, the country had experienced growth refineries for the zinc oxides that the company produced (from in coal output. During that time, domestic coal consumption secondary materials) compared with that of 2007. Recylex remained at about the same level from year to year, and also produced zinc oxides for refining by processing steel consumption of coal for energy generation decreased, in part mill dust in Waëlz rotary kilns at the company’s plant at Oker, because of warmer winters in Russia and larger volumes of but the zinc oxide supply decreased during the second half of water in rivers and reservoirs, which increased hydroelectric the year as production of crude steel in the country began to output. decrease (Recylex S.A., 2008, p. 7, 12-13, 24; 2009, p. 2, 16-18; Ukraine was the CIS’ third ranked coal producing country and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 2009, was among the world’s leading coal mining countries. Ukraine’s p. 66; GEA Group AG, 2009, p. 4, 30, 118-119). energy strategy, which was approved by the Government in In Poland, the mine output of zinc was estimated to have 2006, called for increasing coal output to 130.3 Mt by 2030. The decreased in 2008 owing to reduced zinc content of ores and country’s economic (balansovye) reserves as of January 1, 2005, the depletion of reserves of ore deposits. Output was expected (calculated according to the reserve classification system used to continue to decrease as two lead-zinc mines were scheduled during the Soviet period and later by many of its successor to close during the next 5 years. The Trzebionka Mine was states) were reportedly about 8.7 Gt, of which 6.5 Gt was scheduled to close in mid-2009, and mining at the Olkusz and classified as industrial reserves. Metallurgical coal made the Pomorzany deposits was expected to end in 2013. There up 54% of total industrial reserves, and steam coal reserves were potential new reserves in the Selesia-Krakow region north comprised 46%. Production was more than 20% below domestic and west of the Olkusz and the Pomorzany deposits that could consumption. Explored reserves in Ukraine were reportedly supply additional lead-zinc ores, but not enough information 117 Gt. was available to predict the potential effect of these reserves Germany and Poland produced 17% and 13%, respectively, on future production (Ney, Smakowski, and Galos, 2009, of coal in Europe and Central Eurasia, but were each expected p. 263-264, 497-498). to decrease production in the future. In Germany, hard coal Spain’s zinc metal output was 456,050 t in 2008 compared mining was centered in the Ibbenbüren, the Ruhr, and the Saar with 494,090 t in 2007. Asturiana de Zinc S.A. continued coalfields and was uneconomical without subsidies. The lack

1.8 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 of production of hard coal at the Walsum Mine during the Authority licenses for open pit sites in production by yearend second half of the year accounted for almost all the decrease in 2008 totaled 34, which included 20 in Scotland, 8 in England, production in the Ruhr coal-mining district to 14.2 Mt compared and 6 in Wales. An additional two sites were in development with about 15.9 Mt in 2007. Production of hard coal at the Saar in 2008. Scottish Coal Co. Ltd. was the leading opencast coal Mine was stopped because of significant tremors in the area, mining company in the United Kingdom and the second ranked and RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG decided to permanently net coal producer (British Geological Survey, 2008, p. 33). abandon production from the Schwalbach deposit at the mine UK Coal plc. announced that it was considering reopening the owing to ongoing seismic instability. In 2008, the Saar Mine Harworth colliery in Nottinghamshire and that coal production produced about 957,000 t of marketable coal compared with was anticipated in 2011; this would be the leading coal mine about 3.5 Mt in 2007 (Deutsche Welle, 2008; Bundesanstalt für in Europe. The colliery closed in 2006 but it may contain up Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 2009, p. 41-44, 161; RWE to 40 Mt of workable coal (Minerals UK, 2006a, b; British Aktiengesellschaft, 2009, p. 64; Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft Geological Survey, 2008, p 33). e.V., 2009; RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG, 2010). Natural Gas.—Russia was the world’s leading natural gas RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG expected to continue mining producer and exporter and has the world’s largest natural gas the Grangeleisen and the Wahlschied hard coal beds at the reserves (44.7 trillion cubic meters), which was about 25% of Saar Mine in Germany until the expected final closure of the the total world natural gas reserves and about 1.6 times larger entire mine in July 2012; however, the company expected than the size of the reserves of Iran, which has the second production capacity to be (at most) one-half of what it was in largest reserves. A large number of countries in the region of 2007. The smaller scale Fischbach Mine was already closed Europe and Central Eurasia produced natural gas, but generally at the end of 2008. In addition, the Lippe Mine in the Ruhr not in large amounts. Norway, the United Kingdom, and mining district was expected to be closed at the beginning of the Netherlands in order of output, were significant regional 2009, the Ost Mine at the end of September 2010, and the West producers of natural gas in Europe, and Turkmenistan and Mine at the end of 2012 or the beginning of 2013. Starting in Uzbekistan were notable regional natural gas producers in the 2013, it is expected that only the Augusta Victoria/Blumenthal, CIS (BP p.l.c., 2008, p. 22). the Ibbenbüren, and the Prosper-Haniel Mines would still be Almost 90% of Russia’s natural gas was produced in the in production with an estimated capacity to produce not more Ndym-Pur-Taz (NPT) region in northern West Siberia (the than 12 Mt/yr of anthracite and bituminous coal; it is uncertain region’s name was derived from the names of three rivers whether any of these three mines would still be in operation that border it). The NPT region hosts three massive Russian after the scheduled termination of the Government’s hard gasfields (the Medvezh’ye, the Urengoy, and the Yamburg), coal subsidy in 2018 (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften which had been the country’s main producers and had supplied und Rohstoffe, 2009, p. 35-36, 42-43; Bundesministerium für about 70% of the country’s gas production. These three fields Wirtschaft und Technologie, 2009, p. 11-15; Gesamtverband were in decline, however, as reserves were being depleted. To Steinkohle e.V., 2009, p. 10; RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG, keep with the growth in the Russian economy and the country’s 2010). long-term export commitments to Europe to increase gas output, In Poland in 2008, bituminous coal production declined by Russia was expected to have to incur greater costs to develop about 4.5% compared with that of 2007, and brown coal and fields further north and to the east in an even more difficult lignite production increased by about 4%. Lignite production physical environment than in the NPT region. A main target for was used almost entirely at thermal powerplants, which future development would be the Yamal Peninsula, where large produced about 30% of domestic electricity production and reserves were discovered in several fields. The newly developed accounted for about 12% of total primary energy consumption Zapolyarnoye field on the Yamal Peninsula was a major (Ney, Smakowski, and Galos, 2009, p. 275). Poland had contributor to replacing decreasing production from large older bituminous coal deposits that contained an estimated 43,000 Mt fields where reserves were more than 50% depleted. in 136 deposits; the 47 developed deposits contained 16,119 Mt. OAO Gazprom, which was Russia’s leading gas producer, Owing to environmental concerns, difficult geologic conditions, projected that between 2008 and 2030, the company would and the low quality of the coal, the reserves of available increase natural gas output; most increases in natural gas output bituminous coal deposits were not expected to be expanded. were projected to come from independent gas companies, Lignite reserves were equal to about 13.6 Gt in 77 deposits, however, such as Itera, Northgaz, and Novatek, which, although including 1.4 Gt in deposits currently exploited, and the level blocked from the export market, had found a niche supplying of lignite production was expected to remain steady and to the domestic market. continue to be used mainly to supply thermal powerplants (Ney, The Government of the Netherlands planned to spend up to Smakowski, and Galos, 2009, p. 221, 273). €1.8 billion ($2.3 billion) on new gas-network capacity over the In 2008, Russia’s total coal production increased by 11.8% next few years. Domestic natural gas production was declining, compared with that of 2007. It reached a volume of production and expanding the transport network would enable the country’s of 323 Mt. pipeline manager, Nederlandse Gasunie, to import more Coal production in the United Kingdom increased slightly natural gas and export any surplus gas. It was expected that the (by 5%) in 2008, against the long-term trend of production proposed infrastructure would enable new suppliers to enter the decreases. The increase in 2008 was owing to increased market and create access to the LNG market. The LNG supply production from both deep mines and opencast sites. Coal was expected to surge when Nederlandse Gasunie’s Gate import

