ERDC-CERL Participation in the Resilient Home Program: 2009–2012

Construction Engineering ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 Research Laboratory

Thomas R. Napier ERDC Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. is distribution Approved for release; public Home Program -CERL Participatio

: 2009 –

2012 n thein Resilient

Septe mber

2012

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 September 2012

ERDC-CERL Participation in the Resilient Home Program: 2009–2012

Thomas R. Napier Construction Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Drive PO Box 9005 Champaign, IL 61826-9005

Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Prepared for Southeast Region Research Initiative National Security Directorate PO Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6262

Under CRADA 12-CERL-02

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 ii

Abstract

On a national scale, less attention has been devoted to preparing for and rebuilding after a disaster than perhaps should have been, especially in light of recent events. In the first decade of the 21st century, large-scale disasters such as 9/11 and the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast hurricane seasons created a new awareness of the potential for loss, both within the public and within government agencies. The Resilient Home Program (RHP) was funded by the Department of Homeland Security-sponsored Southeast Region Research Initiative at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The program’s goals are to develop resources to help assess a community’s condition during and after a disaster and to help communities respond in a timely manner to rebuild or to prevent or reduce the impacts of subsequent disasters. The U.S. Army Engineer Re- search and Development Center–Construction Engineering Research La- boratory (ERDC-CERL) is a participant in RHP and was asked to apply its capabilities in the building sciences and technologies, construction economics, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers emergency management to accomplish the RHP objectives. As part of this work, ERDC-CERL developed a methodology by which building systems, components, and materials could be evaluated for resilience performance. This report covers ERDC- CERL’s participation in the RHP from 2009–2012.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 iii

Contents

Abstract ...... ii

Figures and Tables ...... vi

Preface ...... viii

Unit Conversion Factors ...... ix

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objective ...... 2 1.3 Approach ...... 3

2 Resilient Home Program ...... 4 2.1 Community and home resilience ...... 4 2.2 Resilient Home Program goals ...... 5

3 Gap Analysis and State-of-the-Art Survey ...... 7 3.1 General ...... 7 3.2 Survey findings ...... 8 3.3 State-of-the-art data ...... 9 3.3.1 Example: Temporary roof repair after wind damage ...... 10 3.3.2 Example: Window protection when repairing damage from high wind ...... 11 3.3.3 Example: Replacing foundations when rebuilding ...... 12 3.3.4 Example: Protecting wells from contamination ...... 13 3.3.5 Example: Replacing wall insulation ...... 13 3.3.6 Example: Restoring interior gypsum wallboard ...... 14 3.3.7 Example: Repairing HVAC systems ...... 15 3.3.8 Example: Protecting HVAC systems ...... 15 3.3.9 Example: Demolishing heavily damaged buildings ...... 16 3.3.10 Example: Sustainability issues for flooring ...... 17 3.3.11 Example: Radiant barrier ...... 18 3.3.12 Example: HVAC systems replacement ...... 19 3.3.13 Example: Reducing waste ...... 19 3.3.14 Example: Replacing a deck ...... 20 3.3.15 Example: Sustainability issues for flooring ...... 21 3.3.16 Example: Mold detection ...... 22 3.3.17 Example: Lead detection ...... 23 3.3.18 Example: Detection of combustible gasses ...... 23 3.3.19 Example: Detection of combustible gasses ...... 24 3.3.20 Example: Detection of waterborne contaminates ...... 25

4 Retrofit Technologies Evaluation ...... 26

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 iv

4.1 General ...... 26 4.2 Selecting technologies for evaluation ...... 29 4.2.1 Example: Hurricane clips / straps ...... 32 4.2.2 Example: Storm- resistant windows ...... 35 4.2.3 Example: HVAC placement ...... 37 4.3 Retrofit technologies technical evaluation, a prototype ...... 41 4.4 ERDC-CERL’s redirection ...... 44 4.5 Insurance industry data ...... 45 4.5.1 Features contributing to loss ...... 46 4.5.2 Application of models: HurLoss ...... 47 4.5.3 Loss-relativity data ...... 48 4.5.4 Contribution of building components to building loss...... 48 4.5.5 Additional loss-relativity data ...... 49 4.5.6 Building code comparisons ...... 52

5 The Resilient Scoring Utility ...... 57 5.1 Overview ...... 57 5.2 ERDC-CERL input to ReScU development ...... 59 5.2.1 Example: Foundation design, continuous footing and wall ...... 62 5.2.2 Example: Foundation height, continuous footing and wall ...... 62 5.2.3 Example: Structural systems, continuous load path ...... 63 5.2.4 Example: Structural systems, gable ends ...... 64 5.2.5 Example: Roofing systems, sheathing ...... 64 5.2.6 Example: Roofing systems, fastening ...... 65 5.2.7 Example: Wall system, sheathing...... 66 5.2.8 Example: Wall systems, water barrier ...... 66 5.2.9 Example: Doors and windows, entry doors and windows ...... 67 5.2.10 Example: Doors and windows, shutters ...... 68

6 Gulf Coast Resilient Home Building Conference ...... 70 6.1 General ...... 70 6.2 Resilient technology construction exhibit ...... 70 6.3 Professional educational sessions ...... 72 6.3.1 Session: “Resilient Site Planning and Foundations” ...... 72 6.3.2 Session: “Resilient Floor, Wall and Roof Framing” ...... 73 6.3.3 Session: “Resilient Walls, Roofs and Fenestration: The Building Enclosure Framing”...... 74 6.4 Public educational sessions ...... 74 6.4.1 Session: “Resilient Building: Wood-Frame Construction” ...... 75 6.4.2 Session: “Combining Resilient with Green When Retrofitting Your Home” ...... 75 6.4.3 Session: “Substantial Damage/Substantial Improvement and the National Flood Insurance Program” ...... 76 6.4.4 Session: “Alternatives to Wood-Frame Construction” ...... 76

7 Resilience and Sustainability ...... 78 7.1 Upgrading houses for resilience and sustainability ...... 78 7.1.1 Replacing roofing ...... 79

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7.1.2 Replacing windows and doors ...... 84 7.1.3 Renovating, remodeling or replacing siding ...... 88 7.1.4 Renovating, remodeling, or replacing interior walls, ceilings, and floors ...... 94 7.1.5 Issues to consider when upgrading or replacing plumbing components and systems ...... 99 7.1.6 Upgrading or replacing heating, ventilating, and cooling (HVAC) systems ...... 101 7.1.7 Upgrading or replacing electrical systems...... 104

8 Costs and Benefits of Retrofitting Existing Homes ...... 107 8.1 General ...... 107 8.2 Cost and benefit ...... 108 8.3 Mitigation methods ...... 109 8.3.1 Basic mitigation package retrofits ...... 109 8.3.2 Intermediate mitigation package retrofits ...... 109 8.3.3 Advanced mitigation package retrofits: ...... 110 8.4 House construction models ...... 112 8.5 Cost estimating ...... 113 8.6 Benefit estimating ...... 117 8.7 Cost-benefit assessment ...... 120

Appendix A: State-of-the-Art for Resilient Home Technologies ...... 123

Appendix B: A Proposed Minimum Standard of Habitability for Homes Sustaining Damage from Natural Disaster Events ...... 207

Appendix C: Resilient Technology Evaluation Protocol: Storm-Resistant Windows ...... 220

Appendix D: Resilient Scoring Utility (ReScU): A White Paper ...... 226

Appendix E: Wind and Water Resilience Criteria ...... 239

Report Documentation Page

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 vi

Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure 1. Example of a PATH Toolbase.org evaluation summary (http://toolbase.org/Building-Systems/Roofs/green-roofs)...... 27 Figure 2. Sample building component interface matrix...... 31 Figure 3. Technology screening summary...... 40 Figure 4. Technology screening priorities...... 40 Figure 5. “Terrain B” loss relativities (non-FBC roof cover), normalized to weakest house...... 50 Figure 6. “Terrain B” loss relativities (FBC roof cover) normalized to strongest house...... 51 Figure 7. Hypothetical building score example...... 58 Figure 8. Resilient home demonstration pods...... 72 Figure 9. Roof-to-wall framing connection details...... 80 Figure 10. Sample roof covering—secondary water barrier and sealant tape applied over roof sheathing joints...... 80 Figure 11. Examples of metal shingles (left) and standing-seam metal roofing systems (right)...... 82 Figure 12. Soy-based, sprayed-on polyurethane foam...... 83 Figure 13. Example environmentally preferable insulation products: recycled cotton(left), and recycled cellulose (right)...... 83 Figure 14. Radiant barrier examples...... 83 Figure 15. Opening framing attachment details...... 84 Figure 16. Window and door impact testing...... 85 Figure 17. Window pan flashing and sealing details...... 85 Figure 18. Resale store inventory of recovered doors and windows...... 87 Figure 19. Proper air barrier detail at window opening. Note the upper fold laps over the tape, which in turn laps over the lower fold to shed water...... 88 Figure 20. Example of a National Fenestration Rating Council performance certification label...... 88 Figure 21. Proper spacing of sheathing attachment...... 89 Figure 22. Base flashing at the foundation (note the air barrier laps over the base flashing to shed water) and siding back-flashing (note flashing laps over the top of the siding board below to shed water)...... 90 Figure 23 Recovery of exterior siding and insulation for resale...... 92 Figure 24. High-durability siding materials—prefinished fiber cement siding (left) and seamless steel siding (right)...... 92 Figure 25. Water-impervious insulation materials—polystyrene wall insulation (left) and soy-based polyurethane foam insulation (right)...... 93 Figure 26. Example of a textured moisture barrier...... 93 Figure 27. Example of exterior wall radiant barrier...... 94 Figure 28. Sealing paths of air infiltration...... 94

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Figure 29. Access panels to allow repairs to concealed utilities...... 95 Figure 30. Batten-type wall surfaces cover drywall seams are with battens instead of tapping and mudding. The advantage is that battens are detachable for drying of surfaces...... 95 Figure 31. Displays of salvaged interior materials for resale...... 97 Figure 32. Examples of environmentally preferable materials...... 98 Figure 33. Recyclable plumbing materials and plumbing fixtures for resale...... 100 Figure 34. Dual-flush toilet (left) and low-flow faucet adapter (right)...... 100 Figure 35. Tankless hot water heater (left) and solar hot water heating system (right)...... 101 Figure 36. Recyclable and reusable HVAC components...... 103 Figure 37.Computer energy modeling outputs...... 103 Figure 38. Insulated and sealed ductwork...... 103 Figure 39. Recyclable and reusable electrical components...... 105 Figure 40. Compact fluorescent and light emitting diode luminaires ...... 105 Figure 41. Examples of task lighting...... 106 Figure 42. Solar tube daylighting technology...... 106 Figure 43. Photovoltaic collector array...... 106 Figure 44. Example basic mitigation guidance; securing the roof deck...... 110 Figure 45. Example of intermediate mitigation guidance—reinforcing gable end walls...... 111 Figure 46. Example of advanced mitigation guidance—achieving a continuous load path...... 112 Figure 47. One-story and two-story model house designs...... 113 Figure 48. Example of estimate using FEMA’s Residential Substantial Damage Estimator v.2.2 software...... 118 Figure 49. ERDC-CERL sample adaption of the RSDE building system classification scheme...... 119

Tables

Table 1. Examples of evaluation criteria for selected attributes...... 42 Table 2. Hypothetical ReScU score example...... 59 Table 3. Example work package estimate...... 115 Table 4. Retrofit estimates, one-story house...... 116 Table 5. Retrofit estimates, two-story house...... 116 Table 6. Damage value / benefit scenario...... 121

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 viii

Preface

This study was conducted for the Southeast Region Research Initiative (SERRI) under Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) 12-CERL-02, “Joint Research and Development Investigations to Improve Resilience of Residential Structures Again Water, Wind, and Wildfire Perils.” The technical monitor was Benjamin Thomas, Jr. of the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, program manag- er for SERRI.

The work was performed by the Engineering Processes Branch (CF-N) of the Facilities Division (CF), U.S. Army Engineer Research and Develop- ment Center – Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC- CERL). At the time of publication, Don Hicks was Chief, CEERD-CF-N; L. Michael Golish was Chief, CEERD-CF; and Martin J. Savoie was the Tech- nical Director for Installations. The Deputy Director of ERDC-CERL was Dr. Kirankumar Topudurti and the Director was Dr. Ilker Adiguzel.

COL Kevin J. Wilson was the Commander and Executive Director of ERDC, and Dr. Jeffery P. Holland was the Director.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 ix

Unit Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain

degrees Fahrenheit (F-32)/1.8 degrees Celsius

feet 0.3048 meters

gallons (U.S. liquid) 3.785412 E-03 cubic meters

inches 0.0254 meters

miles (U.S. statute) 1,609.347 meters

miles per hour 0.44704 meters per second

pounds (force) 4.448222 newtons

pounds (force) per square foot 47.88026 pascals

pounds (force) per square inch 6.894757 kilopascals

pounds (mass) 0.45359237 kilograms

pounds (mass) per cubic foot 16.01846 kilograms per cubic meter

pounds (mass) per cubic inch 2.757990 E+04 kilograms per cubic meter

pounds (mass) per square foot 4.882428 kilograms per square meter

square feet 0.09290304 square meters

tons (force) 8,896.443 newtons

tons (2,000 pounds, mass) 907.1847 kilograms

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes have occurred in the United States throughout its history. Until recently, they have been perceived mostly as isolated events. While loss of life and property damage has been significant on occasion, large-scale and long-term effects have not been profound at a national level. Likewise, human- caused disasters, such as structural collapses or toxic releases were perceived as unfortunate, but isolated accidents. On a national level, the Unit- ed States was somewhat complacent about preparing for and rebuilding after a disaster.

The devastation and disruption brought about by the 2004 and 2005 At- lantic hurricanes was without precedent in the number of events, duration, breadth of land affected, and intensity. Combined, 24 hurricanes struck the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts in successive years, killing roughly 7,000 people, and creating over $200 billion in property damage. The 2005 hurricanes achieved the highest Accumulative Cyclone Energy (ACE) rating on record, and the 2004 hurricanes achieved the fourth-highest ACE rating.1 Disasters also bring about a loss of human capital. Immediately after Hur- ricane Katrina, New Orleans, LA, lost almost half its population from evacuations, most permanent. Five years later, New Orleans had recovered roughly three-quarters of its pre-Katrina population with many current residents who had not lived there prior to Hurricane Katrina.2 Accompa- nying the original population loss were losses of businesses, employment, the tax base, and other ingredients of a healthy community. The attacks of 11 September 2001 were also unprecedented in U.S. history. Almost 3,000 people lost their lives, and damage to infrastructure was estimated at $10- 13 billion. Some estimates have placed the value of the loss of jobs, loss of goods and services, and national and global economic losses in excess of $2 trillion.3 Perhaps more troublesome is the realization that 9/11 was not an accident; it could be repeatable.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans 3 http://www.iags.org/costof911.html

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These events have created a new awareness of disasters within the Ameri- can public and government agencies. The long-term effects of damage, dis- location, economic decline, and human suffering have become evident. Communities must be prepared to reduce the adverse impacts of disasters and, when they occur, to recover and restore the quality of life. This recovery is known as “resilience.”

The Resilient Home Program (RHP) was initiated in fiscal year (FY) 2008 at the Department of Energy’s Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL); the program was funded by the Department of Homeland Securi- ty (DHS) and administered through the Southeast Region Research Insti- tute (SERRI) at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laborato- ry. The RHP had the following goals:

• to develop resources to help communities assess damage and the condition of the community during and after a disaster event; and

• to respond in a timely and effective manner, rebuild the community, and prepare so as to prevent or reduce the impacts of subsequent disasters.

The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center–Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) was approached by SRNL personnel to participate in the RHP. Other participants included the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) at Oak Ridge, TN; Tuskegee University at Tuskegee, AL; Clemson University at Clemson, SC; and North Carolina State University (NCSU) at Raleigh, NC.

1.2 Objective

The overall objectives of the RHP were to identify needs for information and tools currently not available that will enable communities and individuals to recover more quickly from disasters and then to develop such resources. Specific goals are listed in Chapter 2, Section 2.1.

ERDC-CERL’s specific bjective was to apply its capabilities in the building sciences and technologies, construction economics, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) emergency management to accomplish the overall objectives.

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1.3 Approach

ERDC-CERL participated in conducting a gap analysis to identify shortcomings and needs in information and technologies that would increase community resilience. NCSU conducted a survey of stakeholders consisting of homeowners, builders, design and engineering professionals, insurance industry representatives, emergency response officials and governmental agencies. In parallel, ERDC-CERL compiled an inventory of building technologies, building and repair practices, environmental considerations, and contamination-detection technologies. The “gaps” identified in the current state of knowledge were to guide further development of resilient technologies and practices.

ERDC-CERL developed a methodology by which building systems, components, and materials could be evaluated for resilience performance. The purpose of this process was to create an unbiased, uniform, and repeatable evaluation of products available to the building industry and the public, which would enable builders and homeowners to make informed decisions about the resilience of their homes. This evaluation was accomplished by developing performance criteria for building systems, components, and materials along with the process by which performance criteria could be evaluated. The criteria by which the resilience of a residential structure could be evaluated were to be incorporated into a Resilient Scoring Utility (ReScU). This methodology was accomplished by researching resilient design and construction criteria from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), building code organizations, and private organizations that have developed guidance for resilient construction. This information was then compiled into a form suitable for a home evaluation using the ReScU system.

Finally, ERDC-CERL developed a benefit-cost model by which a builder or homeowner could evaluate the cost of incorporating resilient design or construction features in both new and existing residential structures, and then assess the economic benefit of those features in the event of a disaster. This model was accomplished by developing cost estimates for incorporating resilient features, then developing estimates for the economic value of damage avoided because of the resilient features.

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2 Resilient Home Program

2.1 Community and home resilience

In the context of natural disasters, the term resilience refers to the ability of a community to rebound from a disaster event, restore critical functions and infrastructure, maintain social and economic viability, and return to a normal way of life. Resilience also refers to recovery taking place in a relatively short period of time to prevent the erosion of physical, social, and economic resources that will occur if recovery is protracted.

Both institutional and personal resilience is implied in the above definition. However, individuals make up the community at its basic level. If individuals cannot or do not remain in the community, or cannot function because of problems with their homes, health, or security, then the community as a whole suffers and recovery is delayed. At the extreme, inability to quickly restore homes following a natural disaster can prevent full recovery of a community. Thus, this work’s emphasis was placed on residential structures and their resilience so that individuals can remain active in the community and participate in recovery efforts. Residential structures were defined to include single-family homes and low-rise multifamily buildings. These buildings are typically of a woodframe construction type, which are more vulnerable to natural disasters than commercial or institutional buildings. As a result of this definition, high- or mid-rise residential buildings are not considered in this program because they are typically made of structural steel and cast-in-place concrete construction.

The RHP originated as collaboration among the Department of Energy Sa- vannah River National Laboratory, NCSU, Tuskegee University, ORNL, Clemson University, and ERDC-CERL. The RHP was designed to enable community recovery following a natural disaster by dramatically speeding the return of residents to their homes. The RHP provides more efficient tools, techniques, resources, and information to people who experience or respond to natural disasters; it also serves as a clearinghouse for research and education efforts for the governmental, academic, private, and non- profit entities working in disaster recovery. The program treats disaster recovery as a process with four phases:

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1. Assessment: Determining the extent of damage (structural, architectural, chemical and biological) that occurred to the home during the natural disaster in a quick and cost-effective method. 2. Response: Stabilizing the home to make it safe as an interim shelter and to control secondary damage. 3. Rebuilding: Rebuilding with available resources in a more durable manner than before the natural disaster; developing feasible, permanent means to complete rehabilitation. 4. Prevention: Protecting the home from short- and long-term effects of a natural disaster; developing a means of building homes which will be more durable than before the natural disaster.

2.2 Resilient Home Program goals

From the outset, the RHP had the following goals:

• Develop and implement a cost-effective national or regional (southeastern United States) certification for the higher-performance, natural disaster-resistant residential buildings. • Develop a systematic process for assessing technologies and strategies for resilient retrofit purposes. • Develop educational materials and test appropriate distribution methods for recognized gaps in stakeholder knowledge.

As one of the partners, ERDC-CERL participated in the RHP by performing the tasks listed below. (A full description of these tasks and products is given in the chapters indicated.)

• Participated in a gap analysis conducted by North Carolina State Uni- versity, specifically surveying the state-of-the-art (SOTA) technologies and resources applicable to natural-disaster assessment, response, rebuilding, and prevention (Chapter 3). • Developed a minimum standard for habitability (Chapter 4). • Developed a scheme of evaluating technologies for retrofitting residential structures, to improve resistance to hurricane (wind and flood) forces (Chapter 4). • Contributed to the ReScU rating system developed by NCSU, specifically by developing design and construction criteria (Chapter 5).

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• Participated in the Gulf Coast Resilient Home Building Conference sponsored by the Community and Regional Resilience Institute, specifically developing educational sessions for the conference4 (Chapter 6). • Developed guidance for incorporating both resilience and sustainability in residential building retrofit (Chapter 7). • Developed cost-benefit estimates for retrofitting residential buildings to improve resistance to hurricanes (wind and flood) forces (Chapter 8)

4 Gulf Coast Resilient Home Building Conference: “Building Strong for the Future,” held March 19–21, 2010, Mississippi Coast Convention Center, Biloxi, Mississippi.

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3 Gap Analysis and State-of-the-Art Survey

3.1 General

NCSU performed a gap analysis to identify what information about resilient technologies (e.g., research) and technology transfer (e.g., education and outreach) is needed but does not exist within the current state of knowledge. This gap analysis formed the basis for the work performed by each team member throughout the RHP program.

The gap analysis involved the following tasks:

• surveying the current SOTA in residential building resilience and disaster assessment, response, rebuilding, and prevention; • surveying stakeholders about their needs regarding resilience in residential buildings; and • identifying gaps in terms of technology needs, and transfer and outreach needs.

The following is a list of the categories of stakeholders who were surveyed for the gap analysis.

• residential builders and developers and professional remodelers • architects and engineers • state and federal government officials • trade association representatives • building products manufacturers • code enforcement officials • insurers • educators, extension agents, and researchers • realtors • home owners • banking and home-loan officials • miscellaneous entities including faith-based organizations, first responders (e.g., firemen or police), utility workers, and others

There were 345 responses, almost all from the southeastern United States. Of the responders, 91% were homeowners and 78% had personally experienced a natural disaster.

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3.2 Survey findings

The survey revealed that 56% of the respondents felt new, damage- resistant building materials were needed to improve resilience. In addition, 91 respondents felt they needed to be better educated concerning natural disasters and the resilience of their homes.

The survey also revealed the findings listed below.

• 50% of respondents could not easily find information that allowed them to permanently rebuild their home quickly or at a reasonable cost • 68% of respondents could easily find information that allowed them to assess damage to a house • 72% of respondents could easily find information that allowed them to perform temporary repairs • 85% of respondents could easily find information on how to prepare a home for an impending natural disaster

The RHP team analyzed the needs expressed by individual responses and categorized them as either research needs or educational needs. Four gap areas identified from these needs statements are:

• mold— assessment, response, and mitigation; • resilient rebuilding—new materials and retrofitting; • resilient homes—incentives to build or retrofit for resilience; and • technology transfer—education and outreach.

The SOTA survey process and results are documented in NCSU's 2010 report, “The Resilient Home Program: Research and Technology Transfer Needs Assessment for the Resilient Home Project.”5

Within the category of “resilient rebuilding,” the absence of guidelines and/or rating systems for natural disaster-resilient products, materials, and practices was identified as a gap. Many building products have been marketed as “resilient” in the aftermath of the 2004 and 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes. However, there was no objective system or protocol for evaluating actual resilience performance. Some sort of performance validation was needed to enable design professionals, builders, and homeowners to

5 Final Report for SOW #7P9129; Timothy R. Smail, Program Lead, Resilient Programs, Savannah River National Laboratory, Building 730-A, Aiken, SC 29808.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 9

distinguish among products and systems that are truly effective in improving resilience and those that have no particular resilience-enhancing performance. ERDC-CERL undertook the task of developing this process for retrofitting residential buildings. This process is described in Chapter 4, “Retrofit Technologies Evaluation.” NCSU was to develop this application to new building construction.

Within the category of resilient homes, the absence of insurance and in- centive programs to encourage the design and construction of disaster- resilient homes was identified as a gap. If homeowners are to invest in resilient construction, respondents felt they deserved some concession on insurance premiums. A rating system analogous to the U.S. Green Build- ing Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system was proposed by NCSU. This eventually became the ReScU system. While ERDC-CERL was not directly involved in developing the ReScU system, ERDC-CERL personnel did perform a great deal of technical review and contributed a considerable amount of technical information for inclusion in ReScU. This effort is described in Chapter 5, “The Resilient Scoring Utility.”

Also within the category of resilient homes, the misunderstanding of the costs to incorporate resilient features in residential construction and retrofitting and the economic benefits resulting from the building's resilience were both identified as gaps. ERDC-CERL undertook development of a cost-benefit evaluation process for retrofitting residential buildings. This work is described in Chapter 8, “Cost-Benefit Evaluation.” NCSU was to develop this process for new building construction.

3.3 State-of-the-art data

All RHP team members compiled information about technologies and practices related to natural-disaster damage assessment, response, rebuilding, and prevention. In total, over 600 resilient technology entries were compiled, with ERDC-CERL contributing 325 of these entries. These entries emphasize resilient-construction methods, environmental sustainability, and contamination-detection technologies.

A uniform format for technology description was developed by NCSU. A taxonomy of building elements was developed, with each technology or practice categorized according to one of the four building elements listed below.

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• building • structural systems (foundation, framing) • architectural systems (roofing, wall materials, windows, doors, flooring, HVAC/utilities, miscellaneous) • biological (grounds)

For each technology or practice, the following information was compiled (see Appendix A for more information):

• element • element classification • element subcategory • event • technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice) • source of the information • program elements (assessment, response, rebuilding, prevention) • applicable disaster (hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood) • comments • method (peer review, survey response, website, government document, news article, textbook/factsheet/pamphlet, academic, professional society, or unknown) • contributor

The technologies' descriptions were reformatted into a searchable database which is available through the Community and Regional Resilience Institute (CARRI) website for the Resilient Home Program at http://www.resilientus.org/home_program.

The following 20 examples illustrate the resilient technologies and practices contributed by ERDC-CERL. They are included to illustrate the range of technologies and practices, applicability to resilient design and/or construction and sources of information consulted during this survey. The 300 entries contributed by ERDC-CERL to the SOTA data are included in a series of tables in Appendix A.

3.3.1 Example: Temporary roof repair after wind damage

Element: Roof

Element classification: Architectural

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Element subcategory: Roof felt

Event: Wind event; short term repair

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Start at bottom of roof and apply one layer over the top edge of another, similarly to applying roof shingles. Secure with metal or plastic tabs about 1 in. square or 1 in. round, under head of the nail. Fit and secure the upper edge of the top felt piece under the intact roofing material above it. Most-commonly available felt are No. 15 and No. 30.

Source of the information: Florida Division of Emergency Management, http://www.floridadisaster.org/mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/roofs/after_a_storm.asp

Program elements: Response

Applicable disaster: Hurricane

Comments: These measures are temporary and directed toward homeowners

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.2 Example: Window protection when repairing damage from high wind

Element: Window

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Window

Event: Wind or flood event; repair or rebuild

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Install electric roll-down shutters that also have a manual crank, accordion-folding shutters, or removable aluminum-panel shutters

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Source of the information: University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hurricane_house/index.shtml

Program elements: damage assessment, rebuilding, prevention

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, tornado

Comments: (none)

Method: Academic

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.3 Example: Replacing foundations when rebuilding

Element: Foundation

Element classification: Structural

Element subcategory: Concrete foundation

Event: Rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Prefabricat- ed concrete footing and pier forms are quicker and less expensive alternatives to conventional forming methods for concrete footings and piers.

Source of the information: Partnership for Advanced Housing Technology (PATH), http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=16103

Program elements: Rebuilding, prevention

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 13

3.3.4 Example: Protecting wells from contamination

Element: Grounds

Element classification: Biological

Element subcategory: Wells

Event: Protection from contamination during flooding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Extend the well casing at least 2 ft above the highest-known flood elevation. Install a sanitary seal or cover on the casing, curbing the casing at ground level by surrounding it with a watertight seal that is at least 4 in thick and extends at least 2 ft in all directions. Place grout between the casing and sides of the bore hole to a depth of at least 10 ft. Install a backflow valve in the water line. Protect electrical controls from floodwater. Drill a new well on a higher ground, above expected flood levels and known sources of pollution.

Source of the information: FEMA, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3262

Program elements: Rebuilding, prevention

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.5 Example: Replacing wall insulation

Element: Wall materials

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Fiberglass insulation

Event: Wind or flood repair or rebuild

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 14

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Complete removal of batt insulation will speed up drying process of walls. Spray polyurethane foam (SPUF) is a more flood-resistant insulating material since it is slow to absorb and does not retain moisture.

Source of the information: PATH, http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=12574

Program elements: Assessment, rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.6 Example: Restoring interior gypsum wallboard

Element: Wall materials

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Paper-faced interior gypsum wallboard

Event: Flood repair or rebuild

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Gypsum wallboard can be restored if it was able to dry within a short time. Cleaning and sanitizing is necessary to combat mold growth. Water-resistant, fiber- reinforced exterior sheathing performed much better in comparison. Gyp- sum wallboard lost half of its flexural strength and retained moisture when used with fiberglass batt insulation.

Source of the information: Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, www.ornl.gov/schi/res-buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm

Program elements: Assessment, rebuilding, prevention

Applicable disaster: Flood

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 15

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.7 Example: Repairing HVAC systems

Element: HVAC utilities

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: HVAC system

Event: Flood repair or rebuild

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Systems that were flooded need to be checked for mold. Interior components (e.g., furnace, air-conditioner cooling coils, and fans) need to be inspected, cleaned, and decontaminated by professionals. Air registers (vents) and diffusers should be removed, cleaned, disinfected, and reinstalled. Replace lined air ducts and duct boards that were exposed to floodwaters. Bare sheet-metal ductwork can be taken apart, washed, disinfected, dried, and put back together.

Source of the information: State of North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, www.dhhs.state.nc.us/docs/hurricane_afteraflood.htm

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.8 Example: Protecting HVAC systems

Element: HVAC utilities

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 16

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Water infiltration

Event: Flood repair or rebuild

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Move HVAC equipment from basement or lower level to an upper floor or attic. Plumb- ing and electrical changes are required and must be done by a licensed contractor. A secondary option is to build a concrete or masonry block floodwall around HVAC equipment, leaving enough space in the enclosed area for repairs and maintenance.

Source of the information: FEMA, http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3262

Program elements: Rebuilding, prevention

Applicable disaster: Flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.9 Example: Demolishing heavily damaged buildings

Element: Miscellaneous

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Asbestos-containing materials

Event: Building demolition

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Wet the structure before and during demolition to reduce potential for air migration of asbestos. A certified asbestos abatement technician must segregate the asbestos-containing materials and place it in leak-proof wrapping. The state or local air quality management program should be notified prior to demolition. Dispose of debris at an asbestos-approved landfill.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 17

Source of the information: US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), http://www.epa.gov/katrina/debris.html#electrical

Program elements: Response

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

The following five illustrate the sustainable and environmental technologies and practices contributed by ERDC-CERL to the SOTA database.

3.3.10 Example: Sustainability issues for flooring

Element: Wall materials

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Building envelope

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): If either exterior or interior surfaces or exterior walls need to be replaced, provide proper moisture-management strategies involving the building envelope, such as having an overhanging roof, proper door and window flashing, sealing roof and wall penetrations such as chimneys and vent stacks, providing a house-wrap weather barrier or asphalt-impregnated paper (tar paper), providing a rain screen detain, providing an air barrier in the insulated envelope, and selecting both interior and exterior finishes that fit the vapor profile. If replacing exterior wall surfaces does not properly prevent moisture intrusion or allow proper ventilation, any trapped moisture in the envelope can ultimately lead to deterioration of building materials, mold, and eventual replacement of certain components and added cleanup efforts. Having to replace water-damaged or moldy materials is wasteful when these results could have been prevented through proper moisture management.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 18

Source of the information: Building Sciences Consulting www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/resources/mold/Read_This_Before_You_Design_Build_or_Renovate. pdf

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.11 Example: Radiant barrier

Element: Roof

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Radiant barrier in attic

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): If replacement of roof insulation, structure, sheathing, or roofing is necessary in warm-climate regions, consider attic radiant barriers which can reduce cooling loads by reflecting insolation back into the atmosphere. Radiant barriers must face an air space to be effective, and their surfaces must be kept clean and dust-free for maximum efficiency.

Source of the information: US Department of Energy Efficiency and Re- newable Energy (EERE) www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 19

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.12 Example: HVAC systems replacement

Element: HVAC utilities

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Mechanical systems design

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): If the HVAC system needs to be replaced, use the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manuals J, S, and D for calculating energy loads, mechanical system sizing, and duct design. Ensure proper sizing and installation by following the Energy Star/ACCA Quality Installation Standards. When retrofitting a home after a disaster, correct sizing of mechanical systems is essential to maximizing HVAC energy efficiency.

Source of the information: Air-conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), www.acca.org/quality/

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Government document

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.13 Example: Reducing waste

Element: Miscellaneous

Element classification: Architectural

Element subcategory: Construction and demolition (C&D) waste

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 20

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): When construction or major repairs are necessary, minimize C&D waste produced during construction by optimizing dimensions during design to reduce cut-off waste and by using materials carefully. C&D waste materials generated on the jobsite should be sorted and stored for salvage and reuse or recycling. Research the salvage and recycling options for different materials and designate storage receptacles accordingly. Diverting C&D waste from landfills and incinerators will minimize pollution and lost resources, and monetary profit can be gained from agencies or individuals willing to purchase salvaged materials.

Source of the information: NAHB Toolbase.org website http://www.toolbase.org/TechInventory/techDetails.aspx?ContentDetailID=625

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.14 Example: Replacing a deck

Element: Grounds

Element classification: Structural

Element subcategory: Deck

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): If a deck must be replaced, use non-toxic materials such as recycled plastic lumber or low-toxicity materials such as ammonical copper quat (ACQ) or borate- based lumber treatments. Ensure fasteners are compatible with the lumber treatment to ensure structural stability and long-term moisture man-

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 21

agement and durability, and to reduce risk of failure. Proper flashing for connections will ensure the longevity of both the decking and house. Cop- per chromated arsenate (CCA)-treated lumber is no longer sold for residential applications because of toxicity and related health concerns. If improperly detailed, the deck connection can channel water into the ledger plate and rim joists of the house and cause rot, which in turn can weaken the deck connection to the house and risk catastrophic failure. Rebuilding the deck will consume much greater natural resources compared to the materials used in detailing the connection.

Source of the information:

National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Research Center http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Decks-Patios-Fences/low-toxicity-wood-preservative

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.15 Example: Sustainability issues for flooring

Element: Flooring

Element classification: Structural

Element subcategory: Flooring and subflooring

Event: Hurricane or flooding rebuilding

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): If basement flooring needs to be replaced, install appropriate finish flooring, which depends largely on the moisture profile of everything underneath it. If both liquid water and vapor have been decoupled from the basement floor system by using a comprehensive drainage system, capillary break, or vapor retarder, then a wide range of finish flooring can be used. But, if the base-

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 22

ment floor system will dry to the interior, then a vapor-permeable finish flooring must be used, and there are fewer choices: finished concrete, concrete painted with appropriate acrylic-latex paint, and terracotta tile pavers. Wall-to-wall carpeting is not recommended, particularly if rigid insulation has not been installed as part of the basement floor system. Do not use a flooring material unless its vapor permeability is known.

Source of the information: PATH, www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=1800

Program elements: Rebuilding

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Professional society

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.16 Example: Mold detection

Element: House

Element classification: Biological

Element subcategory: Mold

Event: Flooding, water intrusion

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Instrument designed for on-site screening for environmental mold contamination (IAQ Pro® ASP/Pen Rapid Field Tests).

Source of the information:

Alexander Technologies, http://www.alexeter.com/iaq/products/products.asp

Program elements: Assessment

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 23

Comments: (none)

Method: Website

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.17 Example: Lead detection

Element: House

Element classification: Chemical

Element subcategory: Lead

Event: Paint releases

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): This test kit provides instant lead detection in different surfaces (PRO-LAB's Lead Sur- face Test Kit).

Source of the information:

Pro Lab, Inc. http://www.homestoreproducts.com/cart/index.html?target=Lead_in_Toys.html

Program elements: Assessment

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Website

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.18 Example: Detection of combustible gasses

Element: HVAC utilities

Element classification: Chemical

Element subcategory: Combustible gas

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 24

Event: Gas release after unexpected movement or malfunction of utilities

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): BX168 Port- able gas detector which can be used to detect methane, natural gases, coal gases, hexane, propane, benzene, ethyne, butane, pentane, isopropyl alcohol, (methanol, ethanol, butanol,) aether, ketone (butone, protone), hydrogen, toluene, and other compounds (gasoline, industrial solvent, lacquer, refrigerant, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, sulfureted hydrogen , acetic acid, etc.)

Source of the information:

Hanwei Electronics Co., http://sensor.diytrade.com/sdp/58594/4/cp-25287.html

Program elements: Assessment

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Website

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.19 Example: Detection of combustible gasses

Element: Miscellaneous

Element classification: Chemical

Element subcategory: Indoor pollutants

Event: Gas release after unexpected movement or malfunction of utilities

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): EnviroCheck Indoor Air Quality Test Kit which can measure different types of indoor contaminants including carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO).

Source of the information:

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 25

Health Goods, www.healthgoods.com

Program elements: Assessment

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Website

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

3.3.20 Example: Detection of waterborne contaminates

Element: Miscellaneous

Element classification: Biological

Element subcategory: Coliform

Event: Bacteria present in contaminated water

Technology description (state-of-the-art / state-of-practice): Cole-Parmer Coliform Test Kit which will indicate bacterial presence with a color change and bubble formation.

Source of the information:

Cole-Parmer, http://www.coleparmer.com/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=9956100

Program elements: Assessment

Applicable disaster: Hurricane, flood

Comments: (none)

Method: Website

Contributor: ERDC-CERL

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 26

4 Retrofit Technologies Evaluation

4.1 General

The gap analysis conducted by NCSU revealed an abundance of guidance on residential building design and construction to resist hurricane wind and flood forces. This information was readily available to the public, but missing was an objective, critical evaluation of design and construction features, products, and materials to ensure they are effective in contributing to a residential building’s resilience. Such evaluations would have to be consistent for all like building technologies and reveal consistent results when applied at different times by different evaluators. That is, evaluation results must be repeatable.

One example of building technology evaluation was developed by PATH, previously known as the Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing. PATH was originated as a public/private partnership supported by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). PATH is now an online resource for homeowners, homebuyers, the homebuilding industry, and federal agencies. PATH catalogued the best resources on advanced building technologies and practices to emerge from a public- private partnership that ended in 2008. Currently, the NAHB Research Center maintains PATH’s toolbase.org website,6 which present evaluations of over 170 advanced building technologies.

Each PATH evaluation includes a summary, installation requirement, war- ranty, summary of benefits and costs, initial cost, operational costs, field evaluation and building code acceptance. Evaluation attributes consist of affordability, energy efficiency, quality and durability, environmental performance and safety, disaster mitigation, and ease of implementation. These evaluations were offered as a model of an RHP retrofit technologies evaluation scheme. Figure 1 illustrates one of PATH’s Toolbase.org evaluation summaries.

6 http://toolbase.org/

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 27

Figure 1. Example of a PATH Toolbase.org evaluation summary (http://toolbase.org/Building- Systems/Roofs/green-roofs).

A more comprehensive model for evaluation of building materials, components, and products evaluation is found in Construction Materials Evaluation and Selection: A Systematic Approach by Rosen and Bennett.7 The authors describe the typical process for selecting construction materials, components, and products as consisting of the following steps.

1. The vendor or sales representative provides the client (owner, architect, engineer, or contractor) with technical information in a selective fashion. 2. Sellers emphasize their product’s positive performance characteristics and either omit or de-emphasize other performance that may not fully satisfy the owner’s requirements.

7 Construction Materials Evaluation and Selection: A Systematic Approach, Harold J. Rosen and Philip M. Bennett, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1979, ISBN 0-071-73565-5.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 28

3. Sellers often emphasize the advantages of their products over that of their competitors, without directly addressing the client’s requirements. 4. The prospective buyer (owner, designer, or contractor) is often not fully informed about the decision at hand.

Thus, the strength of sales promotion often becomes the primary factor when selecting the material or product, which does not always serve the best interest of the client.

Rosen and Bennett describe a preferred method of evaluating and selecting construction materials, components, and products.

1. Instead of clients (owner, designer, or contractor) accepting filtered information from the product’s proponent, clients should be stipulat- ing what information they require of the vendor to make a sound decision. 2. The vendor, therefore, must respond to the client’s information requirements. 3. The responsibility for becoming knowledgeable about the required performance and articulating information requirements to vendors now falls upon the client.

This evaluation scheme would be analogous to the evaluation performed by a building code authority to verify a product’s or material’s sufficiency according to their code. The International Code Evaluation Service (ICES), as an organization within the International Code Council, would be one example of this type of evaluation service. However, in contrast to performing a comprehensive evaluation with respect to all building code provisions, the proposed evaluation scheme would address performance specifically affecting resilience.

NCSU was to address new construction and ERDC-CERL was to address retrofitting existing homes. The process outlined by Rosen and Bennett was the basis on which ERDC-CERL developed material, component, and product evaluation schemes for performance. In summary, it includes the following steps.

