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Report on Hydrogen Storage and Applications Other Than Transportation

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Report on Hydrogen Storage and Applications Other Than Transportation APPENDIX – V REPORT ON HYDROGEN STORAGE AND APPLICATIONS OTHER THAN TRANSPORTATION Prepared by Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications Other than Transportation of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, New Delhi June, 2016 FOREWORD Storage forms an important link in the hydrogen utilization chain. There are many challenges to storing hydrogen in efficient, safe and cost effective manner for a variety of applications like stationary power generation or on- board/ mobile applications, mainly because hydrogen is a light gas and combustible. Hydrogen may be stored in gaseous form at high pressures at normal temperatures, in liquid form at cryogenic temperatures at normal pressures, and in chemically bound solid state at normal temperatures and pressures. These different storage modes are application dependent. India is committed to contribute significantly to the climate change and has been giving utmost importance to utilization of clean and renewable energy. In this light, Hydrogen energy has also been a focus of attention. With this in mind, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India constituted a high power Steering Committee to prepare a status report and suggest the way forward for hydrogen energy and fuel cell technologies in India. One of the five sub-committees was entrusted under my Chairmanship with the responsibility of preparing this document concerning “Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation”. I express my sincere thanks to all the members of the Sub-Committee who shared their immense expertise, Dr. M. R. Nouni, Scientist ‘G’, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, and also other the officials of the Project Management Unit – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells at the Ministry, especially Dr. Jugal Kishor and Dr. S. K. Sharma for their active role in organizing meetings and preparing this document. It was my pleasure and honour working under the guidance of the Chairman of the Steering Committee, Dr. K. Kasturirangan. ….June, 2016 (Prof. S. Srinivasa Murthy), Chairman, Sub- Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation CONTENTS S. No. Subject Page No. I Composition of Sub- Committee on Hydrogen Storage i and Applications other than Transportation II Terms of Reference iii III Details of Meetings v 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 19 Hydrogen Storage Technologies 31 3 Hydrogen Storage in Gaseous State 33 4 Hydrogen Storage In Liquid State 47 5 Hydrogen Storage using Liquid Organic Hydrides 53 6 Hydrogen Storage in Solid State 61 7 Hydrogen Storage in Nano-Materials 111 8 Design Considerations 125 Applications of Hydrogen other than Transportation 131 9 Application of Hydrogen for Stationary Power Generation 133 10 Distributed Power Generation 159 11 Metal Hydride Based Cooling Systems 165 12 Chemisorption Thermal Energy Storage with Metal 175 Hydrides 13 Application of Hydrogen for Cooking 181 Gap Analysis, Action Plan, Conclusions and Recommendations 14 Gap Analysis 193 15 Action Plan, Time Schedule of Activities & Financial 199 Projection 16 Conclusions and Recommendations 209 17 Bibliography 217 I. Composition of Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation 1. Prof. S. Srinivasa Murthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru (Formerly Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai) - Chairman 2. Ms. Varsha Joshi, Joint Secretary / Shri A. K. Dhussa, Adviser (December, 2013 to March, 2015) / Dr. Bibek Bandyopadhyay, Adviser (upto December, 2013), MNRE 3. Dr. O. N. Srivastava, Emeritus Professor, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 4. Prof. L. M. Das (Retired on 30.06.2014 and engaged as Emeritus Professor), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 5. Dr. B. Viswanathan, Emeritus Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 6. Dr. S. Aravamuthan, Sci. Engr. ‘H’ & Deputy Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvanthapuram 7. Shri R.S. Hastak, Outstanding Scientist and Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research Development Organization), Ambernath 8. Dr. P. K. Tiwari, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai (Retired on 31.01.2015) and currently as Raja Ramanna Fellow at Professor Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC, Mumbai 9. Dr. R. R. Sonde, Executive Vice President, Thermax India Limited, Pune - Representative of Confederation of Indian Industry 10. Dr. K. Balasubramanian, Director, Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad 11. Dr. Rajesh Biniwale, National Environment & Energy Research Institute, Nagpur 12. Dr. V. Shrinet, Electrical Research Development Association, Vadodara (Left) i 13. Dr. R. Ramamurthi, Visiting Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai & former Deputy Director, Liquid Propulsion System Centre, Indian Space Research Organization 14. Shri S. B. Menon, SO/G, Chemical Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 15. Dr. Hari Om Yadav, Scientist, Planning and Performance Division, DSIR, New Delhi - Representative of DSIR ii II. Terms of Reference 1. To identify other applications of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies suitable for Indian conditions and suggest technologies relevant for such applications with their specifications. 2. To identify gaps in technology at national level compared to international status of the technologies and to suggest strategy for bridging the gaps quickly by developing in-house technologies with involvement of industries or acquiring technologies from abroad. 3. To review national and international status of hydrogen storage methods and suggest suitable strategies for on-board as well as stationary hydrogen storage for Indian conditions. 4. To identify technological constraints in developing suitable hydrogen storage materials to store adequate amount of on-board hydrogen for a given range of travel and accordingly suggest RD&D projects to be supported. 5. To identify institutes to be supported for augmenting infrastructure for development and testing of hydrogen storage materials / systems / other applications of hydrogen including setting-up of Centre(s) of Excellence and suggest specific support to be provided. 6. To provide recommendations for promoting use of surplus hydrogen for supplying back-up power to telecom towers and for captive power generation. 7. To examine use of light weight composite for on-board hydrogen / CNG storage and suggest the strategy to be adopted for indigenous production of such cylinders. 8. To re-visit National Hydrogen Energy Road Map with reference to other applications of hydrogen including storage. iii Additional Terms of Reference suggested by the Steering Committee To identify technological constraints in developing suitable hydrogen storage materials to store adequate amount of on-board hydrogen for a given range of travel and accordingly suggest RD&D projects to be supported To provide recommendations for promoting use of surplus hydrogen for supplying back-up power to telecom towers and for captive power generation iv III. Details of Meetings of Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation The Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation met twice i.e. on 28.10.2013 and 03.07.2015 in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). In the first meeting the expert members made presentations in the areas of their expertise and had detailed discussions. In the second meeting, the expert members presented and discussed write-ups, based on which draft report on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation was prepared. The report, so prepared was presented in the 3rd meeting of the Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells on 26.03.2015 in MNRE. As decided in this meeting, the next meeting was held with the selected members of the Sub-Committee on Hydrogen Storage and Applications other than Transportation and other Sub-Committees under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Kasturirangan, Chairman, Steering Committee on Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru on 22.07.2015 to discuss about on hydrogen storage aspects for specific applications. The draft report was modified as per suggestions given various meetings including the meeting (held on 11.09.2015, 16.12.2015 and 18.01.2016) of the Chairpersons of all five Sub-Committees on various aspects of hydrogen energy and fuel cells (viz. Hydrogen Production; Fuel Cell Development; Transportation through Hydrogen / Hydrogen Blend fueled Vehicles; Hydrogen Storage & other Applications; and IPR, Safety, Standards, PPP, Awareness & HRD). v vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PREAMBLE 1.1 The current global energy consumption is rapidly increasing together with the demand for primary energy sources/fossil fuels, thereby causing rapid depletion of these limited sources. The environmental pollution is also increasing with the consumption of fossil fuels, which is affecting the health of living beings on the earth. The influence of greenhouse gas emission on global warming is also well documented. Thus, energy security and environmental degradation are of global concern. The conventional / commercial energy sources are not likely to meet the energy demand which necessitates alternate energy sources. This has compelled to take initiatives to shift from carbon based to carbon neutral technologies like solar, hydro, wind, biomass & biofuel based technologies,
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