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.9 terminal, which was capable of converting between 8 billion and which has called into question the long-term growth potential 12 billion cubic meters per year of LNG back into gas, starts for Russia’s oil. Russia’s proven reserves of oil at the end operating in 2010. of 2007 totaled 79.4 billion barrels. Some Russian officials Norway had estimated proven reserves of 2.3 trillion cubic believe that Russia has a large resource base that could serve to meters of natural gas as of January 2009. Norway’s natural replenish oil reserves if adequate investment were devoted to gas production had been increasing every year since 1994. exploration. Little exploration had taken place in East Siberia The annual increases had been sustained by incorporating and only four or five fields had been discovered there despite the new fields in the Barents and the Norwegian Seas. Norway’s expectation of large resources. For the coming decade, Russian oil single largest natural gas field is the Troll-Oseberg field, which production was projected to grow at an annual rate of about 1.5% produced about 81 million cubic meters per day in 2008 and to 2.5%, owing in part to increased output from oil development represented about one-third of Norway’s natural gas production on Sakhalin Island, This would be coupled with a slowdown in (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009a). growth from the major mature oilfields in West Siberia, a number StatoilHydro’s Snohvit natural gas field project became the of which had passed peak production. New fields that were under first development in the Barents Sea. The Snohvit field was development would produce almost all Russia’s increase in being tapped with undersea production facilities in water depths annual oil output in the next 5 years and would probably produce of 250 m to 345 m. Twenty wells were planned to produce gas more than one-half of the country’s oil in 2020. from the Albatross, the Askeladd, and the Snøhvit fields. The According to industry journals, estimates of Azerbaijan’s Snøhvit field comprises three reservoirs and contains 300 billion proven crude oil reserves range between 7 and 13 billion barrels cubic meters of gas. Nine wells were planned, including eight (about 950 Mt to 1.77 Gt). The State Oil Company of the for production and one for injecting carbon dioxide back below Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) estimated the country’s proven ground. Production from Snøhvit was expected to last from oil reserves to be 925 Mt. Azerbaijan had signed more than 20 30 to 35 years (Off Shore Engineer, 2008). major agreements to develop oilfields with about 30 companies In May 2008, Oil and Gas UK, which was the representative from 15 countries. Plans for 2008 to 2015 called for engaging in body for the offshore oil and gas industry in the United 110,000 m of exploratory drilling. Implementation of SOCAR’s Kingdom, met with the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the program for full-scale development of AGC deposits, along Exchequer to discuss the supply and demand balance of world with the possibility of developing new oil-and-gas condensate oil markets. Oil and Gas UK estimated that companies would deposits in the offshore part of the Azerbaijan sector of the need to invest about $55.6 billion during the next 10 years to Caspian Sea, has provided a basis for SOCAR to project that recover all the oil and gas currently planned. In July, the same between 2010 to 2015, period oil production could reach a level representative body published its annual economic report. of from 66 to 67 Mt/yr. The authors expressed concern about declining production, All Denmark’s producing natural gas and petroleum fields are the rising costs of field development, and the establishment of located in the North Sea. In 2008, the country had 19 producing a viable fiscal regime for future production. It was suggested fields of various sizes. Although most Danish fields had passed that the United Kingdom’s Continental Shelf (UKCS) would the period of peak production using known technology, oil still be able to provide from 20% to 25% of the gas demand of companies showed continued interest in investing in natural the United Kingdom and from 60% to 65% of its petroleum gas and petroleum recovery in 2008. Production in 2008 was demand in 2020. The decommissioning of redundant platforms derived from 283 production wells consisting of 204 petroleum and associated infrastructure was also viewed as one of the wells and 79 natural gas wells. In 2008, about 20% of the known major challenges for the industry (British Geological Survey, mineral fuel resources had been recovered. An additional 6% 2008, p. 75-85). In October, the group responsible for the was expected to be recoverable, leaving more than 70% of the legislative control of the United Kingdom’s oil and gas industry country’s oil resources still unproduced. These resources were changed for the third time in 18 months when the Prime considered to be difficult or impossible to recover with today’s Minister announced the creation of a new Department of Energy production technology (Danish Energy Agency, 2008). and Climate Change (DECC). This new department is the DONG Energy A/S was planning to develop the Nini East amalgamation of groups within the Departments for Food and field in the Siri fairway, which is located close to the border Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Business, Enterprise and Regulatory with Norwegian waters. The firm planned to use an unmanned Reform (BERR). platform, from which the crude would be piped through Nini Petroleum.—Oil production in the area of Central Eurasia to the Siri field’s tanker-loading facilities. The field’s estimated was of major significance to the world’s oil supply. In Europe, reserves of 17 million barrels of oil were expected to result in Denmark-Greenland, Norway, and the United Kingdom were the production of about 11,000 barrels per day, with the first oil significant regional oil producers. In 2008, Russia was the expected by yearend 2009. The development costs were estimated world’s second ranked oil producer and the world’s second to be $440 million. The production was expected to keep the Siri ranked exporting nation. Azerbaijan was engaged in major field in operation until 2020 (Petroleum Economist, 2008). oil development projects offshore in the Caspian Sea, and Kazakhstan reportedly had the largest recoverable crude oil Kazakhstan was engaged in major projects both onshore and reserves in the Caspian Sea region and produced about one-half offshore. of the crude oil produced in the region. The country’s oil Since 2004, however, the rate of growth in Russian oil reserves were estimated to be about 40 billion barrels (BP p.l.c., production has leveled off to somewhat above 2% annually, 2008, p. 6).

1.10 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 Oil production growth in Kazakhstan was expected to Round on the NCS. Dana held a substantial position offshore increase in the next decade primarily from the Tengiz field, Norway, including 14 production licenses on the NCS that cover where production was expected to double, and from the 25 blocks (Mbendi Information Services (Pty) Ltd., 2008). Kashagan offshore field, which could produce an additional Eni Norge AS’s Goliat field was the first petroleum discovery 1 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d) after 2011. The Tengiz field, to be developed in the Barents Sea. Eni Norge planned to which had been developed since 1993 by the Tengizchevroil bring the field onstream in 2013, and Goliat was expected to joint venture, was the country’s leading oil producer; the field produce for at least 15 years. Goliat has two separate main had recoverable crude oil reserves estimated by Chevron Corp. reservoirs—the Kobbe and the Realgrunnen; both of these to be between 6 and 9 billion barrels (Gbbl) (800 Mt and reservoirs contain petroleum with an overlying natural gas 1.2 Gt). According to Chevron, Tengiz could potentially produce cap. The Kobbe formation lies about 1,800 m below sea level 700,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) by 2010 if its sour gas injection and the Realgrunnen formation lies about 1,000 m below sea program was fully implemented. level. Estimates indicated that Goliat contained 174 Mbbl The Kashagan field, which is located off the northern shore of petroleum. The field was to be developed with a floating of the Caspian Sea near the Kazakh city of Atyrau, is the largest production and storage facility. Eni Norge considered the oilfield outside the Middle East and the fifth largest in the Barents Sea to be a more long-term project for development world (in terms of reserves). The field’s recoverable reserves than the other areas on the NCS and the Barents Sea North was were estimated to be 13 Gbbl (1.77 Gt) of oil equivalent, not open for exploration. Goliat would be the first field that with total reserves-in-place of about 38 Gbbl (5.2 Gt). The Eni Norge would operate on the NCS (Norwegian Petroleum field could produce about 300,000 bbl/d by late 2011 with Directorate, 2008). full-scale commercial production expected to commence in StatoilHydro ASA of Norway brought its Volve field in the 2013. Expected peak production from Kashagan was estimated southern part of the Norwegian Sea onstream in early 2008. to be about 1.3 Mbbl/d. The Kashagan field had presented StatoilHydro was using the Maersk Inspirer (the world’s largest particular challenges for its developers as it contains a high jack-up platform and the only production jack-up in Norwegian proportion of natural gas under very high pressure and also waters) to produce the field. The oil would be stored in the contains large quantities of sulfur. Offshore platforms must Navion Saga tanker, and gas would be sent to Sleipner A for also withstand extreme weather fluctuations in the northern storage. Petroleum output was expected to plateau at 50,000 bbl/d Caspian Sea. Additional oil production could originate from the from eight wells, but StatoilHydro reported that another five wells Karachaganak oil-and-gas condensate field onshore in northern were already being planned. Volve was expected to flow for 4 or Kazakhstan near the border with Russia’s Orenburg field. 5 years and to recover 78.6 Mbbl of petroleum and 1.5 billion Karachaganak’s oil reserves were estimated to be between 8 and cubic meters of natural gas (Petroleum Economist, 2008). 9 Gbbl (1.1 and 1.2 Gt) of oil and gas condensate. In the United Kingdom, a total of 168 offshore development Norway, which has the largest petroleum reserves in Western wells were started, which was a slight increase compared with Europe, was reported to have 6.7 Gbbl of estimated proven the number started in 2007. More than 60% was drilled in the reserves as of January 2009. All the reserves are located Central North Sea, which includes the inner and most of the offshore on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), which is outer Moray Firth. The Buzzard oilfield in the outer Moray Firth divided into three sections: the Barents Sea, the North Sea, and was again the most prolific oilfield on the UKCS. The North Sea the Norwegian Sea. The bulk of production took place in the holds Europe’s largest natural gas and petroleum reserves. At North Sea, with smaller amounts in the Norwegian Sea. New the end of 2009, the United Kingdom’s estimated proven crude exploration and production activities took place in the Barents oil reserves totaled 3.6 Gbbl, which was the largest within the Sea in 2008. Norway produced about 2.47 Mbbl/d of petroleum, EU; the reserves were located mostly offshore on the UKCS. of which 91% (2.25 Mbbl/d) was exported. This made Norway Most of the country’s production had come from basins east of the world’s third ranked petroleum exporter after Saudi Arabia Scotland in the central North Sea. The northern North Sea (east and Russia and the sixth ranked net oil exporter in the world of the Shetland Islands) also contains considerable reserves, (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009b). and smaller deposits are located in the North Atlantic Ocean. In Norway, the Government reported that a total of 56 Besides these offshore assets, the country had the Wytch Farm exploration wells had been spudded in 2008 compared with 32 field, which was the largest onshore oilfield in Europe (British exploration wells spudded in 2007. Almost every other well Geological Survey, 2008, p. 75-85; U.S. Energy Information spudded on the NCS yielded a discovery, for a total of 25 new Administration, 2010). discoveries in 2008—a record-breaking year in the number Uranium.—In 2008, Central Eurasia accounted for more of discoveries. Production continued to decline, however, as than 36% of world uranium production. Kazakhstan produced reserves were not being replaced. Beginning in 2008, most 10,049 t; Russia 4,152 t, and Uzbekistan 2,757 t. Uranium of the rigs on the NCS operated under long-term contracts mining took place in several other countries in the region (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, 2009). (the Czech Republic, Germany, and Ukraine), but in smaller Dana Petroleum Norway AS (a subsidiary of Dana Petroleum quantities (table 22). plc of the United Kingdom) announced that it had been awarded In the Czech Republic in 2008, DIAMO s.p. remained the an interest in eight offshore blocks. Seven are located in only domestic producer of uranium; it supplied CEZ a.s., which the North Sea and one is located in the Norwegian Sea. The owned the Czech Republic’s two nuclear powerplants, with awards were made through the 2008 Norwegian APA Licensing about one-third of the uranium that it required. All domestically