• Define the overall performance requirements of the subject material, component, or product. Examples of performance requirements may

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 29

include resisting damage from wind, debris, or exposure to water; continued performance after exposure to environmental conditions; or allowing manual operation of components in the event of power failure. • Define the specific attributes relevant to the performance of the material, component, or product. That is, identify the properties that contribute to resilience. Examples of resilience properties may include wind forces and resultant positive or negative pressure; salt spray and ultraviolet light exposure; or the process required to manually close shutters. • Determine the performance levels according to each attribute. Exam- ples of specific performance levels may include resistance to a specified pounds per square foot (psf) force of negative pressure; absence of cracking or crazing after a specified number of hours in an environmental simulation chamber; or the time and force required to turn the handle to close a shutter mechanism. • Define the means by which performance must be verified. These may include analysis, test method, observation or other objective verification is necessary to ensure the intended performance has been or can be achieved. Verification will also consider whether testing or analysis must be conducted specifically for a client or application, or can take the form of tests and analyses preciously conducted by an independent entity and documented for general application.

A detailed description of this process is provided in Section 4.3, which discusses a prototype for a retrofit technology technical evaluation.

4.2 Selecting technologies for evaluation

It would have been impossible to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the several hundred technologies entered into the SOTA database within the RHP’s resource and time constraints. A screening process was necessary to distinguish technologies with relative higher potential for positive impact versus those with relatively less potential to contribute to a house’s resilience.

Clemson University selected 10 technologies as a sample to screen for further evaluation. This selection was made on a qualitative basis, but was intended to include a range of material, component, or product types, and to include differences in their potential contribution to overall building resilience. These technologies are as follows.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 30

• Installing hurricane clips or straps to tie roof and wall structures together • Gluing plywood roof sheathing to rafters to resist sheathing detachment • Using HurriQuake nails to attach sheathing or deck to framing members • Bracing gable ends to resist detachment and collapse • Nailing schedule—installing sheathing fasteners at closer spacing • Permanent roll-down shutters • Storm- or impact-resistant windows • Storm- or impact-safety film for windows • Placement of HVAC and electrical system components within the house

It is important to consider that no material, component, or product per- forms in isolation of building systems or the structure as a whole in resisting wind, flood, and water damage. Therefore, screening technologies for their potential contribution to resilience must also consider the interfaces with other systems. It is also important to consider that failure of any single material, component or product is not an isolated event. Failure of one component can trigger a progression of failures until potentially the entire structure fails. Thus, the interface of components and sequence of events must be considered when assessing potential contribution to resilience. This interrelationship of building elements is illustrated in Figure 2.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 31

Figure 2. Sample building component interface matrix.

The following characteristics were evaluated when screening technologies for further evaluation. As stated previously, the intent was to select technologies with relatively greater contribution to the resilience of residential structures.

• Vulnerability to failure: first the immediate effects, then secondary effects • Connections: first building components directly connected to the subject technology, then those in a load path but not directly connected • Application / benefit of the technology: first the primary and intended performance, then the benefits that accrue (i.e., damage avoided) by virtue of the subject element remaining intact. • Installation process: effort required to install the subject technology in an existing house. • Consequences of failure: first the immediate and direct consequences, then subsequent progressive effects once the subject element has failed. • Opportunities for retrofit: how the subject technology may be incorporated to other maintenance, repair, or upgrade activities.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 32

• Sustainability issues associated with incorporating the subject technology into an existing house and with failure if it is not.

Evaluation was performed on a qualitative, professional judgment basis. No quantitative analyses or ranking based on statistical history of failure were intended. Knowledge of building technology, construction and wind, water and flood behaviors was applied to assess the technologies potential contribution to resilience. The preferred candidates would ideally exhibit the highest potential impact with a low cost and effort to implement. Con- versely, technologies exhibiting a limited positive impact and high cost and effort to implement would not be considered any further. This screening process was intended to be an internal exercise and is not a finished product in and of itself; however, three examples are shown to illustrate this process.

4.2.1 Example: Hurricane clips / straps

Vulnerability to failure, immediate effects: (1) The roof structure (trusses or rafters and ceiling joists) is susceptible to detaching from the walls in high wind events. (2) Removal of roof and ceiling structures may destabi- lize walls and leave them vulnerable to collapse. (3) The unprotected home is then susceptible to wind and water damage, which can destroy furniture and belongings, interior walls and floors.

VULNERABILITY OF THE HOME IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE: SEVERE

Vulnerability to failure, subsequent effects: Once the interior space is exposed, rain and debris will penetrate these spaces. Wet insulation and interior contents and materials will become mold- infested.

Connections, direct: Trusses or rafters are connected to the top plates of the wall frame.

Connections, indirect: (1) To maintain the integrity of the rafter / top plate connection, the connection of the top plates to the wall studs is also critical and must be included with this assembly. (2) Connection of all top plates to studs is critical, if not already incorporated into the clip's / strap's design. (3) The integrity of all connections between the rafter / plate / stud assembly and the foundation must be ensured.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 33

CRITICALITY TO LOAD PATH: HIGH

Application’s benefit, primary: The primary application of hurricane clips or straps is to tie the roof structure to the wall framing and resist detachment during high wind events.

Application’s benefit, indirect: (1) Hurricane straps contribute to the structural integrity of building envelope. (2) Hurricane straps contribute to the integrity of the substrate for roofing system and weather barrier.

TECHNOLOGY'S OVERALL CONTRIBUTION TO HOME RESILIENCE: HIGH

Installation: Installing the hurricane clips or straps is a relatively simple task in and of itself. However, in existing construction, access to framing at the critical connection is the major hurdle. This task involves exposing the end of roof framing members and the tops of exterior load-bearing walls to install hurricane clips or straps and will require the tasks given below.

• Remove roof covering at exterior load bearing walls approximately 18 in. inboard of the exterior wall. • Remove roof sheathing at exterior load bearing walls approximately 18 in. inboard of the exterior wall. • Remove exterior wall finish (siding or brick veneer) at the tops of exterior bearing walls approximately 18 in. from the top of the wall. • Remove soffit. • Remove exterior sheathing and air barrier at the tops of exterior bearing walls approximately 18 in. from the top of the wall. • Pull back insulation to expose connections of rafters or trusses to walls. • Fasten hurricane clip or strap to the side each rafter or truss top chord. • Fasten hurricane clip or strap to the edge of the top plates of the wall frame. • Reposition insulation. • Replace roof sheathing. • Replace wall sheathing and air barrier. • Replace exterior wall finish.

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (MATERIALS): LOW

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 34

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (LABOR): HIGH

Note: another option, installing hurricane clips from the interior, is described in the screening process, but is omitted from this example for brevity.

Consequences, direct: The primary consequence of failure is detachment of the roof framing from the wall frame is severe.

DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: HIGH

Consequences, subsequent: (1) Physical injury to occupants is severe. (2) Loss of structural integrity; lateral support for walls is severe. (3) Physical damage to home's interior contents is severe. (4) Water damage and subsequent mold damage to insulation, interior finishes, and structural materials is high. (5) Water damage and subsequent mold damage to HVAC systems is high. (6) Water damage to electrical systems is high.

SUBSEQUENT CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: HIGH

Opportunities: (1) Reroofing provides an opportunity to expose the roof sheathing, which then is removed relatively easily to expose the roof framing. Reroofing also provides the opportunity to install shingles continuously from the eave to the ridge. (2) Replacing damaged sheathing, which frequently occurs at roof eaves, provides an opportunity to expose the ends of roof framing members at the wall connection. (3) Replacing exterior siding provides an opportunity to expose wall sheathing, which then can be removed relatively easily to expose the wall framing.(4) Interior repairs and redecorating can provide the opportunity to remove some ceiling and wall finish and expose the roof and wall framing and connections. (5) Re- roofing and exposing the roof sheathing provides the opportunity to inspect fastening and upgrade if appropriate. Inspect fastener spacing at sheathing board edges and in the fields, and the appropriate embedment of fasteners in roof framing members.

OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPLEMENT HURRICANE STRAPS DURING MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND REMODELING ACTIVITIES: LOW

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 35

Sustainability: 1) Adding hurricane clips/straps has no significant positive sustainability impact in and of itself. 2) Human health is less likely to be adversely impacted by breaching the building envelope. 3) Waste will occur (both building materials and contents) if the roof detaches during high-wind events.

POTENTIAL SUSTAINABILITY IMPROVEMENTS: LOW

Sources: Institute for Building and Home Safety, “Is Your Home Protected From Hurricane Disaster?” www.ibhs.org/natural_disasters/downloads/hurricane10.pdf.

4.2.2 Example: Storm- resistant windows

Vulnerability to failure, immediate effects: (1) When standard windows are not properly protected, they are subject to failure as a result of wind born projectiles. (2) Once the window is penetrated, the interior is susceptible to wind and water intrusion. (3) Pressurization due to envelope breach will increase the chance of structural failure and roof detachment.

VULNERABILITY OF THE HOME IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE: HIGH

Connections, direct: Storm-resistant windows are connected to the wall opening frame.

Connections, indirect: (1) Wall opening frames are connected to the wall frame at top and bottom plates. (2) Wall frame is connected to floor plat- forms and/or foundations.

CRITICALITY TO LOAD PATH: LOW

Applications / benefit, primary: (1) The primary application of storm resistant windows is to resist failure due to projectiles (debris) launched by high wind. (2) Laminated glass may crack or shatter upon impact from projectiles, but glass fragments are held together by the plastic layer, thus minimizing personal injury and property damage.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 36

Applications / benefit, indirect: (1) Contributes to structural integrity by protecting the building envelope from being breached, resulting in over- pressurization at the interior. (2) Contributes to the integrity of the weather barrier systems as fortification of the building envelope.

TECHNOLOGY'S OVERALL CONTRIBUTION TO HOME RESILIENCE: MODERATE

Installation: Installing storm-resistant windows is a relatively simple task in and of itself. However, in existing construction, gaining access to the rough opening (i.e., wall framing that holds the window) is a task. This involves removing, then reinstalling window and trim. This will require the following tasks.

• Remove existing interior and exterior wall trim. • Attach new window unit to wall framing. Ensure the fasteners anchor into the wall framing instead of exterior veneers or finishes. • Replace existing interior and exterior wall trim.

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (MATERIALS): HIGH

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (LABOR): LOW

Consequences, direct: (1) The primary consequence of failure, detachment of the roof framing from the wall frame, is severe. (2) The envelope breach resulting from window failure will introduce severe positive or negative pressurization to a home, possibly causing roof failure and collapse of interior walls.

CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: HIGH

Consequences, subsequent: (1) Physical injury to occupants is possible if occupants do not evacuate. (2) Physical damage to home's interior contents will be severe. (3) Water damage and subsequent mold damage to insulation, interior finishes, and structural materials is high. (4) Water damage and subsequent mold damage to HVAC systems is moderate. (5) Water damage to electrical systems is moderate.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 37

SUBSEQUENT CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: HIGH

Opportunities: (1) Repairing or replacing window frame, panes, or other window components provides an opportunity to install storm-resistant windows as a resilient alternative to conventional windows.

OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPLEMENT HURRICANE RESISTANT WINDOWS DURING MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND REMODELING ACTIVITIES: HIGH

Sustainability: (1) Storm-resistant windows have no significant positive sustainability impact in and of themselves. (2) Human health is less likely to be adversely impacted by breaching the building envelope. (3) Waste will be reduced for both building materials and contents if the windows remain intact during high-wind events. (4) Overall energy performance of a house can be improved with higher insulating value and control of ultraviolet admission possible with laminated high-performance windows.

POTENTIAL SUSTAINABILITY IMPROVEMENTS: HIGH

Sources: PATH, “High Performance Glazing,” www.toolbase.org/Technology- Inventory/Windows/high-performance-glass; “How to Install Replacement Windows,” http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/how-to/step/0,,20171587,00.html.

4.2.3 Example: HVAC placement

Vulnerability to failure, immediate effects: (1) HVAC equipment can be severely damaged if it is left immersed in floodwater.

VULNERABILITY OF THE HOME IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE: MODERATE

Vulnerability to failure, subsequent effects: (1) Subsequent damage will include the potential for electrical shorts and/or gas leakage. (2) Inopera- ble HVAC equipment will leave the home more susceptible to mold growth due to lack of control of humidity and temperature conditions. (3) If exposed to saltwater, all ferrous components will be subject to corrosion.

Connections, direct: Major HVAC components are attached to a floor slab or floor platform.

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Connections, indirect: Air distribution (ductwork) is attached to floor, wall and/or ceiling framing.

CRITICALITY TO LOAD PATH: NONE

Applications / benefit, primary: The primary application of elevating the HVAC system’s placement is to mitigate damage by not allowing components to come in contact with floodwater.

Applications / benefit, indirect: (1) In a post-event scenario, a functional HVAC system will enable air circulation and assist in drying, which will inhibit mold growth. (2) A functioning HVAC system will provide an increased level of comfort for reoccupation of the home.

TECHNOLOGY'S OVERALL CONTRIBUTION TO HOME RESILIENCE: HIGH

Installation: (1) Relocation of the HVAC system will need to be planned, taking into account new location of the heating and cooling equipment, routing of duct work, placement of controls, electrical service. Note: Any framed floor on which equipment is to be placed needs to be verified for structural sufficiency and reinforced if necessary. (2) Relocation may require construction of partitions, removal and replacement of interior finishes, and access routes to HVAC equipment for serviceability. (3) A licensed contractor should be hired for relocation of HVAC equipment. HVAC equipment should be elevated to an upper level or placed on an elevated platform to minimize contact with floodwater. Any elevated plat- forms should be reinforced to prevent overturning. (4) Exterior HVAC equipment should be elevated above the community's base flood elevation requirement according to the prevailing code. (5) Note: It is assumed that the relocation require an elevation change of at least 8 feet. (6) If fuel source is propane or oil, the tank should be anchored to resist buoyancy and connections should be designed to absorb movement.

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (MATERIALS): MODERATE

INSTALLATION EFFORT IN A RETROFIT SCENARIO (LABOR): HIGH

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Consequences, direct: DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: HIGH

Consequences, subsequent: (1) Water damage and subsequent mold damage to mechanical insulation will be high. (2) With an inoperable HVAC system, interior finishes and content will take longer to dry out, increasing opportunity for mold growth. (3) Water damage and subsequent mold damage and corrosion to HVAC systems will be high, given coastal environments.

SUBSEQUENT CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE: MODERATE

Opportunities: (1) Repairing or replacing window frame, panes, or other window components provides an opportunity to install storm resistant windows as a resilient alternative to conventional windows.

OPPORTUNITIES TO RELOCATE HVAC SYSTEMS DURING MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND REMODELING ACTIVITIES: MODERATE

Sustainability: (1) An elevated HVAC system will have no significant positive sustainability impact in and of itself. (2) Human health is less likely to be adversely impacted when the environment is controlled. (3) Overall energy performance of a house can be improved with higher efficiency heating and cooling systems.

POTENTIAL SUSTAINABILITY IMPROVEMENTS: HIGH

Sources: American Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), www.ahrinet.org/Content/FloodSafety_638.aspx.

The results of this screening exercise are summarized in Figure 3 and Fig- ure 4.

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Figure 3. Technology screening summary.

Figure 4. Technology screening priorities.

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Any of the “Class A” technologies in Figure 4 would be worthwhile evaluating as they will have a greater contribution to resilience than the other items. Clemson and ERDC-CERL selected storm-resistant windows for development of a prototype retrofit technology evaluation, as described in the section below.

4.3 Retrofit technologies technical evaluation, a prototype

The process outlined by Rosen and Bennett was the model for ERDC- CERL’s performance evaluation process. In summary, the evaluation process includes the following steps.

• Define the overall performance requirements of the subject material, component, or product. Examples may include resisting damage from wind, debris, or exposure to water; continued performance after exposure to environmental conditions; or allowing manual operation of components in the event of power failure. • Define the specific attributes relevant to performance of the material, component, or product. That is, identify the properties that contribute to performance. Examples may include wind forces and resultant positive or negative pressure, salt spray and ultraviolet light exposure, or the process required to manually close shutters. • Determine the performance level according to each attribute. Perfor- mance level examples may include resistance to a specified psf of negative pressure, absence of cracking or delaminating after a specified number of hours in an environmental simulation chamber; or the time and force required to turn the handle to close a shutter mechanism. • Define the means by which performance must be verified. These may include analysis, test method, observation or other objective verification necessary to ensure the intended performance has been or can be achieved. Verification will also consider whether testing or analysis must be conducted specifically for a client or application, or can take the form of tests and analyses previously conducted by an independent entity and documented for general application.

A credible evaluation of a building technology will include a multi- attribute performance evaluation. The general categories of performance include the following.

• Architectural and functional • Economics

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• Structural • Resistance to water intrusion • Resistance to thermal transmission • Sustainability • Constructability • Durability • Maintainability

An evaluation must also address the technology’s life-cycle phases. These are defined as follows.

• Planning • Design • Installation • Occupancy or service life • End of life

The overall evaluation approach would be the same for any building technology. However, the unique composition and performance of the various building materials, components, and products require evaluation criteria relevant to each specific material, component, or product type. An evaluation for storm-resistant windows was developed as a prototype for this process. Evaluation criteria for selected evaluation attributes are shown in Table 1. The full evaluation scheme is provided in Appendix C.

Table 1. Examples of evaluation criteria for selected attributes. Architectural and function

Design What window frame colors are available as pre-finis hed or integral: Prepainted wood/aluminum/steel frame (list colors) Vinyl or vinyl clad (list colors) Anodized aluminum or aluminum clad (list colors) Fiberglas / composite frame (list colors)

Service life Security What level of security is expected in storm resistant windows: Forced entry resistant rating per ASTM 1302.5 (pass/fail)

Egress Are window types available in a storm resist ant design that allow emergency egress: Conforms to NFPA 101 (Y/N)

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Structural

Design Design standards / codes / criteria To what building code, standard, or criteria do storm resistant windows comply: International Building Code (Y/N) Miami-Dade Certification (Y/N) Florida Product Approval (Y/N) Hallmark Certification (Y/N) Texas Dept. of Insurance Certification (Y/N) FLASH Fortified … (Y/N) Other (list standards)

Uniform loads To what uniform loads are the window units designed: Uniform design loads per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (pos psf) (neg psf) Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (grade) inches/inch of Deflection (at design pressure) span

Impacts To what impact loads are the window units designed: Gust (air blast) per ASTM F1642 (pos psf) (neg psf) Small missile test per ASTM E1886 / E1996 @80 FPS pass/fail Large missile test per ASTM E1886 / E1996 @80 FPS pass/fail Water intrusion resistance

Design Resistance to wind -blown rain To what pressure are window units designed to prevent rain penetration: Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 PSF

Thermal resistance

Design Resistance to wind -blown rain To what pressure are window units designed to control infiltration Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 CFM

Thermal continuity Are metal window frames thermally-broken (Y/ N)

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Sustainability

Design Emissions Do window materials (incl. installation) have a negative indoor air quality impact Formaldehyde per ASTM [D5582-00] [E1333], new windows mg/m3/hr VOC per ASTM D6670, new windows (list) mg/m3/hr, each VOC Adhesives and sealants meet Green Seal GS36 (Y/N)

4.4 ERDC-CERL’s redirection

The retrofit technology evaluation scheme described above was presented at the RHP annual stakeholder meeting in January 2010. It was criticized by insurance industry representatives for not being a statistically derived exercise. They said there was no consideration for the loss history or insurance payouts attributable to the technologies considered for evaluation. That is, failure of “windows” was not the greatest cause of payout. Evalua- tion did not account for the differences between a building’s existing condition and a “resilient” condition, or the cost to upgrade to a “resilient” condition.

Insurance representatives indicated industry models define failure history and should serve as the basis for prioritizing the most worthwhile technologies to implement, based on their historic incidence of failure. They also implied that their models could distinguish the performance of buildings based on their age and construction features. As the RHP was not going to perform a design analysis and condition assessment of every house in the Southeast, they acknowledged that the building code under which a house was constructed would be a suitable surrogate. That is, they could differen- tiate the incidence of failure between a house built under the 1976 version and the 1988 version of the Southern Standard Building Code, or under the 1994 Florida Residential Code.

Furthermore, the insurance evaluates risk and sets premium rates according to peril. A “peril” is a specific threat as opposed to an event. Perils include damage from wildfires, earthquakes, high wind, water and floods. NCSU was reorganizing ReScU by peril instead of by disaster event.

Thus, ERDC-CERL abandoned any further development of resilient technology evaluation. Instead, ERDC-CERL was to develop a cost-benefit

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analysis for upgrading houses to improve resilience under the perils present in a hurricane, that is high wind, water and flood. ERDC-CERL’s objectives were redefined to the following:

• Be consistent with the insurance industry in defining design features and building components and use of loss relativity data to define vul- nerabilities to damage. • Define existing buildings’ condition per the prevailing building code at the time of its construction. • Define measures necessary to upgrade from some existing condition to “resilient.” • Identify consequences and estimate costs if the upgrade was not performed and the building component or system failed. • Develop cost-benefit analyses.

4.5 Insurance industry data

The cost of damage (i.e., loss) is fundamental to developing a cost-benefit analysis. The damage, and therefore the cost avoided by implementing resilient features into house design and construction becomes the benefit in the cost-benefit equation. The critical issue is what benefits (i.e., cost avoidance) can be achieved by upgrading the various components and systems of a house.

Published data was reviewed to identify the failure history of houses subject to various perils and therefore associate damage with specific features of a house’s design and construction. Sources include the following.

• Post 2004 Hurricane Field Survey – an Evaluation of the Relative Performance of the Standard Building Code and the Florida Building Code (University of Florida 2004) • Development of Loss Relativities for Wind Resistive Features of Resi- dential Structures Loss Incidence & Relativities Data (Applied Re- search Associates, Inc. 2002) • Florida Residential Wind Loss Mitigation Study (Applied Research Associates, Inc. 2008) • Windstorm Mitigation Discounts Report (State of Florida 2010) • Study of Florida’s Windstorm Mitigation Credits (Risk Management Solutions, Inc. 2010)

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4.5.1 Features contributing to loss

Of the sources listed above, the 2008 ARA Florida Residential Wind Loss Mitigation Study was the most useful in associating building features with loss reduction. In this study, ARA identified 11 primary design and construction features that contributed to loss from high winds, as listed below.

1. Terrain—either Exposure B or Exposure C (exposures are described in ASCE-7 as a factor in translating wind velocity to force on a building; the more open the terrain the higher the force, generally speaking). Buildings located in a terrain classified as “Exposure C” were found to be more vulnerable to high-wind damage than buildings located in terrain classified as “Exposure B.” 2. Roof shape—whether the roof was a hip configuration or other (primarily gable) configuration. Gable and other roof geometries were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than hip roofs. 3. Roof covering type—whether the roof covering was tile or non-tile (primarily asphalt shingle). Tile roof coverings were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than asphalt shingle or other roofing types. 4. Roof covering strength—whether the roof covering conformed to the Florida Building Code (FBC). Roof coverings not conforming to the FBC were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than roofs conforming to the FBC. 5. Secondary water protection—whether the roofing system included a secondary water barrier (SWB). Roofs without an SWB were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than roofs with an SWB. 6. Roof-to-wall connections—toe-nailed roof-to-wall connections were found to be the most vulnerable to damage from high wind, hurricane clip connections were found to be less vulnerable, and wrapped connections were found to be the least vulnerable to damage from high wind. 7. Roof deck material and attachment—a roof built with oriented strand board (OSB) was found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than roofs built with plywood. Roofs with sheathing fastening classified as “A” (greatest fastener spacing) were found to be more vulnerable to damage than sheathing fastening classified as “B” (closer spacing), which in turn was more vulnerable to damage than sheathing fastening classified as “C” (closest spacing). 8. Opening level of protection—whether windows and doors were protected from wind-blown debris. Windows and doors without protection

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were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than windows with protective devices conforming to ASTM E 1996 9. Roof slope—whether roofs were low slope (3:13 or less) or higher slope (7:12 or greater). Low-slope roofs were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than higher slope roofs. 10. Soffits—whether they were wood or other material. Non-wood soffits were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than wood soffits. 11. Number of stories—whether the house was one-story or two or more stories. Houses with two or more stories were found to be more vulnerable to damage from high wind than one-story houses.

In the context of retrofitting an existing house to increase its resilience, however, not all of these factors are relevant. It is unlikely a homeowner will relocate to a site with a reduced exposure to high wind, will remove a second story, or will rebuild a roof to alter its geometry.

4.5.2 Application of models: HurLoss

ARA developed models for 44 residential building designs and simulated damage from a variety of high wind exposures. Included in these models were 30 single family houses, 10 multifamily low-rise, two multifamily mid-rise, and two multifamily high-rise designs. The HurLoss model, developed by ARA and described below from the 2008 study report, was applied to each model to calculate losses from high wind damage according to the primary factors.

The HurLoss hurricane damage-to-loss model works to build up the total dollar value of loss in much the same way that a loss adjuster would estimate the repair costs. The HURLOSS damage-to-loss model estimates the actual cost to repair components of the building envelope that are damaged directly by the wind. This includes the roof cover, roof deck, fenestrations and soffits. Interior damage is subsequently estimated based on empirical relationships developed from previous insurance claim folder reviews, structure subas- sembly costs, and engineering judgment. Empirical relationships are also used to estimate loss to other building components and debris removal expenses.

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4.5.3 Loss-relativity data

ARA compared empirical loss data derived from recent hurricane experience to the loss data with modeled data; it found modeled losses are consistent with empirical data. However, rather than publish actual-loss cost data, ARA published loss-relativity data. “Loss relativity” is the comparison of loss between a house built without mitigation features and a house built with various mitigation features described in the eleven primary factors given above. Loss relativity indicates the relative effectiveness of the mitigation feature in reducing loss; the higher the loss reduction, the more effective the mitigation method. This data is summarized as follows.

• Building a hip roof reduces loss by roughly 30% compared to a gable roof. • Using shingles as a roof covering reduces loss by roughly 40% compared to tiles. • Installing roof covering in conformance with the FBC reduces loss by roughly 30% compared to not conforming to the FBC. • Installing shutters to protect openings reduces loss by roughly 30% compared to leaving openings unprotected. • Building to observe the “strongest” set of practices and criteria reduces loss by roughly 70% compared to building to the “weakest” set of practices and criteria. • Building to conform to 2002 or later FBC criteria reduces losses by roughly 80% compared to building to a pre-2002 FBC criteria. • Building a one-story house reduces loss by roughly 30% compared to a two-story building. • Building a house in an Exposure C terrain reduces loss by roughly 50% compared to building a house in an Exposure B terrain.

4.5.4 Contribution of building components to building loss

The ARA report also provided data on the relative contribution of six building components or systems to the building’s loss, per wind speed. This data is summarized as follows.

• Damage to the roof deck contributed almost nothing to a building’s loss. • Damage to soffits and fenestrations contributed little (about 5% or less) to a building’s loss.

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• Damage to exterior accessories contributed less than 5% to the buildings loss at wind velocities under 70-80 mph. Contribution to loss increased to over 10% at higher wind velocities • Damage to interiors contributed about 35% to a building’s loss at wind velocities under 70-80 mph, but decreased to about 25% at wind velocities of 110-150 mph • Roof coverings contributed the most to a building’s loss at about 50%- 55% of a building’s loss

4.5.5 Additional loss-relativity data

Additional loss-relativity data was provided by the ARA report. Compari- sons were made between houses constructed with and without various mitigation features, normalized to a “strongest” house and a “weakest” house. This data also indicates the effectiveness of mitigation features in reducing loss. Figure 5 and Figure 6 are taken from the 2008 ARA report to show one of these comparisons. Comparisons are made according to the following mitigation features. A loss-relativity factor is given for each of the 1,152 permutations, for each of these two tables. Note that these tables only represent a “Terrain B” factor; other factors have similar tables.

• Vertical axis (36 factors total)

o Roof Covering: FBC or non-FBC o Roof deck: Type A, B or C. o Roof-wall connection: Toenail, hurricane clips or wraps o Opening protection: none, hurricane o Soffits: wood or other

• Horizontal axis (32 factors total)

o Roof slope: less than 5:12 or greater than 6:12 o Number of stories: one or two-story o Roof materials: non-tile or tile roof o Roof shape: hip or other

Figure 5 illustrates the “weakest” house as one that has: (a) a roof covering that does not conform to the FBC, (b) roof sheathing classified as “A” ( the greatest nail spacing), (c) a roof structure that is toe-nailed to the walls, (d) no protective devices for windows and doors, (e) soffit material other than

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wood, (f) a roof slope of less than 5:12, (g) two stories, (h) a non-tile roof covering, (i) a roof configuration other than a hip roof, and (j) no secondary water barrier in its roof construction. This construction is given a loss relativity factor of 1.0000. Compared to this “weakest” condition, loss- relativity factors will be lower with the inclusion of each of the other 2,301 combinations of mitigation factors considered in these two tables.

Figure 6 illustrates the “strongest” house as having a roof covering that does conform to the FBC, has roof sheathing classified as “C” (the closest nail spacing), has a roof structure that is tied to the wall frame by wrap- around strapping, has hurricane protection devices for windows and doors, has wood soffit, has a roof slope greater than 6:12, is a one-story house, has a tile roof covering, and has a hip roof and a secondary water barrier in its roof construction. This construction is modeled to have a loss relativity factor of 0.1325. Compared to the “weakest” house, with a factor of 1.0000, the “stronger” house’s loss is about 13% that of the “weakest” house, or a loss reduction of about 87%.

Figure 5. “Terrain B” loss relativities (non-FBC roof cover), normalized to weakest house.

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Figure 6. “Terrain B” loss relativities (FBC roof cover) normalized to strongest house.

Again, note that these two tables only represent a “Terrain B” factor. Simi- lar data has been developed to represent other factors.

Despite the plethora of data available in the cited reports, actual cost data for damage from high wind, flood, and water is not given. Furthermore, the association of cost data to the failure of specific building components and systems is also not given. The insurance industry does possess this data but guards it very closely. This data, after all, is the basis upon which companies establish premiums and payouts, which in turn affects their profitability. A company will not jeopardize its competitive position by di- vulging this data. One RHP team member spent three weeks with a major insurance risk modeling firm but was unable to acquire the specific cost data requested by ERDC-CERL.

There is one additional feature of this insurance industry-related information and data. While informative, it is not presented in a format or content useful to the cost-benefit analyses that ERDC-CERL was to develop.

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While the analyses described above reveal the loss relativity for selected house components and systems, they do not address all building elements that would be damaged in high wind, flood, or water events. There is no treatment of: interior systems, chimneys and fireplaces, exterior wall components other than openings, plumbing systems, mechanical systems, or electrical systems. These areas also are vulnerable to damage and will in- cur a cost to the house owner if they are damaged. They can be upgraded for improved resilience, for a cost. Furthermore, in the context of retrofitting an existing house to increase resilience, not all of these factors are relevant. Again, it is unlikely a homeowner will relocate a house to a site with a reduced exposure to high wind, will remove a second story, or will rebuild a roof to alter its geometry.

4.5.6 Building code comparisons

Comparing building codes was determined to be a necessary first step in defining differences in resilience among houses of different ages and construction dates. The objective was to identify building features which would be more likely and less likely to fail, given actuarial data on failure under a given peril. The following building codes were evaluated, provision by provision, for all features that relate to resistance to wind, flood, or water events.

• 1976 Southern Standard Building Code • 1988 Southern Standard Building Code • 2009 International Residential Code (IRC) • 2009 Florida Residential Code (FRC) • 2009 Florida Building Code, Chapter 44 “High Velocity Hurricane Zones”

The 1976 SBC was considered to be the “worse case” building code, leaving several shortcomings related to our current knowledge about resilience. The 1988 SBC represents a significant number of houses in the southeastern United States, and was considered to be the “common” building code. The 2009 IRC was considered to be the contemporary building code, although not explicitly incorporating resilience to high wind, flood, and water events. The 2009 FRC, which incorporated the experiences of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons in Florida, was considered to represent an acceptable level of resilience. Chapter 44 of the FBC explicitly addresses high winds.

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Practices have been developed to increase resilience above and beyond building code provisions. These practices were considered to represent “resilient” design and construction. They include the following.

• Institute for Business and Home Safety “Fortified” construction standards • Federal Alliance for Safe Homes “Blueprint for Safety” guidance • FEMA Coastal Area Construction guidance (published in multiple manuals and fact sheets)

Provisions in these documents (i.e., criteria for design and/or construction) were reviewed for the following building features.

• Roof coverings, including: clay and concrete roof tiles, asphalt shingles, metal shingles and quarry slate • Reroofing; replacing roof coverings • Roof deck construction, including: sheathing type, sheathing thickness, sheathing fastener type and sheathing fastener spacing • Roof-to-ceiling construction, including: roof-to-wall connections, trusses, rafters, roof tie-down, wood framing and steel framing • Soffits • Gutters and downspouts • Chimneys and fireplaces • Exterior wall systems, including: exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS), flashing, structural sheathing, moisture barrier, vinyl siding, wood siding, aluminum siding, fiber-cement siding, siding panels, metal wall panels, stone and brick veneer, cement veneer (stucco) and small openings • Interior wall systems • Wall-to-foundation connection, including: steel framed walls and wood framed walls • Floor framing, including: openings, hard surface flooring, subfloor materials, floor sheathing, floor/ceiling assemblies, floor-to-wall connection and floor-to-foundation connections • Foundations, including: piles, masonry piers, slab-on-grade, stem wall, shear wall and foundation integral with structure • Doors, including: entry doors, vestibule entrances, sliding glass doors, exterior personnel doors, double garage doors and single garage doors • Windows, including: impact resistant glass, shutters and skylights • Electrical systems, including wiring and receptacles

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• Mechanical systems including HVAC systems and condensers • Plumbing systems

Over 500 provisions were compared across 68 design and construction features within each of the 8 building codes and standards included in this review. The purpose was to identify the deficiencies relevant to resilience performance. Knowing the shortfalls, upgrades can be defined to bring the house to resilient performance defined by the resilient standards. An example of this review is given below.

4.5.6.1 Example comparison of building codes

Assume an existing house was built to conform to the 1976 SBC. Provi- sions for the roof sheathing materials and attachment can be summarized as follows (assume 24 in. rafter or truss spacing).

• Sheathing materials shall be 5/8 .in board sheathing (or ¾ in. skip sheathing), 24/0 rated structural I and II standard CC or CD plywood, or 1 in. insulating fiberboard decking • Board sheathing shall be fastened by two 8d (8-penny) common nails at each end. • Plywood sheathing shall fastened by 6-d common nails if ½ in. plywood, or 8d common nails if 5/8 in. plywood, spaced at 6 in. at the edges and 12 in. in the field; or 24 gauge staples, 1 in. plus the thickness of plywood, spaced at 4 in. at the edges and 8 in. in the field

If the desired condition were to conform to the 2009 Florida Building Code Chapter 44, provisions for the roof sheathing materials and attachment can be summarized as follows (assume 24 in. rafter or truss spacing).

• Sheathing material shall be 5/8 in. board or 32/16 rated CC or CD plywood. • Any 6 in. board sheathing shall be fastened with two 8d common nails. • Any 8 in. board sheathing shall be fastened with three 8d common nails. • Plywood sheathing shall be fastened with 8d ringshank nails at 6 in. spacing at the ridge and field and 8d ringshank or 10d common nails spaced at 4 in. within 4 ft of gable ends. • Blocking of 2 x 4 in. is required between rafters within 4 ft of gable ends, edgewise, hand nailed.

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In comparing the two codes, the differences between the existing condition and the desired condition are as follows:

• The plywood sheathing is deficient. • Fastener type and spacing are deficient. • There is no blocking at gable ends.

In order to upgrade to the desired condition, the following tasks would have to be performed. Note that what follows is a simplified description and does not include mobilization and demobilization, safety requirements, disposal, and other job requirements.

• The existing roofing would have to be removed, which will also include vents, flashing, and other roof accessories. • The existing roof sheathing would have to be removed. • Blocking (2 x4 in.) would have to be hand-nailed within 4 ft of gable ends. • New roof sheathing would have to be installed, with the required fastener type and spacing. • New roof covering would have to be installed, including roofing paper, flashing, vents, and other roofing accessories.

However, if the desired condition were to be “resilient” as defined by the IBHS, FLASH, and/or FEMA guidance, the following provisions would apply.

• Sheathing shall be plywood, 5/8 in. 40/20 rated; ¾ in. plywood is preferred. • Fastener type and spacing must be engineered for 170 mph wind and spaced at 4 in. within 4 ft of gable ends or 4 ft of hip corners. • Sheathing edges between rafters or trusses shall be supported by blocking or “H” clips. • A minimum 4 in. wide secondary water barrier conforming to ASTM D 1970 shall be installed at all sheathing joints.

For all intents and purposes, the same deficiencies would exist in the example existing home compared to either the 2009 FBC Chapter 44 or to a resilient state as defined by IBHS, FLASH, and/or FEMA. The materials and fastening schedules may be different, but replacing sheathing is still replacing sheathing. The only difference between these two upgrades is the

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addition of the secondary water barrier tape, a relatively minor addition given the magnitude of this job.

Whether a house conforms or does not conform to resilient criteria is the critical issue. To what building code a house conforms is inconsequential if it does not meet the resilient standards and practices. Unless a house is designed and constructed to meet resilient standards, it will be deficient to some degree and upgrades will be required to bring it to a resilient state. Therefore, it was concluded the exhaustive comparison of building codes was exceeding the point of diminishing returns. A much simpler approach to assessing upgrade requirements, costs, and benefits could be pursued. This approach is described in Chapter 8, which discusses the costs and benefits of retrofitting existing homes.

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5 The Resilient Scoring Utility

5.1 Overview

The gap analysis also indicated that a method to rate residential buildings for resilience would be useful. The purpose would be to provide information required by insurance companies to offer incentives for greater resistance to perils, such as reduced premiums. Government authorities may also be able to provide incentives through zoning or development policies, tax structure, and other similar means. This method would be analogous to the US Green Building Council’s LEED rating system. ReScU was developed by NCSU. The following is a summary of the ReScU system and ERDC-CERL’s contribution to its development.

The ReScU system covers a wide variety of natural disaster hazards. ReScU addresses wind, flood, earthquake, wildfire, hail, and mudslide hazards. ReScU could also be expanded to include other areas of performance such as sustainability, water conservation, or durability. Points would be earned for each of the hazard-specific perils (e.g., floods, winds), based on the design and construction features of the home and their potential resistance to damage. The ReScU rating system is flexible in that it allows communities to apply the ratings according to their specific location, requirements, and needs.

The essential question ReScU would answer is “How strong is the house?” The answer would be determined by scoring the building’s design and construction features against a set of criteria. However, not all perils will present equal risks at all locations. A house’s strength may vary depending on the location and perils present. In order to account for the exposure to perils present in any given location, this evaluation would be conducted on a peril-by-peril basis.

Guides for evaluation were developed that include both performance metrics and prescriptive building details that could achieve the performance criteria. Each building system would be evaluated according to criteria appropriate for a given peril. A performance criterion for the roof system under a high wind peril, for example, would be resistance to wind velocities up to 150 mph. A prescriptive example would be that the rafters or roof trusses must be tied to the wall structure with hurricane straps. A “Build-

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ing Score” would represent the building’s evaluated performance compared to the maximum that could be achieved for the building. The higher the Building Score, the stronger the building would be. Figure 7 provides a hypothetical example of a building’s score for each peril compared to the maximum possible score.

Figure 7. Hypothetical building score example.

A “Hazard Threshold” for each peril would be based on the exposure to the particular peril at a given location. The Hazard Threshold would be applied to modify the Building Score. The higher the Hazard Threshold, the more likely that hazard would occur in the given location.

A total ReScU score would be the difference of the Building Score and the Hazard Threshold. Thus, a low score relative to a peril with a low probability of occurrence in a given location would not hurt the overall ReScU score as much as a low score for a peril with a high probability of occurrence. Table 2 provides a hypothetical example of the ReScU score as a function of the Building Score and Threshold Score.

A detailed description of the ReScU concept, authored by the NCSU team members, is provided as Appendix D.

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Table 2. Hypothetical ReScU score example.

Hazards Building Score Threshold Score ReScU Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 75 40 35 Flood 15 20 -5 Earthquake 40 25 15 Fire 20 20 0 Wildfire 25 20 5 Hail 50 30 20 Mudslide 10 20 -10

5.2 ERDC-CERL input to ReScU development

As an initial step in developing ReScU, the NCSU Team chose to include a building’s foundation, structural system, roofing, exterior wall system, and doors and windows in the ReScU evaluation. High wind and water were chosen as the perils for which an initial evaluation system would be developed.

The NCSU team required assistance in defining criteria and metrics for building performance. ERDC-CERL reviewed the following sources to identify the performance attributes relevant to high wind and flood resilience in residential buildings. These included:

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) o Standard 7-10, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures” o Standard 24-05, “Flood Resistant Design and Construction” • Federal Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH) o Hurricane Retrofit Guide o Blueprint for Safety • FEMA o Publication 312, “Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting” o Publication 499, “Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal Construc- tion” o Publication 550, “Recommended Residential Construction for the Gulf Coast”

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o Publication 804, “Wind Retrofit Guide for Residential Build- ings” o “Local Officials Guide to Coastal Construction” o National Flood Insurance Program, Flood Insurance Manual • Florida, State of o Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss, Mitigation Dis- counts Report o FRC 2009 • Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) o Fortified Builder’s Guide o “Is your Home Protected from Hail Damage? A Homeown- er’s Guide to Roofing and Hail” o “Is your Home Protected from Hurricane Disaster? A Home- owner’s Guide to Hurricane Retrofit” • ICC o International Residential Code for One and Two Family Dwellings, 2009 o Standard 600-2008, “Standard for Residential Construction in High Wind Regions” • Underwriter Laboratory (UL) Standard 2218, “Impact Resistance of Prepared Roof Covering Materials”

ERDC-CERL then developed criteria based on a compilation of the sources listed above. These represented the state-of-knowledge about resilient construction at the time and formed the basis against which a building could be evaluated for resistance to high wind and flood perils. Criteria were developed for the following building elements.

