Engineering Background Knowledge for Social Robots

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Engineering Background Knowledge for Social Robots Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit`adi Bologna Dottorato di Ricerca In Computer Science and Engineering Ciclo XXXI Settore Concorsuale: 01/B1 Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: INF/01 Engineering Background Knowledge for Social Robots Presentata da: Luigi Asprino Coordinatore Dottorato Supervisore Paolo Ciaccia Paolo Ciancarini Esame finale anno 2019 To Serena. iv Abstract Social robots are embodied agents that continuously perform knowledge-intensive tasks involving several kinds of information coming from different heterogeneous sources. Providing a framework for engineering robots' knowledge raises several problems like identifying sources of information and modeling solutions suitable for robots' activities, integrating knowledge coming from different sources, evolving this knowledge with information learned during robots' activities, grounding perceptions on robots' knowledge, assessing robots' knowledge with respect humans' one and so on. Semantic Web research has faced with most of these issues and could provide robots with the means for creating, organizing, querying and reasoning over know- ledge. In fact, Semantic Web standards allow to easily integrate data generated by a variety of components, thus enabling robots to make decisions by taking into account knowledge about physical world, data coming from their operating envir- onment, information about social norms, users' preferences and so on. Semantic Web technologies provide flexible solutions that allow to extend and evolve robots' knowledge over time. Linked (Open) Data paradigm (a result of research in the Semantic Web field) lets to easily reuse (i.e. integrate with robots' knowledge) existing external datasets so to bootstrap a robot's knowledge base with relevant information for its activities. Linked Data also provides a mechanism that allows robots to mutually share knowledge. Existing solutions for managing robots' know- ledge only partially exploit the potential of Semantic Web technologies and Linked Data. This thesis introduces a component-based architecture relying on Semantic v Web standards for supporting knowledge-intensive tasks performed by social robots, and whose design has been guided by requirements coming from a real socially as- sistive robotic application. All the components contribute to and benefit from the knowledge base which is the cornerstone of the architecture. The knowledge base is structured by a set of interconnected and modularized ontologies which are meant to model information relevant for supporting robots in their daily activities. The knowledge base is originally populated with linguistic, ontological and factual know- ledge retrieved from the Linked Open Data. The access to the knowledge base is guaranteed by Lizard, a tool that provides software components with an API for accessing facts stored in the knowledge base in a programmatic and object-oriented way. This thesis also introduces two methods for engineering knowledge needed by robots: (i) A novel method for automatically integrating knowledge coming from heterogeneous sources with a frame-driven approach. (ii) A novel empirical method for assessing foundational distinctions over Linked Open Data entities from a com- mon sense perspective (e.g. deciding if an entity inherently represents a class or an instance from a common sense perspective). These methods realize two tasks of a more general procedure meant to automatically evolve robots' knowledge by automatically integrating information coming from heterogeneous sources, and to generate common sense knowledge by using Linked Open Data as empirical basis. Feasibility and benefits of this architecture have been assessed through a proto- type deployed in a real socially assistive scenario, whose this thesis presents two applications and the results of a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. vi Acknowledgements Riconosco che questo questo lavoro `efrutto di un percorso iniziato molti anni fa sui banchi di scuola e se oggi presento una tesi di dottorato lo devo a molte persone. Vorrei iniziare dai miei genitori perch`ei loro sforzi mi hanno permesso di studiare in tutta tranquillit`ae perch`ehanno sempre creduto in me e mi hanno incoraggiato in quello che facevo. Vorrei ringraziare le mie sorelle Rosa e Paola insieme con i loro mariti che mi hanno pazientemente sopportato durante gli anni di universit`a. Sfrutto questa sezione per esprimere la mia riconoscenza per Fulvio, Iride, Sara ed Erminia che mi hanno accolto, ospitato, sfamato e aiutato come figlio/fratello. Vorrei inoltre dedicare questa tesi ai miei nipoti Maria Letizia, Anna Luce, Lorenzo, Vittoria e Lorena. Spero che possiate trovare anche voi un lavoro che vi appassioni e che vi renda soddisfatti giorno per giorno. Vorrei esprimere la mia pi`uprofonda gratitudine per la dr.ssa Valentina Presutti che nel 2015, credendo in me e nelle mie capacit`a,mi ha accettato nel suo gruppo di ricerca e in seguito mi ha