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.11 produced uranium was sent abroad for processing into fuel. ArcelorMittal S.A., 2008, ArcelorMittal Warszawa inaugurates new bar rolling All nuclear fuel for the Dukovany Nuclear Power Station mill: London, United Kingdom, ArcelorMittal press release, September 18. (Accessed September 3, 2009, at http://www.arcelormittal.com/ was purchased from the Russian firm OAO TVEL, whereas index.php?lang=en&page=49&tb0=340&tblng=1.) the Temelin Nuclear Power Station obtained its fuel from Asturiana de Zinc S.A., 2008, Asturiana de Zinc—Informe anual 2007: Asturiana Westinghouse Electric Company LLC of the United States. The de Zinc. (Accessed February 6, 2009, at http://www.azsa.es/index_eng.html.) supplies of fuel from Westinghouse were scheduled to end in Belvedere Resources Ltd., 2008, Belvedere suspends production at Hitura: Belvedere Resources Ltd. (Accessed January 14, 2010, at 2010, after which time fuel for Temelin would be supplied by http://www.belveder-resources.com/english/ news/y2008/belvedere-suspends- OAO TVEL. CEZ’s nuclear powerplants produced about 32% production-at-hitura.) of all electricity in the Czech Republic in 2008 (CEZ Group, BP p.l.c., 2008, BP statistical review of world energy—June 2008: London, 2009, p. 75; Severoceske doly a.s., 2009, p. 56). In January, the United Kingdom, BP p.l.c., 45 p. British Geological Survey, 2008, United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook 2008: Australian company Uran Ltd. submitted applications for three Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 110 p. exploration licenses in the Brzkov region and two exploration Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 2008, licenses in the Liberec region. Uran’s previous applications Rohstoffwirtschaftliche 2007: Hannover, Germany, Bundesanstalt für for exploration licenses in the Brzkov region had been rejected Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, October, 252 p. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 2009, Rohstoffsituation by the Ministry of the Environment. As of the end of 2008, 2008: Hannover, Germany, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und no decision had been made about the new applications by the Rohstoffe, October, 228 p. Czech Government (Uran Ltd., 2009). Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, 2009, Stahl und In 2008, Kazakhstan produced 10,049 t of uranium (U O Metall: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie. (Accessed 3 8 February 19, 2010, at http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Wirtschaft/ content), which was 28.4% more than was produced in 2007. branchenfokus,did=171744.html.) Kazakhstan reportedly contains about 19% of the world’s CEZ Group, 2009, Annual report 2008: CEZ Group, 236 p. (Accessed explored uranium reserves totaling about 1.6 Mt. Plans called October 29, 2009, at http://www.cez.cz/edee/content/file/investors/ for increasing uranium production by 2009 to about 12,000 t, inside-information/2009-04/cez-039-2009_en.pdf.) Compañía Española de Laminación, S.L., 2009, Quality and service, our which would make Kazakhstan the world’s leading uranium commitment: Barcelona, España, Compañía Española de Laminación, S.L. producer. The commissioning of new mines was proceeding on (Accessed November 5, 2009, at http://www.celsa.com/Celsa.mvc/ schedule. Kazakhstan had established joint ventures with Russia Presentacion.) to mine uranium in Kazakhstan and enrich it in Russia. Danish Energy Agency, 2008, Production and development: Danish Energy Agency. (Accessed December 27, 2009, at http://www.ens.dk/en-US/ Russia reportedly has 615,000 t of discovered uranium reserves OilandGas/ReportOilGas/Documents/oilgasreport.html.) and prospective resources of 830,000 t. The main deposits are Deutsche Welle, 2008, Aftershocks hit Germany’s coal mining industry: concentrated in the Elkonsky, the Streltsovsky, the Vitimsky, Deutsche Welle, February 25. (Accessed September 10, 2009, at and the Zauralsky regions. Not only Russian deposits, but also http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3147819,00.html.) Dragon Mining Ltd., 2008a, Finland: Dragon Mining Ltd. (Accessed deposits of other countries which include Kazakhstan, Ukraine, December 16, 2008, at http://www.dragon-mining.com.au/-Finland-.html.) and Uzbekistan, would be used to meet Russia’s demand for Dragon Mining Ltd., 2008b, Orivesi gold mine: Dragon Mining Ltd. (Accessed January 5, 2010, at http://www.dragon-mining.com.au/-Orivesi-Finland-.html.) uranium. In 2008, Russia produced 4,152 t of uranium (U3O8 content), which was 10.4% more than was produced in 2007. Dundee Precious Metals Inc., 2008, Dundee Precious Metals and Bulgarian Government sign memorandum of understanding: Dundee Precious The Priargunsky Industrial Mining and Chemicals Metals Inc. press release, July 10. (Accessed August 17, 2009, at Association, which was subordinate to TVEL, could increase http://www.dundeeprecious.com/InvestorCentre/News/NewsDetails/2008/ uranium production by more than 50% by 2014-15 to 5,000 t/yr. PreciousMetalsandBulgarianGovernmentsignMemorandumofUnderstanding/ Russia planned to increase uranium mining through expansion default.aspx.) Dundee Precious Metals Inc., 2009, Annual report 2008: Dundee of existing mines and development of new uranium deposits in Precious Metals Inc. March 30, 69 p. (Accessed August 12, 2009, at the Republic of Buryatia and the Chita region. The country’s http://www.dundeeprecious.com/Theme/Dundee/files/FINAL TO PRESS total demand for uranium, including uranium for export, was Dundee AR 0331.pdf.) forecasted to increase to 36,000 t/yr by 2020. Economic Times, The, 2008, ArcelorMittal to cut 1,000 jobs even in low-cost Poland: The Economic Times [Mumbai, India, and In Uzbekistan, the Navoi mining and metallurgical complex Warsaw, Poland], December 4. (Accessed January 15, 2009, at was the country’s only complex for mining and enriching http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ArcelorMittal_to_cut_1000_jobs_even_ uranium. Uzbekistan’s State Geology and Mineral Resources in_low-cost_Poland/articleshow/3791987.cms.) Committee stated that uranium resources mainly are contained Euromax Resources Ltd., 2009, Annual report—December 2008: Euromax Resources Ltd., April 23. (Accessed August 18, 2009, at in 27 deposits with total reserves estimated to be 55,000 t of http://www.euromaxresources.com/investors.html?cat_id=5.) uranium. Navoi had plans to develop seven uranium deposits to European Commission, 2006, Council regulation (EC) No 1870/2006 of increase uranium production by about 50% by 2012 and mainly 11 December 2006 on trade in certain steel products between the Community had been conducting exploration, development, and uranium and the Republic of Kazakhstan: Brussels, Belgium, Official Journal of the European Union, December 11, 22 p. (Accessed June 23, 2009, at trade agreements with companies from Japan and the Republic http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:360:0001: of Korea. 0020:EN:PDF.) European Commission, 2007a, A strong European neighbourhood policy: References Cited Brussels, Belgium, Communication from the Commission, no. 774, May 2007. European Commission, 2007b, Council regulation (EC) No 752/2007 of 30 May 2007 on administering certain restriction on imports of certain steel Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., 2009, Operations update: Agnico-Eagle Mining products from Ukraine: Brussels, Belgium, Official Journal of the European Ltd. (Accessed January 5, 2010, at http://www.agnico-eagle.com/English/ Union, June 7, 21 p. (Accessed June 23, 2009, at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/ Our-Business/Operating-Mines/Kittila/OperationsUpdate/default.aspx.) doclib/docs/2006/may/tradoc_126445.pdf.)

1.12 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 European Commission, 2007c, Enlargement strategy and main challenges Mbendi Information Services (Pty) Ltd., 2008, Dana gets 8 new blocks 2007–2008, including annexed special report on the EU’s capacity to integrate offshore Norway: Mbendi Information Services (Pty) Ltd. (Accessed new members: Brussels, Belgium, Communication from the Commission to January 21, 2009, at http://www.mbendi.com/a_sndmsg/ the European Parliament and the Council, no. 663, June 11, 61 p. news_view.asp?PG=35&I=97302&M=0&CTRL=S.) European Commission, 2007d, European Union and Russia sign trade Metals Economics Group, 2009, World exploration trends 2008—A special agreement on steel products: Brussels, Belgium, European Commission report from Metals Economics Group for the PDAC International press release, October 26. (Accessed June 23, 2009, at http://europa.eu/rapid/ Convention 2009: Metals economics Group,.(Accessed June 1, 2010, at pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1618&format=HTML&aged=0&la http://www.metalseconomics.com/pdf/PDAC 2009 World Exploration nguage=EN&guiLanguage=en.) Trends.pdf.) European Commission, 2008a, EU—Russia common spaces progress report Minerals UK, 2006a, Tata takes over Corus: Keyworth, Nottingham, United 2007: Brussels, Belgium, European Commission, March, 39 p. (Accessed Kingdom, British Geological Survey, October, 3 p. June 17, 2009, at http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/docs/ Minerals UK, 2006b, The battle for control of Corus continues: Keyworth, commonspaces_prog_report2007.pdf.) Nottingham, United Kingdom, British Geological Survey, December, 2 p. European Commission, 2008b, On the competitiveness of the metals industries: Mining Technology, 2008, Talvivaara bioheapleach, Finland: Mining Technology. Brussels, Belgium, Communication from the Commission, no. 108, (Accessed January 5, 2010, at http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/ February 22. talvivaara/.) European Commission, 2009a, Accompanying document to the proposal for a Ney, Roman, Smakowski, Tadeusz, and Galos, Krzystof, eds., 2009, Minerals regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning measures yearbook of Poland 2007: Krakow, Poland, Department of Mineral Policy, to safeguard security of gas supply and repealing directive 2004/67/EC: Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Brussels, Belgium, European Commission staff working document no. 363, Sciences 509 p. 23 p. (Accessed June 20, 2010, at http://ec.europa.eu/danmark/documents/ Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, 2008, The first oil from the Barents alle_emner/energi/2009_ser2_autre_document_travail_service_part1_ver2. Sea: Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. (Accessed January 22, 2010, at pdf.) http://www.npd.no/en/Topics/Development-and-operations/Temaartikkler// European Commission, 2009b, The raw materials initiative—Meeting The-first-oil-from-the-Barents-Sea.) our critical needs for growth and jobs in Europe: Brussels, Belgium, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, 2009, The shelf in 2008: Norwegian Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and Petroleum Directorate. (Accessed January 22, 2010, at http://www.npd.no/en/ the Council, no. 699, November 4, 13 p. (Accessed June 20, 2010, at news/2009/the-shelf-in-2008/.) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0699: Off Shore Engineer, 2008, Scandinavia offshore: Off Shore Engineer, August, FIN:EN:PDF.) p. A3. European Free Trade Area, 2010, EEA agreement: Geneva, Switzerland; Petroleum Economist, 2008, Norway: Petroleum Economist, v. 75, no. 3, March, European Free Trade Area. (Accessed June 4, 2010, at http://www.efta.int/~/ p. 32. link.aspx?_id=AA2F4A16EFE1476B89D739A1A2412B5A&_z=z.) RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG, 2010, Der bergbau an der Saar: Herne, European Goldfields Ltd., 2008, Results for Q3 2008—Certej project continues to Germany, RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG. (Accessed February 28, 2010, at advance—Profit sustained at Stratoni: European Goldfields Ltd., November 11, http://www.rag-deutsche-steinkohle.de/index.php?SiteID=560.) 9 p. (Accessed November 11, 2008, at http://www.egoldfields.com/ Recylex S.A., 2008, Annual report 2007: Paris, France, Recylex S.A., March 31, egoldfields/uploads/newsreleases/NewsRelease_Q32008_111108.pdf.) 127 p. European Union, [undated], gateway to European Union: 27 member Recylex S.A., 2009, Annual report 2008: Paris, France, Recylex S.A., April 27, countries: Brussels, Belgium, European Union. (Accessed June 1, 2010, at 139 p. http://europa.eu/about-eu/27-member-countries/index_en.htm.) RWE Aktiengesellschaft, 2009, Annual report 2008: Essen, Germany, RWE First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 2009, First Quantum announces board approval Aktiengesellschaft, February 24, 233 p. for development of Kevitsa project, Finland: First Quantum Minerals Ltd. Severoceske doly a.s., 2009, Annual report 2008: Severoceske doly a.s., news release 09-32, November 30, 5 p. (Accessed January 3, 2010, at June, 136 p. (Accessed October 27, 2009, at http://www.sdas.cz/files/sdas/ http://www.first-quantum.com/i/pdf/NR 09-32 - Kevitsa - FINAL.pdf.) vyrocni_zpravy/2008/SD_2008_EN.pdf.) GEA Group AG, 2009, Annual report 2008: Bochum, Germany, GEA Group Sidenor Industrial, S.L., 2009, The leading producer of special steels AG, March 10, 210 p. in Spain: Sidenor Industrial, S.L. (Accessed November 5, 2009, at Geological Survey of Finland, 2008, Suurikuusikko—Gold database: http://www.sidenor.com/quienes.asp?lan=en.) Geological Survey of Finland. (Accessed January 5, 2010, at http://en.gtk.fi/ Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft e.V., 2009, Zur lage des kohlenbergbaus in der ExplorationFinland/Commodities/Gold/suurikuusikko.html.) Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Jahr 2008: Essen-Cologne, Germany, Statistik Gesamtverband Steinkohle e.V., 2009, Steinkohle jahresbericht 2009: der Kohlenwirtschaft e.V., March 3, 12 p. Essen, Germany, Gesamtverband Steinkohle e.V., October, 26 p. Uran Ltd., 2009, Quarterly report for the period ending 31 December 2008: Ilieva, Tsvetelia, 2008, Dundee gets environmental permit for gold Uran Ltd., January 31, 9 p. (Accessed November 3, 2009, at mine upgrade: Reuters, July 30. (Accessed August 17, 2009, at http://www.uranlimited.com.au/images/stories/announcements/09 01 decqtr.pdf.) http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL071975120080730.) U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009a, Natural gas: U.S. Energy Kombinat Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz S.A., 2009a, Annual report Information Administration country analysis brief. (Accessed January 21, 2010, for 2008—Report of the management board on the company’s activities in at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Norway/NaturalGas.html.) 2008: Lubin, Poland, Kombinat Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009b, Oil: U.S. Energy Information S.A., 49 p. (Accessed August 19, 2009, at http://www.kghm.pl/ Administration country analysis brief. (Accessed January 21, 2010, at index.dhtml?category_id=324.) http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Norway/Oil.html.) Kombinat Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz S.A., 2009b, Report U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2010, United Kingdom: no. 32/2009—Approval by the supervisory board of the adjusted budget for U.S. Energy Information Administration country analysis brief, May, 2009: Lubin, Poland, Kombinat Gorniczo Hutniczy Miedzi Polska Miedz 13 p. (Accessed January 15, 2010, at http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/ S.A., August 24. (Accessed October 2, 2009, at http://www.kghm.pl/ country_energy_data.cfm?fips=UK.) index.dhtml?module=articles&id=3815&back=true.) World Bank, The, 2008, Global economic prospects 2009: Washington, DC, The Lappland Goldminers AB, 2008a, First assessment of mineral resources World Bank, December 9, 180 p. for Haveri gold project—Finland: Lappland Goldminers AB. (Accessed January 5, 2010, at http://www.lapplandgoldminers.com/eng/newsmedia/ news/news.asp?id=117.) Lappland Goldminers AB, 2008b, Lappland Goldminers acquires Scan Mining’s remaining mines and processing plant: Lappland Goldminers AB. (Accessed January 26, 2010, at http://www.lapplandgoldminers.com/eng/newsmedia/ news/news.asp?id=119&offset=45.)