• Foundation o Design o Continuous footing and wall foundations o Slab-on-grade foundations o Pier foundations o Pile foundations o Breakaway enclosures • Structural systems o Design o Fasteners o Continuous load path

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. Metal truss plates . Roof-to-wall connections . Wall plate-to-stud connections . Wall-to-foundation connections . Floor-to-foundation connections . Floor-to-floor connections (two-story buildings) . Wall opening connections • Roofing o Design o Roof sheathing . Sheathing type . Sheathing layout . Sheathing fastening . Seams o Roof felt/underlayment o Asphalt shingles . Shingle materials . Shingle fastening . Penetrations • Exterior wall systems o Design . Sheathing type . Sheathing fastening o Water barrier o Flashing o Exterior finish . Brick veneer . Vinyl siding . Fiber cement board siding • Doors and windows o Design o Entry doors and windows o Garage doors o Shutters

For each building element or material, ERDC-CERL provided the following information

• The specific design or construction criterion • References—sources from which the criterion originated

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• Whether the building conforms to the criterion (yes or no) • If “no,” what is the deficiency • Retrofit or upgrade requirements and tasks • Whether the criterion and building feature was relevant to perils of wind, flood, or both

Some examples of ERDC-CERL’s contribution to NCSU for use in their ReScU system are given below.

5.2.1 Example: Foundation design, continuous footing and wall

• Criteria: Foundations shall be designed for flood forces as required by ASCE 24-05 for the Fortified Design Flood Elevation (FDFE) and the lowest adjacent existing natural grade, or FEMA 550 Recommended Residential Construction for the Gulf Coast. • Reference: IBHS p. 26; ASCE 24; FEMA 550 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: The house is subject to inundation from rising water or surge and/or the foundation is subject to damage or failure from surge forces • Retrofit requirements/tasks: Consult an engineer for structural evaluation. • Relevant peril(s): Wind, Flood • Criteria: Foundation is protected from erosion. Top of footing will remain the design depth below grade and will not be exposed by scour. • Reference: FEMA fact sheet (FS) #15, p. 2 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: The foundation is unprotected from scour. Soil erosion is evident. Footings may be exposed or in extreme cases may be undermined. • Retrofit requirements/tasks: Restore appropriate grade around house perimeter and install rip-rap or similar erosion and scour protection • Relevant peril(s): Water (flood)

5.2.2 Example: Foundation height, continuous footing and wall

• Criteria: Foundation wall height is sufficient to elevate the lowest member of the floor system to a minimum of 3 ft above base flood elevation (BFE) in V-zones and Coastal A-zones • Reference: FS #15, p. 2

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• Meets criteria (Y/N): Bottom of the lowest floor framing members are less than 3 ft below BFE. • Deficiency if “N”: The house is subject to inundation from rising water or surge and/or the foundation is subject to damage or failure from surge forces • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Consult an engineer to develop a plan to elevate the building, extend the top of the foundation to above design flood elevation (DFE) and anchor the home to the foundation. (FEMA 312) o ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to add a waterproof membrane and brick veneer to building's exterior wall system. (FEMA 312) o ALTERNATIVE: Consult an architect to develop a plan to convert first floor to a non-habitable space and build a new second floor. (FEMA 312) o ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a levee or flood wall design if site conditions and local authorities allow. (FEMA 312) o ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to relocate the building to an appropriate elevation. (FEMA 312) • Relevant peril(s): Water (flood)

5.2.3 Example: Structural systems, continuous load path

• Criteria: Trusses or rafters are tied to walls with hurricane straps (preferred that strap laps over top of rafter or truss top chord) or clips, and are nailed cross-grain into rafter or truss bottom chord members at each truss or rafter o Hurricane straps or clips are fastened to both wall top plates and in- to wall studs o Fasteners are installed at all holes provided in the hurricane straps or clips • Reference: IBHS p. 20; FEMA Fact Sheet #17, p. 2; NOAA p. 11 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: Trusses or rafters are toe-nailed to wall top plate • Retrofit requirements tasks: o Identify load-bearing walls that support rafters or trusses. o From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at ceilings and tops of exterior load-bearing walls. o Remove vapor retarder (if present) and ceiling and wall insulation. o Install clips or straps at each rafter or truss.

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o Replace ceiling and wall insulation. o Replace vapor retardant (if present) and tape seams. o Hang new gypsum wallboard. o Mud, tape, and finish new gypsum wallboard. o Paint new gypsum wallboard. o Haul and dispose of debris. • Relevant peril(s): Water (flood)

5.2.4 Example: Structural systems, gable ends

• Criteria: Roof sheathing over gable end overhang is nailed at a maximum spacing of 4 in. both edge and field • Reference: FEMA Fact Sheet # 18, p.2 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: Roof sheathing fastener spacing is greater than 4 in. at either edge or field • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Remove roof covering from the roof edge to at least 2 in. beyond the rafter that is attached to the overhang o Install nails at the required spacing o Install new roofing o Haul and dispose of debris (recycle asphalt shingles where possible) • Relevant peril(s): Wind

5.2.5 Example: Roofing systems, sheathing

• Criteria: Sheathing is placed per American Plywood Association PS 1- 07 Structural Plywood o Each panel is supported by at least three framing members o Minimum panel size is 4’-0 x 2’-0 o Preferred panel size is 4’-0 x 4’-0 o Panels half sized or larger are used at gable ends o Panels less than half size are placed in the center of the roof o T&G sheathing or “H” clips are recommended • Reference: IBHS Fortified p. 15, FEMA Fact Sheet # 18 p.1 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: o Panels are supported by only two framing members o Panels less than 4’-0 x 4’-0 (preferred) are used for roof sheathing; less than 4’-0 x 2’-0 (minimum) o Panels used at gable ends are smaller than half-sized sheets

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o Small panels are placed at roof ridges, eaves, or gable ends o Panels are not T&G or panel edges not supported by either nor by “H” clips. • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Inspect sheathing layout from attic o Remove roof shingles o Remove flashing and sheet metal work o Remove underlayment o Remove inappropriately sized sheathing panels o Install blocking in roof framing from below to support at least one additional panel edge o Install new sheathing of required sheet size and layout o Install new roofing underlayment o Install new flashing and sheet metal work o Install new asphalt shingles o Haul and dispose of waste (recycle asphalt shingles where possible) • Relevant peril(s): Wind

5.2.6 Example: Roofing systems, fastening

• Criteria: o Edge: 8d ring shank nails spaced at 4 in. maximum o Field: 8d ring shank nails spaced at 6 in. maximum o Staples are not permitted o No more than 1 missed or partially embedded fastener every 4’-0 along a rafter or top chord of a truss • ALTERNATIVE criterion: Construction adhesive is applied at sheathing/framing interface; APA AFG 01 construction adhesive (low-VOC) or closed cell polyurethane foam. • Reference: IBHS Fortified p. 16, FEMA Fact Sheet # 18 p.1, NOAA p. 5 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: o Inappropriate nail type (less than 8d, common, box or sinker nails, staples) o Spacing greater than 4 in. at edges and 6 in. in fields o Missed or partially embedded fasteners closer than 4’-0 along rafters or truss top chords • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Inspect sheathing and fasteners from the attic o Remove asphalt shingles o Remove flashing

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o Remove underlayment o Install blocking in roof framing from below to support at least one additional panel edge o Reinstall sheathing o Replace damaged sheathing o Install new roofing underlayment o Install new flashing and sheet metal work o Install new asphalt shingles o Haul and dispose of waste (recycle asphalt shingles where possible) • ALTERNATIVE retrofit requirements tasks: Apply a 1/4 in. bead of construction adhesive along the edge where the rafter/framing and the roof sheathing (both sides of rafter or truss top chord) • Relevant peril(s): Wind

5.2.7 Example: Wall system, sheathing

• Criteria: Structural sheathing panels are min 15/32 in. with stud spacing at 16 in. on center, at wind speed of 120–140 mph. • Reference: ICC 600 Ch. 7 • Meets criteria (Y/N): o Deficiency if “N”: Sheathing panels are less than 15/32 in. thick. • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Remove trim around openings o Remove exterior siding o Remove building paper or house wrap o Remove wall flashings o Remove exterior siding o Remove wall sheathing o Reinstall wall sheathing o Reinstall house wrap or rain barrier o Reinstall wall flashings o Reinstall exterior siding o Reinstall trim around openings • Relevant peril(s): Wind

5.2.8 Example: Wall systems, water barrier

• Criteria: o Water barrier is lapped and sealed appropriately at openings. o Water barrier is cut in “X” pattern, each leg cut diagonally across the rough opening.

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o Water barrier is wrapped around head, jamb, and sill framing members. o Water barrier overlaps pan flashing at window and door sills. o Asphaltic tape seals gaps between water barrier edges; all seams are overlapped to shed water. • Reference: FEMA Fact Sheet #22 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: o Water barrier is cut around openings. o Water barrier is underlapped at openings. o Gaps around openings are not taped or sealed. • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Remove trim around openings o Remove exterior siding o Remove building paper or house wrap o Inspect exterior siding and fastening while exposed o Reinstall house wrap or rain barrier o Reinstall exterior siding o Reinstall trim around openings • Relevant peril(s): Water (intrusion)

5.2.9 Example: Doors and windows, entry doors and windows

• Criteria: Impact resistant doors and windows; minimum PA8-201-94, PA-202-94, or PA-203-94, and ASTM E1886 (minimum) or Miami- Dade County Standard / FBC High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) (preferred) • Reference: IBHS Fortified, p.26 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: Impact resistant certification label is not evident • Retrofit requirements tasks: o Verify impact, pressure, thermal, moisture control performance and installation of candidate replacement windows and doors o Cut or remove door and window units, shims and fasteners o Remove thresholds (doors) o Remove door and window units (protect and donate for reuse) o Inspect and clean rough openings; allow to dry o Fabricate and install new pan flashing (windows)

8 product approval

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o Install new door and window units; reinstall factory supplied hinge screws o Install new threshold (doors) o Fill / seal gaps between door and window units and rough openings o Install door and window hardware o Install weather stripping o Reinstall trim around openings • Relevant peril(s): Wind and water (intrusion)

5.2.10 Example: Doors and windows, shutters

• Criteria: Within “windborne debris region” per ASCE 7: buildings have shutters or impact resistant glazing per ASTM E1996 and ASTM E1886. • Reference: IBHS Fortified, p.25; FEMA Fact Sheet #26, p.1; IRC R301.2.1.2 • Meets criteria (Y/N): • Deficiency if “N”: Absence of shutters if within “windborne debris region” per ASCE 7 • Retrofit requirements/tasks: o Verify code approvals impact, pressure and deflection performance of candidate shutter systems o Contract for shutter installation • Relevant peril(s): Wind

In total, ERDC-CERL’s compilation of resilient house criteria consisted of roughly 300 design and construction criteria statements. These statements were to form the basis for NCSU’s development of a ReScU evaluation scheme.

Not each individual criterion would be written as an evaluation item. Mul- tiple criteria apply to one building feature, material, or component. For example, evaluation of roof sheathing would involve examination of the framing support, sheathing material, thickness, layout, and fastening schedule—all as one effort. In many cases, the same examination would take place when evaluating resistance to either water damage or wind damage. Thus, it was anticipated the ReScU evaluation scheme would consist of fifty or sixty line items for evaluating both water and wind perils. While not simple, this would be a manageable task if a thorough evaluation was to be performed by a competent person.

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The complete compilation of resilient criteria ERDC-CERL offered to NCSU for use in the ReScU system is given in Appendix E.

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6 Gulf Coast Resilient Home Building Conference

6.1 General

CARRI collaborated with the Home Builders Association of the Mississippi Gulf Coast (HBAMGC) to conduct a Resilient Home Building Conference in conjunction with the HBAMGC annual homebuilding show and exhibi- tion, March 19-21, 2010. This educational event was to inform the public and industry about resilient development and construction. The RHP team participated with CARRI in conference planning, and ERDC-CERL participated by developing educational sessions for the conference. Planning activities began over a year before the conference. The following paragraphs describe ERDC-CERL’s involvement.

Throughout the planning process, it was determined that resilient building techniques and products should be demonstrated. Educational sessions should also be developed—one for the homebuilding industry and another for the public at large.

The RHP team and ERDC-CERL reached out to the Gulf Coast Community Design Studio (GCCDS) for participation in educational sessions and demonstration of resilient construction methods. The GCCDS is a professional service and outreach program of Mississippi State University’s Col- lege of Architecture, Art, and Design. The GCCDS was established in Bi- loxi, Mississippi, in response to Hurricane Katrina to provide architectural design services, landscape planning assistance, educational opportunities, and research to organizations and communities along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The GCCDS possesses extensive expertise in resilient design and construction of homes in the hurricane-stricken Gulf Coast region. Being local, the GCCDS could also engage with local organizations and exhibitors better than ERDC-CERL could remotely.

6.2 Resilient technology construction exhibit

It was decided that building methods, techniques, and materials would be effectively exhibited through a physical structure where the interaction of all building systems could be seen in full size and in three dimensions. Three demonstration structures or “pods” were designed and constructed

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to illustrate the progression of building and the interface of components and materials to resist wind, rain, and flood forces. Each pod was a sample 8 ft-square wood frame structure that would show various stages of residential construction, illustrating techniques critical for each stage. Figure 8 illustrates these three demonstration pods.

• The first pod consisted of open framing. The important features illustrated were the connections of the roof, wall, floor, and foundation systems to each other. The load path from roof to foundation residential structure was evident. The importance of constructing a house as a system, as opposed to a collection of components, was emphasized.

• The second pod consisted of framing similar to the first, but with the addition of roof, wall, and floor sheathing. This pod illustrated the appropriate layout of sheathing materials and fastening spacing. Sheath- ing was applied in a cut-away fashion to reveal the underlying framing. Again, the connections and contributions of these materials to the system’s performance were emphasized.

• The third pod consisted of framing, sheathing, and the application of roofing, windows and doors, and exterior sheathing. This pod illustrated the attachment and water barrier features of the exterior materials. The surface materials were applied in a cut-away fashion to illustrate the interfaces among the various layers of construction, and how their installation to shed water was critical.

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Figure 8. Resilient home demonstration pods.

6.3 Professional educational sessions

Educational sessions for the building industry were directed toward architects, engineers, real estate developers, home builders, and others directly involved with resilient building. Students were invited as well. Instruction was technical and developed for professionals and practitioners. Continu- ing education units (CEUs) were offered by the American Institute of Ar- chitects and the statewide HBAMGC and the Mississippi Real Estate Commission. ERDC-CERL was instrumental in securing CEUs from all three organizations. The three professional sessions were presented by GCCDS personnel and are summarized below by the author.

6.3.1 Session: “Resilient Site Planning and Foundations”

Resilient house design starts with an understanding of the site. Every site has natural forces of sun, wind, and rain. Many Gulf Coast sites are in flood zones. A site should be planned to make the best use of natural forces for energy conservation and comfort, and to mitigate for the destructive forces of floodwater, high winds, and falling trees. Resilient foundations

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should be designed to withstand hurricane wind loads and the force from floodwater and debris and to protect the house from floodwater. The appropriate foundation type should be selected and designed for hurricane loads. The following major topics were included.

• site factors for any gulf coast site: sun orientation, wind loads, storm water management, trees • erosion considerations for coastal sites • site factors for flood zone locations • foundation types and resilience considerations

This course enabled participants to locate and orient a house on a typical site and to understand the requirements for building in flood zones. The participants can now understand how to grade and landscape a site to mitigate storm water damage and storm debris. The participants also understand different foundation types, their relative costs and application, and can communicate with engineers, code officials, and builders about foundation performance. The complete presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Site_Planning-Foundations_Wheeler-GCCDS_1271627418.pdf.

6.3.2 Session: “Resilient Floor, Wall and Roof Framing”

Resilient house design depends on a strong structure. Even though wood frame construction is a very familiar building technique, there are many critical details that must be understood and used for the house to resist hurricane-force winds. Wood-framed floors, walls and roofs must be designed and built to withstand uplift and lateral loads that in many cases exceed the downward loads from gravity. Strapping, anchoring, and sheathing must work together to resist these wind forces. Major topics included those listed below.

• anchoring to foundations • floor, wall and roof framing spans • uplift load paths • lateral resistance • bracing • sheer walls and blocking • roof and floor diaphragms • typical weak spots; gable ends, porches and overhangs

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The complete presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Resilient_Framing_Perkes-GCCDS_1271633713.pdf.

6.3.3 Session: “Resilient Walls, Roofs and Fenestration: The Building Enclosure Framing”

Resilient house design requires a strong and tight enclosure. The walls, roof, doors, and windows must resist hurricane-force winds, wind-driven rain, and moisture that can enter the assembly and affect its durability and performance. Because suppliers and manufacturers of the component parts of a house enclosure are all in the business of selling their products, it can be confusing to determine the relative strength, durability, and energy performance of various products. A general understanding of the physics of enclosures and the performance requirements of resilient assemblies is useful to sort through the choices. Major topics covered are listed below.

• physics of enclosures: moisture and heat • strength of wall component parts • installation of wall component parts • strength of roof component parts • installation of roof component parts • doors and windows • hurricane shutters

The course enabled the participants to understand the basic physics of enclosures and be able to identify the component parts. The participants now understand the performance specifications for resilient wall and roof assemblies. The participants also now understand the performance specifications and building code requirements for hurricane-resistant doors and windows and are aware of the cost and installation requirements. Finally, the participants can now understand the use and building code requirements of hurricane shutters. The full presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Resilient_Enclosure_Grote-GCCDS_1271634384.pdf.

6.4 Public educational sessions

Four sessions were developed for those attending the Resilient Home Building Conference. These were generally the public at large interested in home building and home products in general, but also recently having ex-

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perienced two severe hurricane seasons. The level of presentation was not technically robust, although they all provided information of interest to the public. Each session is summarized by the author as follows:

It should be noted that when preparing to hold the education sessions, ERDC-CERL encountered a requirement one would not ordinarily consider to part of a resilient home event. It was brought to the planning com- mittee’s attention that there were sizeable Vietnamese and Hispanic communities in the Gulf Coast area. These communities were looking to upgrade the levels of protection in their homes, but may not benefit from these sessions due to language challenges. Therefore, ERDC-CERL developed Vietnamese and Spanish versions of all presentations and arranged for translators to be present. In a resilience context, there must be no un- derserved segments of the population exposed to natural disaster threats.

6.4.1 Session: “Resilient Building: Wood-Frame Construction”

(Presented by FLASH)

Wood-frame construction remains the primary method of residential construction in the United States. This session covered techniques available to homeowners for strengthening their homes against natural disasters—specifically, against high winds and water. These techniques are currently outlined in the FLASH Blueprint for Safety Education Program .9 The class also discussed practical issues such as ease of construction, material availability, and cost. The full presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Wood_Frame_Construction_Rimoldi-FLASH_1271635696.pdf.

6.4.2 Session: “Combining Resilient with Green When Retrofitting Your Home”

(Presented by ERDC-CERL / Resilient Home Program)

The concepts of resilience and “green” have much in common. Protecting and preserving what we already have is an important sustainability strategy. In addition to reinforcing one’s home against storm events, retrofitting for resilience can create opportunities to “green” the home environment. Benefits can include reduction of waste; improved indoor air quality; en-

9 Blueprint for Safety® is the product of a collaboration of private and public interests working under the direction of the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes - FLASH, Inc. http://blueprintforsafety.org/

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ergy efficiency; reduction of water consumption; and reduction of carbon emissions. A general understanding of resilience and sustainability in residential construction is useful for making the best overall choices.

This session described opportunities to improve both resilience and sustainability at the same time when performing routine upgrades, upgrades specifically to improve resilience, and/or repairs to damaged homes. Top- ics included an overview of resilience and sustainability principles; structural materials and products; interior and exterior materials and products; energy efficiency; water conservation; site landscape features; and important issues for homeowners to consider when contracting for repair, upgrade, or remodeling services. This presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Resilient-Green_Retrofitting_T.Napier-RHP-USACE_1271636607.pdf

6.4.3 Session: “Substantial Damage/Substantial Improvement and the National Flood Insurance Program”

(Presented by FEMA)

Before repairing or making flood protection improvements to a home that is located in a mapped floodplain, it is vital for homeowners to understand how good building practices and local regulations work together under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This floodplain management program can significantly reduce the impacts of future flood events. If work on an existing structure constitutes “substantial improvement” or “repair of substantial damage,” then the structure must be brought in compliance with NFIP requirements for new construction. Requirements include elevating the lowest floors to or above the base flood elevation.

This session provided an overview of the Substantial Improve- ment/Substantial Damage (SI/SD) Desk Reference, which provides homeowners with clear and detailed guidelines to NFIP, including diagrams, decision charts, illustrations, and examples. The full session is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/NFIP_Anderson-FEMA_1271637969.pdf.

6.4.4 Session: “Alternatives to Wood-Frame Construction”

(Presented by Clemson University)

While wood-frame construction remains the primary method of residential construction in the United States, there are alternatives available. This

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session covered some of these alternatives including insulated concrete forms, structural insulated panels, and steel-frame construction.

Major topics included the technical properties of each alternative to wood- frame construction, including pros and cons related to building resilience; as well as practical issues such as ease of construction and material availability. This presentation is available at http://www.resilientus.org/library/Alternatives_to_Wood_Frame_Construction_Klotz- Clemson_1271638485.pdf.

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7 Resilience and Sustainability

7.1 Upgrading houses for resilience and sustainability

The terms resilient and sustainable are closely related. Resilience refers to resisting damage to one’s home from natural disasters such as high winds and flood, and reducing the time, effort, and trauma to reoccupy the home, repair it, and resume a normal life. Sustainable, or “green,” refers to reducing the damage to environmental systems such as emissions to air and water, energy consumption, resource consumption, damage to ecosystems, and damage to human health. Both terms imply endurance over time and under a wide range of conditions or exposures. They also both imply health and well being of the occupants and a minimum consumption of resources. When describing resilient facilities, the US Army even considers self-sufficiency in water and energy use to be critical attributes; the Army’s intent is to maintain functionality in its facilities even if the local infrastructure is compromised.

With the desire for homeowners to improve the resilience of their homes, attention should be paid to improving environmental performance as well. Opportunities and methods to address sustainability while simultaneously upgrading homes for resilience were illustrated in the Gulf Coast Resilient Home Building Conference. The following information was developed and presented by ERDC-CERL for the public education sessions. It is presented as advice for a public audience that is not necessarily technically oriented. It provides information homeowners should consider when upgrading their homes.

The ERDC-CERL public presentation described three scenarios under which a homeowner could upgrade their house. The three scenarios are listed below.

1. For the express purpose of hardening or reinforcing the house. 2. When performing routine repairs and replacement or when remodeling or renovating for reasons other than (or in addition to) resilience. 3. When performing repairs or replacement following damage from high wind and/or flood events.

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Specifically, the possibilitiess of replacing roofing, windows and doors, exterior siding, interior finishes, plumbing, HVAC systems, and electrical systems were addressed in this session.

7.1.1 Replacing roofing

7.1.1.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Ensure a load path is established from the roof framing, through the wall and floor systems, to the foundation. Rafters or trusses must be anchored to the wall top plates and wall studs. Consult an engineer for the appropriate connector hardware, spacing of connectors, and other installation details. Figure 9 illustrates these details.

• When removing the roof covering, ensure the sheathing is fastened to resist wind upload. Consult the FRC, the ICC Standard for Residential Construction in High Wind Regions (ICC-600) or guidance from the FLASH or IIBHS regarding fastener type, length, and spacing. Replace any damaged or deteriorated sheathing. Note that stapled sheathing is not acceptable.

• Prior to replacing the roof covering, install a secondary water barrier. The barrier consists of a self-adhesive, bitumen, rolled material applied to the sheathing’s joints or possibly over the entire roof area. Figure 10 illustrates a secondary water barrier.

• Ensure the roof covering is installed to resist high wind. Consult the FRC, ICC-600 or FLASH or IIBHS guidance for nail type and spacing, and additional bituminous mastic patches. Consider metal roofing systems for higher uplift resistance and longer life expectancy. Standing seam metal roofs and metal panels forms to resemble shingles are two popular options.

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Figure 9. Roof-to-wall framing connection details.

Figure 10. Sample roof covering—secondary water barrier and sealant tape applied over roof sheathing joints.

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7.1.1.2 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Reduce waste. Whether removing damaged materials after an event or replacing roof structure and roof coverings, reuse what is still serviceable plywood and lumber, donate useable materials to a local used building materials store (such as a Habitat for Humanity ReStore® or similar organization), or recycle scrap materials. • Prevent mold. Allow existing construction to thoroughly dry out. Pro- tect new materials from moisture so that moisture is not trapped in the roof assembly as it is built. Manage moisture in attics. Conventional practice is to ensure proper ventilation in attic spaces. Baffle or flash vents to allow them to shed wind-driven rain. Alternatively, an emerg- ing practice is to seal attic spaces completely with polyurethane insulation foam. • Increase the durability and longevity of roof covering materials to reduce future waste. Ensure roof sheathing is exterior grade so that it does not prematurely deteriorate. Detail flashing and roof accessories to either seal or shed water. Use corrosion-resistant fasteners, especially in coastal environments. Consider alternatives to asphalt roofing, especially more durable materials such as metal roofing. Figure 11 illustrates two alternative roofing systems. • Conserve resources. If new framing is required, select sustainably harvested wood products. Consider using “advanced framing techniques” such as spacing rafters and wall studs at 2 ft-0 in. instead of 16 in.; this reduces the amount of lumber used in plates, corners, headers, and other details. • Select environmentally preferred materials. Ensure sheathing and insulation materials have no urea-formaldehyde content. Select zero- or low-volatile organic compound (VOC) composite wood products such as sheathing. VOC emission is measured in milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), off-gassed in a test chamber—the lower the better. “Low VOC” is generally considered to be <10 mg/m3 for solid materials.10,11 Select recycled-content insulation, shingles, and metal flashing and accessories. Engineered wood products should be at least 60% recycled content. Cellulose insulation should be near 100% recycled content. Mineral fiber (slag wool) insulation can be up to 90% recycled

10 GreenGuard certification standard requires <0.5 mg/m3 Total VOC (TVOC) for building materials. http://www.greenguard.org/en/CertificationPrograms.aspx 11 The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends mitigating VOCs to less than 0.1 ppm for interior spaces. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html#Standards

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content. Glass fiber insulation should be at least 40% recycled content. Cotton insulation should be near 100% recycled content. Asphalt shingles can be up to 30% recycled content. Other polymer or rubber products can be near 100 % recycled content. Metal roofing should have 60% to near 100% recycled content. Figure 13 illustrates a selection of environmentally preferable materials. • Conserve energy. Upgrade attic insulation. A total roof/attic insulation value of R-30 to R-60 is recommended in the Biloxi/Gulfport region. Install a radiant barrier of either foil-faced insulation or radiant membrane. Install the barrier over attic insulation in an existing building. Reflective-faced sheathing is also appropriate when installed under panel or tile-type roofing. Figure 14 illustrates a radiant barrier. • Select roofing with a high solar reflectance index (SRI). SRI is measured from 0 (0%, no reflectance) to 100 (100%, total reflectance); the higher the SRI value the better, when cooling is the dominant requirement. White shingles’ SRI value is about 20%; metal roofing is about 40-70%, depending on the coating and color; and tile roofing is about 20-70%, depending on color and texture. Extend eaves on southern exposures to shade windows and keep water away from windows and walls surfaces.

Figure 11. Examples of metal shingles (left) and standing-seam metal roofing systems (right).

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Figure 12. Soy-based, sprayed-on polyurethane foam.

Figure 13. Example environmentally preferable insulation products: recycled cotton(left), and recycled cellulose (right).

Figure 14. Radiant barrier examples.

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7.1.2 Replacing windows and doors

7.1.2.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Ensure the rough opening framing is part of a continuous load path to the foundation. The demonstration pods illustrate how opening framing is tied to wall framing. Figure 15 illustrates these details. • Select impact-resistant door and window units, per Miami-Dade Coun- ty Standard/FBC High Velocity Hurricane Zone. Alternatively, protect doors and windows with impact-resistant shutters. Figure 16 illustrates window and door impact testing. • Support and fasten window and door units to resist design pressures, both positive and negative, which can be up to about 150 lb/sq ft at about 140 mph wind. • Flash and seal openings to prevent water intrusion from wind-driven rain. Figure 17 illustrates window flashing and sealing techniques. • Install reinforcement for garage doors to resist both negative and positive pressure.

Figure 15. Opening framing attachment details.

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Figure 16. Window and door impact testing.

Figure 17. Window pan flashing and sealing details.

7.1.2.1.1 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Reduce waste. If interior and exterior trim is intact, remove carefully for reuse after new windows are installed. If windows or doors are intact and serviceable, remove them carefully for potential reuse; keep the frame, sashes, door, and hardware together. Donate unwanted windows and doors to others. Figure 18 illustrates doors and windows for sale at a used building material retail outlet. Recycle packing and packaging materials that come with new materials.

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• Prevent mold. Let existing construction dry out thoroughly, and keep it dry during replacement. Protect window and door openings and new materials (on the ground and in-place) until all weather barrier materials are installed. • Increase durability and longevity to reduce future waste. Select more durable window frame materials that provide a longer service life and require less periodic painting or coating. Detail head and sill flashing to seal or shed water and protect wall materials from deterioration. Pan flashing at the sill is recommended. Ensure the wall’s air barrier is cut and folded into window openings to shed water. Figure 19 illustrates the proper detail for an air barrier at a window opening. • Select fasteners and metal accessories to be resistant to salt and humid environments. Select stains and paints for long service life and to reduce life-cycle materials use. • Conserve resources. Ensure wood windows are fabricated with sustainably harvested lumber. Select recycled-content windows: 3%–24% recycled content is typical for wood windows; 25%–50% is typical for wood doors; and more than 50% is typical for hollow metal doors. Se- lect metal flashing and hardware with a high recycled content. • Select environmentally preferred materials. Ensure windows and doors are not made with urea-formaldehyde. Select zero- or low-VOC window and door units. Paint or stain unfinished wood windows and doors with low-VOC coatings and stains. Low-VOC is generally considered to be <10mg/m3 for solid materials. VOC emission is measured in grams per liter (g/l) for paints, stains, sealants, and adhesives. Unfor- tunately, the term “low-VOC” is not uniformly defined; 25-50 g/l is generally recognized as “low-VOC” for flat paints, and less than 150 l/g for non-flat paints. The USEPA maximum VOC content for paints is 200 g/l, and for stain is 300 g/l. Major paint manufacturers produce low-VOC paints with about 10 mg/l. • Reduce noise pollution. Select window units with a higher sound transmission coefficient (STC). Sound-resistant windows are available with STC ratings of 45 and greater. For comparison, an insulated wood stud and gypsum wallboard wall has an STC of about 36. • Conserve energy. Select window units to resist thermal transmission, which is measured as a U-factor; the lower the U-factor, the greater a window’s resistance to heat flow and the better its insulating properties. A U-factor of less than 0.65 is recommended on the Gulf Coast and less than 0.40 for north of the Gulf. A low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is better whenever cooling is the dominant requirement,

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meaning a recommended SHGC of less than 0.4 in southeastern United States. Low-emissivity (low-e) glass reflects non-visible, ultraviolet (UV) light. Clear glass reflects about 25% UV rays or more. Low-e glass can reflect more than 80% UV rays. Select low-e glazing, appropriate for the orientation and exposure, to reduce cooling load. Select window units with lower air infiltration rates, less than 0.30 cu ft per min. per square foot (cfm/sf) of window area ; less than about 0.15 cfm/sf is preferred. Look for an example of a National Fenestration Rating Council performance certification label, illustrated by Figure 20. • Select insulated exterior doors with a lower U-Factor, typically less than 0.50. This value should be measured for the “whole door,” including glass area, not the insulated portion. Seal openings and crevices between the window and door units and wall framing to prevent air infiltration.

Figure 18. Resale store inventory of recovered doors and windows.

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Figure 19. Proper air barrier detail at window opening. Note the upper fold laps over the tape, which in turn laps over the lower fold to shed water.

Figure 20. Example of a National Fenestration Rating Council performance certification label.

7.1.3 Renovating, remodeling or replacing siding

7.1.3.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• While the existing siding is removed, verify that the wall framing is part of a continuous load path to the foundation. Install connectors as appropriate.

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• While the existing siding is removed, verify that the wall sheathing is fastened in accordance with the FRC, ICC-600, or FLASH or IIBHS guidance. If not, re-nail or add supplemental fasteners as appropriate. Figure 21 illustrates proper nailing of exterior sheathing. • Select impact-resistant siding materials to resist wind-driven debris. • Select siding materials that are impervious to water immersion to resist flood damage. • Support and fasten siding to resist design pressures, both positive and negative. • Flash and seal openings and wall penetrations to prevent water intrusion. Wood or wood composite plank siding must be back-flashed at butt joints to prevent water intrusion. Figure 22 illustrates wall flashing details. Install an air barrier wrap to cover all wall-roof and wall- floor joints and seams. • Select fasteners and metal accessories to be resistant to salt and humid environments. • Select siding materials that can be easily removed to allow dry-out of concealed materials.

Figure 21. Proper spacing of sheathing attachment.

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Figure 22. Base flashing at the foundation (note the air barrier laps over the base flashing to shed water) and siding back-flashing (note flashing laps over the top of the siding board below to shed water).

7.1.3.2 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Control pollution during replacements, repairs, or construction. Shield interior spaces to prevent spreading nuisance dust and air-borne pollutants. Control airborne lead and lead-based paint (LBP) residue and dispose of LBP properly. The USEPA’s “Repair, Renovation and Paint- ing” (RRP) rule may apply for homes built prior to 1978 where LBP may be present.12 • Reduce waste. If exterior trim, siding, sheathing, or board insulation are intact, remove carefully for potential reuse. Donate unwanted exterior materials to others. Recycle packing and packaging materials that come with new materials and products. Figure 23 illustrates siding and insulation materials being salvaged for resale and reuse. • Prevent mold. Let existing construction dry out thoroughly and keep it dry during siding replacement. Protect new materials on the ground and in-place until the weather barrier is installed. • Increase durability and longevity to reduce future waste. Select more durable siding materials that provide a longer service life and require less periodic painting or staining. Alternatively, select prefinished materials that do not require periodic painting. Figure 24 illustrates high- durability exterior siding materials. Select wall insulation materials that are impervious to water exposure, such as closed-cell foam panels or polyurethane spray foam insulation. Figure 25 illustrates water impervious insulation materials.

12 http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm

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• Provide avenues for moisture to escape the wall’s interior, such as drainage planes or layers. Figure 26 illustrates a textured moisture barrier to improve the conveyance of moisture to base flashing. . • Consider installing a rainscreen exterior system as part of the wall’s construction. • Conserve resources. Ensure wood siding products are made with sustainably harvested lumber. Select recycled-content siding, sheathing, and insulation materials. Select paints for long service life to reduce life-cycle materials use. Select metal flashing and hardware with a high recycled content. • Select environmentally preferred materials. Ensure that engineered and composite wood panel products and insulation are not made with urea-formaldehyde. Select low-VOC exterior engineered and composite wood panel products. Biobased polyurethane spray-on foam, recycled cellulose, recycled-content fiberglass, and recycled cotton insulation products are also available. • Conserve energy. While existing siding is removed, replace or upgrade wall insulation as appropriate. A minimum of R-13 is recommended in the in Biloxi/Gulfport area. Install a radiant barrier or foil-faced insulation on sun-exposed walls to reduce cooling load. Figure 27 illustrates a radiant barrier applied to exterior walls. • Seal joints to reduce fugitive infiltration. Replacing siding and insulation presents an opportunity to seal joints in the wall construction, as illustrated by Figure 28 . A typical house leaks air at a rate of about 0.35 air changes per hour (ach). A “leaky” house leaks air at about 4,000 cfm, or about 50 ach. A “tight” house leaks air at a rate of about 1,500 cfm, or about 5 ach. Infiltration should be evaluated using a blower door test. Extend the air barrier, sheathing, insulation, and siding below the floor’s rim joist to seal and insulate the wall/floor interface.

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Figure 23 Recovery of exterior siding and insulation for resale.

Figure 24. High-durability siding materials—prefinished fiber cement siding (left) and seamless steel siding (right).

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Figure 25. Water-impervious insulation materials—polystyrene wall insulation (left) and soy- based polyurethane foam insulation (right).

Figure 26. Example of a textured moisture barrier.

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Figure 27. Example of exterior wall radiant barrier.

Figure 28. Sealing paths of air infiltration.

7.1.4 Renovating, remodeling, or replacing interior walls, ceilings, and floors

7.1.4.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Select materials that are less susceptible to water damage and mold. Gypsum wallboard has very little resistance to water exposure, especially immersion. Moisture-resistant gypsum wallboard is made for use in wet areas (bathrooms, kitchens, etc.), although its resistance to long- term exposure and immersion is still somewhat limited. Magnesium oxide board is one alternative that is impervious to water, will not support mold growth, and can be finished and painted similar to gypsum

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wallboard. Finishes on concrete floor slabs should be an impervious material such as ceramic or clay tile. • Design for access to concealed utilities. Incorporate panels into interi- or surfaces for easy access to plumbing, HVAC, and electrical networks. Doing so can facilitate drying and cleaning following water intrusion or flooding. Figure 29 illustrates accessibility to concealed utilities. • Install interior finishes and trim to be easily removable. Maintain a space at the top and bottom of wall surfaces and conceal with cove and base trim that can be removed to facilitate in drying wall cavities. In- stalling vents in concealed wall, ceiling, and floor cavities can also prevent moisture accumulation, mold, and material deterioration. Attach- ing wall surfaces with a batten-type system in lieu of taping and mudding enables surfaces to be removed for drying (Figure 30).

Figure 29. Access panels to allow repairs to concealed utilities.

Figure 30. Batten-type wall surfaces cover drywall seams are with battens instead of tapping and mudding. The advantage is that battens are detachable for drying of surfaces.

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7.1.4.2 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Control pollution during replacements, repairs, or construction. En- close and ventilate interior spaces where work is taking place to prevent spreading nuisance dust and airborne pollutants. Control airborne lead and LBP residue and dispose of LBP properly. The USEPA RRP rule may apply for homes built prior to 1978 where LBP may be present. • Reduce waste. If interior trim, cabinets, countertops, or millwork are intact, remove carefully for potential reuse. If wood strip flooring is intact and not seriously warped, remove carefully for reuse. Donate unwanted interior materials to others if they are still serviceable. Figure 31 illustrates salvaged interior materials for sale at a reuse store. • Use clean gypsum wallboard scrap as a soil amendment. Recycle packing and packaging materials that come with new materials. • Prevent mold. Let existing construction dry thoroughly before beginning repairs, especially surfaces and concealed spaces. Protect new materials until the building envelope is dried-in and the materials are installed. Select moisture-resistant alternatives to gypsum wallboard for wall surfaces. Mold resistance is measured per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 3273, 0 being the lowest rating and 10 being the highest. Select mold-resistant products with a rating of 8–10, per ASTM D 3273. Select hard-surface flooring; avoid carpeting in areas exposed to moisture. Avoid fibrous, “fleecy” interior finished surfaces and décor. Dehumidify interior spaces. • Increase durability and longevity to reduce future waste. Select subfloor material that is moisture resistant or exterior grade. Select more durable flooring materials that provide a longer service life and require less periodic replacement, such as ceramic tile or solid hardwood flooring that can be refinished multiple times throughout its life. Protect wall areas that are vulnerable to damage. Durable materials such as tile, paneling, or millwork can reduce damage and replacement cycles. Use non-paper faced gypsum wallboard in wet areas or areas with exposure to high moisture levels. Magnesium oxide board is one such alternative to gypsum wallboard. • Select cabinets and other wood products that use marine grade plywood, moisture-resistant particleboard, or solid wood boxes and doors. Medium density fiber board (MDF) has little resistance to moisture and is easily damaged if exposed to water intrusion or flooding. Im- permeable laminates may provide some degree of protection against

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surface moisture, but generally will not prevent damage from pro- longed water intrusion or immersion. • Select environmentally preferred materials for interior refinishing, remodeling, or repairs. Ensure the subfloor, composite wood panel products, and insulation are not made with urea-formaldehyde. Select paints, coatings, and stains with low-VOC content. Select biobased cab- inet and board products, such as ag-fiber or wheat-straw panels, for use in areas that will not be exposed to moisture. Select countertops made with high recycled content or local, natural materials such as tile, natural stone, or synthetic manufactured solid surfaces. Select carpeting with a high recycled content and low-VOC content. Avoid recycled polyurethane carpet cushion, as it may contain residual brominated flame retardant. Avoid carpet adhesives where possible; install with mechanical fasteners or loose laid. Carpet tile can be installed without adhesives and can be easily removed, dried, cleaned, and replaced if exposed to water intrusion or flooding. Consult a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for product content and health and safety precautions. Consult ratings by the Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label, GreenGuard, Green Globe, Floor Score, and other environmental certification organizations. Figure 32 illustrates a selection of environmentally preferable interior materials.

Figure 31. Displays of salvaged interior materials for resale.

