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San Jose State University From the SelectedWorks of Alan M. Leventhal Fall August 15, 2017 Final Report CA-SCL-950 VTA.pdf Alan M. Leventhal Available at: https://works.bepress.com/alan_leventhal/ 105/ Report on the Burial and Archaeological Data Recovery Program, Analysis and AMS Dating of Ancestral Muwekma Ohlone Human Remains Recovered from the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka (Yellow Salt [Alum] Rock Road) Site, CA-SCL-950) VTA/BRT Project Located at the Intersection of Alum Rock Avenue and Jackson Street, City of San Jose, Santa Clara County, California Report Prepared for: Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority 3331 North First Street San Jose, CA 95134 Prepared by: Alan Leventhal, Diane DiGiuseppe, David Grant, Rosemary Cambra, Monica V. Arellano, Sheila Guzman-Schmidt, Gloria E. Gomez and Arnold Sanchez Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area Ohlone Families Consulting Services With Contributions by : Dr. Eric Bartelink, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico Dr. Jelmer Eerkins, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis Angela Evoy, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis Dr. Ripan S. Malhi Department of Anthropology and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. August 2017 Final Report on the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka Site, CA-SCL-950 Table of Contents Chapter Page No. Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. i List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ viii List of Maps .......................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. ix Dedication of Report ............................................................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Overview ........................................................... 1-1 Alan Leventhal, Diane DiGiuseppe, Rosemary Cambra, Norma Sanchez and Arnold Sanchez Chapter 2: Burial Description and Skeletal Biology .................................................... 2-1 Diane DiGiuseppe and David Grant Chapter 3: Stable Isotope Analysis and Paleodiet of an Ohlone Human Burial Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innu ’Ayttakiš ................................................ 3-1 Dr. Jelmer Eerkens, Angela Evoy and Dr. Eric J. Bartelink Chapter 4: Paleogenomic Analysis of Ancestral Muwekma Ohlone Native American Burials from Sites CA-SMA-267, CA-SCL-128, CA-ALA-667, CA-SCL-609, and CA-SCL-950 ................................................................. 4-1 Dr. Ripan Malhi, Alan Leventhal and Rosemary Cambra Chapter 5: AMS Dating and Chronological Placement of the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innu ’Ayttakiš (Yellow Salt Rock Road Woman) Burial .............. 5-1 Alan Leventhal and Rosemary Cambra Chapter 6 An Ethnohistory of Santa Clara Valley and Adjacent Regions; Historic Ties of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area and Tribal Stewardship over the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka (Yellow Salt [Alum] Rock Road) Site ................. 6-1 Rosemary Cambra, Alan Leventhal, Monica V. Arellano, Sheila Guzman Schmidt, Gloria E. Arellano Gomez and Arnold Sanchez Appendix A: MLD Recommendations ............................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Skeletal Inventory Forms ............................................................................. B-1 Appendix C: AMS Dating Results ...................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D: Congressman George Miller’s Bill (2000) ................................................... D-1 References Cited................................................................................................................... R-1 i Final Report on the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka Site, CA-SCL-950 List of Figures Figure No. Page No. Figure TOC-1: Facial Reconstruction of an Ohlone Male Burial from the Third Mission Santa Clara Indian Neophyte Cemetery ....................... x Figure TOC-2: Muwekma Tribal Leadership at the Dedication Ceremony for the Roberto Antonio Balermino Neighborhood Park ........................... xi Figure TOC-3: Information about the Muwekma Ohlone History and Heritage and Roberto Antonio Balermino ............................................................. xi Figure TOC-4: Historic Plaque about the Historic Roberto-Sunol Adobe .................... xv Figure TOC-5: Back of the Roberto-Sunol Adobe Located at 770 Lincoln Avenue ..... xvi Figure TOC-6: Muwekma Elder Maria de los Angeles Colos ......................................... xx Figure TOC-7: Muwekma Elder Irene Ruano .................................................................. xxiii Figure TOC-8: Ohlone Dancer ........................................................................................... xxvii Figure TOC-9: Ohlone Dancers at Mission San Jose in 1806 .......................................... xxviii Figure 1-1: Fire Hydrant Trench ....................................................................................... 1-8 Figure 1-2: Small Backhoe Removing Overburden Above the Burial............................ 1-8 Figure 1-3: VTA Survey Crew Taking GPS Measurements ............................................ 1-9 Figure 1-4: Exposure of the Burial (long bones) ............................................................... 1-9 Figure 1-5: Bottom of the Grave Locus after Removal of the Burial ............................. 1-10 Figure 2-1: Tray with Bone Identifications and Location Noted .................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2: Anatomical View of the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innu ’Ayttakiš Burial ....................................... 2-7 Figure 2-3: Lumbar Vertebra with Micro- and Macroporosity ...................................... 2-10 Figure 2-4: Eburnation on Cervical Facet Fragments .................................................... 2-11 Figure 2-5: Arachnoid Foveae Clustered along Sagittal Suture ...................................... 2-12 Figure 2-6: Maxilla Front View .......................................................................................... 2-13 ii Final Report on the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka Site, CA-SCL-950 List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 2-7: Heavily Eroded Premolar and Molar Position on the Maxilla .................... 2-14 Figure 2-8: Maxillary Teeth Present .................................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2-9: Mandibular Dental Arcade ............................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2-10: Right Mandibular Fossa, Condylar Head, and Articulation ......................2-16 Figure 2-11: Right First Mandibular Molar with Third Root Present ........................... 2-17 Figure 2-12: Malformed Mandibular Incisors .................................................................. 2-17 Figure 2-13: Trenching Activities around Burial 1 .......................................................... 2-19 Figure 2-14: Evidence of Taphonomic Impact to Burial 1 ............................................... 2-19 Figure 2-15: Krotovina Burrow in Burial Unit ................................................................. 2-19 Figure 3-1: Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................ 3-3 Figure 3-2: URM2 and URM3 from SCL-950 Prior to Sampling ................................... 3-4 Figure 3-3: δ13C vs. δ15N for M2 Sections .......................................................................... 3-5 Figure 3-4: δ13C vs. δ15N for M3 Sections .......................................................................... 3-6 Figure 3-5: Reconstructed Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values for Dietary Resources in Central California ..................................................... 3-7 Figure 3-6: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data for the Burial from CA-SCL-950 Compared to Sites in Central California ............................... 3-8 Figure 4-1: Haplogroup Distribution in Western North America ................................. 4-2 Figure 4-2: Google Earth Location of the Five Sites in the Present aDNA Study ........ 4-4 Figure 4-3: DNA Damage Plot for the Ancient Individual from Site CA-SMA-267 ... 4-6 Figure 4-4: DNA Damage Plot for Sample CA-SCL-128 ................................................ 4-7 Figure 4-5: MDS Plot Showing the Location of Sample from CA-SCL-128 .................. 4-7 Figure 4-6: DNA Damage Plot for Sample from CA-SCL-609 Burial 1 ......................... 4-8 iii Final Report on the Cashrishmini ’Awweš ’Írek ’Innutka Site, CA-SCL-950 List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 4-7: MDS Plot Showing the Location of Sample from CA-ALA- 667 ................ 4-9 Figure 4-8: MDS Plot Showing the Location of Sample from CA-ALA- 667 ................ 4-9 Figure 4-9: DNA Damage Plot for Sample from CA-SCL-950 (VTA/BRT) .................. 4-10 Figure 4-10: Native American Peopling of the New World ............................................