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.13 TABLE 1 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: AREA AND POPULATION IN 2008

Area1 Estimated population2 Country (square kilometers) (thousands) Albania 28,748 3,143 Armenia 29,743 3,077 Austria 83,870 8,344 Azerbaijan 86,600 8,679 Belarus 207,600 9,681 Belgium 30,528 10,704 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,209 3,773 Bulgaria 110,910 7,623 Croatia 56,542 4,434 Cyprus 9,250 864 Czech Republic 78,866 10,428 Denmark-Greenland 2,209,180 5,555 Estonia 45,226 1,341 Finland 338,145 5,313 France 547,030 62,048 Georgia 69,700 4,364 Germany 357,021 82,140 Greece 131,940 11,238 Hungary 93,030 10,038 Iceland 103,000 317 Ireland 70,280 4,460 Italy 301,230 59,855 Kazakhstan 2,717,300 15,675 Kosovo 10,887 1,805 1 Kyrgyzstan 198,500 5,278 Latvia 64,589 2,266 Lithuania 65,300 3,358 Luxembourg 2,586 488 Macedonia 25,333 2,038 Malta 316 411 Moldova 33,843 3,633 Montenegro 14,026 622 Netherlands 41,526 16,443 Norway 323,802 4,769 Poland 312,679 38,123 Portugal 92,391 10,625 Romania 237,500 21,513 Russia 17,075,200 141,800 Serbia 77,474 7,350 Slovakia 48,845 5,406 Slovenia 20,273 2,039 Spain 504,782 45,568 Sweden 449,964 9,221 Switzerland 41,290 7,631 Tajikistan 143,100 6,836 Turkmenistan 488,100 5,028 Ukraine 603,700 46,258 United Kingdom 244,820 61,399 Uzbekistan 447,400 27,314 Regional total 29,325,174 810,316 World total 148,940,000 6,692,030 1Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook 2009. 2Source: The World Bank, 2008 World Development Indicators Database.

1.14 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 2 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT1, 2

Gross domestic product based on Real gross domestic product purchasing power parity growth rate Gross value Per capita (percentage) Country (million dollars) (dollars) 2006 2007 2008 Albania 21,864 6,897 5.5 6.3 6.8 Armenia 18,733 5,792 13.2 13.7 6.8 Austria 330,669 39,887 3.5 3.5 2.0 Azerbaijan 74,856 8,634 30.6 23.4 11.6 Belarus 119,096 12,313 10.0 8.6 10.0 Belgium 389,793 36,416 3.0 2.6 1.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,441 7,624 6.9 6.8 5.5 Bulgaria 93,728 12,322 6.3 6.2 6.0 Croatia 82,407 18,575 4.7 5.5 2.4 Cyprus 22,721 29,853 4.1 4.4 3.6 Czech Republic 261,777 25,118 6.8 6.1 2.7 Denmark-Greenland 204,269 37,304 3.3 1.6 -1.2 Estonia 27,612 20,561 10.0 7.2 -3.6 Finland 191,406 36,320 4.9 4.2 1.0 France 2,130,130 34,205 2.4 2.3 0.3 Georgia 21,424 4,869 9.4 12.3 2.1 Germany 2,918,470 35,539 3.2 2.5 1.2 Greece 341,688 30,681 4.5 4.0 2.9 Hungary 196,417 19,553 3.9 1.2 0.6 Iceland 12,805 40,471 4.3 5.6 1.3 Ireland 186,215 42,110 5.4 6.0 -3.0 Italy 1,817,530 30,631 2.0 1.6 -1.0 Kazakhstan 177,835 11,434 10.7 8.9 3.2 3 Kosovo NA NA 3.8 4.0 5.4 Kyrgyzstan 11,604 2,185 3.1 8.5 7.6 Latvia 38,845 17,106 12.2 10.0 -4.6 Lithuania 63,729 18,977 7.8 8.9 3.0 Luxembourg 40,091 82,441 6.4 5.2 0.7 Macedonia 18,831 9,164 4.0 5.9 4.9 Malta 9,893 23,971 3.8 3.7 2.1 Moldova 10,660 2,984 4.8 3.0 7.2 Montenegro 6,955 11,111 8.6 10.7 7.5 Netherlands 677,490 40,558 3.4 3.6 2.0 Norway 257,243 53,738 2.3 3.1 2.1 Poland 668,551 17,537 6.2 6.8 4.9 Portugal 236,049 22,232 1.4 1.9 -0.1 Romania 270,772 12,600 7.9 6.2 7.1 Russia 2,264,610 15,948 7.7 8.1 5.6 Serbia 79,798 10,810 5.2 6.9 5.4 Slovakia 119,464 22,097 8.5 10.4 6.4 Slovenia 59,413 29,521 5.9 6.8 3.5 Spain 1,395,420 30,589 4.0 3.6 0.9 Sweden 342,682 37,334 4.2 2.6 -0.2 Switzerland 315,768 43,196 3.6 3.6 1.8 Tajikistan 13,062 2,023 7.0 7.8 7.9 Turkmenistan 30,332 5,757 11.4 11.6 10.5 Ukraine 337,268 7,342 7.3 7.9 2.1 United Kingdom 2,228,000 36,358 2.9 2.6 0.7 Uzbekistan 71,618 2,634 7.3 9.5 9.0 Regional total 19,199,437 XX XX XX XX World total 69,489,850 XX 5.1 5.2 3.0 NA Not available. XX Not applicable. 1Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2009. 2Gross domestic product listed may differ from that reported in individual country chapters owing to differences in source or date of reporting. 3Real gross domestic product growth rate from the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, April 2010. Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.15 TABLE 3 SELECTED EXPLORATION ACTIVITY IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA IN 2008