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Low VOC paint and CRI Green Label carpet

Agri-fiber products

Recycled paper and recycled glass countertop materials

Figure 32. Examples of environmentally preferable materials.

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7.1.5 Issues to consider when upgrading or replacing plumbing components and systems

7.1.5.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Prevent the backflow of sanitary waste into the house’s interior. In- stall a backflow prevention valve at the house drain, downstream of the last plumbing fixture. • Control gas and electric power to minimize hazard to first responders, repair personnel, and occupants. Locate the gas main valve and electrical main switch for easy access to occupants in the event of flooding or when evacuating the house to prevent electrocution hazard to occupants and first responders when entering the house after a disaster event. Use a tag-out or lock-out device on the electrical switch to prevent inadvertent reactivation of electrical power and creation of an electrocution hazard. • Locate water heaters and other equipment above BFE, out of harm’s way from water damage during the next disaster event.

7.1.5.2 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Control pollution during replacements, repairs, or construction. When plumbing fixtures are removed, plug open drains to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home. • Reduce waste. If toilets, lavatories, and other fixtures are intact and serviceable, remove carefully for cleaning and potential reuse. Reuse salvaged fixtures where possible. Donate unwanted fixtures and equipment to others if they are still serviceable. Recycle damaged hot water heater, cast-iron sinks and pipe, galvanized steel and copper pipe, and other metals unsuitable for reuse. Recycle packing and packaging materials that come with new products. Figure 33 illustrates recyclable and reusable plumbing materials. • Increase durability and longevity to reduce future waste. Install access panels in walls and ceilings to valves, traps, and other critical locations to expedite control of leaks and repairs without damaging finish surfaces. Install a drain pan under washing machines and laundry sinks on upper floors to reduce damage from overflows. • Conserve resources. Select low-flow toilets (1.3 or 1.1 gal per flush), low-flow faucets (less than 1.5 gal per min.), and low-flow shower heads (2.0–2.75 gal per min.) to save water. Install a hot water recircu-

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lation system to avoid wasting water in showers. Figure 34 illustrates low-flow plumbing fixtures. • Conserve energy. Select a water heater with a high Efficiency Factor (EF). Water heaters with an EF greater than 63 are currently available on the market. Select a water heater with the appropriate capacity for the home’s requirements; avoid over-sizing. Set the water heater thermostat at a maximum of 120 °F to reduce energy consumption. Insu- late hot water heaters and piping to reduce heat loss. If a new hot water heater is required, consider a tankless model. Consider supplementing water heating with solar hot water heating (Figure 35).

Figure 33. Recyclable plumbing materials and plumbing fixtures for resale.

Figure 34. Dual-flush toilet (left) and low-flow faucet adapter (right).

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Figure 35. Tankless hot water heater (left) and solar hot water heating system (right).

7.1.6 Upgrading or replacing heating, ventilating, and cooling (HVAC) systems

7.1.6.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Thoroughly clean galvanized steel ductwork if it is immersed in floodwater. Ensure all saltwater is flushed out of the system to prevent corrosion. Pressed fiberglass ductwork should be replaced. • Locate heating and cooling equipment, ductwork, and fuel and power sources as far above BFE as practical to prevent damage from the next disaster event. Consider installing attic-mounted HVAC equipment. Mount exterior air-conditioning and heat pump equipment as far above BFE as practical. Ensure structures supporting exterior equipment are sufficient to support lateral loads from wind and flood surge. Ensure equipment is properly anchored to exterior supports. • Locate the gas main valve and electrical main switch for easy access to occupants in the event of flooding or when evacuating the house, to prevent electrocution hazard to occupants and first responders when entering the house after a disaster event. Use a tag-out or lock-out device on the electrical switch to prevent inadvertent reactivation of electrical power and creation of an electrocution hazard. • Protect ductwork from future moisture condensation and mold growth. Seal seams to prevent infiltration of moisture-laden air and insulate ducts to prevent condensation and moisture accumulation when cooling.

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7.1.6.2 Critical issues with regard to sustainability

• Reduce waste. Recycle damaged furnace and air-conditioning equipment. Ensure refrigerants are purged and captured before recycling. Recycle metal ductwork if damaged. Recycle any scrap metal from new sheet metal work. Recycle packing and packaging materials that ac- company new products. Figure 36 illustrates recyclable and reusable HVAC components. • Prevent mold. Dry ductwork quickly and thoroughly before replacing components or equipment. Seal any ductwork seams to prevent infiltration of moisture-laden air when cooling. Insulate ductwork to prevent condensation and water accumulation when cooling. • Conserve resources. Ensure ductwork and other metals are of a high recycled content. • Conserve energy. Analyze the home’s heating and cooling requirements. Consider insulation, heat loss, heat gain, area and volume, and other criteria. Consult a mechanical engineer and/or a qualified heating and cooling installer. Request them to apply automated HVAC modeling programs to optimize new heating and cooling equipment and performance. Figure 37 illustrates automated energy analysis model outputs. • Select appropriately sized heating and cooling equipment for the required capacity, not oversized or undersized. Select high-efficiency heating and cooling equipment. Furnaces should have an Annual Fuel Efficiency Utilization (AFUE) of 90% or greater. Air-conditioning should have a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) of 14.5 or greater. Consider an air source heat pump, especially in a warmer climate. Size ductwork for proper air flow and to reduce blower demand. Install a programmable thermostat. Insulate ducts to prevent heat loss, or route them through insulated, conditioned spaces. Seal sources of air leaks to reduce waste of conditioned air. Figure 38 illustrates insulated and sealed ductwork. A “tight” house is about 0.25 – 0.35 ACH, an “average” house is about 0.5 ACH, and a “leaky” house is closer to 1.0 ACH. • Preserve occupant health. Introduce outside air into the air supply, at least 0.35 ACH. Ensure fresh air intake is located away from sources of pollution or contamination • Provide sufficient ventilation for sources of combustion such as gas furnaces and appliances. Also provide sufficient ventilation for wet areas such as bathrooms and kitchens.

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Figure 36. Recyclable and reusable HVAC components.

Figure 37.Computer energy modeling outputs.

Figure 38. Insulated and sealed ductwork.

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7.1.7 Upgrading or replacing electrical systems

7.1.7.1 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Locate electrical distribution out of harm’s way to prevent damage from the next disaster event. Locate the electrical service entrance and load center as high above BFE as practical. Consider relocating receptacles, switches, and communications terminals at least 4 ft above the first-floor level. • Locate the electrical main switch for easy access to occupants in the event of flooding or when evacuating the house to prevent an electrocution hazard to occupants and first responders when entering the house after a disaster event. Use a tag-out or lock-out device on the electrical switch to prevent inadvertent reactivation of electrical power and creation of an electrocution hazard.

7.1.7.2 Critical issues with regard to resilience

• Reduce waste. If electrical fixtures are still intact, remove carefully for potential reuse. Donate or give away materials that are useable to others. Recycle metal conductor, conduit, fixtures, and equipment that is being removed and replaced. Recycle fluorescent luminaries. Recycle any scrap metal from new installations. Figure 39 illustrates recyclable and reusable electrical materials and components. Recycle packing and packaging materials that come with new materials. • Prevent mold. Dry electrical raceways and conduit quickly and thoroughly • Conserve energy. Select energy-efficient luminaries; compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as illustrated in Figure 40. These types of luminaries consume less energy and provide longer life than incandescent bulbs. Provide the appropriate lighting controls to interior and exterior fixtures, motion sensor switches, or timers. Avoid over-lighting kitchen, workshop, and study or office spaces; use task lighting in lieu of excessive levels of ambient lighting. Locate outdoor lighting selectively according to function as opposed to flood-lighting; avoid over-illuminating areas that require less illumination. Figure 41 illustrates task lighting. Select outdoor lighting fixtures to minimize light pollution; light downwards and shade fixtures, as illustrated in Figure 42. Select a load center size of adequate amperage to prevent future overloading of circuits. Select high-efficiency washer, dryer, refrigerator, dishwasher, and other appliances with the lowest

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annual energy use per EnergyGuide label.13 Avoid recessed light fixtures in insulated ceilings, to reduce heat loss and air infiltration. If recessed fixtures are necessary, ensure fixtures are approved for insulation contact to avoid a fire hazard. Consider installing light tubes as a substitute for artificial lighting during daylight hours, as illustrated in Figure 42. Consider installing photovoltaic (PV) collectors to supplement electric supply, as illustrated in Figure 43. • Seal electrical switches, receptacles, phone jacks, and other penetrations in exterior walls to reduce air infiltration.

Figure 39. Recyclable and reusable electrical components.

Figure 40. Compact fluorescent and light emitting diode luminaires

13 Test results from standard testing procedures developed by the Department of Energy are displayed on EnergyGuide labels to prove the energy use and efficiency of products. www.energystar.gov

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Figure 41. Examples of task lighting.

Figure 42. Solar tube daylighting technology.

Figure 43. Photovoltaic collector array.

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8 Costs and Benefits of Retrofitting Existing Homes

8.1 General

Retrofitting existing homes to increase their resistance to high wind and flood damage is a challenge. Three factors come into play.

First, in an existing building, installing hardware and upgrading details to achieve higher resilience will typically involve removing and replacing materials previously installed. This is disruptive and unattractive to the occupants.

Next, to be effective, retrofitting must address the whole building as a system. Reinforcing one system or set of components in isolation of the others is a faulty strategy. Robustly built roofs are of no use if they detach from the wall under high wind. Unless all components are tied together, forces will transfer to the weakest point, and failure will occur there. This implies a more comprehensive approach to the work is necessary to provide whole-house resilience, as opposed to implementing resilience features on a partial or selective basis.

Finally, the cost to retrofit a building is not insignificant. It is an out-of- pocket expense that the building’s owner may be reluctant to pay, especially in times of economic challenge, or higher priorities being placed on the more visible or attractive use of limited funds. Denial of one’s exposure to high wind and flood damage or an inaccurate perception of risk contributes to the perception that investment in retrofitting may not be a high priority.

While the cost of retrofitting a residential building can be calculated in dollar terms, the benefit is a more abstract notion. Therefore, it is more difficult for residential owners to appreciate and justify a cost-benefit tradeoff that is favorable to them. If a relationship between the cost to implement retrofit features and the benefits to the owner (or to their insurance company, emergency management agencies, lenders, or others with a financial interest in the building) can be defined, owners will be better able to make a decision about undertaking resilience retrofit work.

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8.2 Cost and benefit

Estimating the cost to perform retrofit work on an existing residential building is a fairly straightforward proposition. Doing so involves defining a scope of the work to be accomplished, identifying the tasks or activities necessary to perform the defined work, tabulating the resources required to perform the activities, placing a price on each resource, and finally calculating a total cost. These tasks are well defined in a variety of guides on resilient construction. In order to represent a complete estimate of the cost to an owner, other factors such as taxes, contractor overhead and profit, and location adjustments should be added to the estimate.

Estimating the benefit of performing retrofit work is more complex. The RHP Team decided to develop the ReScU tool to be consistent with the insurance industry’s model of defining perils, mitigation, and payouts. Ideal- ly, benefit would be defined according to the reduction in insurance payout that is attributable to resilient features incorporated into a building’s design and construction. In order to make this cost-benefit calculation, however, benefits associated with high wind and flood mitigation methods would have to be defined. While this data exists within the insurance industry, it is not available to the RHP.

In the absence of actuarial data associating resilient features with a dollar benefit, the value of damage inflicted by a high wind or flood event can be estimated (see the discussion of FEMA’s Residential Substantial Damage Estimator, below). If this damage can be avoided by retrofitting resilient features, the avoided cost would then define benefit. Also, benefit is considered as a one-time proposition, that is the damage (or avoidance of damage) when the disaster event occurs. This is in contrast to an “average annual risk” approach that assigns a portion of risk (potential damage) to each year of exposure until the event actually occurs. The RHP Team agreed the avoidance of damage, and associated cost of that damage, at the occurrence of a natural disaster event, is a reasonable definition of benefit.

It is important to remember that the purpose of the cost-benefit exercise is to approximate the benefit achieved given the cost invested. These estimates are not intended to be detailed cost estimates or detailed damage estimates.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 109

8.3 Mitigation methods

Information abounds about methods to improve a residential building’s resilience to high wind and flood events. The RHP Team documented roughly 600 such techniques while performing their gap analysis. As discussed above, each measure may contribute to improved resilience performance, but does not in and of itself achieve resilience.

While a whole-house approach to improving resilience is preferred, there are interim levels of upgrade that can reduce a residential building’s exposure to damage. FEMA’s document P-804, “Wind Retrofit Guide for Resi- dential Buildings,” describes three levels of mitigation that can be performed by homeowners. Each level of resilience upgrade includes several techniques that together will make a worthwhile improvement in resilience, portraying successively more comprehensive mitigation approaches, as given in the sections that follow.

The three mitigation levels described below are progressive in nature. The intermediate level should not be implemented without the basic level being installed, and the advanced level should not be implemented without both the basic and intermediate levels being installed.

8.3.1 Basic mitigation package retrofits

• Reinforce roof deck. o Option 1: Improvements with roof covering replacement (e.g., securing the roof deck and replacing the roof covering, installing and improving secondary underlayment, improving roof covering). o Option 2: Improvements without roof covering replacement (e.g., securing roof deck attachment, providing secondary water barrier using foam adhesive). • Strengthen vents and soffits. • Strengthen overhangs at gable end walls. • Protect window and entry door from windborne debris and garage door from wind pressure and windborne debris (temporary).

8.3.2 Intermediate mitigation package retrofits

• Protect window and entry door from windborne debris and garage door from wind pressure and windborne debris. • Brace gable end walls.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 110

• Strengthen connections of attached structures.

8.3.3 Advanced mitigation package retrofits:

• Develop a continuous load path (tie all structural members to the foundation). • Protect openings from windborne debris (permanent).

Figure 44 illustrates one of the basic mitigation methods, Figure 45 describes one of the intermediate mitigation methods, and Figure 46 shows one of the advanced mitigation methods.

Figure 44. Example basic mitigation guidance; securing the roof deck.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 111

Figure 45. Example of intermediate mitigation guidance—reinforcing gable end walls.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 112

Figure 46. Example of advanced mitigation guidance—achieving a continuous load path.

8.4 House construction models

Two house models were developed to represent typical single-family house design and construction. A one-story and a two-story version were developed, each with 2,600 sq ft of gross space. Figure 47 shows each of the two model house designs.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 113

Figure 47. One-story and two-story model house designs.

These models served two purposes. The first purpose was to enable development of quantity take-offs and detailed cost estimates for conventional construction. This data is then applied to developing estimates for retrofit features. The second purpose was to enable calculation of cost values of building assemblies and components relative to the total building construction cost. This data is then applied to estimating a dollar value of damage inflicted by a high wind or flood event. Each of these exercises is described in more detail in the sections that follow.

8.5 Cost estimating

Cost estimating is based on developing a list of work packages that subdi- vide the whole project into manageable components. These packages are usually aligned with the construction sequence and trades involved at that time. Work items are then defined to describe tasks and activities involved with the specific work package. For example, “roof framing” could be a work package, then further defined by “rafters” (or “trusses”), “connectors,” and “sheathing.” “Roof covering” could then be another work package further defined by “joint tape,” “underlayment,” “flashing,” “ridge vent,” and “shingles.” This second task would typically be a different work package because a different trade will be involved, at a different time from “roof framing.” There is no single standard for composition of work packages and work items. Specific project characteristics, individual estima- tors, and the way the take-off and estimate are used will dictate the composition of the work page breakdown.

In the case of this cost and benefit analysis, it was desirable to decompose the model houses into specific components, as opposed to more inclusive systems. This contributes to defining damage scenarios and placing a dollar value on house damage. Simply describing “roof” to be inclusive of all

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 114

roof-related materials would contribute to estimating the value of damage to shingles, or to shingles and sheathing, or to shingles, sheathing, and rafters.

Within each work package, a quantity take-off is developed to identify the resources necessary to perform each work item. Resources are commonly described in terms of materials, labor, and equipment. For example, the take-off describes the quantities of lumber, roof sheathing, underlayment, flashing, roof accessories, and shingles required to frame and cover the model’s roof.

Once all such work items are identified, cost data is applied to each to identify the economic value of each line item. One recognized and well re- garded source of construction cost data is published annually by the RSMeans division of Reed Construction as Building Construction Cost Da- ta (BCCD). Means data were used for this cost estimating exercise. Cost line items are selected from the BCCD to correspond to the specific work items identified in the quantity take-off. These are expressed in unit prices (e.g., per board-foot of lumber, per square-foot of plywood, per each roof vent). The unit prices represent the cost of subject material, the cost of the labor required to install the material, and the cost of equipment applied to installation. The unit prices are extended (unit price multiplied by number of units) to represent the total for each of the material, labor and equipment costs, then the total cost for the work item. The totals for each work item are summed to identify the total cost for the work package, and work packages are summed to represent the total construction cost estimate.

In order to represent the true cost to the homeowner, adjustments were made to the sums of work item estimates. Contractor overheads and prof- its were included at the rates used in the BCCD; these rates differ among materials and trades so the RSMeans unit prices represent the national average for materials, labor, and equipment prices. Actual prices will be higher or lower depending on a project’s location. In the U.S. Southeast, local prices are generally lower than the national average. An adjustment factor of 0.88 was used to represent the average of major cities’ location factors in the Gulf States and Atlantic Coast, which reduces the estimates by 12% relative to national average prices.

Table 3 shows an example of a cost estimate for a wall construction work package. It includes work items, BCCD reference number, quantity, units

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of measure, unit and extended prices for each material, labor, and equipment, bare total (without overhead and profit), and total with overhead and profit included.

Table 3. Example work package estimate. ONE STORY HOUSE Walls Work Item Reference (BCCD 2010) Quantity Units Material $ Labor $ Equip $ Bare Tot $ Total w/0&P $ Dry Wall Means #: 092910300150 3,616.00 S.F. $0.24 $0.33 $0.00 $0.57 $0.77 3/8" thick, on w alls, standard $ 867.84 $ 1,193.28 $ - $ 2,061.12 $ 2,784.32 Aluminum Siding Means #: 074213200012 1,966.00 S.F. $1.47 $1.70 $0.00 $3.17 $4.21 .019" thick, on w ood, painted $ 2,890.02 $ 3,342.20 $ - $ 6,232.22 $ 8,276.86 Sheathing Means #: 061636100700 1,966.00 S.F. $0.51 $0.63 $0.00 $1.14 $1.54 exterior CDX, 5/8" $ 1,002.66 $ 1,238.58 $ - $ 2,241.24 $ 3,027.64 Insulation Means #: 072113100400 4,016.00 S.F. $1.15 $0.37 $0.00 $1.52 $1.85 Fiberglass, 2" thick, R8.3 $ 4,618.40 $ 1,485.92 $ - $ 6,104.32 $ 7,429.60 Walls (wood framing) Means #: 061110405900 7.7182 M.B.F. $435.00 $1,250.00 $0.00 $1,685.00 $2,400.00 2" x 10" $ 3,357.42 $ 9,647.75 $ - $ 13,005.17 $ 18,523.68 $ 12,736.34 $ 16,907.73 $ - $ 29,644.07 $ 40,042.10

Using this data, the cost of performing retrofits to increase resistance to high wind and flood events can be calculated. Similar to developing a cost estimate, lists of work items were developed to represent the tasks, materials, labor input, and equipment necessary to accomplish the retrofit. The following tasks would be necessary to perform the basic mitigation task of installing a secondary water barrier as part of a reroofing project.

• Remove existing roof covering (asphalt shingles and underlayment. • Remove Damage roof deck (assume 10% roof deck). • Install new roof deck (assume 10% roof deck). • Re-nail roof deck (add 10% of roof sheathing labor cost). • Install secondary water barrier (minimum 4 in. bituminous tape at seams). • Install underlayment (2 layers of 30# felt): Plastic or Metal caps for design wind velocity of <140 mph or Metal for design wind velocity of > 140 mph • Install bituminous membrane. • Reinforce anchorage for vents and roof accessories. • Install flashing (roof/wall, roof/chimney). • Install drip edge. • Install new roof covering, including valley and ridges (asphalt shingles would add 30% to labor cost).

Each of the above tasks is a conventional construction task, and therefore the BCCD applies as it would under any conventional scenario. Two excep- tions, however, would require some adjustment: the labor components for

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 116

sheathing and shingle installation. The FEMA guidance requires additional fasteners for the sheathing and additional fastener and adhesive to achieve greater wind resistance. (This is atypical of standard practice on which BCCD data is based.) Thus, adding 10% to sheathing nailing and 30% to the conventional shingle installation estimate was judged to be an appropriate adjustment.

Table 4 and Table 5 summarize the costs estimated to retrofit per each of the mitigation packages described in FEMA 804, “Wind Retrofit Guide for Residential Buildings,” in a one-story and a two-story house, respectively. Estimates are rounded up per the BCCD rounding convention.

Table 4. Retrofit estimates, one-story house.

One-story Mitigation Packages Roof Type Estimate Basic w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 3,200 Basic w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 4,500 Basic with replacing roof cover Hip $ 7,500 Basic with replacing roof cover Gable $ 9,500 Intermediate w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 9,000 Intermediate w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 10,500 Intermediate with replacing roof cover Hip $ 14,000 Intermediate with replacing roof cover Gable $ 15,500 Advanced w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 20,000 Advanced w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 22,000 Advanced with replacing roof cover Hip $ 25,000 Advanced with replacing roof cover Gable $ 26,500

Table 5. Retrofit estimates, two-story house. Two-story Mitigation Packages Roof Type Estimate Basic w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 2,000 Basic w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 3,200 Basic with replacing roof cover Hip $ 4,200 Basic with replacing roof cover Gable $ 6,500 Intermediate w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 9,000 Intermediate w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 10,500 Intermediate with replacing roof cover Hip $ 12,000 Intermediate with replacing roof cover Gable $ 13,500 Advanced w/o replacing roof cover Hip $ 24,000

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Two-story Mitigation Packages Roof Type Estimate Advanced w/o replacing roof cover Gable $ 25,500 Advanced with replacing roof cover Hip $ 27,000 Advanced with replacing roof cover Gable $ 28,500

8.6 Benefit estimating

The RHP does not have access to the proprietary actuarial data the insurance industry uses to determine a building’s vulnerability to disaster events, and the reduction of that vulnerability through construction features (e.g., resilient retrofits). This benefit can be approximated, however, by reviewing historical damage data inflicted by a range of disaster events, in different locations.

Data from FEMA’s Residential Substantial Damage Estimator (RSDE) v. 2.2 can be instrumental in this approximation. In the aftermath of a high wind or flood disaster, FEMA surveyors evaluate the damage to residential buildings using the RSDE. FEMA has calculated the contribution of each of 16 building systems and components to the house’s total construction cost. This is expressed as a percentage of the house’s estimated total construction value and then dollar value. The damage surveyor then evaluates the percentage of damage to each system or component. The dollar value of that damage is represented by multiplying that percentage by the dollar value of each system or component. The sum of the damage value of all 16 systems and components represents the total dollar value of damage to the house. Figure 48 describes this scheme, as taken from the RSDE v.2.2 software. For example, it shows the cost of the superstructure system accounts for 20.8% of the house’s total construction cost, and the cost of the exterior finish systems and materials accounts for 6.90% of the house’s total construction cost.

In a cost-benefit context, an assumption is made that if retrofit measures are incorporated in a house, damage will be avoided. If the retrofit measures are not incorporated, the damage is likely to occur when a house is exposed to a disaster event. The RHP Team concurred this approach can be used to develop benefit estimates. Thus the damage that does not occur, and the dollar value not lost, would be the dollar value of the benefit.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 118

Figure 48. Example of estimate using FEMA’s Residential Substantial Damage Estimator v.2.2 software.

A damage history can be developed by reviewing a representative number of damage surveys. These can be further classified by location and specific disaster event (such as a named hurricane). Within each combination of location and exposure, a reasonable or typical extent of damage for each building system or component can be developed. Again, this approach is not intended to estimate costs due to disaster damage. Rather it is intended to reveal a representative extent of damage experienced in a given location by a known disaster event.

Some adjustments to the RSDE classification are made for this analysis. ERDC-CERL researchers felt the subdivision of a house into these 16 systems and components was too coarse to correspond to high wind or flood damage scenarios and estimating the extent of related damage. For example, all components of the superstructure item will not have the same economic value. Subdividing the superstructure into roof, wall, and floor systems will help assign more appropriate damage percentages than using a single-structure system. Furthermore, subdividing sheathing from framing helps assign a percentage of damage that is more consistent with high wind damage. Roof or wall sheathing may suffer damage without damage

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 119

to the underlying framing members. The house design models and quantity take-offs performed for the construction cost estimating exercise enabled this finer level of subdivision for the building systems.

Figure 49 depicts ERDC-CERL’s sample adaption of the RSDE damage assessment classification scheme.

Figure 49. ERDC-CERL sample adaption of the RSDE building system classification scheme.

As of this writing, actual RSDE data is not available from FEMA. RSDE data will be explored with emergency response authorities at county and local agencies in FY 2012. In the meantime, a variety of damage scenarios can be developed based on approximation of reasonable degrees of damage. These scenarios are based on the construction value of the house (ex- clusive of personal property) and estimated magnitude of damage to each

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 120

building system and component, similar to the calculation of damage value by the RSDE. Table 6 illustrates one damage value/benefit scenario.

The primary damage to the house portrayed by this scenario consists of damage to the roofing and roof sheathing. As the sheathing detaches, some structural damage to the rafters is included. Note that the damage to the house will not be confined to the roof systems. As the sheathing detaches and water penetrates into the house, insulation, interior finishes will also be damaged. It is reasonable to assume that if roughly half of the roofing is damaged, the majority of the house’s interior systems will also be damaged, as will components of the electrical and mechanical systems, if not the total systems.

8.7 Cost-benefit assessment

The basic mitigation packages described by FEMA would have preserved the integrity of the roof systems and avoided the damaged caused by their failure. The cost of retrofitting, even including roofing replacement, would be roughly $7,500 for the modeled house.

Had the roof systems remained intact, the benefit would be avoidance of the roof damage itself along with the damage to interior, electrical, and mechanical systems. This avoided damage (i.e., the benefit), would be over $50,000 in this scenario. The benefit-cost ratio (benefit divided by cost) would be 6.6:1 and the dollar value (benefit minus cost) would be $42,700.

Note that this calculation does not include the house’s contents. The total avoided damage to the resident (i.e., the benefit of performing the basis retrofit measures), would actually be significantly greater.

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Table 6. Damage value / benefit scenario.

DAMAGE SCENARIO: DETACHED ROOF COVERING, SHEATHING, ROOF FRAMING & WALLS

If asphalt shingle roof covering is detached or damaged at: 60% If roof sheathing was detached at: 50% If roof framing was damaged at: 30% If construction value of the house is $ 130,000

Resultant damage is as follows:

Damage Percent Percent Value Component Value Damaged (Rounded) Demolition / Clean-up LS LS $ 4,000 Building Permit Fees 1.90% 0% $ - Impact Fee 1.40% 0% $ - Water and Sew er Inspection 1.70% 0% $ - Excavation, Foundation, and Backfill 7.10% 0% $ - Steel 0.70% 0% $ - Framing and Trusses 15.60% 30% $ 6,500 Sheathing 1.70% 65% $ 1,500 Windows 2.80% 20% $ 1,000 Exterior Doors 0.90% 10% $ 200 Interior Doors and Hardware 1.50% 0% $ - Stairs 0.80% 0% $ - Roof Shingles 3.80% 75% $ 4,000 Siding 5.80% 35% $ - Gutters and Downspouts 0.40% 100% $ 600 Plumbing 5.30% 0% $ - Electrical Wiring 3.70% 25% $ 1,500 Lighting Fixtures 1.10% 50% $ 800 HVAC 4% 30% $ 1,600 Insulation 1.50% 99% $ 2,000 Dryw all 5.10% 99% $ 7,000 Painting 3.40% 99% $ 4,500 Cabinets and Countertops 5.60% 50% $ 4,000 Appliances 1.60% 0% $ - Tiles and Carpet 5.10% 99% $ 7,000 Trim Material 3.30% 85% $ 4,000 Landscaping and Sodding 3.20% 0% $ - Wood Deck or Patio 0.90% 0% $ - Asphalt Driveway 1.40% 0% $ - Other 8.60% 0% $ - TOTAL ESTIMATED VALUE OF DAMAGE (ROUNDED) $ 50,200

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 122

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 123

Appendix A: State-of-the-Art for Resilient Home Technologies

The tables in this appendix document the technologies and construction features contributed by ERDC-CERL for the Resilient Home Program’s State-of-the-Art Survey done by NCSU (Tables A1–A5).

ERDC/CERL TR Table A-1. Building technologies (contributor: ERDC-CERL). Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Shingle roofs Wind event; short If missing tabs are retrievable, glue them back in http://www.floridadisaster.org/ Respond H govt. term roof repair place with asphalt roofing cement as temporary mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/ document; - solution. These measures are temporary and roofs/after_a_storm.asp professional 12

aimed at homeowners. society - 20

Roof Architectural Metal roofs Wind event; short Deform shingles back into position. Also glue — Respond H govt. term roof repair metal flashing down with flashing cement, self document; adhesive patching tapes, or aluminum faced duct professional tape. society

Roof Architectural Tile roofs Wind event; short Patch holes using new nails or roofing cement http://www.floridadisaster.org/ Respond H govt. term roof repair where nails/ screws have pulled out. Self adhesive mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/ document; patching tape is another option. Roofs can be held roofs/after_a_storm.asp professional down by concrete or adhesive foam paddies. society Force the cement into the surface multiple times and in several directions. Use same size or bigger nails to replace the original missing nails. Start at lower portion of the roof and move higher. These measures are temporary and aimed at homeowners.

Roof Architectural Roof felt Wind event; short Start at bottom of roof and apply one layer over http://www.floridadisaster.org/ Respond H, T govt. term roof repair the top edge of another, similarly to applying roof mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/ document; shingles. Secure with metal or plastic tabs about roofs/after_a_storm.asp professional 1 in. square or round under head of the nail. society These measures are temporary and aimed at homeowners.

Roof Architectural Tarps and Wind event; short Can be used to cover damaged portions of http://www.floridadisaster.org/ Respond H,T govt. plastic term roof repair shingle, tile, or metal roofs. Need to be extended mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/ document; sheeting over the ridge portion of roof. If damage is only on roofs/after_a_storm.asp professional one side of roof, use ropes to tie off tarp or society sheeting to large screw eyelets or another form of anchorage to the fascia or soffit. These measures are temporary and aimed at homeowners.

Roof Architectural Built-up / flat Wind event; short Put a sheeting material over damaged roof top http://www.floridadisaster.org/ Respond H,T govt. roof term roof repair equipment and holes in the deck. Seal perimeter mitigation/rcmp/HRG/content/ document; of material to the roof. For gravel roofs: use large roofs/after_a_storm.asp professional quantity of roof cement designed for wet society applications and embed it well into the gravel for

water-tightness. These measures are temporary 124 and aimed at homeowners.

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Ceiling Wind or flood If insulation must be replaced, replace with high http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild H,T,F govt. insulation event; repair / density fiberglass batt and insulating foam /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document; rebuild sheathing. Recommends replacement of all 50108.html professional -

moistened/ flood damaged insulation. Make sure society 12 house is completely dried before installing - insulation. 20

Roof Architectural Attic Wind or flood If insulation must be replaced, replace with R- http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild H,T,F govt. insulation event; repair / value to meet or exceed prevailing energy code. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document; rebuild Check for and seal air leakage paths to the house. 50108.html professional Seal attic by-passes and holes around chimneys, society flues, and plumbing penetrations.

Roof Architectural, Roof pitch Wind event; repair If roof must be reframed, build moderately pitched http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent; H Structural design and / rebuild (4/12 to 6/12) hips rather than gables, OVE ?id=17313 Rebuild construction structural members for roof truss components or engineered wood girders, Install hurricane straps to load bearing components, use baffled ridge and soffit vents to minimize the number of roof penetrations, extend fascia board so it terminates below the underside of the soffit, securely attach grid-marked sheathing of appropriate thickness, tape decking seams with a self-adhering bitumen tape or peel and stick roof membrane. Install underlayment correctly, use proper flashing and starter strips techniques, install a light-colored wind and impact-resistant roof covering, and use proper fastener/nailing schedules.

Roof Architectural — Wind event; If roof must be reframed or resheathed, apply http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hurrican Prevent; H,T academic repair / rebuild polyurethane foam spray adhesive (FoamSeal)- to e_house/index.shtml Assess; the roof truss (rafter) sheathing joints and to the Rebuild sheathing seams, gluing the truss and roof sheathing together. Improves wind resistance, reduces water intrusion.

Window Architectural Windows Wind or flood If windows must be replaced, replace with newer http://homeenergy.org/archive Prevent; F govt. event; repair / and more efficient models (double glazed, low-e /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 Assess; document; rebuild coating). 50108.html Rebuild professional Windows can account for 25% of a home's heat society loss. 125

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Window Architectural Shutters Wind or flood Install electric roll-down shutters that also have http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hurrican Prevent; H,T academic event; repair / a manual crank, accordion folding shutters, or e_house/index.shtml Rebuild rebuild removable aluminum panel shutters. - 12 Window Architectural Exterior Wind or flood Install hurricane shutters or impact-resistant http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent; H,T professional - window event; repair / glass and high performance glass. ?id=18693 Rebuild society 20

rebuild

Window Architectural Window Flood event; Obtain water-tight barriers at windows and other "Dry Floodproof Your Building" Rebuild F govt repair / rebuild openings for installation prior to next flood http://www.fema.gov/library/vi document event. ewRecord.do?id=3262

Window Architectural Window Flood event; Vinyl and aluminum window frames are easily http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent; F professional frames repair / rebuild restored to pre-flood conditions. ?id=12574 Respond; society Rebuild

Window Architectural Window Flood event; repair Vinyl and aluminum window frames are easily http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Rebuild F frames / rebuild restored to pre-flood conditions ?id=12574

Door Architectural Solid wood Flood event; repair Allow time to dry and shrink thoroughly before http://homeenergy.org/archive Prevent, F govt door / rebuild making adjustments. Weatherstripping and /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 Respond, document stalling a storm door will help reduce heat loss. 50108.html Rebuild

Door Architectural Exterior door Wind event; repair If doors must be replaced, replace with impact- http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T / rebuild resistant doors. ?id=18693 Rebuild

Door Architectural Garage door Wind event; repair Reinforced garage doors or reconfigure garage http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T / rebuild access for single-car openings. ?id=18693 Rebuild

Framing Structural Wood Flood event; repair If exterior wall surface must be removed & http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt / rebuild replaced, add vapor barrier and air barrier on /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document exterior walls. 50108.html

Framing Structural Modular Rebuilding Consider using structural insulated panels (SIP). http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F homes SIP modular housing can be manufactured off site ?id=16103 Rebuild and quickly assembled on site.

Framing Structural Modular Rebuilding Steel-framed modular housing has the same http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F homes advantages as SIP and is also less flammable. ?id=16103 Rebuild

Foundat Structural Concrete Rebuilding Consider a Crawl Space Foundation System / Fast http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F ion foundation Track Foundation System (composite concrete & ?id=16103 Rebuild corrugated metal) for quicker installation. 126

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Foundat Architectural Crawl space Flood event; repair Install conventional foundation vents and operable http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, F ion / rebuild flood vents. ?id=12574 Rebuild -

Foundat Structural Concrete Rebuilding Prefabricated concrete footing and pier forms are http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F 12 ion foundation quicker and less expensive alternatives to ?id=16103

Rebuild - conventional forming methods for concrete 20

footings and piers.

Grounds Biological Wells Protect wells from Extend the well casing at least 2 ft above the "Protect Wells from Prevent, H,F govt contamination highest know flood elevation. Installing a sanitary Contamination by Flooding" Rebuild document during shallow seal or cover on the casing, curbing the casing at http://www.fema.gov/library/vi flooding ground level by surrounding it with a watertight ewRecord.do?id=3262 seal that is at least 4 in think and extends at least 2 ft in all directions. Placing grout between the casing and sides of the bore hole to a depth of at least 10 ft.

Grounds Architectural Storm and Protection and Install backflow valves in sanitary and storm sewer "Protect Wells from Prevent, F govt sewer system resilience against lines. Contamination by Flooding" Rebuild document floods http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=3263

Flooring Architectural Floor Flood event; repair If floor insulation must be replaced, replace with "Protect Wells from Rebuild F govt insulation / rebuild high R-value (medium- or high-density fiberglass Contamination by Flooding" document batt and insulating foam sheathing). http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=3264

Flooring Architectural Crawlspace Flood event; repair Insulate & seal crawlspace to reduce heat loss & http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt insulation / rebuild moisture intrusion. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document 50108.html

Flooring Architectural Carpet Flood event; short Carpet and pad must be removed to permit drying www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F govt term repair of concrete slab or plywood subflooring. Ceramic buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, document and quarry tiles are better choices and withstood Respond flooding with no long-term deterioration.

Flooring Architectural Flood Flood event; repair If flooring must be replaced, replace with concrete, "Build with Flood Damage Prevent, F govt damage / rebuild concrete tile, precast concrete, or ceramic, clay, Resistant Materials" Rebuild document resistant terrazzo, vinyl, or rubber sheet tiles. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi flooring ewRecord.do?id=3262 material 127

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Wall Structural Brick Flood event; repair If exterior wall materials must be removed and http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Material masonry / rebuild replaced, install vapor barrier and air barrier. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/ document Adding a brick veneer provides a more flood- 950108.html -

resistant exterior surface. 12 - Wall Architectural Wall Wind or flood If exterior wall surfaces must be removed, add or http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt 20

Material insulation event; repair / replace insulation with high R-value (medium- or /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/ document rebuild high-density fiberglass batt and insulating foam 950108.html sheathing).

Wall Architectural Sawn wood Flood event; repair Restoration would include drying thoroughly, www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F academic Material trim and / rebuild renailing, crack-filling, and repainting. buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, corner Replacement with more durable trim materials Rebuild boards (plastic or wood/ plastic composites) is recommended

Wall Architectural Plywood Flood event; repair If exterior wall surfaces must be removed, replace www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F academic Material sheathing / rebuild with flood-damage-resistant lap siding to allow buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, quicker drying of the wall sheathing if immersed. Rebuild Slow to dry when used with plywood siding.

Wall Architectural Fiberglass Wind or flood Complete removal of batt insulation will speed up http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Assess, F academic Material batt event; repair / drying process of walls. Spray polyurethane foam ?id=12574 Rebuild insulation rebuild (SPUF) is a more flood-resistant insulating material since it is slow to absorb and does not retain moisture.

Wall Architectural Paper-faced Flood event; repair Can be restored if allowed to dry within a short www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F academic Material interior / rebuild time. Cleaning and sanitizing is necessary to buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, gypsum wall combat mold growth. Water-resistant, fiber- Rebuild board reinforced exterior sheathing performed much better in comparison. Lost half of its flexural strength and retained moisture when used with fiberglass batt insulation.

Wall Architectural Paint Flood event; repair Sanding and repainting with an oil-based flat www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F academic Material / rebuild enamel buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, Rebuild

Wall Architectural Drywall Flood event; repair Quick-setting joint compound and fiberglass tape www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Prevent, F academic Material compound / rebuild are better choices, especially used with water- buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Assess, and paper resistant gypsum sheathing and oil-based paint. Rebuild joint tape 128

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Wall Architectural Siding Flood event; repair Fiber cement and vinyl sidings and plastic or http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent,, F Professional Material / rebuild wood/ plastic composite are more resilient to ?id=12574 Rebuild society flooding. - Based on findings from Oak Ridge National 12

Laboratory's (ORNL) field tests of flood-damage- - 20 resistant housing materials.

Wall Architectural Drying homes Flood event; repair Post flooded walls need to be stripped to the http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond F govt Material / rebuild studs, insulation removed, to allow complete g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 document drying. Any sign of visible mold growth would 90104.pdf require cleaning, decontaminating, and further drying. Plaster, brick, and concrete block walls can be cleaned, disinfected, and dried

Wall Architectural Concrete Wind or flood Use polystyrene blocks which are shock http://www.sciencedaily.com/vi Prevent H,T Material block wall event rebuild absorbent, moisture resistant, chemical and fire deos/2007/0406- resistant, and provide insulating properties. hurricane_resistant_house.htm

Wall Architectural Glass Wind or flood If windows must be replaced, install laminated http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hurrican Prevent, H,T academic Material event repair / impact glass e_house/index.shtml Assess, rebuild Rebuild

Wall Architectural Methods to Wind or flood Applying a waterproof coating or membrane to the "Dry Floodproof Your Building" Prevent, F govt Material strengthen event repair / exterior walls of the building. This is effective for http://www.fema.gov/library/vi Rebuild document exterior walls rebuild flooding up to 3 ft deep. ewRecord.do?id=3262 Dry floodproofing is appropriate primarily for slab- on -grade buildings with concrete or solid masonry walls. The height of the dry flood proofing should not exceed 3 ft, have a structural engineer evaluate the strength of walls before going above 3 ft.