guidato pazientemente per tutta la durata del dottorato. Un ringraziamento speciale lo devo al mio supervisore, prof. Paolo Ciancarini, per essere stato sempre pronto ad aiutarmi nelle mie difficolt`a,per i suoi consigli e sug- gerimenti nelle attivit`adi ricerca. Inoltre, vorrei ringraziare in modo particolare il prof. Aldo Gangemi per essersi sempre speso per trasferirmi le sue conoscenze allar- gando i miei orizzonti di ricerca. Vorrei esprimere la mia riconoscenza verso i revisori di questa tesi, la prof.ssa Eva Blomqvist e il dr. Fabien Gandon, perch`egrazie ai loro commenti appassionati ho potuto migliorare questa tesi. Vorrei ringraziare il prof. vii Frank Van Harmelen e il dr. Wouter Beek perch`emi hanno calorosamente accolto e ospitato nel loro gruppo durante il mio periodo all'estero. Se sono qui `eanche merito di alcuni professori che durante gli anni di universit`ami hanno trasmesso entusi- asmo verso le materie scientifiche. Tra questi, vorrei ringraziare in modo particolare il prof. Giuseppe De Giacomo perch`ela sua passione per l'intelligenza artificiale mi ha spinto verso il mondo accademico. Infine, la mia riconoscenza va a tutti i miei insegnanti e professori che si sono spesi per la mia formazione. Qui vorrei ricordarne alcuni a cui sar`osempre riconoscente: Maria Elena Coppa, prof. Vaccarone, prof.ssa Civale, prof.ssa Libertino e prof. Calabrese. Durante questi anni ho collaborato con diverse persone e anche questo lavoro `e frutto del contributo di molti. In modo particolare vorrei esprimere la mia ricono- scenza per Alessandro Russo e Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese con i quali ho condiviso e continuo a condividere molte fatiche e lunghi \pellegrinaggi". Un grazie speciale va alle persone che hanno collaborato al lavoro presentato in questa tesi Mehwish Alam, Valerio Basile, Giorgia Lodi, Stefano Nolfi, Annarita Orsini, Silvio Peroni, Massimiliano Raciti, Diego Reforgiato Recupero, e Chiara Veninata. Ringrazio tutte le persone che durante questi anni hanno fatto parte del labor- atorio per i loro spunti di riflessioni, consigli, chiacchierate e risate: Valentina Car- riero, Mario Caruso, Piero Conca, Sergio Consoli, Valerio Di Carlo, Ludovica Mari- nucci, Misael Mongiov`ı,Martina Sangiovanni, e Carlo Stomeo. Vorrei ricordare e ringraziare alcuni \compagni di banco e di merenda" che mi hanno accompagnato in questa avventura come Ciriaco Cauteruccio, Ferdinando Cipollone, Carlo Gazzaneo, Simone Lo Tufo, Mattia Lo Tufo, Angelo Maiorano, e Davide Marino. Vorrei ringraziare con tutto il mio cuore i ragazzi del gruppo gamma. Avete un posto speciale nel mio cuore e non posso fare a meno di voi nella mia vita. Questo lavoro `eanche indirettamente merito vostro. Infine, vorrei concludere questi ringraziamenti con mia moglie Serena. Difficile esprimere a parole quanto ti sono grato. In tutte le cose belle della mia vita c'`eil viii tuo zampino. Forse dimentico di ringraziare qualcuno e questo mi dispiace, ma qualcun'altro si merita un ringraziamento di persona. Luigi ix x Contents List of Tables xvii List of Figures xix List of Publications xx 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Goals of the Thesis . .6 1.2 Contributions of the Thesis . .7 1.3 Case Study: Companion Robots in Socially Assistive Context . 10 1.4 Research Methodology . 10 1.5 Thesis Outline . 12 2 Background 15 2.1 Social Robots . 15 2.1.1 Software Architectures for Social Robots . 15 2.2 The Semantic Web . 17 2.2.1 Extensible Markup Language (XML) . 18 2.2.2 Resource Description Framework (RDF) . 18 2.2.3 Web Ontology Language (OWL) . 19 2.2.4 SPARQL . 20 2.3 Ontologies . 20 xi 2.3.1 Knowledge Management Frameworks for Social Robots . 21 2.4 Pattern-based Ontology Design . 23 2.4.1 Ontology Design Patterns . 24 2.4.2 eXtreme Design . 24 2.5 Ontology Matching . 27 2.6 Linguistic Linked Open Data Resources . 27 2.7 Common Sense Knowledge . 29 3 An Ontology Network for Social Robots in Assistive Context 31 3.1 Design Methodology . 32 3.1.1 Guidelines for Ontology Re-use . 32 3.1.2 MARIO Ontology Network Development Process . 38 3.2 Knowledge Areas . 41 3.3 Ontology Modules . 46 3.3.1 Affordance Ontology . 46 3.3.2 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Ontology . 54 3.3.2.1 CGA Ontology Modules . 58 3.3.3 Tagging Ontology . 67 3.3.4 Other Modules . 70 3.4 Discussion . 79 4 Providing LOD as Background Knowledge for Social Robots 81 4.1 Framester: a Linguistic Data Hub . 81 4.1.1 Framester Overview . 82 4.1.2 Semi-automatic Generation of Framester . 84 4.1.2.1 Conversion of Input Resources in RDF . 85 4.1.2.2 Normalization of the Input Resources . 86 4.1.2.3 Linking Entities of Different Resources . 87 4.1.2.4 Heuristic Methods for Extending the Mapping . 89 xii 4.1.2.5 Assessing Integrity Constraints . 91 4.2 Assessing Foundational Distinctions in Linked Open Data . 92 4.2.1 Related Work . 95 4.2.2 Methods . 95 4.2.3 Alignment-based Classification . 96 4.2.4 Machine Learning-based Classification . 98 4.2.4.1 Features . 99 4.2.5 Reference Datasets . 100 4.2.6 Evaluation . 104 4.2.7 Alignment-based Methods: SENECA .
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