1 Country Site Commodity Company Phase2 Albania Bulqiza Cr Empire Mining Corp. Exploration. Do. Mirdita Cu, Au, Zn Terex Resources Ltd. Exploration. Armenia Almulsar Au Lydian International Ltd. Exploration. Do. Deno Au Dundee Precious Metals Inc. Exploration. Do. Lichkvaz Au, Ag, Cu Caldera Resources Inc. Exploration. Do. Shahumyan Au Dundee Precious Metals Inc. Exploration. Do. Tukhmanuk Au Global Gold Corp. Producer. Bulgaria Breznik Au, Ag Euromax Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Dobroselets U Cambridge Mineral Resources plc. Exploration. Do. Rakitovo Au Euromax Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Trun Au do. Exploration. Finland Hanhimaa Au Dragon Mining NL Exploration. Do. Haveri Au Lappland Goldminers AB Exploration. Do. Kaukua PGM, Ni, Cu Nortec Ventures Corp. Exploration. Do. Keivitsa Ni, Cu, Au, PGM First Quantum Minerals Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Kittila Au Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. Producer. Do. Kylyhahti Cu, Co, Ni, Au, Zn Vulcan Resources Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Laivakangas Au Nordic Mines AB Developing. Do. Orivesi Au Dragon Mining NL Producer. Do. Pahtavaara Au Lappland Goldminers AB Producer. Do. Taivaljarvi Ag, Zn, Pb Finmetal Mining AB Exploration. Do. Talvivaara Ni, Zn, Cu, Co Talvivaara Mining Company Ltd. Producer. Greece Milos Au Royal Gold Inc. Exploration. Do. Olympias Ag, Au, Zn, Pb Hellas Gold SA Developing. Do. Perama Hill Au Eldorado Gold Corp. Feasibility. Do. Sappes Au, Cu, Ag Cape Lambert Resources Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Skouries Au, Cu European Goldfields Ltd. Feasibility. Greenland Aappaluttoq Ruby True North Gems Inc. Exploration. Do. Black Angel Zn, Ag, Pb Angus and Ross plc. Feasibility. Do. Citronen Zn, Pb Ironbark Gold Ltd. Exploration. Do. Malmbjerg Mo International Molybdenum plc. Feasibility. Do. Quqertaa Diamond Avannaa Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Saqqaq Au do. Exploration. Do. Sarfartoq Diamond Hudson Resources Inc. Exploration. Hungary Bataszek U Wildhorse Energy Ltd. Exploration. Do. Dinnyeberki U do. Exploration. Do. Lahoca Au Pulsat Communications Ltd. Exploration. Ireland Clontibret Au Conroy Diamonds and Gold plc. Exploration. Do. Keel Au Lundin Mining Corp. Exploration. Do. Lough Sheelin Zn Connemara Mining Company plc. Exploration. Do. Stonepark Zn do. Exploration. Italy Furtei Au, Cu, As, Ag Buffalo Gold Ltd. Feasibility. Kazakhstan Abyz Cu, Zn Kazakhmys plc. Producer. Do. Altyntas Au Central Asia Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Dostyk Au, Ag, Cu, Mo Cigma Metals Corp. Exploration. Do. Karchiga Cu Lero Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Kengir Au Central Asia Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Shevchenko Ni Oriel Resources plc. Feasibility. Do. Uzboy Au Alhambra Resources Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Varvarinskoye Au, Cu Polymetal MNPO Producer. Kyrgyzstan Aramsu U Monaro Mining NL Exploration. Do. Bakten U Nimrodel Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Chaarat Au Chaarat Gold Holdings Ltd. Exploration. Do. Djurasay U Monaro Mining NL Exploration. Do. Shambesai Au Perseus Mining Ltd. Exploration. Do. Taldybulak Au, Cu Lero Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Unkurtash Au Highland Gold Mining Ltd. Exploration. See footnotes at end of table.

1.16 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 3—Continued SELECTED EXPLORATION ACTIVITY IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA IN 2008

1 2 Country Site Commodity Company Phase Macedonia Llovitza Cu, Au, Mo Euromax Resources Ltd. Exploration. Norway Bidjovagge Au, Cu International Gold Exploration AB Exploration. Do. Ertelien Ni, Cu, Co Blackstone Ventures Inc. Exploration. Do. Sydvaranger Iron ore Northern Iron Ltd. Developing. Portugal Aljustrel Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu Lundin Mining Corp. Producer. Do. Cercal Au, Cu Northern Lion Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Moura Zn, Pb do. Exploration. Do. Neves-Corvo Cu, Zn, Pb Lundin Mining Corp. Producer. Do. Penedono Au Colt Resources Inc. Exploration. Romania Certej Au, Ag European Goldfields Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Rosia Montana Au, Ag Gabriel Resources Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Rovina Au, Cu Carpathian Gold Inc. Exploration. Russia Albazino Au Polymetal MNPO Feasibility. Do. Beloya Goya Au Highland Gold Mining Ltd. Exploration. Do. Belininskoye Ni, Co Russian Copper Company Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Blagodatnoye Au Polyus Gold OJSC Developing. Do. Chertovo Koryto Au Centrasia Mining Corp. Exploration. Do. Dukat Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu Polymetal MNPO Producer. Do. Federova Pt, Pd, Ni, Cu Barrick Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Gaisky Complex Cu, Au Urals Mining and Metallurgical Co. Producer. Do. Julietta Au, Ag Kinross Gold Corp. Producer. Do. K&S Iron ore Aricom plc. Feasibility. Do. Kholodninskoye Zn, Pb, Ag MBC Resources Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Kubaka Au, Ag Polymetal MNPO Developing. Do. Kupol Au, Ag Kinross Gold Corp. Producer. Do. Kyzitashtygsky Zn Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd. Exploration. Do. Lomonosov Diamond ALROSA Co. Ltd. Producer. Do. Lyubov Au Highland Gold Mining Ltd. Exploration. Do. Mangazeisky Ag Silver Bear Resources Inc. Exploration. Do. Mayskoye Au Polymetal MNPO Developing. Do. Miheevskoye Cu, Au Russian Copper Co. Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Mnogovershinnoye Au Highland Gold Mining Ltd. Producer. Do. Natalka Au Polyus Gold OJSC Exploration. Do. Ozernoye Zn, Pb Lundin Mining Corp. Feasibility. Do. Pravourmiiskoye Sn Novosibirsk Tin Works Feasibility. Do. Prognoz Ag High River Gold Mines Ltd. Exploration. Do. Souker Ni, Cu Kola Mining Corp. Exploration. Do. Svetloye Au Fortress Minerals Corp. Exploration. Do. Taseevskoye Au, Ag Highland Gold Mining Ltd. Feasibility. Do. Tumannoye Au Zoloto Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Verkhotina Diamond Archangel Diamond Corp. Feasibility. Serbia Nevlje Au Empire Mining Corp. Exploration. Do. Surdulica Mo Dundee Precious Metals Inc. Exploration. Do. Timok Au do. Exploration. Slovakia Kremnica Au, Ag Tournigan Energy Ltd. Exploration. Do. Kuriskova U do. Exploration. Do. Novoveska U do. Exploration. Do. Strieboma Ag, Cu, Sn, Fe Global Minerals Ltd. Feasibility. Spain Aguas Tenidas Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, Au Iberian Minerals Corp. Developing. Do. Barruecopardo W Ormonde Mining plc. Exploration. Do. El Valle Au, Cu Kinbauri Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Gambuta U Berkeley Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. La Zarza Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb Ormonde Mining plc. Exploration. Do. Mazarron Zn, Pb, Ag Navan Mining plc. Feasibility. Do. Salamanca 1 U Berkeley Resources Ltd. Exploration. See footnotes at end of table.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.17 TABLE 3—Continued SELECTED EXPLORATION ACTIVITY IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA IN 2008

1 2 Country Site Commodity Company Phase Sweden Aitik Cu, Au, Ag, Mo Boliden AB Producer. Do. Asnebogruvan U Hodges Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Ballek U Beowulf Mining plc. Exploration. Do. Bjorkdal Au Gold Ore Resources Ltd. Developing. Do. Dannemora Iron ore Dannemora Mineral AB Feasibility. Do. Fäboliden Au, Ag Lappland Goldminers AB Developing. Do. Gaddebo Ni Dannemora Mineral AB Exploration. Do. Jervas Cu, Au Blackstone Ventures Inc. Exploration. Do. Kläppibäcken U Mawson Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Knaften Au Lappland Goldminers AB Exploration. Do. Lainjaur Ni, Cu Blackstone Ventures Inc. Exploration. Do. Nyborg Diamond Nordic Diamonds Ltd. Exploration. Do. Oxberg-Skyttgurvan Au Northern Lion Gold Corp. Exploration. Do. Ror Ni Blackstone Ventures Inc. Exploration. Do. Sala Ag, Zn, Pb Tumi Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Salmivaara Iron ore Northland Resources Inc. Exploration. Do. Storkullen Zn, Ag Hansa Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Storuman Fluorspar Tertiary Minerals plc. Exploration. Do. Tapuli Iron ore Northland Resources Inc. Exploration. Do. Tasjo U Mawson Resources Ltd. Exploration. Do. Vasterbotten Ni, Cu Blackstone Ventures Inc. Exploration. Do. Viken U, V, Mo, Ni Continental Precious Minerals Inc. Exploration. Do. Virka U Aura Energy Ltd. Exploration. Tajikistan Pakrut Au Kryso Resources plc. Feasibility. United Kingdom Hemerdon Ball W, Sn Wolf Minerals Ltd. Exploration. Do. Parys Mountain Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, Au Angesey Mining plc. Exploration. Uzbekistan Amantaytau Au, Ag Oxus Gold plc. Producer. Do. Khandiza Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au Almalyk Mining and Metals Combine Developing. 1Abbreviations used for commodities in this table include the following: Ag, silver; As, arsenic; Au, gold; Co, cobalt; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Fe, iron; Mo, molybdenum; Ni, nickel; Pb, lead; Pd, palladium; PGM, platinum-group metals; Pt, platinum; Sn, tin; U, uranium; V, vanadium; W, tungsten; and Zn, zinc. 2Phase of exploration activity has been separated into the following stages: Developing, includes construction and permitting; Exploration, exploration prior to full feasibility study; Feasibility, feasibility study ongoing or completed; Producer, exploration at producing site.