Wall Architectural Water Wind or flood For areas where the flood depth is less than 2ft, "Add Waterproof Veneer to Prevent, H,F govt Material infiltration event repair / add brick veneer backed by a waterproof Exterior Walls" Assess, document rebuild membrane to exterior walls and seal all openings, http://www.fema.gov/library/vi Rebuild including doors. Remove existing siding and ewRecord.do?id=3262 replace with exterior grade plywood sheathing. If possible, extend existing foundation to support the brick. Not sure if exterior grade lumber inside home is appropriate. New brick veneer can be added over an existing brick wall. 129

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Wall Architectural Concrete Wind or flood Consider using insulated concrete forms (ICF) if http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hurrican Prevent, H,T academic Material block wall event repair / exterior wall system is to be rebuilt in cast-in-place e_house/index.shtml Assess, rebuild concrete. - 12 Wall Architectural Flood Wind or flood If exterior wall finishes must be replaced, resilient "Build with Flood Damage Prevent, F govt - Material damage event repair / finishes include brick, metal, concrete, concrete Resistant Materials" Rebuild document 20

resistant wall rebuild block, porcelain, slate, glass block, stone, and http://www.fema.gov/library/vi finishes ceramic clay tile, cement board, cold-formed steel, ewRecord.do?id=3262 and polyester epoxy paint.

HVAC/ Architectural Motors Wind or flood If motors, electrical components, safety controls, http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities event repair / and gas valves must be replaced, replace with /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, rebuild newer and more energy efficient models when 50108.html professional applicable. society

HVAC/ Architectural Furnaces Wind or flood Recommends replacing gas valves, pilot and http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities event repair / burner orifices, controls, and filter. Corrosion may /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, rebuild occur on the inside of valves and controls, 50108.html professional compromising performance/ efficiency. society

HVAC/ Architectural Ductwork Wind or flood Clean ducts by taking apart of ductwork, sealing all http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities event repair / joints, insulating ducts located in unconditioned /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, rebuild spaces like attics and crawl spaces. 50108.html professional society

HVAC/ Architectural Heat pump Repairing after If damaged, replace with a higher efficiency rating http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities floods (SEER). Full replacement is necessary if breaching /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, of refrigerant occurred. Heat pumps systems can 50108.html professional be more economical than electric resistance society heating with a separate AC system. A qualified electrical or refrigeration mechanic should check all electrical and refrigeration connections.

HVAC/ Architectural Air Wind or flood If the system is in contact with flood water, the http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities conditioner event repair sealed system of the unitary type is likely to /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, remain intact. However, if flood water has 50108.html professional repositioned either the indoor or the outdoor units society of a split system, there is the potential for a breached refrigerant system. The heat pump (or air-conditioning system) may then require major repair or full replacement. 130

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

HVAC/ Architectural Appliances Wind or flood Disconnect electricity and remove back cover to http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond, F govt Utilities event repair , short promote drying of insulation. Replace controls that /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 Rebuild document, term are wet, pilot orifice and valves on gas stoves. All 50108.html professional -

electrical controls such as defrost timer, society 12 thermostats, and safety interlocks, should be - checked/ replaced. If unit has a bottom-mounted 20

condenser, fan motor should be checked/ replaced. Interior surfaces must be cleaned and disinfected. Turn oven to high or a "self-cleaning" setting to remove residual moisture. A qualified electrician or appliance technician should check all electrical contacts and connections

HVAC/ Architectural Appliances Wind or flood If appliances must be replaced, replace with high http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities event repair / efficiency units. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document, rebuild A qualified electrician or appliance technician 50108.html professional should check all electrical contacts and society connections

HVAC/ Architectural Water heater Repairing after Total replacement is recommended since controls http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F govt Utilities floods and valves will likely corrode after submerged in /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 document flood water, insulation will be hard to 50108.html decontaminate and dry, and parts may corrode on long-term basis. Switching to an energy saving or gas model is recommended.

HVAC/ Architectural Plumbing Home rebuilding Air admittance valves (AAVs) reduce the amount of http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F Utilities after a disaster venting materials used in overall system and ?id=16103 Rebuild increase installation efficiency. Use of AAVs can also eliminate the need for fire-stopping materials at floor/ wall penetrations

Miscella Biological Sanitization Wind or flood A solution of bleach (25%), trisodium phosphate www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Respond F academic neous method event repair / (5%), and water (70%) is used to eliminate mold buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm rebuild growth and restore materials to their pre-flood condition. Not to be used on metallic surfaces and electric outlets due to the potential for corrosion. 131

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

HVAC/ Architectural HVAC Wind or flood Systems that were flooded need to be check for www.dhhs.state.nc.us/docs/hur Rebuild F govt Utilities systems event repair / mold. Interior components (furnace, air- ricane_afteraflood.htm document rebuild conditioner cooling coils, and fans) need to be -

inspected, cleaned, and decontaminated by 12 professionals. Air registers (vents) and diffusers - should be removed, cleaned, disinfected, and 20

reinstalled. Replace lined air ducts and ductboard. Replace lined air ducts and ductboard that were exposed to flood waters. Bare sheet metal ductwork can be taken apart, washed, disinfected, dried, and put back together.

HVAC/ Architectural Electrical Wind or flood Electrical raceways can simplify and speed the http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F professional Utilities wiring event repair / task of wiring, and also reduce the amount of wall ?id=16103 Rebuild society rebuild penetrations.

HVAC/ Architectural Plumbing Wind or flood Use plastic plumbing manifold and aluminum- http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F professional Utilities event repair / plastic composite water piping to speed up ?id=16103 Rebuild society rebuild installation process. The composite piping can be installed in walls, ceilings, concrete slabs, and underground; it is earthquake resistant.

HVAC/ Architectural Plumbing Wind or flood Flexible gas piping is easy to install, lightweight, http://www.pathnet.org/sp.asp Prevent, H,T,E,F professional Utilities event repair / requires fewer connections and fittings, and is ?id=16103 Rebuild society rebuild flexible which makes it earthquake resistant.

HVAC/ Architectural Location of Wind or flood If extensive repairs or rebuiding is necessary, "Dry Floodproof Your Building" Prevent, F govt Utilities utility event repair / locate utility system components, machinery, and http://www.fema.gov/library/vi Rebuild document components rebuild other pieces of equipment above the flood level. ewRecord.do?id=3262 and tanks Anchoring fuel tanks and other storage tanks to prevent floatation.

HVAC/ Architectural Water Wind or flood Move HVAC equipment from basement or lower "Raise or Floodproof HVAC Prevent, F govt Utilities infiltration event repair / level to upper floor or an attic. Plumbing and Equipment" Rebuild document rebuild electrical changes is required and must be done http://www.fema.gov/library/vi by a licensed contractor. ewRecord.do?id=3262 A secondary option is to build a concrete or masonry block floodwall around HVAC equipment, leaving enough space in the enclosed area for repairs and maintenance. 132

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

HVAC/ Architectural Electrical Wind or flood Raise electrical system, including wiring, at least 1 "Raise Electrical System Prevent, H,F govt Utilities system event repair / ft above the 100-year flood level. Remove interior Components" Rebuild document components rebuild wall sheathing as necessary. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - All modifications to the system should be done by ewRecord.do?id=3262 12

a licensed contractor - 20

Misc. Architectural Cleaning Wind or flood Use a general-purpose household cleaner and http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H,F Professional method event repair / allow at least 10 minutes for soil suspension. g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 Scoiety rebuild Flushing contaminants from salvageable surfaces 90104.pdf with water horse or pressure washer, working top to bottom. Wet vacuum or mop up excess rinse water from flooring materials immediately. Repeat entire procedure if necessary

Misc. Architectural durable, color Wind or flood A 6% solution of household beach mixed 1 part http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H,F Professional fast surfaces event repair / bleach to 11 parts water may be used to sanitize. g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 Scoiety rebuild A 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide may be used 90104.pdf instead of bleach.

Misc. Structural Drying Wind or flood Use oscillating or box fans, repositioning them http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H,F Professional structural event repair / within the structure every few hours. Rent high- g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 Scoiety components rebuild value professional drying equipment if available. 90104.pdf Further encourage drying by leaving it structural surfaces exposed to fresh air movement for several days to weeks. Drying is the most important process in the restoration of flooded homes.

Misc. Architectural Drying homes Wind or flood Heaters, fans, and dehumidifiers are www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Respond F academic event repair / recommended to help facilitate the drying process. buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm rebuild

Misc. Architectural Asbestos Building Wet the structure before and during demolition to http://www.epa.gov/katrina/de Respond H,F Govt containing demolition reduce potential for air migration of the asbestos. bris.html#electrical document materials Allow a specialist segregate the asbestos containing material if possible, place into leak proof wrapping. The state/ local air quality management program should be notified prior to demolition. Dispose of debris at an asbestos- approved landfill. At least one person trained in asbestos NESHAP regulations should be on site or

available by phone during demolition. 133

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Misc. Architectural Storm shelter Protection from A Kevlar Storm Room can withstand repeated hits "Concept Home Principles - Prevent, H,T Professional hurricane or by a 12 ft long 2x4 filed at windborne speeds Alternative Basic Materials Rebuild society tornado greater than those of Category 5 storms, yet does Research Summary" Charleston -

not impede cell phone signals. Kevlar is a 12 manmade fiber five times stronger than steel - 20

Misc. Architectural Hurricane Protection from Armor Screen is impact resistant, stops debris, http://www.armorscreen.com/ Prevent H,T website resistant hurricane or and slows 100 mph winds to 3 mph. It can act as screen tornado a safe shelter. It can cover spaces and overhangs and protects patios, walkways, balconies, courtyards, doors and windows

Misc. Architectural Wood Moisture BluWood controls the moisture absorption http://www.bluwoodnortheast.c Prevent, H,F website protection from capabilities of wood while allowing moisture vapor om/ Rebuild hurricane to escape from within, resisting mold fungus growth on the cured film surface; it also resist insects such as termites.

Misc. Architectural Concrete Wind, rain, fire and Monolithic dome http://static.monolithic.com/pr Prevent H,T,E website shelter seismic activity es/tsunami/index.html from natural disasters

Misc. Architectural Safe room Protection from Constructing a shelter of any of the following type: Taking Shelter from the Storm: Prevent, H,T Govt tornados and lean-to, reinforced masonry, wood-frame with Building a Safe Room inside Rebuild document hurricanes plywood and steel sheathing, wood-frame with Your House CMU infill, Insulated concrete form

Table A2. Post-event response (contributor: ERDC-CERL).

Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

House Structural Structural Flood event If structural damage is suspected contact local www.dhhs.state.nc.us/docs/hur Respond F damage response building inspector or emergency management ricane_afteraflood.htm authorities. Do not enter unless structural stability is confirmed. Do not enter building if framing or foundation is damaged. 134

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Drywall/ Flood event Remove drywall or plaster. Remove ceiling http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond; F professional plaster response insulations to allow drying of rafters or trusses. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 Rebuild society ceiling 50108.html -

(flooded by 12 water) - 20

Roof Architectural Drywall Flood event Remove drywall that is swelled and pulled away http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond F professional ceiling (not response from framing. If ceiling is sagging, carefully poke /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society

flooded by holes to drain collected water. 50108.html water) Use caution and wear hard hats at the least.

Roof Architectural Ceiling tile Flood event Remove and dispose all wet ceiling tiles within 24- http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H,F

response 48 hours. Wet tiles caused by a small stream leak fi.htm can be air-dried and reused if the shape of the tile has not been altered.

Framing Structural Wood Flood event Removal of fiberglass insulation will help speed www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Assess, F

framing response the drying process of wall system and prevent buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Rebuild greater damage to framing material.

Foundation Architectural Crawl Flood event repair Thoroughly dry crawlspace with fan, remove and http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond F professional space / replacement discard wet insulation and plastic sheeting. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society 50108.html

Foundation Structural Basement Flood event Flood waters should be drained in stages, about www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/disaster/ Respond H,F

response one third of the water volume each day. Clean as 490-305/490-305.html soon as possible. Install temporary bracing where floor has settled extensively.

Foundation Architectural Crawl Flood event repair Dry and seal off all penetrations in the flooring. www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Respond, F

space / replacement Make sure ductwork within crawl space is buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Rebuild cleaned, sanitized, repaired, and sealed off to prevent mold growth in drying process.

Flooring Architectural Carpet Flood event Remove and discard wet carpets in strips that are http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond F professional response easy to carry /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society

50108.html

Flooring Architectural Tile, vinyl, Flood event Remove flooring surfaces to allow drying of http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond F professional linoleum response subflooring /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society

flooring 50108.html 135

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Flooring Architectural Plywood Flood event Remove subflooring if softened, swelled, and http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond, F professional subflooing response delaminated. Barracade open framing for safety /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 Rebuild society

until dry enough to replace subfloor. 50108.html - Interior grade plywood or particle board are more 12

easily damaged due to lack of waterproof mastics. - 20

Flooring Architectural Floor Flood event Remove and dispose floor coverings (carpet, http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H.F professional covering response cushion, pad, felt and sheet vinyl, laminate, or tile g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 society

flooring materials. 90104.pdf Hardwood flooring should be removed to promote drying.

Flooring Architectural Wood Flood event Shovel out mud while it's moist to promote drying. www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/disaster/ Respond H.F

flooring response To prevent further buckling and warping, nail down 490-305/490-305.html places where floor tends to lift or bulge. Install temporary bracing under framed floors where floor has deflected extensively.

Flooring Architectural Floor Flood event Remove saturated carpet and pad. Solid/ http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H.F professional covering response laminated wood flooring and sheet vinyl also g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 society should be removed. 90104.pdf

Flooring Architectural Carpet wet Flood event Carpets exposed to non-contaminated water for http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H.F less than response less than 48 hr: wet vacuum to remove excess fi.htm 48 hr water, shampoo carpet with a dilute surfactant, soak with a 1/4 to 1/2 cup bleach per gallon water solution, rinse with clean water and dry carpet within 12-24 hr by extracting water (wet vacuum) and increasing room temperature, dehumidifiers, floor or exhaust fans. Disposal of water-damaged carpets during the summer in humid environments is recommended. Sewage backup-contaminated carpets should also be disposed. Methods applicable for carpets damaged by floods, roof leaks, steam leaks, potable water leaks and ground water.

Wall Architectural Drywall Flood event Unless the flood line is obviously higher, remove http://homeenergy.org/archive Respond F professional Material response drywall 48 in. above floor and check to see /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society

whether insulation above this line is dry. 50108.html 136

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Wall Architectural Wallpaper Flood event All types of wall coverings should be removed and http://homeenergy.org/archive professional Material & wall response discarded to promote drying of walls. /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society

coverings 50108.html - 12 Wall Architectural Insulation Flood event Remove water damaged drywall insulation within http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H.F - 20 Material response 24 hr. Use a moisture meter and cut sheetrock at fi.htm

least 12 in. above the flood line.

Wall Architectural Drywall/ Flood event These materials will leach the minerals from the http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H.F

Material lathe and response wall, the chalky residue formed needs to be fi.htm plaster removed under controlled conditions, the surface allowed to dry, and then painted with antimicrobial paint. If the materials have a strong odor, remove people from this area, eliminate sources of water, and replace damaged plaster.

Wall Architectural Hard non- Flood event Should be scrubbed with a mild detergent http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H.F

Material metal response followed by a rinse of a solution of 1/4 to 1/2 cup fi.htm surfaces of bleach per gallon of water. Turn heat up and use dehumidifier to help drying process. Use bleach in a well ventilated area. Test the bleach solution on surfaces prior to its use, as fading may occur on certain materials. Never mix bleach with other cleaning chemicals, especially ammonia.

Wall Architectural Vinyl and Flood event repair Resoration includes washing portion exposed to www.ornl.gov/schi/res- Assess, F academic

Material fiber / replacement flood waters. Older vinyl siding and painted fiber buildings/NaturalDisaster.htm Rebuild cement cement siding with an oxidized surface may have siding to be cleaned both above and below flood leve. Restoring much older fiber cement siding containing asbestos would require special care.

Wall Architectural Non- Flood event Remove and dispose of wet insulation, drywall, http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H.F Material structural response paneling, or other wall materials up to a point of g/Storm_Damage_restoration0

wall 15-24 in. above water line. 90104.pdf component Try to stay within 4 ft of the floor to salvage as much material as possible. 137

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Wall Architectural Plaster Flood event Once plastered walls have dried, brush off loose www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/disaster/ Respond H.F

Material response dirt and wash with mild soap and rinse with water. 490-305/490-305.html Start from bottom and work up the wall. Remove -

loose plaster and make repairs after the house is 12 completely dried. - 20 Badly damaged plaster can be resurfaced with gypsum board or plywood.

HVAC/ Architectural Electrical Flood event If any electrical circuits have gotten wet, turn off www.dhhs.state.nc.us/docs/hur Respond

Utilities hazards response power at the main breaker or fuse box. Have a ricane_afteraflood.htm licensed electrician inspect/ repair electrical wiring and equipment. Do not turn power back unless approved by electrician and local building inspector.

Misc. Architectural Protective Flood event Wear protective clothing, boots with steel or http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H.F professional gear response fiberglass shanks, hard hat, protective gloves g/Storm_Damage_restoration0 society (when handling contaminated materials). 90104.pdf Splash goggles and an organic vapor respirator are highly recommended.

HVAC/ Architectural Aluminum Flood event repair If wall surfaces must be removed, electrical wiring http://homeenergy.org/archive Rebuild F professional Utilities electric / replacement that has been immersed (especially in salt water) /hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/9 society wiring, should be replaced by a qualified electrician while 50108.html receptacles the walls are open. , and switches

HVAC/ Architectural Gas lines Flood event Upon entry, turn off any outside gas lines at the www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/disaster/ Respond H.F Utilities response meter or tank and let the house air for several 490-305/490-305.html minutes to remove foul odors or escaping gas

HVAC/ Architectural Metal Flood event Should be cleaned quickly, then wipe with a www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/disaster/ Respond H.F Utilities Roofs response kerosene-soaked cloth; oil would prevent iron from 490-305/490-305.html rusting

Misc. Architectural Cleaning Flood event Use a general-purpose household cleaner and http://www.certifiedcleaners.or Respond H.F professional method response allow at least 10 minutes for soil suspension. g/Storm_Damage_ society Flushing contaminants from salvageable surfaces restoration090104.pdf with water horse or pressure washer, working top to bottom. Wet vacuum or mop up excess rinse water from

flooring materials immediately. Repeat entire 138 procedure if necessary.

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Misc. Architectural Furniture Flood event Hardwood/ laminate furniture whose laminate is http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_ Respond H,F response intact should be air dried and cleaned with a fi.htm solution of 1/4 to 1/2 cup bleach per gallon of -

water. Dispose laminate furniture whose laminate 12 has become unglued, particle board or pressed - wafer board, and upholstered furniture damaged 20

by floods, roof leaks, sewage backup, and ground water infiltration. Upholstered furniture damaged by steam leaks or contact with drinking water should be dried within 24 hrs and monitored for fungal growth and odors.

Misc. Biological Mold and Flood event Brush off mold and mildew growth on household http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs Respond F academic Mildew response items outdoors. Vacuum floors, ceilings and walls, /d001401- treatment then wash with a detergent/ household cleaner d001500/d001493/d001493. and water solution. html Wipe mildew-stained areas with a cloth dampened with a solution of 1 cup chlorine bleach or rubbing/ denatured alcohol to 1 gallon of water. Wear protective clothing on legs, arm, feet and hands while cleaning. Pine-based or phenolic products also work well when sanitizing.

Misc. Biological Wild Flood event re- Beware of animals, such as rodents, snakes, http://www.redcross.org/servic Respond H,F animals entry spiders, and insects that may have entered the es/disaster/0,1082,0_23_,00. and insects home. During home inspection, tap loudly and html often on the floor with a stick to give notice that you are there. Animals usually move away in the presence of humans.

Table A3. Post-event analysis and recommendations. (contributor: ERDC-CERL).

Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Soffits Hurricane Develop design guidance for attaching soffits, "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document including design of baffles or filter media to Florida: Observations, prevent wind-driver rain from entering attics. Recommendations and Observed to be widespread damage throughout Technical Guidance".

the entire field of the storm. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi 139 ewRecord.do?id=1569

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Soffits Hurricane Develop and adopt wind resistance and wind-load "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document criteria regarding wind resistance for soffits. Wind- Florida: Observations, driven rain resistance of ventilated soffit panels Recommendations and

should be added. Testing Application Standard Technical Guidance". - 12 (TAS) 110 may be a suitable test method, http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - although it may require modification. ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

In numerous buildings, rain was driven into attic spaces because of soffit failures.

Roof Architectural Metal panel Hurricane Base uplift resistance on ASTM E 1592 "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document roof Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Edge Hurricane Comply with ANSI/SPRI ES-1 (2003). Use safety "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document flashings factor of 3 for critical and essential facilities and a Florida: Observations, and copings factor of 2 for other buildings. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Edge Hurricane FBC Section 1503 (Weather Protection): "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document flashings Compliance with American National Standards Florida: Observations, and copings Institute (ANSI) SPRI ES-1. Recommendations and Gutters and rooftop accessories often detach Technical Guidance". during hurricanes and become projectiles that http://www.fema.gov/library/vi cause further damage to roof and other buildings ewRecord.do?id=1569 within vicinity. For all roof systems, inadequate attention was typically given to edge flashing, coping, and gutter/ downspout design and installation. Failure of these roofing components often initiated roof membrane lifting and peeling.

Roof Architectural Gutters Hurricane FBC Section 1503 (Weather Protection) and IBC/ "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document IRC: Develop and add criteria regarding uplift Florida: Observations, resistance of gutters. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 140

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Ridge vents Hurricane FBC Section 1503 (Weather Protection) and IBC/ "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document IRC: Add criteria regarding wind and wind-driver Florida: Observations, rain resistance of ridge vents. Attachment criteria Recommendations and

require redevelopment, but TAS 110 could be Technical Guidance". - 12 referenced for rain resistance. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Roof Architectural Metal panel Hurricane FBC Section 1504 (Performance Requirements): "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document roof system Require compliance with ASTM E 1592 for testing Florida: Observations, the uplift resistance of metal panel roof systems. Recommendations and Damage to roof panels will result in wind-driven Technical Guidance". rain penetrations into the building. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Re-roofing Hurricane Install additional sheathing fasteners if existing "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document sheathing attachment is not in compliance with Florida: Observations, current building code. Tear off old roof (do not re- Recommendations and cover) in areas where basic wind speed is 110 Technical Guidance". mph or greater. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi The most common structural damage was the loss ewRecord.do?id=1569 of light-framed roof structures, primarily in the form of roof sheathing attachment failure, and subsequent damage to framing.

Roof Architectural Roof system Wind failure FBC Section 1510.3 (Recovering vs. Replacement) "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document and IBC/ IRC: Require removal of existing roof Florida: Observations, covering down to the deck and replacement of Recommendations and deteriorated sheathing in areas where basic wind Technical Guidance". speed is 110 mph or greater. If existing sheathing http://www.fema.gov/library/vi attachment does not comply with loads derived ewRecord.do?id=1569 from Chapter 16, require installation of additional fasteners to meet loads. The most common structural damage was the loss of light-framed roof structures, primarily in the form of roof sheathing attachment failure, and subsequent damage to framing. 141

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Asphalt Wind failure FBC Section 1507.2 (Roof Covering Application) "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document shingles and IBC/ IRC: Require compliance with UL 2390. Florida: Observations, Also require six nails per shingle and require use Recommendations and

of asphalt roof cement at eaves, rakes, hips, and Technical Guidance". - 12 ridges where basic wind speed is 110 mph or http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - greater (refer to Recovery Advisory No. 2). ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Roof covering damage was the most common type of building envelope damage.

Roof Architectural Mortar-set Wind failure FBC Section 1507.4 (Clay and Concrete Tile) and "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document tile roof IBC/ IRC: Provide and alternative to the use of Florida: Observations, system mortar to attach field tiles and hip/ ridge tiles. Recommendations and Missing tiles and shingles contribute to Technical Guidance". tremendous water damage inside the home. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Built up roofs Wind failure FBC Section 1508 (Roof Coverings with Slopes "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document Less than 2:12): Add technically based criteria Florida: Observations, regarding blow-off resistance of aggregate on built- Recommendations and up and sprayed polyurethane foam roofs. Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Metal panel Wind failure Chalk-line clip locations for panels with concealed "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document roof clips and ensure clip locations are not excessively Florida: Observations, spaced. Recommendations and Roof damage as the most common form of Technical Guidance". hurricane damage (due to inadequate design, http://www.fema.gov/library/vi shoddy construction, and failure to comply with ewRecord.do?id=1569 building codes) that leads to damage of building contents from wind-driven rain.

Roof Architectural Roof Wind failure Ensure manufacturers' installation instructions are "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document assembly followed and use Recovery Advisory Nos. 1 and 2. Florida: Observations, Re-evaluate attachment of factory-laminated tabs. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 142

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Roof Wind failure Install edge flashings on top of membrane to "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document assembly clamp it down. Place a bar over roof membrane Florida: Observations, near edge of flashing and coping to provide Recommendations and

secondary protection (see FEMA 424) Install Technical Guidance". - 12 exposed fasteners to weak metal edge flashings http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - and copings. ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Flashings and rooftop elements are often ripped off during hurricanes and become projectiles that contribute to greater damage to the roof and other buildings within the vicinity.

Roof Architectural Roof Wind failure Install extra clips, screws, or nails to secure "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document assembly decking to rafters or trusses and avoid roof Florida: Observations, failures (observed during Hurricane Ivan). Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Roof Wind failure Clips and straps can be installed to roof structure/ "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document assembly top of wall connection. Additional anchorage of Florida: Observations, bottom of walls can be added. Recommendations and Failed connections between the roof and wall Technical Guidance". members were observed. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Roof Wind failure Install hurricane clips or straps on inadequately "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document (general) connected roof beams and joists, strengthen Florida: Observations, aggregate-surfaced roof systems with non- Recommendations and aggregate systems, and design roof system that Technical Guidance". will prevent water infiltration if roof is hit by http://www.fema.gov/library/vi windborne debris. Install tie-down straps on ewRecord.do?id=1569 gutters to avoid membrane blow-off, anchor all rooftop equipment. Roof damage as the most common form of hurricane damage (inadequate design, shoddy construction, and failure to comply with building codes) that leads to damage of building contents from wind-driven rain. 143

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Metal panel Wind failure Specify close spacing of fasteners at eaves, and "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document roof hip and ridge flashings. Florida: Observations, Recommendations and

Technical Guidance". - 12 http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Roof Architectural Gutters and Wind failure Use professional judgment to specify and detail "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document downspouts gutter uplift resistance. Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Tile roof Wind failure Develop tiles with improved ductility via internal or "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document system backside reinforcement or bonding film in Florida: Observations, hurricane-prone regions. Recommendations and Performance of tile roof systems varied depending Technical Guidance". on installation and attachment methods with http://www.fema.gov/library/vi mortar-set system failure most frequently ewRecord.do?id=1569 observed. All types of tile and vulnerable to breakage from debris impact..

Roof Architectural Tile roof Wind failure For foam set tile, simplify number of installation "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document (foam-set) options and clarify requirements. Florida: Observations, system Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Tile roof Wind failure Modify training and certification programs to "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document (foam-set) ensure that foam-set roof installers are adequately Florida: Observations, system trained. Recommendations and Performance of tile roof systems varied depending Technical Guidance". on installation and attachment methods with http://www.fema.gov/library/vi mortar-set system failure most frequently ewRecord.do?id=1569 observed. All types of tile and vulnerable to breakage from debris impact. . 144

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Tile roof Wind failure Use a higher safety factor (e.g., 4) to account for "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document (foam-set) application and testing issues. Florida: Observations, system Recommendations and

Technical Guidance". - 12 http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Roof Architectural Mechanically Wind failure FRSA/ TRI re-evaluate use of safety factor of 2. "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document attached Either develop dynamic test method or use Florida: Observations, roof systems existing test method with higher safety factor (e.g.,. Recommendations and 3) Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Built-up roofs Wind failure Develop and codify technically based criteria for "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document aggregate surfacing on built-up and sprayed Florida: Observations, polyurethane foam roofs. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Roof Architectural Gutters and Hurricane Develop design guide, test method, and code "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document downspouts criteria for gutters, including attachment of Florida: Observations, downspouts. Recommendations and For all roof systems, inadequate attention was Technical Guidance". typically given to edge flashing, coping, and gutter/ http://www.fema.gov/library/vi downspout design and installation. Failure of ewRecord.do?id=1569 these roofing components often initiated roof membrane lifting and peeling.

Roof Architectural Rooftop Hurricane Research wind resistance of walkway pads. "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H govt. document walkway Florida: Observations, pads Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 145

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Roof Architectural Accessory Hurricane Add additional anchors at corner post connections "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Structures to concrete, use AAF Guide to Aluminum Florida: Observations, (general) Construction in High Wind Areas until FBC 2004 is Recommendations and

adopted, increase wind resistance of accessory Technical Guidance". - 12 structure walls parallel to primary building, provide http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - lateral bracing in roof planes using rigid diagonal ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

structural members, ensure attached building and primary building can withstand equal wind pressures, determine implications to primary building if attached structure collapses.

Windows Architectural Windows Hurricane IBC and FBC Section 1606.1.4 (Protection of "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document and shutters Openings): Add requirement to label shutters Florida: Observations, (other than wood) because without labels, building Recommendations and owner does not know if shutters are suitable. Technical Guidance". Broken doors and windows lead to structural http://www.fema.gov/library/vi failures due to rapid increases in internal ewRecord.do?id=1569 pressure. .

Doors Architectural Doors Wind failure Specify wind-driven rain resistant weather- "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document (general) stripping at exterior doors (FEMA 424). Design Florida: Observations, entrance vestibules in areas where basic wind Recommendations and speed is greater than 120 mph. Consider type, Technical Guidance". size, and spacing of door, frame, and frame http://www.fema.gov/library/vi fasteners to loads. If frame is attached to wood ewRecord.do?id=1569 blocking, attention should also be given to the blocking attachment. Maintain adequate edge distances for frame fasteners placed in concrete or masonry. Broken doors and windows lead to structural failures due to rapid increases in internal pressure. . 146

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Framing Structural Plywood Hurricane Use preservative-treated plywood in place of "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document sheathing gypsum board and vinyl siding as sheathing on the Florida: Observations, underside of elevated buildings. Attach plywood Recommendations and

with stainless steel nails or screws. Technical Guidance". - 12 Damage frequently seen below the lowest floor http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - above BFE on elevated buildings. ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Framing Structural General Hurricane Use ASCE 24-05 for flood resistant design of one- "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document and two-family structures. Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Framing Structural General Hurricane Use ASCE 7-05 section 5.3 and the associated "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Commentary for flood loads calculation. Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Framing Structural General Hurricane Use Home Builder's Guide to Coastal Construction "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Technical Fact Sheets (FEMA 499) and Coastal Florida: Observations, Construction Manual (FEMA 55) for additional Recommendations and guidance related to flood- (and wind-)resistant Technical Guidance". design and construction http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Framing Structural High-rise Hurricane For areas outside the V Zone, the ground level "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document foundations floor of a multistory building should either: 1) use Florida: Observations, on barrier lowest floor slab or floor system that will not Recommendations and islands collapse and can support all loads or 2) use a slab Technical Guidance". or floor system that will collapse into small pieces. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi For areas within the V zone, the ground floor ewRecord.do?id=1569 system must collapse and break into small pieces if undermined. There exists a need for construction near the coast with sound, durable materials and high- quality workmanship. 147

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Framing Structural Lowest floor Hurricane Elevate all new construction (including "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document elevation substantially improved structures and Florida: Observations, replacement of substantially damaged structures) Recommendations, and

in A Zones with the bottom of the lowest horizontal Technical Guidance". - 12 supporting member above the base flood level http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - (BFE). Freeboard for all structures in all flood ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

hazard zones is desirable; the amount will vary with the building importance (see ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 24-05) and anticipated exposure to wave effects. Most of the buildings on the bays and sounds that were severely damaged by wave and debris impacts were pre-FIRM buildings built below the current BFE or post-FIRM buildings built at BFE.

Foundation Structural Foundation Hurricane Require V-Zone design and construction for new "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document on barrier construction in coastal A Zones subject to erosion, Florida: Observations, islands scour, velocity flow, and / or wave heights greater Recommendations and than 1.5 ft. Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Foundation Structural Foundation Hurricane Use stemwall shallow footing, for wave heights "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document type between 1.5-3.0 ft and large debris Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Foundation Structural Foundation Hurricane Use stemwall deep footing, or pile/ column deep "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document type embedment, for wave heights between 1.5-3.0 ft, Florida: Observations, large debris, erodible soils, base flood inundation Recommendations and possible, and velocity flow. Technical Guidance". The erosion undermined shallow foundations and http://www.fema.gov/library/vi piers with shallow embedment. ewRecord.do?id=1569

Foundation Structural Foundation Hurricane Use pier shallow footing, for wave heights between "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document type 1.5-3.0 ft Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 148

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Foundation Structural Foundation Hurricane Use pier deep footing for wave heights between "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document type 1.5-3.0 ft, erodible soils, base flood inundation Florida: Observations, possible, and velocity flow. Recommendations and

Technical Guidance". - The erosion undermined shallow foundations and 12 piers with shallow embedment. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Foundation Structural Bulkheads Hurricane Do not rely on bulkheads to do any more than "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document retain soil under normal and minor storm Florida: Observations, conditions; do not design building foundations or Recommendations and other structures that rely on bulkheads to retain Technical Guidance". soil during a base flood event. http://www.fema.gov/library/vi Damage to bulkheads was frequently observed. ewRecord.do?id=1569

HVAC/ Exterior Hurricane Develop guidance and code criteria for attaching "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities Equipment condensers and rooftop mechanical equipment Florida: Observations, (general) (including ductwork). Recommendations and The lack of design and installation attention Technical Guidance". resulted in the destruction of building service utility http://www.fema.gov/library/vi lines, systems, and equipment, and led to the loss ewRecord.do?id=1569 of function of the occupied space. .

HVAC/ Architectural Lightning Hurricane Develop guidance and code criteria for "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities protection attachment of lightning protection systems (see Florida: Observations, systems FEMA 424), communications towers, and satellite Recommendations and dishes Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

HVAC/ Architectural Cowlings Hurricane Anchor cowlings on exhaust fans to curbs using "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities cables (see FEMA 424). Florida: Observations, The lack of design and installation attention Recommendations and resulted in the destruction of building service utility Technical Guidance". lines, systems, and equipment, and led to the loss http://www.fema.gov/library/vi of function of the occupied space. ewRecord.do?id=1569

HVAC/ Architectural Access Hurricane Modify access panels attached by manufacturer to "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities panels ensure secure attachment (see FEMA 424) Florida: Observations, Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 149

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

HVAC/ Architectural Exterior Hurricane For all exterior equipment, recommended safety "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities Equipment factor of 3 due to uncertainties pertaining to wind Florida: Observations, (general) load Recommendations and

Technical Guidance". - 12 http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

HVAC/ Architectural Exterior Hurricane Evaluate the need to better secure exterior "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities Equipment devices, such as pool equipment and roof- Florida: Observations, (general) mounted solar heaters Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

HVAC/ Architectural Electrical Hurricane Should be securely fastened to the landward side "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities wiring and of an interior piling and not attached to breakaway Florida: Observations, equipment, walls or in areas exposed to wave and debris Recommendations and plumping impacts Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

HVAC/ Architectural HVAC Hurricane Should be elevated above BFE and preferably to "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document Utilities systems the same elevation as the lowest floor of the Florida: Observations, building, and should be supported and fastened to Recommendations and prevent damage from flooding and high winds. Technical Guidance". Cantilevered platform is preferred. Knee-braced http://www.fema.gov/library/vi platform supports (with knee braces above the ewRecord.do?id=1569 wave and debris impacts) and pile supports are acceptable. Detailed guidance is lacking in design and installation.

Misc.. Structural Pools Hurricane Elevate the pool above the BFE on a pile "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document foundation or install a frangible pool at grade level Florida: Observations, and consider it expendable. Recommendations and Severe damage to pools was frequently observed. Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569 150

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Misc. Storm surge Hurricane Re-evaluate the following: storm climatology, "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document water-level data, storm-surge modeling; run Florida: Observations, modern storm-surge models as basis for Recommendations and

determining new BFEs. Technical Guidance". - 12 The storm surge modeling was performed over 25 http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - yrs ago and did not account for possible ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

subsequent changes in the topography of the barrier islands.

Misc. All A Zones in Hurricane Re-evaluate the hazard identification/mapping "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document coastal approaches in coastal A Zones. Florida: Observations, areas Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Misc. Zones B, C, Hurricane Re-evaluate flood and erosion hazards associated "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document and X on with areas outside the SFHA on barrier islands. Florida: Observations, barrier The storm surge modeling was performed over 25 Recommendations and islands yrs ago and did not account for possible Technical Guidance". subsequent changes in the topography of the http://www.fema.gov/library/vi barrier islands. ewRecord.do?id=1569

Misc. Open coast Hurricane Re-evaluate flood hazard mapping of open coast "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document future areas should account for multiple events and Florida: Observations, conditions future conditioning (e.g., long term erosion and Recommendations and mapping sea level rise). Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Misc. New Hurricane Elevate new structures in flood prone areas to the "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document structures 500-year (0.2% annual exceedance) flood level or Florida: Observations, higher based on ASCE 24. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi ewRecord.do?id=1569

Misc. Public Hurricane Do not open shelters located in potential storm- "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document shelters surge inundation zones until after the hurricane Florida: Observations, makes landfall. Recommendations and Technical Guidance". http://www.fema.gov/library/vi

ewRecord.do?id=1569 151

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Misc. Existing Hurricane Evaluate vulnerability of existing structures in light "Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Assess H, F govt. document structures of recent damage to similar facilities, then Florida: Observations, strengthen and flood proof structures where Recommendations and

feasible. Technical Guidance". - 12 http://www.fema.gov/library/vi - ewRecord.do?id=1569 20

Table A4. Detection technologies (contributor: ERDC-CERL).

Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

House Biological Mold Wet materials IAQ Pro® ASP/Pen Rapid Field Tests. Alexeter Technologies Assess H, F website Instrument designed for on-site screening for http://www.alexeter.com/iaq/p

environmental mold contamination. roducts/products.asp

House Biological Mold Wet materials Mold Check Kits. Home Health Science Assess H, F website Easy-to-operate mold testing technology. Tests http://moldcheck.com/UsingM results available within 3-5 days. oldTestKits.php

House Biological Mold Wet materials Mold Trace Kit Toxic Mold Laboratory Assess H, F website Colorimetric test for the detection of molds in http://www.toxicmoldlab.com/

surfaces. Results within 10 minutes. mold-test-kits/mold-trace

House Biological Mold Wet materials Viable Mold Test Kit IMS Laboratory, LLC Assess H, F website Both air and surfaces can be evaluated for mold http://www.homemoldtestkit.co with this test kit. m/store/index.php?main_page =product_info&products_id=10 &utm_source=google&utm_me dium=products&utm_campaign

=froogle

House Biological Mold Wet materials The Professional Mold Test Kit http://www.healthyhomemall.c Assess H, F website By using this test kit, the presence of mold can be om/detail.asp?PRODUCT_ID=P

detected in a 48 hours period. LB-MO109

House Chemical Lead Paint release Lead Check - Instant Lead Testing Hybrivet Systems, Inc. Assess F website

Provides quick lead detection in different www.leadcheck.com conditions. 152

ERDC/CERL TR

Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

House Chemical Lead Paint release Lead Inspector Abotex Assess F website This test kit provides instant lead detection based http://www.leadinspector.com/

in colorimetry. #kit_prices - 12 House Chemical Lead Paint release PRO-LAB's Lead Surface Test Kit Pro-Lab Assess F website - 20 As with previous technologies this test kit provides http://www.homestoreproducts instant lead detection in different surfaces. .com/cart/index.html?target=L

ead_in_Toys.html

HVAC/ Chemical Combustible Gas release after BX168 Portable gas detector Hanwei Electronics Co Assess E,F website Utilities gas unexpected This instrument can be used to detect methane, http://sensor.diytrade.com/sdp movement or natural gases, coal gases, hexane, propane, /58594/4/cp-25287.html malfunction of benzene, ethyne, Butane, pentane, Isopropyl utilities alcohol, (Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol,) aether, ketone (butone, protone), Hydrogen, toluene, and other compounds (gasoline, industrial solvent, Lacquer, refrigerant, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, sulfureted hydrogen , acetic acid etc).

HVAC/ Chemical Natural Gas Gas release after NGDETECTOR Natural Gas Detector R.E. Williams Contractor Inc. Assess E,F website Utilities unexpected Detector should be located close to utilities to http://www.rewci.com/nagasde

movement or detect any gas leakage. wibab.html malfunction of utilities

HVAC/ Chemical Combustible Gas release after TIF 8800A Combustible Gas Detector Professional Equipment Assess E,F website Utilities gas unexpected The instrument can detect gasoline, propane, http://www.professionalequipm movement or natural gas, fuel oil and other gases in any ent.com/tif-8800a-combustible- malfunction of environment. gas-detector-8800a/gas-

utilities detector/

Misc. Biological Indoor Presence of EnviroCheck Indoor Air Quality Test Kit Health Goods Assess H,F website

Pollutants biological This technology can measure different types of www.healthgoods.com contaminants in indoor biological contaminants: mold, bacteria, the air yeast and fungus.

Misc. Chemical Indoor Gas release after EnviroCheck Indoor Air Quality Test Kit Health Goods Assess website

Pollutants unexpected This technology can measure different types of www.healthgoods.com movement or indoor contaminants: carbon dioxide (CO2), malfunction of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), utilities formaldehyde (HCHO), 153

ERDC/CERL TR

Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcat. Element Disaster

Misc. Biological Coliform Bacteria present in WaterWorks Bacteria Check Professional Equipment Assess F website contaminated Water Quality Test (Bacteria Check) http://www.professionalequipm water Bacteria Check uses a standard ent.com/water-quality-test- - presence/absence growth media. Results can be bottle-waterworks-industrial- 12 test-systems-481197/water- obtained in 48 hr. - 20

quality-testing/

Misc. Biological Coliform Bacteria present in Coliform Test Kit LaMotte Assess F website contaminated This test kit also confirms the presence or http://www.lamotte.com/pages

water absence of coliform bacteria in drinking water. /micro/4-3616.html Results obtained in 48 hr.

Misc. Biological Coliform Bacteria present in Cole-Parmer Coliform Test Kit Cole-Parmer Assess F website contaminated A color change and bubble formation will indicate http://www.coleparmer.com/ca water bacterial presence. talog/product_view.asp?sku=9

956100

154

ERDC/CERL TR Table A5. Environment and sustainability. Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcategory. Element Disaster

3 Foundation Structural Cracked Strong Ultrasonic Vibration Testing www.hurricanetesting.com Assess E website foundation vibrations from - earthquake 12 - 4 Wall Architectural Building Post-hurricane If either exterior or interior surfaces or exterior "Read This Before You Design Rebuild H professional 20

Material envelope or flood walls need to be replaced, provide proper Build or Renovate", society rebuilding moisture management strategies involving the www.buildingscienceconsulting. building envelope, such as having an overhanging com/resources/mold/Read_Thi roof, proper door and window flashing, sealing roof s_Before_You_Design_Build_or and wall penetrations such as chimneys and vent _Renovate.pdf stacks, providing a house-wrap weather barrier or asphalt impregnated paper (tar paper), providing a rain screen detain, providing an air barrier in the insulated envelope, and selecting both interior and exterior finishes that fit the vapor profile. If a replacing exterior wall surfaces does not properly prevent moisture intrusion or allow proper ventilation, any trapped moisture in the envelope can ultimately lead to deterioration of building materials, mold, and eventual replacement of certain components and clean up efforts. Having to replace water damaged or moldy materials is wasteful when these results could have been prevented through proper moisture management. 155

ERDC/CERL TR Element Element Element Event Current Technology/Guidance; Comments Source Program Applic. Method Classif. Subcategory. Element Disaster

5 Wall Architectural Vapor profile Post-hurricane If either exterior or interior surfaces of exterior ReGreen, ASID & USGBC Rebuild H professional Material or flood walls need to be replaced, evaluate all Residential Remodeling society rebuilding components in the building assembly not just the Guidelines, Second Edition -

vapor permeability of the vapor barrier, to ensure 12 there exists at least one path for drying. This is - especially important when new components are 20

being added to an existing wall, roof, or foundation assembly. In general, avoid components with very low vapor permeability unless the climate and assembly requires it. Assessing vapor profiles is largely dependent on the regional climate. Improper assembly and choice of components during repairs will lead to entrapment of moisture inside wall cavities and can cause deterioration of building materials as well as mold and interior air quality problems.

6 Window Architectural Windowsills Post-hurricane If windows and widown sills must be replaced, ReGreen, ASID & USGBC Rebuild H professional or flood properly detail windowsills in wet areas such as Residential Remodeling society rebuilding bathrooms. The sill must be of water impermeable Guidelines, Second Edition material, such as marble or Corian, not tiled with grout joints unless the grout is epoxy-based, and must be pan-flashed or sealed as if it were an exterior sill. Choose a moisture-tolerant frame material, such as plastic or fiberglass, not wood or metal-clad. Improperly detailed windowsills during repairs can lead to moisture damage of sill and framing materials resulting in the premature (and wasteful) replacement of window components. 156

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7 Grounds Structural Deck Post-hurricane If a deck must be replaced, use non toxic "Deck2 Wall Spacer", Rebuild H professional or flood materials, such as recycled plastic lumber, or low www.screw- society rebuilding toxicity materials such as ammonical copper quat products.com/deck2wallsapcer -

(ACQ) or borate based lumber treatments. Ensure .htm 12 fasteners are compatible with the lumber ReGreen, ASID & USGBC - treatment to ensure structural stability and long- Residential Remodeling 20

term moisture management and durability, and to Guidelines, Second Edition reduce risk of failure. Proper flashing for http://www.toolbase.org/Techn connections will ensure the longevity of both the ology-Inventory/Decks-Patios- decking and house. Fences/low-toxicity-wood- Copper chromated arsenate (CCA) treated lumber preservative is no longer sold for residential applications because of toxicity and health concerns. Improperly detailed, the deck connection can channel water into the ledger plate and rim joists of the house, causing rot, which in turn can weaken the deck connection to the house, risking catastrophic failure. Rebuilding the deck will consume much greater natural resources compared to the materials used in detailing the connection. Improperly detailed decks could become detached in the event of a hurricane or flood and become projectile weapons that will likely cause further damage to homes. 157

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8 Grounds Architectural Porous Post-hurricane If driveways, pathways, patios, alleys need to be Porous Pavements, Bruce Rebuild H,F professional pavement or flood replaced, provide porous pavement to allow Ferguson, CRC Press, 2005, society rebuilding rainwater to infiltrate the ground instead of www.buildinggreen.com/biblio/i -

flooding storm sewers (to reduce contamination of temID=1362 Center for 12 surface waters with pollutants that are picked up Watershed Protection, - in storm water runoff), lessening the risk and www.cwp.org "Permeable 20

frequency of downstream flooding, and reduce Pavement", combined sewage overflow events. toolbase.org/Technology- To replace paved surfaces, use porous grid Inventory/Sitework/permeable- pavers, pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and pavement specialized turf and gravel systems in which a matrix supports these porous materials and prevents vehicles from compacting the ground. Porous pavements often require more maintenance than impervious surfaces because plants are able to grow through the assembly and pavements may become clogged with sand or damaged by plowing in cold climates.

9 HVAC/ Architectural Plumbing Post-hurricane If plumbing fixtures need to be replaced, install www.epa.gov/watersense/ Rebuild H,F professional Utilities fixtures or flood low-water-use faucets to save energy. These www.h2ouse.org/ society rebuilding fixtures cut the flow rate from a standard 2.5 gpm to 2.0 or 1.5 gpm. Flip-type aerators that allow the user to quickly cut the water flow without altering the hot-cold mix and hands-free faucet with foot or knee photoelectric controls are also sustainable alternatives to standard faucets. Using plumbing fixtures with a lower flow rate will use less water and increase energy savings. 158

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10 Grounds Biological Lawn Post-hurricane If lawns need to be replaced, consider reducing "Reducing Lawn Area", Rebuild H,F professional or flood the size of turf grass areas and instead use local www.recycleworks.org/greenbui society rebuilding species of plants, wildlife habitat, and xeriscaping lding/su_lawnarea.html -

in arid regions. Conventional lawns carry 12 significant environmental burdens, requiring - fertilizers, pesticides, regular irrigation (causing 20

run off and necessitating sewage treatment burden) and mowing (which emits more air pollution per unit of gasoline burned than cars). When replacing damaged exterior property, where climate permits, plant edible vegetation along with or instead of ornamental plants. Eating home grown produce is not only healthier but cuts down the transportation energy compared to store bought food. The initial cost in replacing lawn with native plant habitat can be expensive; however, the maintenance of natural habitat is usually lower than the cost of caring for lawns.

11 Grounds Architectural Site Post-hurricane If major construction activities are neccessary, Erosion Control Technology Rebuild H,F professional disturbance or flood measures should be taken to keep site Council, www.ectc.org "The Low society rebuilding disturbances to a minimum. Protect tree trunks Risk Site Handbook for Erosion from physical damage. Avoid parking or storing Prevention and Sediment materials near trees as the soil compaction can Control", damage tree roots. Protect vegetation and www.vtwaterquality.org/stormw relocate plants if necessary. Implement soil ater/docs/construction/sw_low erosion control using silt fencing, berming, wood _risk_site_handbook.pdf chip entry pads, and straw bales to filter runoff (incorporate green waste where possible). Mak sure construction equipments and machinery are not leaking fuel or hydraulic fluids into the soil. Construction and remodeling processes can cause considerable environmental damage to a site. Therefore, use careful planning and on-site management. 159

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12 Grounds Biological Trees and Post-hurricane If replacement of trees is necessary, use the "Conserving Energy with Rebuild H,F professional plantings or flood opportunity plant new trees and introduce Landscaping," society rebuilding landscaping that help reduce cooling loads. Tall www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/envirohor -

deciduous trees should be planted on the south t/426-712/426-712.html 12 side to reduce cooling loads in the summer, and - allow low wintertime sunlight through. On the west 20

walls, trellis, arbors, and planting beds for tall annuals provide shading of windows to reduce summer heat gain. By reducing the amount of sunlight entering a building envelope, less air- condition is needed for thermal comfort, thus equals energy savings. Similarly when making site and home improvements, removing or pruning trees on the south, eas , or west facades will allow solar access to help warm spaces within a house and can increase air circulation. .

13 Grounds Biological Landscape Post-hurricane If major reconstruction is necessary, consider Rebuild H,F professional features or flood adding landscape features such as berms, walls, society rebuilding plantings to shield house from noise, street lighting, unpleasant views, wind, and excessive sunlight. Utilizing the rebuilding opportunity to improve the exterior exteior proper will enhance a home's habitablity and quality of living..

14 Grounds Architectural Erosion Post-hurricane When replacing damaged exterior property, use Rebuild H,F professional control or flood site-chipped or ground clean wood waste as society rebuilding erosion control. Chipped or ground clean wood waste can be put in woven "socks" and placed as a drive pad at site entrances to reduce soil erosion and keep runoff from the streets and sewers. If basements need to be pumped out, make sure that the discharge will not induce additional erosion. Using clean wood waste means no pressure- treated, wood-composite, or wood materials laminated with non-wood material. Check to make sure that local regulations permit the use of engineered wood waste for mulching

and soil erosion control. 160

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15 Roof Architectural Rainwater Post-hurricane If roofs or roofing accessories need replacing, The Rainwater Harvesting Rebuild H,F professional collection or flood consider using the opportunity to capture Community, society rebuilding rainwater for landscape irrigation and indoor use, www.harvesth2o.com -

or even filtering it for drinking will save energy 12 costs and promote sustainable living. A basic - method for collecting rainwater (for non-potable or 20

irrigation use) is positioning a rain barrel below the downspout, and the hose from the barrel is used to water plants. The system should be covered to prevent mosquito settlement and keep out animals, children and sunlight Depending on the roofing material, the quality of harvested rainwater could differ. Check with local authority to see whether on-site rainwater collection is permitted.

16 HVAC/ Architectural Toilets Post-hurricane If toilet fixtures need to be replaced, choose high- Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood efficiency models to cut down water use, since society rebuilding toilet flushing uses the most amount of water. High-efficiency toilets use as little as 1.0 gallons per flush (gpf), while older toilets use 3.5 gpf and as much as 7gpf. Choose a model that has been put through third- party MaP testing and is rated in grams; look for MaP test results of 350 grams or higher toilets that meet the new EPA WaterSense program requirements.

17 HVAC/ Architectural Water- Post-hurricane Since bathroom faucets for washing hands and Rebuild H,F professional Utilities conserving or flood brushing teeth, do not require a high flow rate, society bathroom rebuilding install water-conserving bathroom faucet aerator faucet aerator to reduce the flow to 1.0 gpm or even as little as 0.5 gpm as a part of bathroom rehabilitation Be aware that the lower the flow rate of a faucet, the longer it will take for hot water to reach the tap. 161

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18 HVAC/ Architectural heating and Post-hurricane If any building envelope components need Rebuild H,F professional Utilities cooling loads or flood replacing (roofs or walls), before going ahead with society rebuilding rebuilding with added changes to the building -

envelope, use computer modeling to calculate 12 heat gain, heat loss, and heating and cooling - loads. Properly size and optimize the performance 20

of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning equipment in conjunction with building envelope performance, otherwise much energy will be wasted as systmes will work harder to maintain optimal thermal comfort. Use the component replacement opportunity to improve overall HVAC performance of a home, minimize energy use, and save money.

19 Foundation Structural Floor Slab and Post-hurricane If the foundation is damaged or there is extensive "Upgrading below Grade", Rebuild H,F professional Flooring foundation or flood erosion or scour damage around the foundation, www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=23 society walls rebuilding consider adding insulation to the perimeter of the 716 foundation, (e.g., floor slab perimeter and foundation walls; applicable to most climates) along with proper moisture management. Use extruded polystyrene, high-density expanded polystyrene, ridged mineral wool or rigid fiberglass insulation. For areas that are subject to floods, use a material that will not absorb water such as extruded polystyrene or similar closed-cell material. Insulation should reach down to the frost line/ foundation footing. Insulating floor slab and foundation walls will slow heat transfer between the interior and outdoors, thus helping reduce energy costs of heating or cooling a home.

21 Roof Architectural Radiant Post-hurricane If replacement of roof insulation, structure, "Radiant Barriers", Rebuild H,F professional barrier in attic or flood sheathing, or roofing is necessary in warm climate www.eere.energy.gov/consume society rebuilding regions, consider attic radiant barriers which can r/your_home/ reduce cooling loads by reflecting insolation back into the atmosphere. Radiant barriers must face an air space to be effective, and their surfaces must be kept clean and dust free for maximum efficiency. 162

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22 Flooring Structural Rim joists Post-hurricane If exterior wall materials must be removed and Rebuild H,F professional or flood replaced, extend the insulation over the exterior of society rebuilding rim joists to cover the seam between the wall -

frame and floor deck and the seam between the 12 foundation and sill plate in homes with a full - basement or crawl space, since those are 20

particularly vulnerable to heat loss and air leakage. A combination of rigid insulation and caulking or sealant should be used, or a spray polyurethane foam insulation that provides a thorough air seal. In areas susceptible to flooding, use water resistant insulation, not cellulose or fiberglass batt insulation, which also cannot serve as a continuous air barrier.

23 Window Architectural Windows Post-hurricane If windows need replacement, upgrade existing "Windows," Rebuild H,F professional or flood windows with high-performance windows to www1.eere.energy.gov/consum society rebuilding decrease heat loss during the winter and heat er/tips/windows.html gain in the summer, especially for south facing windows in northern climates which should have a U-factor of greater or equal to 0.30. For north central climates and south central climates, the U- factor should be greater or equal to 0.32, and similarly 0.55 for southern climates. However, if circumstances do not allow full replacement of existing windows, install exterior, airtight, low-e storm windows, which shield existing sashes from bulk water and UV degradation and help reduce noise penetration. Use plantings and awnings as shading devices to further reduce solar gain. Be aware of the potential for continued lead paint exposure from old painted windows, sash, or trim. 163

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24 Doors Architectural Exterior doors Post-hurricane If exterior door/ window and frame both need "Storm Doors," Rebuild H,F professional Windows and windows or flood replacing, or just the door/window needs www.eere.energy.gov/consume society rebuilding replacing, upgrade existing exterior door/window r/your_home/ -

with newer, more airtight or weatherstrip assembly 12 to increase thermal comfort. Make sure both - frame and door/window are properly sealed. While 20

replacing the door/window, be sure to seal air leaks first in the trim and frame before replacing doors and windows, which do not typically give a big boost to an existing home's air tightness. Minimizing heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer through the replacement of a more efficient door will lower energy bills.

26 Window Architectural Window Post-hurricane If windows are to be replaced, specify different Residential Windows, John Rebuild H,F professional glazings or flood glazings for different orientations on new windows. Carmody et al., society rebuilding On south facing windows, where wintertime solar www.efficientwindows.org/book heat gain is generally desirable, install windows s.cfm with high solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and low-e. On east and west windows, controlling summertime unwanted solar heat gain is important, install windows that have lower SHGC values and higher R-values (lower U-values). On north windows, maximizing the R-value is important and SHGC is not a great concern. By controlling heat gain through replacement of windows with more efficient types, less energy will be needed to cool living spaces. Incorporate interior (venetian blinds, louvers) and exterior (overhangs, vertical fins, or light shelves) shading devices, as well as landscaping features (trees, hedges) to further control solar heat gain. 164

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27 Roof Architectural Skylights Post-hurricane If roofing or roof sheathing need to be replaced, Efficient Windows Collaborative, Rebuild H,F professional or flood consider installing skylights to reduce artificial www.efficientwindows.org/ society rebuilding lighting energy. However skylights may result in -

significant overheating especially mounted on 12 south or west roofs. Provide shading to skylights, - such as integral blinds mounted between panes of 20

glass that can be opened or closed to control heat gain and electrochromic glazing that allow users to tint the glass with a push of a button. By controlling heat gain through replacement of skylights with more efficient ones, less energy will be needed to cool living spaces.

28 Window Architectural Exterior Post-hurricane If exterior walls need to replaced and shading "FSEC Window Orientation and Rebuild H,F professional shading or flood devices are needed, install awnings or other Shading" society devices rebuilding exterior window shading system in hot sunny www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consume climates on west, east, and south facing windows. r/buildings/homes/windows/ The type and configuration of shading system shall depend on the climate, path of the sun, and building orientation. For example, south-facing windows in cold climates should have overhangs that allow solar radiation penetration during winter months, but in hot climates the overhang should entirely block the mid-day sun all year round. An improperly designed and implemented overhang or awning may block too much daylight and reduce beneficial passive solar heating. Sun screens, blinds, louvers, awning, overhangs, trellis and vines are just some examples of shading systems. By controlling heat gain through implementing awnings, less energy will be needed to cool living spaces. 165

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29 HVAC/ Architectural Mechanical Post-hurricane If the HVAC system needs to be replaced, use the "ACCA Quality Installation" Rebuild H,F professional Utilities system design or flood Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) ww.acca.org/quality/ society rebuilding Manual's J, S, and D for calculating energy loads, -

mechanical system sizing, and duct design. 12 Ensure proper sizing and installation by following - the Energy Star/ACCA Quality Installation 20

Standards. When retrofitting a home after a disaster, correct sizing of mechanical systems is essential to maximizing HVAC energy efficiency. Significant improvements to the building envelope will reduce load demands and require smaller HVAC systems.

30 HVAC/ Architectural Air- Post-hurricane If the existing HVAC system needs to be replaced, "Evaporative Cooling" Rebuild H,F professional Utilities conditioning or flood consider alternatives to conventional refrigerant- ateam.lbl.gov/Design- society rebuilding cycle air-conditioning that rely on Rankine-cycle Guide/DGHtm/evaporativecooli compressors and refrigerants instead of central or ng.htm room air-conditioners. One alternative is to use a whole-house fan or attic fan to circulate a large volume of air through the house at night when the outside air is cooler, and close up the house during the day to preserve the temperature. In dry climates, evaporative coolers can provide energy- efficient cooling by evaporating water into the occupied space. Another option that uses compression air- conditioning is to provide ice storage so that the compressor can operate at night during off-peak hours. Also consider installing geothermal heat pumps which use the earth to heat or cool a home (can be applied in many climates), and water-to- water system (if the home is near a pond or a large water source). 166

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31 HVAC/ Architectural HVAC Post-hurricane If the existing HVAC system needs to be replaced, American Council for an Energy- Rebuild H,F professional Utilities equipment or flood select high-efficient HVAC equipment. Top- efficient Economy, society rebuilding efficiency gas furnaces and boilers have AFUE www.aceee.org -

ratings of 95% or higher. The best oil-fired 12 equipment exceeds 90% AFUE. Central air- - conditioning systems are available with SEER 20

performance above 15 (the minimum allowable is now SEER 13), and room air-conditioners are available with SEER performance above 12 (the minimum ranges from 8.5 to 9.8). Consider installing an air-to-air exchanger (HRV) for fresh air and moisture control to maximize heating energy. High-efficiency heat pumps can significantly reduce furnace run times and lower natural gas demands. If there is a limited budget, rather than spending the money to upgrade the heating and cooling equipment, reduce the heating and cooling loads by improving the building envelope and upgrade only the HVAC motor to a variable-speed motor to improve overall efficiency of the HVAC system. Be sure to have a licensed HVAC contractor who references the ARI contractor Guide to ensure properly matched system components. 167

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32 HVAC/ Architectural Ducts Post-hurricane If existing duct works are to remain, they will need National Air Duct Cleaners Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood to be cleaned. Conduct duct tightness test after in Association, www.nadca.com/ society rebuilding homes with forced-air systems and seal leakage -

where duct work is accessible. If duct work needs 12 to be replaced, also conduct air tightness test. - Make sure ducting is clean for a healthy indoor 20

environment, particularly after construction or remodeling work. After cleaning a pressure test using a Blaster system should be conducted. The performance of duct distribution system can affect energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality Cover registers and any other duct openings during renovation, with plastic and duct tape or with a specialized product. Ducts should be cleaned only by trained professionals; improper cleaning can release particulates and other contaminants into the household air.

33 HVAC/ Architectural HVAC Post-hurricane If air distribution system needs to be replaced, be "HARDI Architect, Builder & Rebuild H,F professional Utilities distribution or flood sure to properly seal and insulate HVAC Remodeler Good Practice society system rebuilding distribution system. The duct work should be Guide" located or routed should be kept within the www.hardinet.org/pdf/GdPract insulated envelope and out of exterior walls Guide2.pdf whenever possible. All ducting should be properly sealed with mastic designed for duct sealing, and any ducts that extend through unconditioned or partially conditioned space should be insulated to at least code minimums. Test the air tightness of ducting after sealing and insulating using a Duct Blaster or comparable duct testing equipment. Hydronic piping that extends through unconditioned or partially conditioned space should be fitted with pipe insulation providing a minimum of R-3. For forced-air distribution heating and cooling systems, duct losses can reduce overall efficiency by 30% and therefore lead to wasteful energy use. With hydronic heating, uninsulated pipes in unconditioned spaces can lower efficiency and pose failure problems. 168

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34 HVAC/ Architectural Air-lock dryer Post-hurricane If the dryer or dryer exhaust system need to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities vent or flood replaced, install a vent cap over the dryer vent that society rebuilding exhaust hot moist air from drying clothes to -

prevent air infiltration when the dryer is not 12 operating - 20 Air infiltration will decrease the thermal comfort inside the home, put greater demand on the HVAC system, and increase the energy bills

35 Foundation Architectural Basement Post-hurricane During repairs and remodeling to the basement, if Rebuild H,F professional and or flood basement or crawl space is previously society crawlspace rebuilding unconditioned, seal or condition these spaces (applicable to more humid climates including most of the United States east of the Mississippi River). Summertime ventilation of basements and unconditioned crawl spaces actually introduce more moisture than it removes, therefore it is advisable to keep windows and ventilation ports to these spaces closed. Excessive moisture can lead to damage to the structural integrity of the foundation and deterioration of adjacent materials, not to mention mold, mildew, fungus, and unpleasant odors. However, this general recommendation may not apply in certain situations; therefore consult an experienced building professional. Some building codes still require basement and crawl space ventilation, which poses as a challenge when asking local building officials for exemptions to these requirements. Cite the extensive field research on unvented crawlspaces done by organizations such as the Building Science Corporation or Advanced Energy Corporation. 169

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36 HVAC/ Chemical Refrigerants Post-hurricane When upgrading or replacing air-conditioning (AC) "What You Should Know about Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood equipment, consider equipment with the lowest Refrigerants When Purchasing society rebuilding global potential. Avoid ozone-depleting refrigerants or Repairing a Residential A/C -

such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and HCFCs System or Heat Pump" 12 (less harmful but still a problem) with ozone safe www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/pha - HFCs, hydrocarbons such as pentane, or seout/22phaseout.html 20

equipment that use no refrigerants at all. Non- HCFC refrigerants may lower the overall energy efficiency of AC equipment to some extent. This lower efficiency can be compensated for by using better heat exchangers and ECM motors, but those features raise costs. Some ozone-safe refrigerants are also fairly potent greenhouse gases. The US Green Building Council recommends considering both ozone-depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) when selecting cooling equipment. Ozone depletion is weakening the protective layer of the atmosphere that shields plants and animals from harmful ultra violet rays. Greenhouse gases trap heat and contribute to global warming and also contribute to ozone depletion. Central air-conditioning (AC) systems are increasingly available with ozone-safe refrigerants, but window AC units are several years behind in replacing HCFCs, so finding alternative products will be more difficult. Refrigerants used in AC equipment are still largely dependent or HCFC refrigerants, including R-22.

37 HVAC/ Architectural Ceiling Fan Post-hurricane If HVAC system needs to be replaced, consider "Ceiling Fans" Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood installing a ceiling fan in living spaces, which is an www.energystar.gov/ society rebuilding inexpensive way to reduce air-conditioning use by helping people feel comfortable at higher air temperatures. Increased air circulation from a ceiling fan will speed up evaporation and allow occupants in a home to be comfortable at air temperatures of 82F or higher. A ceiling fan requires adequate ceiling height, therefore check local building code requirements. 170

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38 HVAC/ Architectural Plumbing Post-hurricane If plumbing and plumbing fixtures need to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood replaced, reconfigure plumbing to distribute society rebuilding domestic hot water efficiently. Use a pipe diameter -

no larger than is required for the flow, design runs 12 no longer than needed, minimize the number of - hard angle bends, and do not plumb in the exterior 20

envelope. Long distances from water heater to kitchen sink waste water. Long waits for hot water can be reduced with an on-demand recirculating system that uses a small, user controlled pump to bring hot water to the sink quickly and returns water in the pipe to the water heater. "Home-run" plumbing systems, in which individuals runs of PEX tubing are made to each fixture from a central manifold with the tubing diameter optimized for the flow-rate of the fixture, are one approach for optimizing hot water distribution. Not all kitchen spaces may lend themselves to optimal plumbing distribution for energy and water efficiency. 171

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39 HVAC/ Architectural Water heater Post-hurricane If the water heater needs replacing, choose a high- "Selecting a New Water Heater" Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood efficiency water heater whether electric or gas- www.eere.energy.gov/consume society rebuilding fired, storage or tankless. Electric-demand water r/your_home/ -

heaters are not recommended for whole-house "Consumer Guide to Home 12 applications because of the very large power Energy Savings: Water Heating" - demand (40 to 60 amps at 240 volts). With gas- www.aceee.org/consumerguide 20

fired water heaters, choose sealed-combustion /waterheating.htm models to prevent risk of spilling combustion gases into the house. With gas-fired tankless (demand) water heaters, models with electronic ignition are significantly more efficient than models with pilot lights; some models include very high-efficiency heat exchangers and condensing technology. A water heater can be one of the two or three largest energy users in a home, therefore it is important to select a high-efficiency model. Tankless demand water heaters are a great energy saver, since they do not store hot water therefore there is no stand-by heat loss, which accounts for much of the efficiency loss with storage type water heaters. 17 2

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40 HVAC/ Architectural Water heater Post-hurricane If the water heater has to be replaced, insulate Consumer Guide to Home Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood storage-type water heaters reduces standby heat Energy Savings, 9th Edition, society rebuilding loss, improving overall energy efficiency. Water American Council for an Energy- -

heater blankets are available from weatherization Efficient Economy, 12 supply companies and from some utility www.aceee.org - companies. Most are fiberglass with plastic 20

backing. Be sure to also insulate hot water pipes leading from the water heater. After repairs and improvements to the HVAC systems, set water heater temperature no higher than necessary, to a recommended 120F; temperatures above 125F can cause severe burns. Also, setting the water heater's thermostat to a lower temperature will help conserve energy and slow corrosion in the water heater and pipes and prolongs their efficiency. With gas-fired natural draft water heaters, air flow beneath the water heater must not be blocked because the air flow is needed for combustion. Follow the manufacturer's instruction for insulation.

41 HVAC/ Architectural Hot water Post-hurricane If hot water distribution system needs to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities pipes or flood replaced or repaired, insulate hot water pipes to society rebuilding slow the cooling of hot water and reduce water waste and limiting the time of operation of a water heater. If during repairs one is unable to insulate all piping, concentrate on the first 6 to 8 feet from the water heater; insulate elbows and fittings in addition to straight runs. Insulating hot water pipes will increase the likelihood that the water in the pipes will be warm when the tap is turned on. 173

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42 HVAC/ Architectural Daylighting Post-hurricane If the building envelope need significant repairing Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood or replacing, consider daylighting as a method of society rebuilding ambient lighting and passive heating in the winter -

through windows, skylights, and tubular skylights. 12 Select glazing systems carefully to meet or exceed - the energy performance of the rest of the house. 20

With large glazing areas, opt for glazing that will minimize the increased cooling loads Light-colored walls and ceilings can help distribute daylight more deeply into a space.

43 HVAC/ Architectural Lighting Post-hurricane If light fixtures need replacing or overall lighting "Understanding High Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood system needs improving, provide appropriate mix Performance Lighting: Room-by- society rebuilding of color-correct and energy-efficient ambient and Room Designs" task lighting. Ambient lighting should be provided www.ibacos.com/hpl5.html by daylight during the daytime if possible, with fluorescent lights for overcast days and night. Indirect fluorescent lighting is very effective. Task lighting delivers light more precisely where it is needed and can be provided more efficiently with recessed compact fluorescent lamps or LED light fixtures. Good lighting will significantly improve the quality of a space and reduce energy bills when using efficient light bulbs and fixtures.

44 HVAC/ Architectural Recessed Post-hurricane If lighting fixtures or lighting systems need to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities lighting or flood replaced, avoid recessed lights in insulated society rebuilding ceilings or use insulation-contact fixtures. When possible, use surface-mounted ceiling fixtures or track lighting to avoid penetrating the insulated ceiling plane, which contributes to heat loss and air leakage and wasteful energy consumption. When recessed cans cannot be avoided, specify insulation-contact fixtures that seal fairly tightly and allow insulation to be packed against them. To improve energy performance, select fixtures designed for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) or LED lighting. 174

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45 HVAC/ Architectural Outdoor Post-hurricane If replacing exterior lighting is necessary, select Rebuild H,F professional Utilities lighting or flood outdoor lighting to minimize light pollution. Along society rebuilding with aesthetic concerns and impact on astronomy, -

light pollution can affect health by keeping people 12 up at night, and it can alter wildlife behavior and - plant growth. All outdoor lighting should be 20

provided with full-cutoff fixtures. Provide appropriate outdoor lighting controls such as motion-sensing that can turn outdoor lights when needed for security and illumination upon entry or exit. LED lighting and cold-cathode fluorescent lamps are the best energy-saving options that can operate at cold temperatures and reach full brightness almost instantly. Incandescent lamps are more satisfactory than standard CFLs in most applications.

46 HVAC/ Architectural Clothes Post-hurricane If washing machine needs to be replaced, select a Rebuild H,F professional Utilities washer or flood high-efficiency, H-axis (front-loading) clothes society rebuilding washer that use about half as much water and spin more rapidly than conventional top-loading washers, therefore they extract a lot more water and the clothes require less drying energy. At minimum, look for an Energy Star-labeled clothes washer. Selecting a more efficient appliance may cost more upfront but subsequent savings on energy bill will offset the initial expense.

47 HVAC/ Architectural Refrigerator Post-hurricane If the refrigerator needs replacing, select an "Refrigerators" Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood energy-efficient refrigerator that meets or exceeds www.cee1.org/resid/seha/refri society rebuilding Energy Star standards. Generally, bottom-freezer g/refrig-main.php3 refrigerators are the most efficient, followed by top-freezer models; side-by-side models are the least efficient. Be sure to compare the estimated annual kWh consumption and percentage-savings ratings on yellow EnergyGuide labels. Features such as through-the-door ice makers and water dispensers typically lower energy performance. Selecting a more efficient appliance may cost

more upfront but subsequent savings on energy 175 bill will offset the initial expense.

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48 HVAC/ Architectural Dishwasher Post-hurricane If the dishwasher needs replacing, choose an Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood energy-efficient dishwasher that conserves water society rebuilding and energy, also introduces less moisture into a -

kitchen thus helping avoid potential moisture 12 problems and reducing air-conditioning loads. - Dishwashers that heat water directly may be 20

among the most efficient. Modern dishwashers have booster heaters that heat the incoming hot water to 140F or higher, which is considered necessary for optimal washing performance.

49 HVAC/ Architectural Cooking Post-hurricane If cooking appliances need replacing, install "Consumer Guide to Home Rebuild H,F professional Utilities appliances or flood energy-efficient cooking appliances such as Energy Savings: Cooking" society rebuilding convection ovens that reduce cooking www.aceee.org/consumerguide temperature or shorten cooking time. The most /cooking.htm efficient cooktops are induction models that transfer electromagnetic energy directly into ferrous metal cooking pans. Gas ovens are less energy-efficient than electric ones because much greater airflow through the oven is required. Microwave ovens provide a more efficient method of cooking and reheating because the food is heated directly rather than the air in the oven. Gas ovens and cooktops release combustion products into the house, so proper venting is essential. Electric ovens can be more precisely controlled than gas ovens, and some electric cooktops, especially induction and halogen, respond as rapidly as gas cooktops.

50 HVAC/ Architectural Hot tubs & Post-hurricane If hot tub or spa needs to be replaced, choose Rebuild H,F professional Utilities spas or flood more energy efficient models. A hot tub that is society rebuilding kept filled with water should be well insulated, including a tightly fitting, well-insulated cover. For water treatments, use UV or ozone treatment instead of heavy chlorination. Since hot tubs and spas use considerable amounts of water and energy, look for other solutions to meet the homeowner's needs. 176

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51 Misc. Architectural Office Post-hurricane Select energy-efficient Energy Star-rated home "Office Equipment" Rebuild H,F professional equipment or flood office equipment that have energy-saving www.energystar.gov society rebuilding features, such as a sleep mode, and lower -

phantom loads when equipment is turned off. 12 - 52 HVAC/ Architectural Solar water Post-hurricane Consider solar water heating during gut rehab or American Solar Energy Society, Rebuild H,F professional 20

Utilities heating or flood deep energy retrofit, with systems such as flat- www.ases.org society rebuilding plate collector with closed-loop antifreeze collector fluid, drainback systems, evacuated-tube systems, passive thermosiphon systems, and integral- collector-storage systems. Some active solar water heaters use integral photovoltaic (PV) panels to power the pumps, eliminating the need for sophisticated controls. Solar water heating is often the most cost-effective renewable energy system for residential applications, although most are fairly expensive.

53 HVAC/ Architectural Solar electric Post-hurricane If electrical system needs to be replaced, consider Rebuild H,F professional Utilities (photovoltaic) or flood adding solar electric (photovoltaic) system which society System rebuilding uses available sunlight to generate electricity. Very small systems provide walkway lights or limited backup power needs. Larger PV systems are designed to feed electricity into the power grid. Others are stand-alone and only provide power to the house and require battery banks to store power for when the sun is not shining. A PV system can cost tens of thousands of dollars. Harnessing the power of the sun and converting it into energy decreases the dependence on coal produced electricity and is a more sustainable way of acquiring electricity. The solar electric system can provide some power in event of future power interruptions. 177

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54 Misc. Architectural Construction Post-hurricane When construction or major repairs are necessary, Rebuild H,F professional and or flood minimize C&D waste produced during society demolition rebuilding construction by optimizing dimensions during -

waste design to reduce cut-off waste and using materials 12 carefully. C&D waste materials generated on the - job site should be sorted and stored for salvage 20

and reuse or recycling. Research the salvage and recycling options for different materials and designate storage receptacles accordingly. Diverting C&D waste from landfills and incinerators will minimize pollution and lost resources, also monetary profit can be gained from agencies or individuals willing to purchase salvaged materials.

55 Misc. Architectural Reuse existing Post-hurricane Where construction and major repairs are Rebuild H,F professional materials or flood necessary, consider the reuse of existing or society rebuilding salvaged materials in gut rehab jobs. Materials may be salvagable from damaged buildings. For example, patios can be made from salvaged stone or brick, retaining walls can be made from railroad ties and broken concrete slabs (urbanite), outdoor decks and railings can be made from decay- resistant salvaged woods, such as cypress, redwood, longleaf yellow pine, black locust, and various tropical hardwoods. By reusing salvaged materials instead of buy new ones, the need to extract raw materials that are processed and transported as they become finished products will be eliminated, thus saving energy and reducing negative impact on the environment. Whenever using salvaged wood or concrete for repairs, consider contamination. Do not reuse wood that has lead paint or treated with pesticides. Avoid concrete floor slabs from industrial facilities where toxins may have been spilled and absorbed into the concrete. Use creosote-treated timbers only in locations where off gassing from the material will not infiltrate indoor spaces or affect outdoor living areas. 178

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56 Grounds Architectural Patio Post-hurricane If decks or patios need to be replaced, consider Rebuild H,F professional or flood using stone or brick patio instead of pressure society rebuilding treated wood (which may leach copper -

compounds that are toxic to many aquatic 12 organisms) and wood-plastic composite decking or - 100% plastic decking (which are flammable). 20

Patios can be very effectively integrated into other landscape features such as stonewalls, stairs, trellises, and garden areas, and often last longer than wooden decks. Look for local stone or salvaged stone or brick when building a patio. Also consider porous materials - either porous grid pavers, the use of free-draining crushed stone between and under stone or brick.

57 Grounds Structural Decks Post-hurricane When making repairs or rebuilding a deck, use Rebuild H,F professional or flood naturally rot-resistant, responsibly produced wood society rebuilding for decks, such as black locust (domestic hardwoods) and ipe or teak (tropical hardwoods) that will significantly outlast standard pressure- treated wood, sometimes even plastic decking. Not only are these materials safer and more durable, but will not contribute to the deforestation of environmentally endangered areas. Use either recycled-content plastic or composite decking boards instead of virgin plastic. The most commonly recycled plastic in decking is high- density polyethylene (HDPE). Some of the composite decking products also contain reclaimed wood - typically sawdust or lumber mill waste. The greenest treated-wood option is a sodium silicate and heat treatment which results in lumber that is nontoxic and highly resistant to insects and decay. One source of responsibly produced wood is wood from forests certified according to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 179

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58 Misc. Structural Lumber Post-hurricane Choose less harmful pressure-treated lumber. The REGREEN Product Selection Rebuild H,F professional or flood most commonly used for decks use copper as the Resources, society rebuilding active ingredient. Other treatments include www.regreenprogram.org -

borates (which are not water resistant) and a new 12 generation of light organic solvent preservatives - (LOSPs), whose long-term performance and health 20

concerns are not yet known. The greenest treated-wood option is a sodium silicate and heat treatment, which results in lumber that is nontoxic and highly resistant to insects and decay.

59 Foundation Structural Concrete Post-hurricane If foundation needs to be replaced, or a large "Fly Ashe Concrete" Rebuild H,F professional or flood portion of the foundation needs repairing, use fly www.toolbase.org society rebuilding ash (or other pozzolans such as blast furnace slag) in concrete instead of Portland cement, which accounts for 12% of most concrete, is highly energy-intensive to manufacture, and its production releases significant amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Fly ash is a waste product from coal-fired power plants. Mixes with 15% to 25% Type C or Type F fly ash are common, and mixes as high as 60% are sometimes used. The use of fly ash in residential concrete is still relatively new; the different types and grades of fly ash and blast furnace slag can vary widely in quality and quantities. Look for a ready-mix concrete provider who has expertise in fly ash mixes and can advise about any differences in installation and performance. 180

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60 Foundation Chemical Form-release Post-hurricane If concrete foundation needs to be replaced or REGREEN Product Selection Rebuild H,F professional agent or flood repaired using formwork, choose bio-based form- Resources, society rebuilding release agent or permanent forms when www.regreenprogram.org -

rebuilding concrete footings or walls. Standard 12 form-release agents are made from petroleum, - and some of this oil seeps into the ground around 20

the foundation while some remains in the concrete and can contribute to indoor air pollution. Better agents are made from vegetable oils, which are biodegradable and less harmful to indoor air. An alternative to removable concrete forms is insulated concrete forms (ICFs), which are made from polystyrene insulation. They remain in place and provide insulation on both the interior and exterior of the foundation wall, and are sometimes used to construct the entire wall of a house.

61 Framing Structural Wood framing Post-hurricane If wood framing needs to be replaced or rebuilt, “Efficient Wood Use in Rebuild H,F professional or flood minimize wood use with advanced framing or SIP Residential Construction,” society rebuilding construction. Conventional wood framing uses NRDC, 1998. 15% to 20% more framing lumber than is "Using Wood Efficiently" structurally required, such as by using extra studs www.buildingscienceconsulting. at corners and wall intersections, cripple studs, com/resources/misc/ solid-wood headers, double top-plates, and 16 in. on-center studs and spacing. By switching from a double to single top plate (and aligning roof trusses or rafters with wall studs), eliminating superfluous studs, and replacing solid-wood headers above windows and doors with engineered (and insulated) headers, builders can reduce wood use and increase insulation performance. Advanced framing also saves money and is more sustainable since it reduces wood use. Structural insulated panels (SIPs) go beyond advanced framing by eliminating framing lumber altogether for the exterior envelope; they insulate very well and if properly installed result in a very tight envelope. 181

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62 Misc. Architectural Insulation Post-hurricane If insulation needs to be replaced, use high- “Insulation: Thermal Rebuild H,F professional or flood recycled-content, formaldehyde-free insulation. All Performance is Just the society rebuilding fiberglass materials today contain at least 25% Beginning" -

recycled glass, and the insulation industry is now www.buildinggreen.com/auth/a 12 the largest user of recycled glass in the country. rticle.cfm?fileName=140101a.x - Cellulose insulation contains a significantly greater ml 20

recycled content—typically 80% post consumer recycled newspaper. Most fiberglass insulation uses phenol formaldehyde binders to hold the fibers together, and although most of the free formaldehyde is driven off during a baking process, residual formaldehyde may still be released into a home. Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen and allergen. At least one major fiberglass manufacturer has switched to a non- formaldehyde acrylic binder. Although polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, and spray polyurethane insulation do not contain significant recycled content, they do not contain formaldehyde. Because most of an insulation's environmental footprint is contribution to reduced energy consumption of the building, the material's applied performance should always be considered before other features like high-recycled content. 182

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63 Misc. Architectural Wood Post-hurricane If wood components need to be replaced during a Forest Stewardship Council, Rebuild H,F professional or flood repair or construction project, Use Forest www.fscus.org Sustainable society rebuilding Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified wood to Forest Initiative, -

ensure that the wood used was produced in an www.sfiprogram.org/ 12 environmentally responsible manner. FSC offers - various certifications (Forest Management, Chain 20

of Custody, controlled wood, and Non-Timber Forest Products) for different companies and organizations. A strong second option is to use third-party-certified Sustainable Forest Initiative materials, with a third option being SFI self- certified materials. Rediscovered woods from the Rainforest Alliance are also an option, since they are reclaimed, recycled, and/or salvaged wood materials. Other reliable lables include "SmartWood" from the Rainforest Alliance, SCS label from the Scientific Certification System, "Green Seal" from SCS, and certified organic wood from the Midwest Orgnaic Serivices Association (MOSA) or Washington State. 183

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64 Wall Architectural Wall cladding Post-hurricane If wall cladding needs to re replaced, install a Rebuild H,F professional Material or flood durable wall cladding, as siding choices affect the society rebuilding moisture management, long-term durability, and -

maintenance needs of a home's exterior. With any 12 moisture-permeable siding material (wood, fiber - cement, brick), an air space behind the siding is 20

highly recommended. With wood or fiber cement siding, this air space or rainscreen can be provided with strapping that is perpendicular to the siding or a specialized drainage or rainscreen material designed for this application. Properly finished and installed over a rainscreen, wood or fiber cement siding should require far less frequent painting or staining than when installed directly over sheathing. In fire-prone areas, a noncombustible siding, such as fiber cement, can provide important building protection but must be coupled with fire-resistant screening of air space behind the cladding to be effective. Some of the environmental impact from siding comes from periodic painting or staining, so measures to reduce the need for refinishing can improve the environmental performance significantly.