1.18 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 p ------107 389 Secondary e 2 3 ------y 24 398 396 127 300 138 Metal, refined Primar Copper e e e e 6 1 ------11 19 13 422 105 Mine, metal content 1 e e 1 ------614 204 4,239 3,629 mine output, gross weight Chromite, e ------10 500 Metals (metric tons) Antimony, metal content mine output, e e e e e e e 3 ------(3) 45 25 17 25 50 222 150 721 666 Secondary e e TABLE 4 2 Metal ------y 62 301 107 156 787 106 430 162 606 188 Primar (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) ------672 160 511 Aluminum 1,018 5,160 2,176 Bauxite e e e ------220 294 780 165 500 299 1,100 1,000 1,713 1,800 Alumina EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e d Region and (or) country e e e Macedonia Netherlands Czech Republic Luxembourg Kyrgyzstan Belgium Finland Montenegro Cyprus Lithuania Kosovo Estonia Bulgaria Italy Georgia Belarus Ireland Germany Moldova Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Iceland Greece Latvia France Azerbaijan Hungary Albania Kazakhstan Armenia Austria Malta Denmark-Greenlan See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia:

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.19 e e e 4 1 3 ------54 25 35 810 250 1.9% 2,850 28.4% Secondary e 4 2 ------y 33 32 12 90 610 527 228 255 Metal , refined 7.8% 3,170 1,220 20.3% 15,600 Primar Copper e 4 7 ------19 89 58 95 750 429 8.4% 2,020 1,310 13.0% 15,500 content 1 ------750 9,440 33.7% 28,000 mine output, Mine, metal gross weight e ------3.3% 6,010 2,000 3,500 183,000 Metals (metric tons) Antimony, metal content mine output, Chromite, e e e e e 4 e e e 3 1 ------(3) 20 20 18 32 13 350 130 243 190 2,940 7,840 37.5% Secondary e e 2 Metal ------y 83 48 82 339 290 326 190 113 408 6.7% 9,940 2,660 3,800 1,360 TABLE 4—Continued 25.1% 39,600 Primar (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) ------NA NA Alum inum 7.5% 6,300 16,000 Bauxite 213,000 e ------163 5.2% 1,670 4,300 3,200 1,500 17.5% 82,400 14,400 Alumina EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e Region and (or) country e y e e ain Share of world total Total, Europe and Central Eurasia p Ukraine World total Slovenia Poland Portugal Tajikistan United Kingdom Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Sweden Russia Serbia Slovakia Switzerland Norwa Romania S United States Share of world total See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia—Continued:

1.20 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 e ------33 250 mine output, (metric tons) Mercury, metal content e e e e 5 1 1 ------(3) 11 116 600 mine output, metal content Manganese ore, e e e e p ------34 10 97 20 16 27 82 11 164 302 Secondary 1 p 2 ------y (3) 48 91 113 106 Metal, refined Primar Lead 4 e 9 1 3 ------(3) 50 39 34 16 13 Mine output, metal content Metals—Continued e e 4 e e e e ------885 550 115 185 300 252 608 300 6,387 2,600 2,660 6,880 2,160 7,594 4,244 2,490 1,330 4,418 10,700 45,833 17,900 Steel, crude e 4 ------243 441 4,737 7,000 6,000 1,289 5,795 2,761 2,943 TABLE 4—Continued 29,631 11,400 Pig iron and direct- reduced iron Iron and steel e e e e (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) ------10,400 30,600 ------14 48 650 570 1,120 13,000 mine output, Iron ore, metal content e 4 e e ------450 1,400 1,518 1,500 2,000 4,160 2,064 18,132 22,000 (kilograms) mine output Gold, EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e d Region and (or) country e e e e e Czech Republic Luxembourg Ireland Belgium Austria Estonia Moldova Cyprus Italy Armenia Belarus Lithuania Macedonia Montenegro Netherlands Malta Germany Kyrgyzstan Albania Latvia Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Iceland Kosovo Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Denmark-Greenlan Finland Greece France Georgia Europe and Central Eurasia: See footnotes at end of table.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.21 e ------30 50 NA NA 363 1,190 30.6% (metric tons) Mercury, metal content e 9 ------10 575 9.4% 1,330 14,100 mine output, metal content Manganese ore, mine output, e e 4 3 9 5 ------15 43 60 68 144 125 1,240 4,310 1,150 28.7% 26.6% Secondary 1 e e e 2 1 ------y 57 34 40 80 689 135 119 3.2% 4,270 Metal , refined 16.1% Primar Lead e e 1 1 ------(3) 60 65 62 354 410 8.9% 3,980 10.3% Mine output, metal content Metals—Continued 4 e 4 4 4 -- -- 670 680 560 6.9% 4,500 1,400 1,257 9,727 1,662 5,196 5,060 23.9% 91,900 68,695 13,500 37,107 19,000 318,000 1,330,000 Steel, crude e 4 ------100 100 3.1% 3,529 4,934 1,582 4,200 3,800 3,000 TABLE 4—Continued 18.0% 34,000 30,982 52,300 10,100 197,000 1,100,000 Pig iron and direct- reduced iron Iron and steel e (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) ------(3) 10 133 3.0% 2,046 11.6% 33,800 15,400 40,000 57,800 131,000 1,130,000 metal content e e ------500 198 480 400 500 3,400 5,530 3,000 16.6% 11.8% 85,000 233,000 329,000 176,347 1,970,000 (kilograms) mine output mine output, Gold, Iron ore, EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e dom e e g e e Region and (or) country e e e al e g ikistan ain j Share of world total Total, Europe and Central Eurasia p Ukraine World total Turkmenistan Romania Slovenia Poland Norway Serbia Slovakia Switzerland Uzbekistan Portu S Sweden Russia Ta United Kin See footnotes at end of table. United States Share of world total Europe and Central Eurasia—Continued:

1.22 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 ------(metric tons) (metric metal content Metal sponge, ------Titanium content 2 (metric tons) TiO Ilmenite, e 2 ------15,000 26,000 2 y Metal, primar (metric tons) 1 Tin ------NA (metric tons) Mine output, metal content e e e e e 4 1 4 ------(3) 55 70 36 NA 700 content (metric tons) output, metal Silver, mine Metals—Continued ------214 121,597 (kilograms) Platinum ------secondary TABLE 4—Continued refined, primary and Platinum-group metals, (kilograms) Palladium e e (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) 1 7 ------15 43 13 17 Refinery products, metal content e 4 ------Nickel 21 738 Mine output, metal content EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e d Region and (or) country e e e Montenegro Bulgaria Moldova Malta Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia Belgium Luxembourg France Belarus Ireland Finland Greece Czech Republic Lithuania Azerbaijan Iceland Estonia Georgia Germany Italy Cyprus Latvia Kyrgyzstan Armenia Austria Hungary Kazakhstan Croatia Denmark-Greenlan Kosovo Albania See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia:

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.23 ------9,930 61.9% 71,900 36,000 116,000 (metric tons) (metric metal content e ------Titanium 3.0% 13.2% content 716,000 164,000 395,000 306,000 2 5,410,000 (metric tons) TiO ------2 y 0.7% 2,000 2,000 304,000 Metal, Ilmenite, Metal sponge, primar (metric tons) 1 Tin ------29 0.6% 1,530 1,500 256,000 (metric tons) metal content 4 e 5 3 4 ------18 83 NA 293 5.8% 3,740 1,260 1,161 1,300 17.4% 21,500 content (metric tons) output, metal Mine output, Silver, mine Metals—Continued 2 ------25 1.2% 3,570 46.8% 23,000 145,000 310,000 (kilograms) Platinum ndary ------15 15 seco 6.1% TABLE 4—Continued 44.8% 87,700 11,900 87,700 196,000 refined, primary and Platinum-g roup metals, (kilograms) Palladium e e e (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) ------(3) 38 89 19 498 257 1,310 38.0% Refinery products, metal content 4 e 8 8 ------Nickel (3) 277 1,060 2,540 41.6% Mine output, metal content EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e e e Region and (or) country e e e e ikistan j Total, Europe and Central Eurasia Share of world total Ukraine Spain World total Slovenia Turkmenistan Poland Sweden Norway Romania Uzbekistan Slovakia United Kingdom Portugal Russia Serbia Switzerland Ta Netherlands See footnotes at end of table. United States Share of world total Europe and Central Eurasia—Continued:

1.24 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 e e e e e 7 1 6 5 ------25 25 37 33 30 600 555 195 504 Salt 1,866 2,200 6,240 2,100 1,134 15,519 ------4,968 3,280 Potash, O equivalent 2 K e e ------65 289 content 5 rock, O 2 1 Phosphate P ------Industrial minerals natural, Diamond, gemstones and industrial (thousand carats) e e e p e e e e e -- -- 806 700 140 310 862 750 590 890 770 450 1,600 4,219 1,633 1,218 1,076 1,914 2,800 4,400 5,309 9,500 1,406 4,400 3,500 4,805 3,544 5,837 33,581 43,000 21,700 15,000 Cement, hydraulic e e e e e e e e 1 2 ------(3) 79 74 320 805 830 300 460 200 800 350 150 130 2,819 N content Ammonia, 4 ------119 TABLE 4—Continued 279,000 297,722 107,100 292,280 102,000 primary and Metal, (metric tons) secondary e e 4 (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) Zinc ------400 5,000 8,400 4,200 51,900 10,600 20,300 398,200 (metric tons) Mine output, metal content Metals—Continued ------28,000 ------387,400 365,572 ------1,122 mine output, (metric tons) metal content Tungsten, EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e d Region and (or) country e e e e Finland Belarus Belgium Estonia Kyrgyzstan Georgia Croatia Luxembourg Malta Bulgaria Azerbaijan Hungary Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece Lithuania Macedonia Montenegro Italy Austria Denmark-Greenlan Iceland Cyprus Czech Republic Armenia Ireland Kazakhstan Latvia Moldova Germany France Albania See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia:

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.25 e e e 4 e 2 ------52 30 215 560 560 100 Salt 3,518 6,000 2,450 2,200 4,425 4,350 5,800 24.0% 18.5% 256,000 4 e ------12 435 673 3.2% 6,730 1,100 47,300 O equivalent 2 ------140 8.8% 46.2% 3,920 4,410 16,100 61,300 8,590 content K 5 O 2 1 P 4 ------17.1% ------24.2% Industrial minerals 36,900 36,925 153,000 50,300 34,900 natural, Diamond, gemstones Phosphate and industrial rock, Potash, (thousand carats) e e 4 e e e 4 4 190 900 3.1% 1,500 2,500 2,700 6,600 1,800 2,843 4,157 4,000 13.3% 10,071 17,207 87,600 12,650 11,000 53,600 14,900 54,000 377,000 Cement, hydraulic 2,840,000 e e e 4 e e e e -- -- 30 25 50 350 260 270 400 244 6.1% 4,200 1,300 1,100 1,800 1,995 1,000 7,850 24.0% 30,800 10,425 128,000 N content Ammonia, 4 e 4 4 ------2.4% TABLE 4—Continued 23.8% 60,000 70,445 145,469 239,500 456,050 286,000 260,000 143,000 2,820,000 11,800,000 Metal, (metric tons) e e (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) Zinc ------6.9% 1,000 12.8% 22,566 130,000 174,800 778,000 204,000 1,450,000 11,300,000 (metric tons) Metals—Continued p ------900 8.9% 5,020 3,000 56,500 mine output, Mine output, primary and (metric tons) metal content metal content secondary Tungsten, EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e e n dom e e g e Region and (or) country e e Total, Europe and Central Eurasia Share of world total Ukraine Portugal Norway Romania Serbia United Kin Poland Switzerland Uzbekistan Turkmenista Slovakia Russia Slovenia Spain Sweden Tajikistan World total Netherlands See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia—Continued: United States Share of world total