65 HVAC/ Architectural Wiring and Post-hurricane If lighting and electrical systems need to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities cable or flood replaced, take the opportunity to plan for future society rebuilding wiring and cabling needs and minimize the likelihood of expensive cabling upgrades in the future by providing either wiring conduit through which new cables can be run or surface-mounted wiring raceways that are accessible for homeowner modifications. In addition to planning for adaptability, provide plenty of electrical receptacles and communications ports to provide flexibility within the spaces. Although future technologies are hard to predict, we have seen dramatic changes in the needs for electrical, communications and data cabling in the past two decades, therefore it is better to plan for the unknown whenever possible. 184

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66 HVAC/ Architectural Piping Post-hurricane If piping needs to be replaced, consider choosing "Piping in Perspective: Selecting Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood piping made of environmentally preferable piping Pipe for Plumbing in Buildings" society rebuilding material. Of the most common piping materials www.buildinggreen.com/auth/a -

use din homes today - copper, CPVC, and PEX - rticle.cfm?fileName=160401a.x 12 PEX is the greenist and can be insulated (since ml - PEX tubing diameter is matched with the use and 20

the tubing has lower conductivity than copper, this may not be necessary). Although most copper pipe has a fairly high recycled content, the mining required to produce virgin copper is environmentally damaging, and all copper is highly energy-intensive to produce. Home-run piping systems are becoming increasingly common; their configurations offer the benefit of matching the tubing diameter to the use of each fixture. If copper is used in a more conventional pipe distribution network, the hot water pipes should be insulated to retain heat longer between uses. Efficient plumbing design is the best way to achieve plumbing pipe efficiency, although in remodeling there is certainly less opportunity for plumbing distribution design.

67 HVAC/ Architectural Drain pan and Post-hurricane If laundry room floor needs to be replaced, take "Clotheswasher Drain Pan Rebuild H,F professional Utilities washers or flood this opportunity to install drain and drain pan for Specifications" society rebuilding clothes washer located over finished space, so www.floodsaver.com/24_Specs that if there is a burst or leaking hose, water can .htm be drained without causing potential catastrophic damage, thus reducing risk and increasing service life. 185

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68 Wall Architectural Interior Post-hurricane If the interior wall assembly needs to be replaced, REGREEN Product Selection Rebuild H,F professional Material sheathing or flood install environmentally preferable interior Resources, society rebuilding sheathing with a high recycled content and use www.regreenprogram.org -

taping materials and joint compound without 12 hazardous additives that aid drying and setting. - Conventional, paper-faced drywall is a fairly good 20

material from an environmental standpoint. Drywall made from flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (a waste product from pollution control equipment) is also available. In high-moisture areas, specify drywall products that are more resistant to moisture, such as on paper-faced products. Drywall materials with higher pre- consumer recycled content are becoming available; in some cases, interior finish panels can be eliminated altogether by using structure-as- finish components. During remodeling work, protect both workers and homeowners by capturing dust during drywall finishing and using temporary fans to maintain negative pressure (and exhaust the dust) in the space to be finished. To avoid contaminating the heating system, seal registers and the ductwork during drywall sanding and finishing. Low- and zero-VOC joint compounds may contain chemical compounds that have adverse health effects for some individuals.

69 Door Architectural Interior doors Post-hurricane If interior doors need to be replaced, select REGREEN Product Selection Rebuild H,F professional or flood environmentally preferable doors; consider Resources, society rebuilding salvaged and refinished products that may be www.regreenprogram.org available from architectural salvage yards, or existing used doors. If replacing with new doors, look for the following features: ag-fiber core, formaldehyde-free or urea- formaldehyde-free wood components, FSC- certified wood or wood veneers, transom lights to help distribute natural light, and zero or low-VOC finishes. 186

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70 Wall Architectural Wallcovering Post-hurricane If wallcoverings need to be replaced, consider "Green from Wall to Wall" Rebuild H,F professional Material or flood alternative wallcovering products in the bathroom www.edcmag.com/CDA/Archive society rebuilding and bedroom, such as products free of PVCs, s/8f8837e14c697010VgnVCM -

plastics, and heavy-metals, made from natural 100000f932a8c0 12 and rapidly renewable materials (wood pulp, cork, - grasses, and other plant fibers) since they are 20

breathable and do not trap moisture behind the walls. Many wallcoverings create an attractive, durable, and easily-cleaned surface, sometimes more durable than a good wall paint.

71 Wall Architectural Paints and Post-hurricane If wall surfaces need to be replaced and or "Selecting Healthy and Rebuild H,F professional Material finishes or flood painted, use appropriate sheens for paints and Environmentally Sound society rebuilding finishes, especially in high-humidity areas where Finishes" walls will frequently be washed. Durable paints www.bayarea.greenhomeguide. with high "scrubability" ratings will ensure longer com/index.php/knowhow/entry life. In these applications, painters have long /760/C224 preferred oil-based enamel paint, but newer high- sheen, water-borne acrylic paints now offer excellent performance. Look for low VOC levels with any paint selection.

72 Misc. Architectural Finishes Post-hurricane If walls and or ceilings need to be replaced or "Selecting Healthy and Rebuild H,F professional or flood repainted, consider natural finishes, such as Environmentally Sound society rebuilding natural paints, varnishes, oil finishes, and plasters Finishes" instead of conventional petroleum-based finishes. www.bayarea.greenhomeguide. Natural finishes tend to be more labor intensive to com/index.php/knowhow/entry apply and more expensive. Many plant-based /760/C224 paints and oils are produced in Europe. Furthermore, many natural finishes are not as moisture-resistant as acrylic and polyurethane finishes; some can contain natural terpenes and other ingredients that chemically sensitive people cannot tolerate. Apply natural finishes in living areas that are not subject to high moisture content. 187

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73 Misc. Architectural Tiles Post-hurricane If bathroom or kitchen tiles need to be replaced, "Green Buyer's Guide to Stone Rebuild H,F professional or flood consider tile and tile trim pieces with recycled & Tile" society rebuilding content. Ceramic and porcelain tile with high www.bayarea.greenhomeguide. -

recycled content is available. Some products are com/index.php/knowhow/entry 12 made entirely from recycled glass, others from pre- /642/C225/ - consumer recycled industrial waste. 20 Tiles are more durable and easy to clean than most floor and wall finishes.

74 Flooring Structural Flooring and Post-hurricane If flooring or subflooring needs to be repaired or "Asbestos in Your Home" Rebuild H,F professional subflooring or flood replaced, consider reusing existing flooring and www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/a society rebuilding subflooring that has structural integrity and is shome.html#4 "Lead made from a safe product, such as hardwood or Paint Safety: A Field Guide for concrete. Attention should be paid to ensure that Painting, Home Maintenance, an older wooden refurbished floor does not have and Renovation Work" lead-based paint. New grinding and hardening www.hud.gov/offices/lead/train technology is allowing old concrete slabs to be ing/LBPguide.pdf turned into beautiful, polished concrete floors. Existing finished flooring should be assessed for hazardous material content, primarily lead and asbestos; subflooring should be assessed for its structural integrity. See EPA or HUD resources for managing lead and asbestos-containing materials in the home.

75 Flooring Structural Subflooring Post-hurricane If wood subflooring needs replacing, make sure "Formaldehyde in the Home," Rebuild H,F professional or flood the replacement wood is FSC-certified and low or www.arb.ca.gov/research/indo society rebuilding no-formaldehyde. To help ensure sustainable or/formaldg108-04.pdf forest management practices have been followed Forest Stewardship Council, and the wood subflooring emits flower levels of www.fsc.org harmful chemicals, use products that have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and comply with product emissions standards set by California Air Resources Board (CARB). When repairing wood-panel subflooring such as particleboard, select products that do not contain formaldehyde binder per the forthcoming CARB standard for formaldehyde emissions. 188

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76 Flooring Architectural Finishing Post-hurricane If wood floors need to be repolished, use "Buyer's Guide to Clear Rebuild H,F professional or flood environmentally preferable products. Reusing Finishes" society rebuilding existing wood flooring has many positive www.greehomeguide.com/inde -

environmental benefits, including the opportunity x.php/knowhow/ 12 to show off beautiful woods that have been "on - location" for years. But attention needs to be paid 20

to how floors are refinished. Start by testing for lead paint and follow accepted practices for striping or encapsulating it. When sanding and refinishing wood floors, provide active dust collection and seal off adjoining parts of the house and any air distribution registers to prevent contamination. When finishing wood floors with coatings, use low-VOC products, such as water-borne polyurethane, which prose lower health-risks.

77 Flooring Architectural Carpets and Post-hurricane If carpeting needs to be replaced, choose Carpet and Rug Institute, Rebuild H,F professional rugs or flood environmentally preferable carpet and rug www.carpet-rug.org society rebuilding products, including products made from natural Greenguard Environmental materials such as wool, cotton, jute, or hemp (but Institute, www.greenguard.org avoid wool treated with mothproofing and other pesticides). Choose products that do not contain residues from the dyes and finishes used in manufacturing; products that do not have surface treatments to repel stains; products with low VOC offgassing, documented through independent third party testing such as CRI Green Label Plus, GreenGuard, and FloorScore; products with high recycled content and made by companies that recycle old carpeting. Carpet tiles are available in residential styles, patterns, and finishes. Also, some of the natural, plant-based finishes can contain natural terpenes and other ingredients that chemically sensitive people cannot tolerate. In addition avoid carpet cushion that may contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as product made from bonded polyurethane foam. 189

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78 Misc. Architectural Cabinetry Post-hurricane If cabinetry needs to be replaced or repaired, Rebuild H,F professional or flood consider reusing clean existing cabinetry or buying society rebuilding salvaged if existing cabinets are in good shape to -

save money and reduce environmental impact. 12 Some reconfiguring, new finishes, hardware, and - sometimes new drawer and door fronts can be 20

practical. Another good choice for reuse of existing cabinetry is refacing. Make sure cabinets are in good shape and free of lead paint, mold, or other toxins.

79 Misc. Architectural Furnishings Post-hurricane If furnishings and fixtures need to be replaced or Building Materials Reuse Rebuild H,F professional and fixtures or flood repaired, consider reusing clean existing Organization, society rebuilding furnishings and fixtures or buying salvaged, which www.buildingreuse.org/ can reduce the impacts of manufacturing new goods, as well as reduce the amount of materials entering landfills. Although it makes sense to salvage and reuse certain bathroom fixtures, older high-water-use toilets should not be used. Make sure that older sinks can accommodate faucets with modern screw-in aerators to control water flow. With any painted salvaged product coming from a house built prior to the 1970s, test for lead paint. 190

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80 Misc. Architectural Furniture Post-hurricane If furniture needs to be replaced or repaired, National Lead Information Rebuild H,F professional or flood consider cleaning existing furniture or purchasing Center, society rebuilding salvaged or antique furniture if they are clean and www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/nlic.ht -

in good condition. Not only do salvaged goods m 12 reduce the environmental and energy impacts of - manufacturing new goods, but they also reduce 20

the burden on landfills. Be careful to avoid bringing furniture that contains dust, mold, or toxic finishes into a newly renovated space. Test painted furniture for lead paint. Thoroughly vacuum and clean furniture outside the home before bringing it into the living space. If purchasing new furniture is necessary, choose the best, most durable furniture possible within a given budget. Well-made, durable furniture is a good financial investment and can be passed on for many generations. Examine workmanship and materials carefully and consider warranties, which may be indicative of expected life. With wood furniture, look for FSC certification, indicating that the wood came from well-managed forests. Good-quality, durable furniture can be found amongst older salvaged goods, which can be reupholstered or cleaned. However, the risk of lead contamination is significant with salvaged materials coming from houses built before the 1970s; always test for lead paint, and if found, follow accepted practices for removal and sealing, or do not install. 191

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81 Misc. Architectural Cabinetry and Post-hurricane If cabinetry and/or furniture need to be replaced, Rebuild H,F professional furniture or flood carefully evaluate cabinetry and furniture made society rebuilding from particleboard or MDF. Conventional -

particleboard and medium-density fiberboard 12 (MDF) produced with urea-formaldehyde binder is - highly susceptible to moisture damage. Liquid 20

water or even high humidity can swell theses panel products, and repeated exposure to moisture can cause delamination or decomposition. Avoid cabinets and furniture made from these materials in moist locations: if they must be used, select more moisture-resistant products, such as particleboard and MDF produced with MDI (polyurethane) or phenol- formaldehyde binders. Most plywood and solid wood are significantly more moisture-resistant than standard particleboard and MDF. Sealing can also help to prevent moisture damage. In general, using particleboard or MDF is not recommended for flood prone areas. More moisture resistant and environmentally preferable products should be considered first. Cabinets made from FSC-wood with low toxic finishes and boxes made from marine-grade plywood (emit less formaldehyde).

82 Misc. Architectural Countertops Post-hurricane If countertops need replacing, install "Green Countertop Know-How" Rebuild H,F professional or flood environmentally preferable countertops such as www.greenhomeguide.com/ind society rebuilding natural stone, tiles, manufactured solid surfaces ex.php/knowhow/ (some with recycled content), and wood and plastic laminates with greener substrates. The durability and cleanability of countertop are important considerations. Support for the finished countertop should be constructed from green materials as well, such as an exterior-grade plywood preferably from a certified wood source. When using substrates with any unsafe degree of chemical emissions, seal penetrations and exposed surfaces with an appropriate sealer or paint to block some of those emissions. 192

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83 Misc. Architectural Upholstered Post-hurricane If upholstered furniture needs to be replaced, Sustainable Furniture Council, Rebuild H,F professional furniture or flood select new upholstered furniture with care, since www.sustainablefurniturecounci society rebuilding the hardwood framing and glues to the supporting l.org -

parts such as webbing and springs, foams, 12 cushioning, and fabrics have health and - environmental implications. Framing should be 20

made from hardwoods, glued or attached with water-based glues. Framing is available from FSC wood, which is certified as coming from well- managed forests. Webbing is usually made from jute, and springs are made from steel. Ask the supplier or manufacturer about the sources of these materials. Foams used for upholstered goods are typically made from synthetic materials that used to contain potentially harmful brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Make sure these furniture pieces are not placed in areas susceptible to excessive moisture. Purchase from local or US companies with environmentally and socially responsible business practices. Salvaged upholstered furniture and mattresses will likely contain BFRs in the polyurethane foam. When BFRs are present, they may volatize or be released as dust as the foam breaks down over time. One solution is to use products made with organic or "Pure Grow" wool, which is naturally flame-resistant. 193

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84 Misc. Architectural Outdoor Post-hurricane If outdoor furniture needs to be replaced, choose Rebuild H,F professional furniture or flood environmentally friendly outdoor furniture and society rebuilding accessories, which can be challenging since the -

weather can quickly degrade many materials. 12 Plastic furniture (majority made from virgin plastic) - is resistant to moisture but degrades in sunlight, 20

which significantly reduces the expected life. Greener options include FSC-certified wood furniture and furnishings from wood and recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite material. Store outdoor furniture during months when it is not being used. For homeowners who do outdoor cooking, look for durable products that are designed to withstand the elements, including stainless steel grills and terracotta fire pots.

85 Misc. Architectural Materials Post-hurricane As a part of the rebuilding process, select Unified Green Cleaning Alliance, Rebuild H,F professional or flood materials that are easy to clean. Some interior www.zerowaste.org/ugca.htm society rebuilding finish materials inherently need stronger chemicals to keep them safe and clean. Choosing solid surfaces that do not need regular applications of treatments and sealers will reduce the use of unsafe chemicals. 194

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86 Misc. Chemical Pollutants Post-hurricane During construction or repairs, control the spread "Indoor Environmental Quality Rebuild H,F professional or flood of pollutants particularly when the house is during Construction Projects" society rebuilding occupied. Many construction activities, such as www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/ih/I -

concrete grinding, tile and backerboard cutting, EQinConstruction.html 12 pipefitting, drywall finishing, caulking and foam - sealing, gluing, and painting can introduce “Addressing Indoor 20

significant quantities of indoor air contaminants. Environmental Concerns during Avoid creating contaminants by using zero-VOC Remodeling" apints and finishes, conducting dust-producing www.epa.gov/iedweb00/home activities outside if possible, and capturing s/hip-concerns.html pollutants as they are produced. Seal off the construction area from the rest of the living space with tightly sealing temporary partitions. Operate temporary exhaust fans in the area under construction to maintain negative pressure and keep airborne contaminants from flowing into adjacent interior spaces; the adjacent living space can be pressurized. Seal off ducts, air distribution registers, and air inlets for ventilation systems to avoid contaminating ducts and HVAC equipment. Most indoor contaminants come from demolition of existing space rather from new construction. Be particularly careful to isolate all demolition activities from the rest of the house. When using an exhaust fan to depressurize a space, make sure that this negative pressure does not affect the function of whatever gas appliances may be in the space or adjacent to it. 195

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87 Misc. Chemical Hazardous Post-hurricane During construction or repairs, test for and "Hidden Environmental Hazards Rebuild H,F professional and materials or flood appropriately handle hazardous materials, for the Home Remodeler" society Biological rebuilding especially the less obvious potential hazards in an www.montana.edu/wwwcxair/r -

older home such as lead paint and persistent emodel.htm 12 pesticides. Even visible hazards like mold and - asbestos may be hard to identify. Wood trim 20

painted with lead paint can be removed and disposed of, stripped and sealed off-site, or painted with a special lead-encapsulant coating. Asbestos should be encapsulated or removed by a trained asbestos mitigation contractor. Wood contaminated with persistent pesticides, such as chlordane, should be removed and disposed of at a hazardous waste landfill. Mold should be cleaned by someone trained in mold mitigation, or the mold-contaminated materials should be removed and disposed of. Whenever salvaged materials are used in a remodeling project, they should be tested for lead paint before installation and treated properly or avoided. If not properly dealt with, problems with hazardous materials during rebuilding can be exacerbated by releasing contaminants into the house. Be aware of potential liability exposure when dealing with such hazards such as asbestos, lead paint, and mold.

88 Misc. Architectural Track-off mats Post-hurricane During construction or repairs, install track-off Rebuild H,F or flood mats at exterior doors as excellent ways to control rebuilding dirt and pollutants from entering a home through major entryways. Since these mats still get wet, the surface beneath the mats should be impermeable ad easily washable (such as concrete, stone, or tile), and the mat should be easily removed for cleaning. 196

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89 Misc. Architectural Sawdust Post-hurricane After repairs, clean up and dispose of pressure- "Lumber Pressure Treated with Rebuild H,F professional or flood treated sawdust and shavings appropriately, since CCA" society rebuilding sawdust from all but sodium silicate pressure- www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/879 -

treated lumber is potentially hazardous and 0.html#epaalt 12 should be collected during construction and - properly disposed of. Collect sawdust and 20

shavings and dispose of them through landfilling. Never burn pressure treated scraps. When working on a deck, spread a dropcloth beneath to capture sawdust.

90 Foundation Chemical Radon Post-hurricane If the basement (or portions of the basement floor) EPA Rebuild H,F professional mitigation or flood needs to be replaced, consider installing a radon www.epa.gov/radon/index.html society rebuilding mitigation system, which depressurize the soil underneath the basement slab either through a sump pit or piping that goes through the basement floor and into a small excavated hole in the soil. Then piping runs either through a chase inside the house through the attic and out the roof, or out the side of the house at about first floor level and then extends up to the roof level. An exhaust fan is installed in-line that runs 24/7 to pull soil gases up and out of the conditioned space of the house. If the radon piping is chased through the house, the exhaust fan is installed in the attic; if the radon piping runs outside the house, the fan must be installed outside as well. With the exterior approach, make sure that the piping is set up in such a way that any condensation in the piping drains back past the fan and does not affect its performance.

91 Misc. Chemical Carbon Post-hurricane If any interior repairs are needed, be sure to install "Basic Information: Carbon Rebuild H,F professional monoxide and or flood CO and smoke alarms in any finished interior living Monoxide" society smoke alarms rebuilding spaces. Carbon monoxide (CO) detectors should www.epa.gov/iap/co.html also be installed in homes with any type of combustion equipment or unvented space heaters, or where backdrafting is a potential CO hazard, as in a house with a fireplace, woodstove, or atmospherically vented water heater, boiler, or furnace. 197

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92 Misc. Architectural Garages Post-hurricane If the garage needs to be replaced or portions of "6 Steps to a Healthier Garage" Rebuild H,F professional or flood the garage need to be repaired, isolate attached www.offroaders.com/tech/healt society rebuilding garages since rooms adjacent to attached garages hier-garage.htm -

have poor insulating and airsealing details. For 12 health, safety, and energy efficiency reasons, it is - imperative that the air and thermal barriers be 20

complete and continuous between the two spaces or that the garage space be depressurized with a high-efficiency exhaust fan or both. The garage ceiling and interior walls will already have gypsum board sheathing per the building code, requiring its removal to reinsulate and air seal the shared framing assemblies. Thermal comfort and odor problems from the garage may indicate a need for better insulating but a blower door test will certainly confirm the problem.

93 HVAC/ Architectural Kitchen Post-hurricane If the kitchen ventilation needs to be replaced, Home Ventilating Institute Rebuild H,F professional Utilities ventilation or flood install effective kitchen ventilation to exhaust both Library society rebuilding odor and moisture from both gas and electric www.hvi.org/resourcelibrary/libr stoves to the outdoors. The fan should be quiet ary.html and have at minimum an Energy Star rating, which ensures an efficacy of at least 2.8 cfm/watt, a maximum sound level of 2.0 sones, and fluorescent lighting for products with integral lights. It may also make sense to provide whole- house ventilation with an exhaust port in the kitchen. The best whole-house ventilation systems are balanced (two fans with roughly equal incoming and outgoing air flow). In cold climates provide heat recovery to capture heat from the outgoing air flow. The negative pressure exerted by some powerful range hoods can be problematic when combined with operation of other equipment, such as clothes dryers and fireplaces or woodstoves. A depressurization test can be helpful in identifying this problem. One solution is to make sure that all major combustion equipment is sealed combustion or power-vented. 198

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94 HVAC/ Architectural Bathroom Post-hurricane If bathroom ventilation system needs to be Rebuild H,F professional Utilities ventilation or flood replaced, install effective bath ventilation since so society rebuilding much moisture is produced in a bathroom. A fan -

should vent to the outdoors rather than attic. Keep 12 duct runs as short as possible with few sharp - bends. Specify a durable fan rated for continuous 20

operation, even though the cost will be higher than the least expensive bath fans available. An energy- efficient fan motor will save energy and money, particularly if the fan will serve whole-house ventilation needs. Size the fan according to the ventilation needs; most bath fans should move 50 to 75 cubic feet per minute (cfm). The fan should also be as quiet as possible; a maximum of 1.5 sones is recommended, and below 1.0 sones if preferable. Ducting should be installed to minimize vibration and noise. The most common control for a bath fan is a simple on-off switch next to the light switch. More sophisticated controls provide for automatic operation based on humidity level, automatic shutoff a certain period of time after the lights are turned off, or automatic operation throughout the day, which is more appropriate for a home if bathroom fans are being relied upon to satisfy the home's whole-house ventilation needs. 199

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95 HVAC/ Architectural Venting Post-hurricane If HVAC equipments and systems need to be "Backdrafting: Causes and Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood replaced, provide appropriate venting of all Cures" society rebuilding combustion-based heating and water-heating www.homeenergy.org/archive/ -

equipment as a part of the rebuilding process. hem.dis.ant.gov/eehem/91/91 12 Improperly vented or unvented combustion 0512.html - equipment can introduce combustion gases into a 20

house through backdrafting, which most commonly occurs with gas or oil-fired heating equipment that relies on natural draft for venting the combustion products up a chimney. To prevent backdrafting, only sealed combustion or power-vented combustion equipment should be installed. Most of the high-efficiency furnaces, boilers, and water heaters sold today already incorporate power venting or sealed combustion, but many older models do not. Install a carbon monoxide detector whenever combustion heating and water-heating equipment is installed to warn occupants of combustion gas spillage or malfunctioning power-venting fans. Unvented combustion heating equipment, such as vent-free gas stoves and gas fireplaces, should never be installed in any house. In addition to releasing small quantities of carbon monoxide and other combustion byproducts, unvented combustion devices introduce significant quantities of water vapor, which can cause moisture problems.

96 HVAC/ Architectural Stand-alone Post-hurricane If the HVAC system needs to be replaced or Rebuild H,F professional Utilities equipment or flood repaired, consider adding stand-alone equipment society rebuilding to address moisture, such as a dehumidifier, if moisture problems are limited to only one area of the house. Dehumidifiers are rated by moisture removal capacity and include either integral receptacles to collect water or a drain line that can lead to a floor drain or outdoors. Dehumidification is most effectively accomplished with whole-house air distribution systems. 200

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97 HVAC/ Architectural Forced-air Post-hurricane If the HVAC system needs to be replaced or Rebuild H,F professional Utilities system or flood repaired, take the oppotunity to provide for forced- society rebuilding air system pressure relief; there are five ways to -

address pressure relief in homes with forced-air 12 HVAC systems when the doors to rooms are - closed; dedicated return ducts, operable interior 20

transoms, jump ducts, transfer grilles, or undercutting doors (at least 1.5 in.). Negative pressure in a bedroom may be evidence of an improperly balanced forced-air distribution system. Carry out a room-to room pressurization test to determine the extent of the problem.

98 HVAC/ Architectural Ventillation Post-hurricane If the HVAC system needs to be replaced or "Ventilation and Air Quality in Rebuild H,F professional Utilities and air or flood repaired, provide for additional ventilation and air- Offices" society conditioning rebuilding conditioning needs in certain activity areas. Home www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ventilat offices with copiers and laser printers, hobby .html rooms where paints or adhesives are used, and garages or storage areas where vehicles or hazardous substances are stored all may require higher ventilation rates than other areas in a home. Work with a mechanical engineer to determine those additional ventilation and cooling loads. With whole-house ventilation systems, provide for operation at a higher airflow rate in locations where significant pollutants are generated. If whole-house ventilation system is not being installed, provide separate exhaust fans in these locations, with passive make-up air vents. Whenever exhaust ventilation is added to a home, a whole-house depressurization test should be conducted to determine what happens to any gas appliances or radon if every exhaust component in the home is operating simultaneously. 201

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99 HVAC/ Architectural Air filtration Post-hurricane If the HVAC system needs to be replaced or "Guide to Air Cleaners in the Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood repaired, provide for additional air filtration (stand- Home" society rebuilding alone) if the house HVAC system does not provide www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/airclea -

the needed filtration in certain rooms, such as n.html 12 bedrooms. Room air cleaners that use fans to - push air through filters or electrostatic 20

precipitators are far more effective than units without fans; avoid the latter. Size air-filtering equipment to room air volume and choose a unit that removes pollutants with activated carbon and good HEPA filtration. Choose the most energy- efficient unit available. Never install air cleaners that generate ozone, a dangerous pollutant. Care must be taken in adding higher-efficiency air filter to central forced- air systems; make sure that the pressure drop associated with installation of the air filter can be met by the existing air handler motor, or upgrade the air handler motor to deal with it.

100 HVAC/ Architectural HVAC system Post-hurricane If basement needs to be replaced or large portions Rebuild H,F professional Utilities or flood of the basement need to be repaired, install society rebuilding appropriate HVAC since many basements need active ventilation and dehumidification more than active space cooling and heating. Be sure to install both carbon monoxide monitors and humidistats along with conventional thermostats. Use an Energy Star-rated stand-alone dehumidifier if applicable. Be careful about replying upon your space-cooling system to dehumidify, particularly in basements. Check the sensible heat ratio (SHR) of the existing or new air-conditioning system. Where high humidity is a problem, make sure that the SHR is .75 or less. See a qualified mechanical engineer for expertise in moisture dynamics of mechanical equipment. 202

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101 Misc. Architectural Electromagnet Post-hurricane If portions of the interior need to be replaced, take "Exposure to Radio Frequency Rebuild H,F professional ic fields or flood the opportunity to use a gauss meter to test for Electro-Magnetic Fields" society rebuilding magnetic fields and carry out measures to www.epa.gov/EPA- -

minimize exposure to those fields, which is IMPACT/2003/September/Day- 12 particularly important in bedrooms where people 08/i22624.htm - spend most of their time. Common sources of high "Electromagnetic Pollution" 20

EMF include improper wiring of three-way switches www.buildingbiology.net/elpo.ht (violating electrical code), which creates a current ml loop; old knob-and-tube wiring (which should be replaced for safety reasons); and accidental grounding of metal-sheathed (BX) electrical cable to grounded water pipes. Keep service panels away from heavily used interior spaces - especially bedrooms - and minimize high-current wiring runs along the most used spaces. The affects of electromagnetic fields on human health is uncertain and scientists are not in agreement about the level of risks from EMF fields. It is also a good idea to keep electronic devices that generate significant magnetic fields (including some bedside clocks) at least several feet from beds.

102 Flooring Architectural Carpeting Post-hurricane If floor coverings need to be replaced, avoid Rebuild H,F professional or flood carpeting in high moisture areas, since it is difficult society rebuilding to clean or dry out when wet. In addition, carpet is often installed over a carpet cushion that can break down and generate more dust: with older carpet cushion materials or materials made from recycled polyurethane, brominated flame retardants may be released into the space as the materials break down over time. Carpet should not be used in below-grade areas or in rooms susceptible to water spills. Even carpet products that are made exclusively of synthetic materials can harbor dust, dust mites, and materials that are tracked into the house from outdoors. 203

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103 Flooring Structural Flooring and Post-hurricane If flooring and subflooring needs to be replaced, "Concrete Floor Finishes" Rebuild H,F professional subflooring or flood choose hard-surface flooring made from finished www.toolbase.org society rebuilding concrete, tile, terrazzo, and resilient floor tiles. -

Using the concrete slab as the finished floor 12 reduces material use. New grinding and polishing - equipment, sodium silicate densifying agents, 20

concrete sealant, and colorants can make the floor attractive. Fly ash content, a byproduct from the production of electricity from coal-burning power plants, can be added to the concrete mix to reduce the amount of portland cement (very energy intensive to produce). Tile and terrazzo flooring are durable, easy to maintain, and care should be taken to use low-toxic glues, grouts, and grout sealers in their installation. Some tile products are made from both pre- and post- consumer recycled content. Hard surface floors may be preferable to carpeting in bedrooms because they are easy to keep clean. Concrete has high embodied energy, but using a concrete slab as finished flooring usually saves materials because it obviates the need for a separate finished floor.

104 Flooring Structural Basement Post-hurricane If basement flooring needs to be replaced, install "Upgrading below Grade" Rebuild H,F professional flooring or flood appropriate finish flooring, which depends largely www.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=18 society rebuilding on the moisture profile of everything underneath it. 00 If both liquid water and vapor have been decoupled from the basement floor system (with a comprehensive drainage system, capillary break, or vapor retarder) then a wide range of finish flooring can be used. But if the basement floor system will dry to the interior, then a vapor- permeable finish flooring must be used, and there are fewer choices: finished concrete, concrete painted with appropriate acrylic-latex paint, and terracotta tile pavers. Wall to wall carpeting is not recommended, particularly if rigid insulation has not been installed as a part of the basement floor system. Do not use a flooring material unless its vapor

permeability is known. 204

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105 Wall Architectural Gypsum board Post-hurricane If walls sheathing need to be replaced, use Rebuild H,F professional Material or flood nonpaper gypsum board in moist areas, since a society rebuilding variety of interior wallboard products can satisfy -

building code requirements regarding smoke and 12 combustibility, yet also more moisture and mold - resistant than conventional paper-faced drywall. 20

These products are either monolithic or faced with fiberglass rather than paper. Since most of these sheathings are still porous, they should be installed with a minimum 3/16 in. free space between the board margins and concrete. Moisture-resistant (MR) "greenboard" with wax emulsifiers, that still has paper facings, is not recommended. All nonpaper faced alternative gypsum boards are more expensive than conventional paper-faced products.

106 Misc. Architectural Furniture Post-hurricane If furniture needs to be replaced, select furniture Destination Green Rebuild H,F professional or flood that is easy to clean, unlike heavily detailed pieces www.destinationgreen.com society rebuilding such as wicker, rattan, and upholstered furniture. Smooth, hard-surfaced furniture is the easiest to maintain. In addition, some materials need ongoing applications of less-green cleaning products to keep them looking good in the long run. Choose furniture and accessories that can be cleaned easily using environmentally responsible cleaning products and practices, and provide recommendations to homeowners for sources of such cleaning compounds. Avoid permanent-press and stain-resisting fabric treatments that may contain hazardous chemicals, such as formaldehyde and fluoropolymers (like Teflon). 205

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107 Misc. Chemical Toxic Post-hurricane Store all toxic chemicals away from living space. Rebuild H,F professional chemicals or flood Harmful chemicals can escape from lawn-and- society rebuilding garden products, lawnmower gas cans, partially -

used cans of paint, etc. Firesafe and carefully 12 sealed storage units located in well-ventilated - garages or storage sheds should be used to store 20

such materials. Try not to keep older chemicals in the home or garage; such materials can often be disposed of during hazardous-waste collection days at municipal solid waste facilities. Some waterborne materials, such as latex paints, must be stored in locations where they will not freeze.

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Appendix B: A Proposed Minimum Standard of Habitability for Homes Sustaining Damage from Natural Disaster Events

The following proposed minimum standard for habitability was written as part of the ERDC-CERL work for the Resilient Home Program.

A. INTRODUCTION: Community resilience in the aftermath of a natural disaster depends on residents returning to a reasonably normal lifestyle as quickly as possible. 1. The sooner residential stability is restored, the sooner other necessary features of a vital and healthy community can be restored. Delay in returning to homes can result in further, preventable damage to the home, making returning to the home even more difficult. Further delay can lead to situations where residents are unwilling or unable to initiate repairs, homes are abandoned, residents leave the community permanently, and the community declines instead of rebuilds. 2. Residents are justifiably reluctant to return to damaged homes when they are uncertain about safety or health hazards or the functionality of the home. 3. This Standard is intended to help residents and local authorities determine when it is appropriate to return to a home and initiate cleanup and repair activities.

B. PURPOSE: The purpose of this Standard is to define considerations for persons occupying their homes subsequent to natural disaster events. Do- ing so will enable residents to: 1. Remain in their home, or return to their home following the disaster event; 2. Initiate cleanup and repair activities at their home and prevent further damage resulting from vacancy; and 3. Begin to re-establish a normal lifestyle in the aftermath of the disaster event.

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This Standard is intended to support the local

civil or emergency management authorities who have the ultimate decision-making authority in determining which homes are suitable for occupancy.

C. AUTHORITY: Authority to apply this Standard rests with the prevailing civil or emergency management jurisdiction. 1. This Standard shall be adopted when so or- dained by the jurisdiction, and incorporated into the prevailing standards, ordinances, codes, or similar regulatory instruments. 2. This Standard shall not be used to require or compel residents to evacuate, remain in their residences, or return to their residences.

D. SCOPE: The Scope of this Standard includes: 1. High wind events, flood events caused by rain- fall or surge, and seismic activities. 2. Fundamental safety when continuing to occupy, or returning to a residence damaged by a natural disaster event. 3. The overall functionality of the residence considering a. The residence’s exterior, interior, and structural systems b. Site utilities, and c. Property on which the residence sits. d. Infrastructure and services available to the residence and within the vicinity or

region following the disaster event.

E. DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of the Standard, the following definitions apply. • Amenity: Features of a lifestyle that provide comfort or improve the quality of life, but are not necessary for basic health, safety, nutrition, sanitation, or habitability • Building: An enclosed structure. • Displaced: In a structural context, moved off of supporting structures. • Disaster (Disaster event): A natural occurrence of high winds, surge, seismic activities, or similar events that create damage

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to the built infrastructure and disrupt community functions. • Imminent danger: A hazard or danger that has a high probability of occurring. • Habitability: Support or accommodation of living or a life style. • Home: A domicile; a place for people to re- side. • Hazardous: Capable of inflicting harm on persons. • Load-bearing: In a structural context, car- rying forces within a building or structure. • Property: Land or yard immediately adjacent to a building that is typically associated with the building by ownership or use. • Occupants: Persons who inhabit or perform activities in a building. • Pre-existing: Existing prior to the natural disaster event; not caused by the natural disaster event. • Residence: (see Home) • Residents: (see Occupants) • Toxic: (see Hazardous)

F. MIMINUM STANDARDS FOR HABILITY 1. General Functionality: The home shall provide basic shelter and living conditions to enable occupants to perform essential functions and activities considering

the numbers of occupants along with their ages, genders, privacy or modesty requirements, and activities. General functionality does not require the same level of comfort or amenity present in the residence prior to the disaster event. 2. Habitability: a. Safety. i. Imminent danger shall not be present within the building, on the property, or in the immediate vicinity of the building: These may include, but are not limited to: high wind or flood conditions, fire, landslide, physical damage from collapse of structures or

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trees, or similar life-threatening events. Declaration of imminently dangerous conditions shall be made by the prevailing civil or emergency management authorities. b. Toxic or hazardous materials shall not

be present within the building, on the property, or within the immediate vicinity of the building that would jeopardize occupants’ health or safety either by direct contact or transmission through air or water. Thresholds or con- centrations of chemical and biological pollutants or hazards shall be as defined by the prevailing health and/or environmental authorities. c. Emergency services, including but not limited to: health care facilities, law enforcement, and fire fighting services, shall be available to the occupants. The home shall be accessible to ambulance, firefighting equipment, and other emergency vehicles 3. Functionality. a. Residential Buildings. i. Building.  Areas or spaces shall be present on the property to provide at least minimum habitability for the occupants. ◊ The main residence, attached or detached garage, or other

buildings or structures on the property may serve as habitable spaces. ◊ If parts of the building are damaged to the extent they are not habitable, the damaged parts shall be isolated or separated in such a manner to not compromise habitability in the other habitable areas or spaces.  Accessibility: Occupants shall be able to safely enter and exit the building without obstacles, falling materials or debris, unstable

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walking surfaces, or other similar physical hazards.  Security: The building shall be, or can be made, physically secure to protect the building and its occupants from intrusion.

ii. Structural Systems  Soil shall remain intact around footings and foundations to maintain the appropriate location and bearing for the building.  Footings and foundations shall not be cracked, detached at corners, or displaced to the extent they no longer support the building.  The building shall not be displaced from its foundation.  Attached exterior elements such as canopies, decks, multi-season rooms, and other similar features: ◊ Shall remain intact to the extent they will not create further hazard from detachment or collapse at habitable areas and spaces. ◊ If significantly damaged, shall be removed, or can readily be removed, so that hazard from collapse or detachment is no longer present at habitable areas or spaces.  Roof and floor systems shall:

◊ Remain bearing on their supporting walls, beams, and columns. No gaps or detachment at supports are evident. ◊ Remain level and in-plane. No significant deflection, buckling, or distortion is evident compared to the pre- disaster condition.  Load-bearing walls and columns shall be plumb and remain anchored to the elements they support, and upon which they are supported. No deflection, buckling, or distor-

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tion is evident compared to the pre-disaster condition.  Pre-existing minor structural damage need not prevent occupancy if such cracks, displacements, or de- flections are no worse than their

pre-disaster conditions, do not worsen, or do not otherwise sug- gest collapse is imminent.  Pre-existing minor structural damage that has visibly worsened after the disaster event may consti- tute uninhabitable conditions, and shall be evaluated by a qualified structural engineer before reoccu- pying the home.  If portions of a building have suffered structural damage, other areas or spaces may be habitable if: ◊ The damaged portions of the building are not subject to collapse and do not consti- tute a physical hazard to the occupants. ◊ The damaged areas or spaces are isolated or separated from the habitable spaces in such a way that damage will not propagate. iii. Exterior Systems Roofing, doors, windows, and exterior wall surfaces at habitable areas and spaces shall be sufficiently intact, or can readily be covered, repaired, or replaced to:  Prevent intrusion from rain and wind-driven rain into habitable areas or spaces.  Not create any further falling or flying debris hazard if exposed to subsequent high wind conditions.  Prevent continued injury from broken glass detached members, or similar physical hazard.