1.26 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 ------342 10,049 content 8 O 3 (metric tons) U 4 4 e e e ------NA 937 521 169 623 1 1,600 6,066 5,180 7,100 3,970 6,400 12,361 36,300 22,400 328,247 520,000 104,573 barrels) Petroleum, 42-gallon (thousand Uranium, 4 e e e ------50 13 17 16 NA 152 502 167 960 218 8,400 1,544 2,703 3,000 9,000 2,500 16,337 15,377 18,708 Natural crude gas, dry (million cubic meters) ------13 364 7,746 1,740 9,414 4,770 7,842 11,244 47,872 16,193 28,651 70,000 175,316 Mineral fuels and related materials ------19 NA 182 12,197 15,472 106,296 Coal TABLE 4—Continued ------1,605 (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) Anthracite Bituminous Lignite EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e d Region and (or) country e e e e Bulgaria Croatia Malta Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia France Luxembourg Belarus Belgium Ireland Italy Lithuania Czech Republic Azerbaijan Finland Montenegro Austria Estonia Hungary Iceland Greece Georgia Germany Albania Armenia Moldova Kazakhstan Latvia Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Cyprus Denmark-Greenlan See footnotes at end of table. Europe and Central Eurasia:

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.27 4 ------800 3.6% 1,770 2,757 4,152 36.6% 18,100 49,400 content 8 O 3 (metric tons) U Uranium, e e e e e e 1 ------Preliminary. 165 140 975 p 1 7.0% 9,855 5,610 4,720 22.7% 69,100 30,800 18,095 34,100 563,560 901,550 6,290,000 3,590,000 1,940,000 crude 27,700,000 barrels) Petroleum, 42-gallon (thousand als shown. e 4 e 3 ------19 21 330 282 111 5,382 38.1% 19.3% 68,000 70,501 72,000 67,593 99,200 11,700 577,000 664,999 1,140,000 2,990,000 Natural gas, dry (million cubic meters) ------200 6.9% ecified) 2,423 4,520 2,400 60.1% 59,668 68,700 35,000 76,044 38,519 Lignite 600,000 998,000 Mineral fuels and related materials therwise sp 4 ------96 66 343 2,650 2,897 10.7% 19.6% 63,400 16,455 84,345 542,000 237,259 993,000 ns unless o 5,070,000 Coal Bituminous TABLE 4—Continued - d metric to 0 ------5.6% 0.3% 9,823 7,306 1,457 1,540 34,20 14,000 613,000 (Thousan Anthracite EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MINERAL COMM ODITIES IN 2008 e Region and (or) country e Total, Europe and Central Eurasia Share of world total United Kingdom Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan World total Totals may not add due to independent rounding. Table includes data available as of June 21, 2010. Primary production also includes undifferentiated (primary and secondary) for some countries listed. Less than ½ unit. Reported figure. Estimated; estimated data, U.S. and world totals are roun ded to no more than three significant digits; may not add t Europe and Central Eurasia—Continued: United States Share of world total NA Not available. -- Zero or zero percent. 2 3 e 1 4

1.28 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 5 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED BAUXITE MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Albania -- 5 ------Bosnia and Herzegovina 75 255 1,032 1,018 1,000 1,000 1,000 Croatia 2 ------Greece 2,200 1,966 2,441 2,176 2,200 2,200 2,100 Hungary 1,015 1,046 535 511 500 500 500 Italy 11 300 300 ------Kazakhstan 3,071 3,729 4,800 5,160 5,800 6,200 6,600 Montenegro2 60 630 672 672 750 800 800 Romania 175 ------Russia 3,800 5,274 6,400 6,300 6,500 7,000 8,000 Total 10,400 13,200 16,200 15,800 17,000 18,000 19,000 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.29 TABLE 6 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ALUMINUM PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Austria 94 158 150 150 150 150 150 Azerbaijan 4 -- 32 62 35 45 65 Belgium 4 1 -- 1 ------Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 95 131 156 150 150 150 Bulgaria 5 8 5 17 15 15 15 Croatia 31 15 30 32 30 30 30 Czech Republic 48 40 30 45 45 45 45 Denmark-Greenland 14 16 20 25 25 25 25 Finland 35 45 34 25 45 45 40 France 603 701 664 650 650 650 650 Germany 994 1,216 1,366 1,327 1,300 1,300 1,300 Greece 133 171 163 165 150 150 150 Hungary 29 89 81 50 50 50 50 Iceland 100 224 273 787 600 600 600 Italy 610 848 847 853 850 850 850 Kazakhstan ------106 200 225 225 Macedonia 4 5 4 1 1 1 1 Montenegro2 17 88 117 107 80 100 100 Netherlands 407 421 391 300 300 300 300 Norway 902 1,280 1,376 1,360 1,600 1,600 1,600 Poland 56 52 66 68 70 70 70 Portugal NA 18 18 18 18 18 18 Romania 144 181 246 278 250 280 280 Russia 2,724 3,245 3,647 3,800 3,600 3,800 4,200 Serbia NA NA (3) 1 1 1 2 Slovakia 38 137 162 163 160 160 160 Slovenia 58 84 139 103 110 110 110 Spain 468 606 637 651 650 650 650 Sweden 118 127 133 154 130 130 130 Switzerland 31 224 238 50 50 50 50 Tajikistan 232 269 380 339 370 380 400 Ukraine 98 233 244 243 200 210 220 United Kingdom 520 590 574 516 550 550 550 Uzbekistan 3 2 33333 Total 8,540 11,200 12,200 12,600 12,500 12,500 13,000 eEstimated. NA Not available. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro. 3Less than 1/2 unit.

1.30 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 7 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED COPPER MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Cu content in thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Albania 4 -- 2 1 1 1 2 Armenia 8 12 16 19 20 25 30 Bulgaria 76 92 112 109 110 110 110 Finland 10 14 16 13 12 11 11 France (2) (2) ------Georgia 5 8 10 11 12 14 40 Kazakhstan 200 430 402 422 410 440 460 Macedonia 6 6 22 6 6 6 6 Norway 7 ------Poland 384 509 575 482 500 500 500 Portugal 134 76 90 89 85 85 85 Romania 25 16 15 ------Russia 525 570 640 750 800 850 900 Serbia3 75 56 27 19 20 20 20 Slovakia -- (2) (2) ------Spain 25 23 5 7 9 9 9 Sweden 84 78 98 58 45 40 40 Uzbekistan 40 70 104 95 95 105 105 Total 1,610 1,960 2,130 2,080 2,130 2,200 2,300 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Less than 1/2 unit. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

TABLE 8 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFINED COPPER PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Albania 3 ------Austria 54 79 72 107 100 100 100 Belgium 376 423 383 395 400 400 350 Bulgaria 29 32 61 127 200 200 200 Cyprus -- 5 -- 1 1 1 1 Czech Republic 20 20 14 10 10 10 10 Finland 74 114 125 138 140 140 140 France 42 2 ------Germany 616 710 638 690 680 690 690 Hungary 11 12 10 ------Italy 98 73 32 24 30 30 30 Kazakhstan 256 395 388 398 380 450 500 Norway 34 27 39 32 35 35 35 Poland 407 486 560 527 520 520 520 Romania 27 19 21 15 18 18 18 Russia 560 840 933 860 850 900 1,100 Serbia2 79 46 27 34 35 35 35 Slovakia 29 ------Spain 164 316 302 290 320 320 320 Sweden 105 130 222 253 240 240 240 United Kingdom 55 3 ------Uzbekistan 95 85 104 90 90 90 95 Total 3,130 3,820 3,930 3,990 4,100 4,200 4,400 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.31 TABLE 9 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED GOLD MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Kilograms)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Armenia 514 600 1,400 1,400 2,500 3,000 3,500 Bulgaria 3,100 2,347 3,868 4,160 4,000 4,000 4,000 Denmark-Greenland -- -- 1,000 1,518 1,600 1,800 2,000 Finland 2,061 4,951 3,747 2,064 4,000 4,000 4,000 France 4,615 2,632 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Georgia 500 2,924 2,000 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,000 Italy -- 791 ------Kazakhstan 18,200 28,171 18,062 22,525 23,500 25,000 26,000 Kyrgyzstan 1,500 22,000 16,700 18,132 18,000 20,000 20,000 Macedonia 760 750 400 450 400 400 400 Poland 510 367 510 480 480 480 480 Romania 4,000 500 400 400 400 400 5,000 Russia 131,900 142,738 163,186 176,347 195,000 200,000 210,000 Serbia2 3,040 1,121 335 500 450 450 450 Slovakia 518 306 109 198 200 200 200 Spain 4,131 4,310 3,971 3,400 5,500 5,500 5,500 Sweden 6,528 3,570 6,600 5,530 5,200 5,200 5,000 Tajikistan 1,500 2,700 3,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 6,000 Ukraine ------500 500 500 500 Uzbekistan 65,000 85,000 84,210 85,000 90,000 90,000 95,000 Total 248,000 306,000 311,000 329,000 360,000 370,000 390,000 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

1.32 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 10 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED IRON ORE MINE PRODUCTION 1995-20151

(Fe content in thousand metric tons)

Average iron Country content 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Austria 58% 709 586 665 650 650 650 650 Azerbaijan 57% 1 -- 4 9 10 13 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina 53% 52 182 1,500 1,120 1,200 1,200 1,400 Bulgaria 50% 265 178 ------Czech Republic 29% 10 6 ------France 28% 432 ------Germany2 14% 10 65 38 48 40 40 40 Greece 38% 800 575 575 570 500 500 500 Kazakhstan 57% 8,500 9,200 9,300 13,000 13,000 14,000 14,000 Macedonia 40% 1 9 ------Norway 62% 1,348 369 420 2,046 2,100 2,100 2,100 Portugal 36% 5 12 10 10 10 10 10 Romania 52% 147 55 69 ------Russia 58% 46,000 50,000 56,100 57,800 56,000 57,000 60,000 Serbia3 45% 61 1 ------Slovakia 34% 225 255 182 133 150 150 150 Spain 38% 960 ------Sweden 65% 13,880 13,556 15,300 16,000 17,000 17,000 17,000 Ukraine 55% 29,000 30,600 37,700 40,000 43,000 43,000 45,000 United Kingdom 54% 1 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Total XX 102,000 106,000 122,000 131,000 135,000 135,000 140,000 eEstimated. XX Not applicable. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Iron ore is used domestically as an additive in cement and other construction materials but is of too low a grade to use in the steel industry. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro. 4Less than 1/2 unit.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.33 TABLE 11 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Albania 22 65 87 380 450 500 600 Austria 4,537 5,725 7,031 7,594 7,000 7,000 7,000 Azerbaijan 12 -- 286 300 300 300 300 Belarus 744 1,623 2,076 2,660 2,600 2,700 2,800 Belgium 11,606 11,635 10,420 10,700 10,000 10,000 10,000 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 134 283 608 600 650 650 Bulgaria 2,724 2,023 1,969 1,330 750 750 750 Croatia 45 71 74 115 400 400 400 Czech Republic 7,189 6,216 6,189 6,387 6,500 6,500 7,000 Denmark-Greenland 654 803 ------Finland 3,176 4,096 4,738 4,418 4,000 5,000 5,000 France 18,096 21,002 19,481 17,900 16,000 19,000 19,000 Georgia 84 (2) -- -- 200 300 400 Germany 42,051 46,376 44,524 45,833 45,000 46,000 47,000 Greece 939 1,088 2,266 2,490 2,500 2,500 2,500 Hungary 1,865 1,969 2,005 2,160 2,000 2,200 2,200 Ireland 309 342 ------Italy 27,766 26,544 29,061 30,600 26,000 30,000 30,000 Kazakhstan 3,030 4,770 4,452 4,244 4,300 4,500 4,700 Latvia 279 500 550 550 550 550 550 Luxembourg 2,613 2,571 2,194 2,600 2,800 2,800 2,800 Macedonia 33 161 326 252 320 360 360 Moldova 663 909 1,000 885 900 900 1,000 Montenegro NA NA 104 185 170 170 170 Netherlands 6,409 5,667 6,919 6,880 7,000 7,000 7,000 Norway 503 620 701 560 700 700 700 Poland 11,890 10,508 8,336 9,727 10,000 10,000 10,000 Portugal 829 1,097 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 Romania 6,557 4,672 6,280 5,060 5,000 6,000 6,000 Russia 51,600 59,097 66,186 68,695 65,000 68,000 70,000 Serbia3 180 682 1,286 1,662 1,600 1,600 1,600 Slovakia 3,958 3,733 4,242 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 Slovenia 407 519 583 642 630 630 630 Spain 13,975 15,844 17,800 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 Sweden 4,953 5,227 5,692 5,196 4,000 5,500 5,500 Switzerland 1,000 1,020 1,158 1,257 1,200 1,200 1,200 Ukraine 23,309 31,780 38,636 31,107 36,000 40,000 42,000 United Kingdom 17,604 15,306 13,210 13,500 12,000 14,000 14,000 Uzbekistan 352 420 607 680 730 740 750 Total 272,000 295,000 312,000 312,000 300,000 320,000 330,000 eEstimated. NA Not available. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Less than 1/2 unit. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

1.34 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 12 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED NICKEL MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Ni content in metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Finland 3,439 3,347 3,386 4,303 4,500 4,500 4,500 Greece 19,900 19,535 23,210 21,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 Kosovo NA -- -- 7,100 8,000 8,000 8,000 Macedonia 3,500 -- 5,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 Norway 3,386 2,538 130 369 370 370 370 Russia 251,000 315,000 315,000 277,000 270,000 280,000 300,000 Spain -- -- 5,386 8,136 8,500 9,000 10,000 Ukraine 1,400 -- 2,000 8,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 Total 283,000 340,000 354,000 341,000 330,000 340,000 360,000 eEstimated. NA Not available. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

TABLE 13 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PLATINUM MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Kilograms)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Finland 37 441 678 214 225 200 200 Norway2 1,500 1,000 ------Poland 21 21 20 25 25 25 25 Russia 31,000 27,000 29,000 23,000 22,000 23,000 25,000 Serbia3 6 3 3 2 1 1 1 Total 32,600 28,500 29,700 23,200 22,000 23,000 25,000 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Data prior to 2005 represent exports. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

TABLE 14 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PALLADIUM MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Kilograms)

Country2 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Poland 12 12 10 15 15 15 15 Russia 65,000 95,000 97,400 96,800 88,000 90,000 94,000 Serbia3 46 21 19 15 10 10 10 Total 65,100 95,000 97,400 96,800 88,000 90,000 94,000 eEstimated. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Palladium production for Finland and Norway has not been estimated. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.35 TABLE 15 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED TIN MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Sn content in metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Kazakhstan 15 ------Kyrgyzstan -- 300 ------Portugal 200 218 243 29 50 50 50 Russia 2,000 2,500 3,000 1,500 1,600 2,000 2,400 Spain 250 233 ------Total 2,470 3,250 3,240 1,530 1,700 2,100 2,500 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

TABLE 16 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFINED TIN PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e France 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Russia 4,500 5,300 5,500 2,300 2,000 2,200 2,500 Total 6,000 6,800 7,000 3,800 3,500 3,700 4,000 eEstimated. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

TABLE 17 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED ZINC MINE PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Zn content in thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Armenia 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 Finland 16 30 72 52 50 50 50 Georgia -- (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Greece 15 20 1 20 22 20 20 Ireland 184 263 429 398 425 400 400 Italy 23 ------Kazakhstan 225 325 400 387 400 425 450 Kosovo 6 1 1 8 10 12 12 Macedonia 8 25 -- 28 30 30 30 Norway 10 ------Poland 183 182 156 130 120 115 100 Portugal ------23 23 23 23 Romania 35 27 14 ------Russia 131 136 180 204 175 200 250 Serbia3 5 20 3 1 1 1 1 Spain 172 200 ------Sweden 167 177 216 175 200 150 150 Total 1,180 1,410 1,480 1,430 1,500 1,400 1,500 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Less than 1/2 unit. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

1.36 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 18 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFINED ZINC PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Belgium 240 252 262 279 275 250 250 Bulgaria 80 84 95 102 100 110 110 Czech Republic 1 150 250 ------Finland 177 223 282 298 290 280 280 France 314 348 210 119 120 120 120 Germany 322 357 335 292 200 200 200 Italy 260 170 121 107 110 110 110 Kazakhstan 239 262 357 366 330 340 360 Kosovo 6 ------Macedonia 21 63 ------Netherlands 208 217 214 240 230 230 230 Norway 122 126 151 145 150 125 125 Poland 166 137 137 143 140 140 140 Romania 28 52 57 60 50 60 60 Russia 166 230 220 260 280 300 310 Serbia2 -- 818------Spain 364 387 506 456 500 500 500 United Kingdom 106 100 ------Uzbekistan 70 18 35 70 60 60 70 Total 2,890 3,180 3,250 2,940 2,800 2,800 2,900 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

TABLE 19 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED NATURAL DIAMOND PRODUCTION, 1995-20151, 2

(Thousand carats)

Country and type 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Russia: Gem grade 17,000 17,500 23,000 21,925 21,000 22,000 23,000 Industrial grade 11,000 11,700 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 Total 28,000 29,200 38,000 36,900 36,000 37,000 38,000 eEstimated. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2The large increase in Russian diamond production reflects mainly newly released Russian diamond production data. Future volumes will reflect revised historic Russian diamond production data.

TABLE 20 EUROPE: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED LITHIUM PRODUCTION, 1995-2015

(Metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Portugal NA NA 26,185 NA 34,000 34,000 34,000 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. NA Not available.

Europe and Central Eurasia—2008 1.37 TABLE 21 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED SALABLE COAL PRODUCTION, 1995-20151, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Albania 81 21 13 13 15 15 15 Austria 1,282 1,255 14 ------Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,808 7,441 9,144 11,244 12,000 14,000 16,000 Bulgaria 30,830 27,094 24,909 28,670 28,000 28,000 28,000 Croatia 75 ------Czech Republic 80,082 68,091 61,903 60,069 60,000 57,000 57,000 France 8,416 4,102 ------Georgia 40 7 5 8 9 10 11 Germany 246,322 201,975 202,815 192,393 189,000 187,000 185,000 Greece 56,533 64,026 73,585 64,000 65,000 65,000 65,000 Hungary 14,453 14,276 9,580 9,414 9,500 9,500 9,500 Italy 352 19 ------Kazakhstan 113,000 74,872 86,385 111,066 100,000 110,000 120,000 Kosovo NA NA 6,391 7,842 7,800 7,800 7,800 Kyrgyzstan 463 425 340 546 650 700 750 Macedonia 7,991 7,516 6,949 7,746 8,000 8,000 8,000 Montenegro NA NA 1,297 1,740 1,500 1,500 1,500 Norway 343 330 300 343 350 300 200 Poland 200,713 162,815 159,039 144,013 140,000 140,000 140,000 Romania 41,128 29,294 34,201 37,700 35,000 35,000 35,000 Russia 263,000 273,578 298,300 323,126 330,000 350,000 360,000 Serbia3 40,556 32,275 34,993 38,585 35,000 35,000 35,000 Slovakia 4,140 3,589 2,511 2,423 2,000 2,000 2,000 Slovenia 4,884 4,480 4,539 4,520 4,500 4,500 4,500 Spain 28,476 23,470 19,354 10,203 15,000 20,000 20,000 Tajikistan 100 21 99 82 150 180 200 Ukraine 83,800 81,907 74,559 77,673 80,000 80,000 85,000 United Kingdom 53,600 31,972 20,498 21,280 20,000 20,000 20,000 Uzbekistan 3,200 2,556 3,000 2,400 3,000 3,500 4,000 Total 1,290,000 1,120,000 1,130,000 1,160,000 1,150,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 eEstimated. NA Not available. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Includes anthracite, bituminous, and run-of-mine lignite. 3Prior to 2005, figures are for a combined Serbia and Montenegro.

TABLE 22 EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED URANIUM PRODUCTION, 1995-20151

(U3O8 content in metric tons)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2008 2011e 2013e 2015e Bulgaria 700 ------Czech Republic 721 587 495 342 340 340 340 France 840 375 -- 5777 Germany 41 33 111 -- 20 15 10 Hungary 277 ------Kazakhstan 1,920 2,052 5,138 10,049 18,000 19,000 20,000 Portugal 22 16 ------Russia 2,650 2,948 4,045 4,152 6,000 6,500 7,000 Spain 420 347 ------Ukraine 590 708 943 830 900 1,200 1,400 Uzbekistan 2,100 2,771 2,712 2,757 3,500 4,000 4,200 Total 10,300 9,840 13,400 18,100 29,000 31,000 33,000 eEstimated. -- Negligible or no production. 1Estimated data and totals are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

1.38 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008