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 Allow sufficient ventilation to enable a safe interior environment.  Reduce heat loss to the extent practical where heating is required.

iv. Electrical Systems  No live electrical power lines have become detached or exposed, are laying on the ground, suspend- ed in the air, or otherwise may come in contact with the building or occupants.  If electrical power to the building has been discontinued by the electrical service provider, or similar authorized agency, it shall be restored only upon notification of the occupant and inspection of the building by a qualified electrical service person.  If electrical power remains active at the building, the building’s service entrance, panel boxes or load centers, distribution, switches and receptacles, fixtures, equipment, appliances, electronics, alarm systems, or other features of the electrical system shall not have been immersed in or exposed to rain or flood water, or in any way be subject to short circuits, fire, or electrocution hazards.  There is no other electrical shock or electrocution hazard present in the residence.  Portable or temporary electrical generators shall be approved by Underwriters Laboratory or similar certification, and of sufficient capacity for the purposes. v. Gas and liquid petroleum (LP)  If gas service to the building has been discontinued by the gas service provider or similar author-

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ized agency, it shall be restored only upon notification of the occupant and inspection of the building by a qualified gas service person.  If gas service remains active at

the building, no gas systems, meters, components, or appliances have been submerged, damaged, or exposed to hazard to the extent that leakage can occur. If necessary, gas can be turned off at the building, or at the meter outside the building.  LP tanks have not been displaced by flood water or high winds. No LP systems components or appliances have been submerged, damaged, or exposed to hazard to the extent that leakage can occur.  Residents shall evacuate immediately when there is evidence of a gas or LP leak inside or near the building and not reoccupy the building until the building is inspected by a qualified gas/LP service person, and repaired or found to be free from gas/LP leaks or other damage. vi. Water and moisture  Standing water shall not be present in habitable areas or spaces,

or basements immediately below habitable spaces.  Wetness or moisture shall not be present on interior surfaces, furnishings, or other household items to the extent they prevent occupying the residence in reasonable comfort.  Mold or mildew shall not be visible in or on surfaces, furnishings, cabinets, or enclosed spaces within habitable spaces.  A strong, musty smell is not present in habitable spaces.

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vii. Food preparation  Means of food preparation shall be present in the building. ◊ Electrical cooking appliances shall be dry and free from hazard of shock or electrocu-

tion. ◊ Gas or fuel, or wood-burning cooking appliances shall have sufficient means of ventilation to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.  Alternatively, occupants shall have access to food from commercial sources or community social services on a daily basis. viii. Sanitation  Potable water shall be available in the building. ◊ If water service had been in- terrupted or contaminated, or a boil-water order has been issued, a means of boiling water for drinking shall be present. ◊ Alternatively, occupants shall have access to potable water from commercial sources or community social services on a daily basis.  Personal hygiene ◊ Means of showering, washing, and performing personal hygiene activities shall be present in the building. ◊ Means of heating water shall be present in the building, if necessary for climate conditions. If the existing domestic water heater is used, it shall be dry, free from hazard from shock or electrocution, free from gas leakage, and not exposed to contamination from flood water.

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◊ Means of washing clothes shall be present in the building. If the existing washer and dryer appliances are used, they shall be dry, free from hazard of shock or

electrocution, free from gas leakage, and not exposed to contamination from flood water. ◊ Alternatively, occupants shall have access to means of showering and washing, heating water, and washing clothes from commercial sources or community social services on a daily basis.  Toilet facilities shall be available in the building. ◊ Toilets and drain/waste/vent systems shall not be flooded, blocked, or otherwise prevent waste from being carried from the building to sanitary treatment facilities. ◊ Commercial portable toilets or camp toilets are acceptable. ◊ Temporary sanitary facilities installed and maintained by the prevailing emergency re-

sponse authorities are acceptable in lieu of toilets located in the building. ◊ Use of toilet facilities in adjacent or nearby properties, public or private, is acceptable if the toilets are operational and sharing is agreeable to all parties con- cerned. ◊ Pit toilets in the yard are not acceptable.

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ix. Heating and cooling  During heating season, heating shall be available to the occupants. ◊ If the existing heating system is used, it shall be dry,

free from hazard of shock or electrocution, free from gas leakage, and not exposed to contamination from flood water. ◊ As a minimum, portable heaters are acceptable. ◊ Combustion type heaters (burning wood, gas, or petroleum fuels) shall be vented to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. ◊ Wood or solid fuel burning devices shall be designed and built for these purposes. Open burning is not permitted inside the building. ◊ All heaters shall be attended at all times they are operating. ◊ All heaters shall have a thermostatic or similar device to prevent overheating and creating a fire hazard. ◊ All heaters shall be placed

on a noncombustible surface, and shall be no closer than 4 feet from any combustible surface in any other direction.  During the cooling season, means of ventilation shall be present ◊ If the existing cooling system is used, it shall be dry, free from hazard of shock or electrocution, free from gas leakage, and not exposed to contamination from flood water.

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◊ As a minimum, open doors, windows, or skylights are acceptable. ◊ Fans are preferred where there is source of power. 4. Neighborhood and/or Regional Services, Facili- ties, and Institutions: The availability of the following services throughout the building’s vicinity or neighborhood suggests that continued occupancy in the home should be acceptable to the resident in most cases. i. Emergency Services: Fire, Police, and Health Care services. ii. Utility Services: Electrical, natural gas, potable water, sanitary sewer, and storm sewer systems. iii. Transportation and Vehicular Ac- cess: Accessibility via primary, secondary, and residential streets throughout the building’s vicinity or neighborhood. iv. Public Transportation: Public transportation, at least on a limited basis. v. Municipal Solid Waste Management: Mu- nicipal solid waste collection, at least on an interim or limited schedule basis. vi. Debris Management: Tree, building contents, and building debris removal, at least on an initial basis. vii. Gasoline Stations: Gasoline and diesel fuels. viii. Educational Institutions: Schools and child care organizations. ix. Groceries / Food: Grocery stores, convenience stores, restaurants, and other sources of food. x. Retail Goods: Department stores, hardware or home improvement stores, clothing stores, and other retail or emergency services providing goods instrumental in home recovery. xi. Employment: Established businesses and industries as well as opportunities for employment on an emergency,

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interim, or short term basis resulting from the disaster event.

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Appendix C: Resilient Technology Evaluation Protocol: Storm-Resistant Windows

Table C-1. Resilient technology evaluation protocol for storm-resistant windows.

Architectural feature and function

Design Window type What types of windows are available in a storm-resista nt design: Fixed (Y/N) Double hung (Y/N) Slider (Y/N) Casement (Y/N) Awning (Y/N) Hopper (Y/N) Bay / bow (Y/N) Garden (Y/N) Other (Y/N)

Appearance Are window frames available as paintable (primed): Wood (Y/N) Aluminum (Y/N) Steel (Y/N)

What window frame colors are available as pre-finished or integral:

Pre-painted wood/aluminum/steel frame Vinyl or vinyl clad Anodized aluminum or aluminum clad Fiberglas / composite frame

What is the width (face) of window framing members: Window unit frames inches Sash rails inches

Dimensions What standard sizes are available in a storm resistant design: Width (min/max) Height (min/max)

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Operating / operability Crank (Y/N) Push/pull lever (Y/N) Other (List)

Available accessories

What accessories are available in a storm resistent design: Screens (Y/N) Grills (Y/N) Handles / pulls (Y/N) Locking devices (latches) (Y/N) Locking devices (keyed) (Y/N) Blinds (in window) (Y/N)

Service life Security What level of security is expected in storm resistant windows: Forced entry resistant rating per ASTM 1302.5 (pass/fail)

Egress Conforms to NFPA 101 (Y/N)

Economics

Planning Cost and performance options

"Economy" or "Budget" quality products (Y/N) "Standard" quality products (Y/N) "Premium" or "top-of-the-line "quality products (Y/N)

Installation Materials price

What is a reasonable price for storm resistant windows 2 ft. W X 2 ft. H, or equivalent ($ FOB) 3 ft. W X 4 ft H, or equivalent ($ FOB) 4 ft. W X 5 ft H, or equivalent ($ FOB) Average cost per SF of window, FOB ($/SF)

Labor effort / costs

Remove existing trim and window unit Clean / prepare rough opening Install new window unit Install insulation / air barrier / water barrier / trim materials

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Service life Operating energy What energy savings can be expected by upgrading wi ndows Cooling savings Heating savings

Cost avoidance

At [75%] [__%] interior materials damage per FEMA RSDE $

Structural

Design Design standards / codes / criteria

International Building Code (Y/N) Miami-Dade Certification (Y/N) Florida Product Approval (Y/N) Hallmark Certification (Y/N) Texas Dept. of Insurance Certification (Y/N) FLASH Fortified … (Y/N) Other

Continuity of load path Are window units designed to be anchored into load-bearing elements: Attachment for load transfer (Y/N)

Uniform loads To what uniform loads are the window units designed: Uniform design loads per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (positive PSF) (negative PSF) Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (grade) Deflection (at design pressure)

Cyclical loading Does any damage occur after cyclical loading: Cyclical loading per ASTM E1886 pass/fail

Impacts To what impact loads are the window units designed: Gust (air blast) per ASTM F1642 (positive PSF) (negative PSF) Small missile test per ASTM E1886 / E1996 @80 [__] FPS pass/fail Large missile test per ASTM E1886 / E1996 @80 [__] FPS pass/fail

Installation Attachment How are the design forces going to be transferred to structural components

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Fastener type Fastener spacing (inches) Depth of penetration (inches)

Water intrusion resistance

Design Resistance to wind- blown rain To what pressure are window units designed to prevent rain penetration: Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 PSF

Installation Constructability Can window units be installed to resist wind -blown rain Is rain-resistance performance sensitive to installation? (Y/N)

Quality control Is correct window unit installation easily observable ? (Y/N)

Thermal resistance

Design Resistance to wind- blown rain To what pressure are window units designed to control infiltration Design pressure per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (rate)

Thermal continuity Are metal window frames thermally-broken (Y/N)

Installation Constructability Can window units be installed to resist air infiltration Is thermal resistance performance sensitive to installation (Y/N)

Quality control Is correct window unit installation easily observ able

Sustainability

Design Resource use How do the window units' reduce negative resource-use impacts Do components use sustainably harvested wood resources (Y/N/NA) What percent by weight are post-consumer recycled materials (percent)

Emissions Formaldehyde per ASTM [D5582-00] [E1333], new windows mg/m3/hr VOC per ASTM D6670, new windows (list) Adhesives and sealants meet Green Seal GS36 (Y/S)

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Constructability

Plann ing Lead times How much lead time is required to install storm resistant windows Window units, from order to delivery

Installers, from contact to beginning work

Design Existing conditions Appropriate anchorage to structural components / load path (Y/N) Integrity of thermal barrier materials and systems (Y/N) Integrity of water barrier materials and systems (Y/N) Installation of exterior materials and trim (Y/N) Installation of interior materials and trim (Y/N)

Dimensional tolerances Is proper installation sensitive to the rough openings' dimensions: Minimum tolerance (additional dimension) (inches) Maximum tolerance (additional dimensions) (inches) Out of plumb / level (max)

Installation Transportation / delivery What handling provisions are required to maintain the window units' integrity: Shipping protection Delivery and protection on-site

Disruption What is the anticipated disruption to occupants during window replacement: Disruptive activities Time or duration, per window Cover / protection of openings during replacement

Handling and placement Will the windows weight create any difficulties for handling and installment: Weight 3' x 4' window unit LBS Weight 4' x 5' window unit LBS Average weight per SF of window area LBS

Installation methods Is there sufficient access / tool clearance to anchor windows as designed: Is there any feature that would prevent access to anchorage (Y/N) Is there any feature that would interfere with tools (Y/N)

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Durability

Design Durability / longevity What level of durability / longevity is available in storm resistant windows: Anodized coatings per AA DAF-45 and AAMA 611 (aluminum) (class) Organic coatings per AAMA 2603 (aluminum)

Factory priming per SWI SWS (steel) (Y/N) Wood preservative per WDMA I.S. 4 (not pentachlorophenol) (Y/N) Wood preservative is not pentachlorophenol (Y/N) Aluminal cladding per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (wood) (Y/N) Vinyl cladding per ASTM D1784 (wood) (class) All dissimilar metals are isolated from each other Window units (Y/N) Fasteners and installation (Y/N) Fasteners are appropriate for high-salt environments (Y/N) Drainage details prevent water accumulation within assembly (Y/N)

Maintainability

Service life Maintenance / maintainability What are the anticipated life cycle maintenance requirements:J34 What routine and periodic maintenance is required Glazing, mounting, and seals Frame and finish Air infiltration barrier materials / products Water barrier materials /products What components will require replacement during a 50 yr life Glazing, mounting, and seals Frame and finish

Air infiltration barrier materials / products Water barrier materials /products Water barrier materials

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Appendix D: Resilient Scoring Utility (ReScU): A White Paper

NOTE: The following is text was written by RHP partners at North Caro- lina State University, which is reproduced here in its entirety.

ReScU: A Rating System for Home Resilience

August 22, 2010

The ReScU System

The Resilient Home Program has created an easy-to-use tool – the Resili- ence Scoring Utility (ReScU) for rating the natural disaster resilience of homes. This system uses a performance-based approach to rate the home with respect to natural disaster resilience for common disaster perils. The ReScU system has been designed to cover a wide variety of natural disaster hazards. It can also be expanded to include non-hazards such as sustainability performance, water conservation, etc. Currently, the ReScU system

includes the hazards of

• Wind (including hurricane-related wind), • Flood, • Earthquake, • Fire, • Wildfire, • Hail, and • Mudslide.

Points are earned for each of the hazard-specific perils (e.g., floods, winds, etc.) based on the design and construction features of the home. The

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ReScU rating system is flexible in that it allows communities to apply the ratings according to their specific location, requirements, and needs.

Performance and the “Building Score”

In the ReScU system, “performance based” means that there are certain functional goals that the home needs to attain in order to achieve points for each of the hazards. These goals can be met in a variety of ways thus allowing flexibility based on what is most appropriate for a given situation. For example, performance-based criteria for hurricane resistance might include items such as:

• Roofs must withstand up to 150 mph winds (ASTM D7158) • Impact resistant doors must be able to withstand a flying object with 50 feet/sec speed impact (ASTM E1996-09) • Water resistant doors and windows must withstand water infiltration of 5 gal per ft2 per hr during heavy rain (ASTM E331-00 (2009))

The performance of the home is evaluated and scored in each of the hazard risks (discussed in the next section) through the use of performance guides. These guides include performance requirements and example (prescriptive) tools and techniques that can be used to achieve a particular performance criterion. Each of the guides include performance criteria for different elements of the home – such as a roof that must withstand up to 150 mph wind speeds – and best practice recommendations – such as the use of hurricane straps. The total number of points a home receives is re- ferred to as its Building Score, and a home will receive a perfect Building Score (tentatively 100 pts) for a particular hazard risk if they meet all the required performance based criteria specified in the guide.

The graph shown below (in Figure D1) demonstrates the Building Scores obtained in each of the hazard perils for an example home. Note that these Building Scores are obtained from the performance guides for each peril, thus these Building Scores are relative to the guides and can range from 0- 100 points (tentatively).

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Figure D1. An example building score chart.

The green bars for each of the hazards represent the maximum obtainable Building Score – irrespective of the geographic location of the home – and assumes that the home is constructed using all best practices as specified in the performance guide. The purple bars represent the actual rating for that home for the hazards and are adjusted (weighted) for the manner in which the home is actually constructed.

Hazards, Hazard Thresholds, and the Cumulative Rating

The main goal in creating ReScU was to construct a performance based home rating system that could be easily adapted for natural hazards, re-

gardless of the geographic location of the home. As such, the home is scored separately for its resilience against each hazard.

Recognizing that homes in different geographical areas will be subjected to different hazard perils, the ReScU system uses Hazard Thresholds to account for the probabilities of specific hazards impacting the home. These Thresholds are minimum performance scores that the home must attain in order for the home to be adequately built for its particular geographic location. For example, if a “hurricane reinforced” home is located in the Mid- western United States (US), then the probability of that home being impacted by a hurricane will be lower relative to that home located along the east coast. Thus, the overall wind Hazard Threshold will be lower for that

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home. We will show an example of this concept in a later section of this paper.

In general, the Hazard Thresholds for the various perils are based on the frequency of those particular hazards for a particular location. Simply, fre-

quent hazards have higher thresholds and less frequent hazards have lower thresholds. These thresholds can be determined from historical data, pilot studies, weather/hazard models, etc.

The ReScU Chart

An example of the ReScU rating system is shown graphically in Figure D2.

Figure D2. An Example ReScU System Chart

The horizontal axis on the ReScU chart (Figure 2) shows the common natural disaster hazards and the vertical axis shows the ReScU Score. The

bars represent the differences between the Building Scores and the Haz- ard Threshold values. If the difference is positive, then the home is built to standards that are higher than required and, thus, the homeowner may be able to obtain incentives (depending on the magnitude of the difference). If the difference between the Building Score and the Hazard Threshold value is negative, then the home (based on its current construction manner) does not meet the minimum requirements and incentives are unlikely to be available. In this case, in order to make the difference positive, re- medial measures could be utilized to increase the building scores. The ReScU system allows flexible interpretation of these differences depending on the users, i.e., insurance industry, communities, builders, etc.

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The ReScU Score in Detail

Let’s now look in detail at how the ReScU ratings are generated. An example of a ReScU rating spreadsheet is shown in Table D1 to help better understand the setup.

Table D1. The ReScU spreadsheet.

Hazards Building Score Threshold Score ReScU Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 75 40 35 Flood 15 20 -5 Earthquake 40 25 15 Fire 20 20 0 Wildfire 25 20 5 Hail 50 30 20 Mudslide 10 20 -10

First column- Hazards

In the first column, the potential hazards are listed.

Second column – Building Score

In the second column, the actual points are shown that the home has re- ceived for each of the hazard perils. These points are awarded based on its performance as specified in the performance guides.

Third column – Hazard Threshold

The third column shows the Threshold value for each of the hazards. These Hazard Thresholds are governed by where the house is located. For example, if the house is located in a wind zone or in a hurricane prone area, those values (i.e., numbers) are higher than if it is not located in those areas.

Forth column – ReScU Score

The ReScU Score is obtained by subtracting the Building Score from the Hazard Threshold value. For example if the building score for wind is 75 points and the Hazard Threshold is 40 points, then

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ReScU Score = Building Score - Hazard Threshold

ReScU Score = 75 pts – 40 pts = 35 pts

Examples of ReScU system and evaluation of scores

In this section, we’ll walk through how the ReScU system works by placing an example home in three different locations and evaluating the ReScU scores.

For our example, we’ll choose a typical American home. It is 2000 sq2 in size, and has three bedrooms, two baths and a one or two car garage (see Figure D2.) We will assume that this house was built according to the Mi- ami-Dade building code that requires a higher level of performance in some areas than prevailing building codes in others. An elevated foundation will be used for the house, and the roof will be designed and constructed to resist higher wind speeds. Moreover, a secondary water barrier will be placed beneath the siding, and impact and water resistant windows and doors will be installed. Reinforced concrete will be used for the continuous footing and foundation walls. For landscaping, ponds and stone walls will be used. Trees, bushes and other foliage are planted a safe dis- tance from the home.

Figure D2. A typical American home. Please note that this photo shows a home with a slab foundation and not an elevated one as described in the example. (http://www.adobebuildersinc.com/Images/cassidyLg.jpg)

Table D2 shows the ReScU spreadsheet with entries for our example house. We will finish this table in the next sections when we place the house in its various locations.

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Table D2. General ReScU spreadsheet for our example house.

Threshold ReScU Hazards Building Score Score Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 60 Flood 70 Earthquake 45 Fire 40 Wildfire 85 Hail 70 Mudslide 20

The Building Score column in Table D3 shows that, out of the maximum of 100 points for each hazard, the home achieved 60 pts on wind, 70 pts on flood, 70 pts on hail, 85 pts on wildfire, 45 pts on earthquake, 40 pts on fire and 20 pts on mudslide. For hurricanes (wind and flood), the model home gets points for its elevated foundation, reinforced roof, installation of a secondary water barrier and its impact and water resistant windows and doors. The model home also earns points in the wildfire hazard for safe landscaping and the utilization of a fire barrier material. In the earthquake hazard, points are given for the reinforced foundation and wall. Please note that the mudslide hazard was not targeted in this example; however, there are still a couple of points awarded for that hazard.

Let’s now place the house in three different locations throughout the United States to examine how the ReScU scores change. However, please note that for this example, the assigned points for each of the different

hazards in the ReScU system are tentative. The exact procedure of as- signing the points has not yet been determined.

Example 1: The House is Located in a Hurricane Prone and Flood Zone Area (State of Florida)

Table D3 shows the completed ReScU spreadsheet for the house located in Florida, a state that is prone to hurricanes. Note that when the house is located there, wind, flood and hail hazards are more emphasized. Thus, their hazard thresholds are higher than the other hazards.

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Table D3. ReScU Spreadsheet for the example house located in a Hurricane Prone and Flood Zone Area.

Hazards Building Score Threshold Score ReScU Score

(0-100) (20-100)

Wind 60 45 15 Flood 70 40 30 Earthquake 45 20 25 Fire 40 20 20 Wildfire 85 20 65 Hail 70 40 30 Mudslide 20 20 0

The ReScU score for a particular hazard is obtained by subtracting its Hazard Threshold from the Building Score. For example:

ReScU Rating for Flood Hazard = Building Score - Hazard Threshold ReScU Rating for Flood Hazard = 70 - 40 = 30 pts

The ReScU graph for Table D3 is shown in Figure D3.

Figure D3. ReScU graph for a Hurricane Prone and Flood Zone Area.

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Example 2: The House is located in a wildfire-prone area (State of California)

When the house is moved to a location in California, known for its wildfire hazards, the hazard thresholds in the ReScU system for each of the perils are adjusted. Table D4 shows the ReScU spreadsheet with the new threshold values, and notice that they are different than those shown in Table D3. For example, because the area is more prone to wildfires, the wildfire hazard threshold value is 70. In contrast, earthquake hazards are not as common, and its hazard threshold value is 30.

For our model home, those reinforcement techniques that were useful in the hurricane prone area do not result in the same number of points to- wards the ReScU score because those hazards are not common in this area. Therefore, the threshold value is lower for wind, flood and hail hazards.

Table D4. ReScU spreadsheet for the example house located in a Wildfire Prone Area.

Hazards Building Score Threshold Score ReScU Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 60 20 40 Flood 70 20 50 Earthquake 45 30 15 Fire 40 20 20 Wildfire 85 70 15 Hail 70 20 50 Mudslide 20 40 -20

To obtain the ReScU score in this example, the building scores are sub- tracted from the hazard threshold values:

ReScU Rating for Wildfire Hazard = Building Score - Hazard Threshold

ReScU Rating for Wildfire Hazard = 85 - 70 = 15 pts

The ReScU graph for Table D4 is shown in Figure D4.

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Figure D4. ReScU graph for a Wildfire Prone Area.

Example 3: The House is located in FEMA Flood Zone A (State of Iowa)

Now, if the house is located in a Flood Zone A area, such as Des Moines, IA, then the hazard threshold values in the ReScU system will reflect that as a predominant peril. Table D5 shows the ReScU spreadsheet and hazard threshold values for our example house located in Iowa.

Table D5. ReScU spreadsheet for the example house located in a Flood Prone Area.

Threshold ReScU Hazards Building Score Score Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 60 30 30 Flood 70 80 -10 Earthquake 45 20 25 Fire 40 20 20 Wildfire 85 20 65 Hail 70 20 50 Mudslide 20 20 0

Notice that in this example, our model home does not earn the same points for the ReScU Score for the wildfire hazard as it did in the previous examples. In other words, the features the home used for wildfire, such as landscaping materials, result in a different ReScU score due to the change in its hazard threshold value.

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The ReScU graph for our house located in a flood hazard area is shown in Figure D5.

Figure D5. ReScU graph for a flood-prone area.

Let’s modify the previous example to illustrate how a change in the peril affects the ReScU score. Specifically, let’s assume that FEMA decides to build a dike around the river; therefore, the house is now less prone to flooding. Thus, the flood hazard threshold value now gets lower. Previous- ly, the flood hazard threshold was 80 points, but because the home is now outside of the flood zone, this value decreases to 20 pts (Table D6).

Table D6. ReScU spreadsheet for the example house located in a Non Flood Prone Area.

Hazards Building Score Threshold Score ReScU Score

(0-100) (20-100) Wind 60 30 30 Flood 70 20 50 Earthquake 45 20 25 Fire 40 20 20 Wildfire 85 20 65 Hail 70 20 50 Mudslide 20 20 0

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The ReScU graph for this same house now located outside of the flood zone is shown in Figure D6. Under this scenario, the bar for flood peril is

no longer in the negative zone, since the threshold value for flood hazard has changed from 80 to 20.

Figure D6. ReScU graph for a non Flood Prone Area.

Conclusions

The Resilience Scoring Utility – ReScU – has been designed to be a comprehensive rating system for measuring the performance of homes against

natural disaster perils. Features of the ReScU system include:

• Ease of use • Applicability to site-specific hazards • Use of performance-based construction criteria with prescriptive solutions • Alignment to existing code and other building programs • Flexibility to allow communities to set rating thresholds • A format which is simple to expand to include other hazard perils as well as non-peril criteria (e.g., water conservation) • A format for measuring housing resilience in existing or newly planned communities

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For more information about the ReScU system or the Resilient Home Pro- gram, visit our website at http://home.resilientus.org.

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Appendix E: Wind and Water Resilience Criteria

This appendix provides the criteria that ERDC-CERL developed for North Carolina State University for inclusion in their Resilient Scoring Utility (ReScU) system (Table E-1 through Table E-5.

Table E-1. Resilient criteria for foundations and basements. Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks (Y/N)

Design

Concrete per ACI 318, Building Code FEMA 550 Consult an engineer for Requirements for Structural Concrete structural evaluation.

Masonry per ACI 5/TMS 492, Building FEMA 550 Code Requirements for Masonry Structures and ACI 530.1 Specifications for Masonry Structures

Foundations shall be designed for flood IBHS p. 26; ASCE forces as required by ASCE 24-05 for 24; FEMA 550 the Fortified Design Flood Elevation (FDFE) and the lowest adjacent existing natural grade, or FEMA 550 Recommended Residential Construction for the Gulf Coast

Continuous footing and wall foundations:

Opportunities: Crawlspace foundations are prohibited FS #15, p. 2 Home is It is unlikely that modifying in V-zones located in a foundations can be V-zone accomplished in conjunction with other routine repair or maintenance tasks. Crawlspace foundations are not FS #11, p. 2 Home is recommended in Coastal A-zones located in a Coastal A-zone

Tasks: Where allowed, design foundation walls FS #11, p. 2 per SSTD 10, Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction, Southern Building Code Congress International.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

Masonry foundations walls exhibit no Masonry Consult an engineer to assess stair-step or saw-tooth cracking; eroded foundation is the extent of foundation damage mortar joints; out-of-plane deformation; cracked and and feasibility of repairs. differential settlement; detachment at deformed

corners; or inward or outward thrust. Concrete foundation walls exhibit no Concrete cracking; differential settlement; out-of- foundation is plane deformation; detachment at cracked and corners; or inward or outward thrust. deformed

Foundation is protected from erosion. FS #15, p. 2 Foundation is Restore appropriate grade Top of footing will remain the design unprotected around house perimeter and depth below grade and will not be from erosion install rip-rap or similar erosion exposed by scour. and scour. and scour protection.

Foundation wall height is sufficient to FS #15, p. 2 Bottom of Consult an engineer to develop a elevate the lowest member of the floor lowest floor plan to elevate the building, system to a minimum of 3' above BFE in framing extend the top of the foundation V-zones and Coastal A-zones. members are to above DFE and anchor the less than 3' home to the foundation. (FEMA above BFE 312)

Foundation wall height is sufficient to FS #4 p. 1 and IRC ALTERNATIVE: Consult an elevate the lowest member of the floor R322.3.2 engineer to develop a plan to system a minimum of 1' above BFE in A- add a waterproof membrane and zones. brick veneer to building's exterior wall system. (FEMA 312)

Footings and walls are constructed of FS #15, p. 2; FS #8, ALTERNATIVE: Consult an materials not subject to moisture or p. 2 architect to develop a plan to water damage; i.e. concrete, concrete convert first floor to a non- masonry, preservative treated lumber, habitable space and build a new or similar. second floor. (FEMA 312)

Foundation walls are supported laterally FS #15, p. 2 ALTERNATIVE: Consult an

against wind, flood, surge, and debris engineer to develop a levee or loads by floor framing, or by infill and flood wall design if site concrete floor slab. conditions and local authorities allow. (FEMA 312)

ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to relocate the building to an appropriate elevation. (FEMA 312) Flood openings and ventilation FS #15, p. 2 Flood vents Consult an engineer about openings--any area below the DFE are absent or locating reinforcing and vents, enclosed by foundation walls are located above method of cutting the equipped with openings capable of 1' above grade foundation. automatically equalizing the water levels line inside and outside the enclosure. Flood openings are on at least two of the FS #15, p. 2 Install lintle or otherwise bridge walls. opening, as recommended by the engineer.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

Bottom of flood opening are no more FS #15, p. 2 Remove block(s) from CMU than 1 foot above the adjacent grade foundation walls or cut concrete outside the wall. foundation wall.

Flood opening area is a minimum of 1 FS #15, p. 2 Install flood vents. square inch of opening per square foot of enclosed area.

Interior grade of the crawlspace is at or FS #15, p. 2 Interior grade Calculate volume of fill required above the lowest exterior grade adjacent of the to bring crawlspace floor up to to the building. crawlspace is grade elevation. below grade

Place, distribute, and compact fill in crawlspace.

Slab-on-grade foundation: Opportunities: Slab on grade foundations are FS #11, p. 2 Home is It is unlikely modifying prohibited in V-zones. located in a V- foundations can be zone accomplished in conjunction with other routine repair or maintenance tasks. Slab on grade foundations are not FS #11, p. 2 Home is recommended in Coastal A-zones. located in a Coastsal A- zone Tasks: Slab is flat and level; it exhibits no Buildng is Consult an engineer to assess cracking or differential settlement settling the extent of foundation damage differentially and feasibility of repairs.

Building perimeter is protected to Foundation is Restore appropriate grade prevent erosion and scour from unprotected around house perimeter and undermining slab on grade foundations and exposed install rip-rap or similar erosion to erosion and and scour protection.

scour.

Where allowed, the top of the floor slab FS #4 p. 1 and IRC Top of slab is Consult an engineer to develop a is a minimum of 1'-4" above BFE. R322.3.2 less than 1'-4' plan to elevate the building and above BFE. fill the site to above DFE. (FEMA 312) ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to add a waterproof membrane and brick veneer to building's exterior wall system. (FEMA 312)

ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to convert first floor to a non- habitable space and build a new second floor. (FEMA 312)

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a levee or flood wall design if site conditions and local authorities

allow. (FEMA 312).

ALTERNATIVE: Consult an engineer to develop a plan to relocate the building to an appropriate elevation. (FEMA 312).

Pier foundations: Opportunities: Piers are not recommended in V-zones FS #14, p. 1 Home is It is unlikely modifying with erodible soils or Coastal zones located in a V- foundations can be subject to waves or erosion zone w/ accomplished in conjunction with erodable soils other routine repair or maintenance tasks.

Home is located in a Coastal A-zone subject to waves or erosion Tasks: Building is level; it exhibits no differential Building is Consult an engineer to assess settlement. settling the extent of foundation damage differentially and feasibility of repairs.

Piers are plumb and exhibit no bending Piers are or deformation. leaning or broken. Piers are embedded to the design depth Consult an engineer regarding of footing and the design grade is the appropriate footing depth.

maintained.

Piers are protected to prevent erosion Piers are Restore appropriate grade under and scour. unprotected building and install rip-rap or and exposed similar erosion and scour to erosion and protection. scour. Pier height is sufficient to elevate the FS #14, p. 1 Bottom of Consult an engineer to develop a lowest member of the floor system to a lowest floor plan to elevate the building, minimum of 3' above BFE in V-zones framing extend the piers to above DFE and Coastal A-zones. members are and anchor the home to the less than 3' foundation. (FEMA 312). above BFE.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 243

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

Pier height is sufficient to elevate the FS #14 p. 1 and IRC ALTERNATIVE: Consult an lowest member of the floor system a R322.3.2 engineer to develop a plan to minimum of 1' above BFE in A-zones. add a waterproof membrane and brick veneer to building's exterior

wall system. (FEMA 312).

Concrete and masonry piers are Consult an engineer regarding reinforced continuously from footings to the appropriate concrete and horizontal beam anchors. masonry reinforcing.

Piers are constructed of materials not FS #14, p. 1; Piers exhibit ALTERNATIVE: Consult an subject to moisture or water damage; cracking, engineer to develop a plan to i.e. concrete, concrete masonry, epoxy spalling, rust relocate the building to an coated reinforcing, and others similar. expansion, or appropriate elevation. (FEMA other signs of 312). deterioration Piers are supported laterally against FS #14, p. 1 Consult an engineer to develop a wind, flood, surge, and debris loads by lateral bracing design. floor framing, or by infill and concrete floor slab.

Pier / floor beam connection is FEMA 550 Absence of supported by lateral bracing lateral bracing at floor/pier connection

Piers are supported by grade beams or FEMA 550 Absence of compression struts at grade lateral bracing at grade

Pile foundations: Opportunities: It is unlikely modifying foundations can be accomplished in conjunction with other routine repair or maintenance tasks.

Building is level; it exhibits no differential Building is Tasks: settlement. settling differentially

Piles are plumb and exhibit no bending Piles are Consult an engineer to assess or deformation. leaning, the extent of foundation damage bending, or and feasibility of repairs. broken.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 244

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

Piles are driven to the design hammer Piers are Consult an engineer regarding resistance and depth and the design unprotected the appropriate pile depth. grade is maintained. and exposed to erosion and

scour.

Piles are protected to prevent erosion Restore appropriate grade under and scour. building and install rip-rap or similar erosion and scour protection. Pile height is sufficient to elevate the FS #14, p. 1 Bottom of Consult an engineer to develop a lowest member of the floor system to a lowest floor plan to elevate the building, minimum of 3' above BFE in V-zones framing extend the piles to above DFE and Coastal A-zones. members are and anchor the home to the less than 3' foundation. (FEMA 312). above BFE

Pile height is sufficient to elevate the FS #14 p. 1 and IRC lowest member of the floor system a R322.3.2 minimum of 1' above BFE in A-zones.

Piles are constructed of materials not FS #14, p. 1; Piers exhibit ALTERNATIVE: Consult an subject to moisture or water damage; cracking, engineer to develop a plan to treated timbers, concrete with epoxy spalling, rust relocate the building to an coated reinforcing, and others similar. expansion, or appropriate elevation. (FEMA other signs of 312). deterioration Piles are supported laterally against FS #14, p. 1 Consult an engineer to develop a wind, flood, surge, and debris loads by lateral bracing design. floor framing, or by infill and concrete floor slab. Pile / floor beam connection is FEMA 550 Absence of supported by lateral bracing lateral bracing at floor/pier connection Piles are supported by grade beams or FEMA 550 Absence of compression struts at grade lateral bracing at grade

Breakaway enclosures: Enclosures are designed to prevent FS 27, p. 2 Opportunities: damage to foundation or building structures from storm surge and flooding. Enclosures below BFE in V-zones are FS 27, p. 2 Enclosures Modify enclosures below DFE as designed to break away at the greater of provide part of a remodeling action. design wind, design seismic, or 10 psf significant acting perpendicular to the breakaway resistance to element pushing or impacts Enclosures below BFE in V-zones FS 27, p. 2 Absence of Modify enclosures below DFE as designed to breakaway at greater than certification a specific activity 20 psf, the design is certified by a PE or RA.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / criteria if "N" tasks

(Y/N)

Enclosures below BFE in A-zones are FS 27, p. 2 Deep flooding Tasks: subject only to shallow, slow moving and breaking flood water and are equipped with waves are automatic flood vents. possible

Remove non-structural walls and building elements from pier or pile foundations. Consult an engineer to develop breakaway designs and connections.

Table E2. Resilient criteria – superstructure (framing/masonry. Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Design (general): Wind speeds ASCE 7 plus 20 mph IBHS p. 12 Total building Consult an engineer for structural structural evaluation. design

Original design analysis / code approval Individual structural inspection and analysis

Fasteners (general): Opportunities: Tasks:

Fasteners exposed to the exterior or in IBHS p. 25 Plain steel Consult engineer for fastener contact with treated lumber must be threaded grade, diameter, length, either stainless steel or galvanized with fasteners detailing, and safety a rating of G185 or greater considerations.

Remove deficient bolt, washer, nut, and/or connection plate.

Install new bolt, washer, nut, and/or connection plate.

Plain steel Where accessible, inspect, nails withdraw, and install new nails.

Isolate dissimilar metals of fasteners in IBHS p. 25 Ferrous and If load-bearing, consult engineer Coastal A and V zones. non-ferrous for fastener grade, diameter, metals in length, detailing, and safety contact considerations.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Remove deficient bolt, washer, nut, and/or connection plate.

Install non metallic gasket or

spacer. Install new bolt, washer, nut, and/or connection plate.

Continuous load path: Metal truss plates: Designed and FS #17, p. 2 Plywood Opportunities: installed per ANSI/TPI 1-95 gusset plates

Missing, loose, Include with other roof systems or damaged upgrade or remodeling activities. metal truss plates

Inspect and repair as a specific task. Tasks: Consult engineer for structural evaluation. If minor or isolated, hammer plates until teeth are fully embedded. If major or frequent, consult structural engineer for appropriate retrofit methods. Roof-to-wall connection: Trusses or IBHS p. 20; FS #17, Trusses or Opportunities: rafters are tied to walls with hurricane p. 2; NOAA p. 11 rafters are toe- straps (preferred; strap laps over top of nailed into wall rafter or truss top chord) or clips, and top plate are nailed cross-grain into rafter or truss bottom chord members at each truss or rafter

Hurricane straps or clips are fastened to Not all Include with other roof systems both wall top plates and into wall studs fasteners are upgrade and/or interior installed remodeling and refinishing activities. Fasteners are installed at all holes Inspect and upgrade as a provided in the hurricane straps or clips specific task.

Tasks: Identify load-bearing walls that support rafters or trusses.

From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at ceilings and tops of exterior load-bearing walls. Remove vapor retarder (if present) and ceiling and wall insulation.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 247

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Install clips or straps at each rafter or truss. Replace ceiling and wall insulation.

Replace vapor retardant (if present) and tape seams.

Hang new gypsum wallboard. Mud, tape, and finish new gypsum wallboard. Paint new gypsum wallboard. Haul and dispose of debris. Wall plate-to-stud connection: Wall top FS #17, p. 3 Top plates and Opportunities: and bottom plates are tied to wall studs. studs are connected by toe- or end- nailing only

Exterior structural sheathing extends Exterior Include with other interior over studs and plates and is fastened sheathing remodeling or refinishing with 8d nails spaced at 6 in. does not cover activities. studs and plates OR Studs and plates are connected Exterior Include with other exterior with metal straps at rafters or trusses sheathing is remodeling or residing activities. not structural Inspect and upgrade as a specific task. Tasks: From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at tops of exterior load- bearing walls. Remove vapor retarder (if

present) and ceiling and wall insulation Remove ceiling finish nailer, if present. Remove base trim from inside of exterior load-bearing walls.

From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at tops and bottoms of load-bearing walls Install straps at interior face of each plate-to- stud connection, top and bottom. Replace ceiling nailer if present. Replace ceiling and wall insulation.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 248

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Replace vapor retardant (if present) and tape seams.

Hang new gypsum wallboard. Mud, tape and finish new gypsum wallboard. Paint new gypsum wallboard. Reinstall base trim. Haul and dispose of debris. Wall-to-foundation connections: slab on FS #17, p. 4; NOAA Undersized, Opportunities: grade construction p. 20 w/pic damaged or missing anchor bolts

5/8 in. diameter anchor bolt x 10 in. Include with other interior long (minimum 7 in. embedment in remodeling or refinishing foundation) activities. Spacing at 2'-0 maximum Include with other exterior remodeling or residing activities.

3 in. diameter (or 3 in. x 3 in.) x 1/4 in. Inspect and upgrade as a thick washer specific task.

Retrofitted anchor bolts not closer than Tasks: 1-1/2 in. from existing anchor bolts

Consult engineer for fastener anchorage, detailing and safety considerations. Remove base trim from inside of exterior load-bearing walls.

From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at bottoms exterior load-bearing walls.

Drill 3/4 in. hole through bottom plates into foundation; vacuum debris from hole. Epoxy-cement anchor bolt into foundation. Install washers and nuts. Replace wall insulation Replace vapor retardant (if present) and tape seams.

Hang new gypsum wallboard. Mud, tape, and finish new gypsum wallboard. Paint new gypsum wallboard. Reinstall base trim. Haul and dispose of debris.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 249

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Floor-to-foundation connections: wall FS #17, p. 4; NOAA Undersized, Opportunities: foundation with framed floor and p. 20 w/pic damaged or crawlspace missing anchor bolts 5/8 in. diameter anchor bolt; minimum Include with other interior length = 7 in. embedment in remodeling or refinishing foundation, 3 in. through plate and activities. washer-and-nut, plus depth of floor joists

Spacing at 2'-0 maximum Include with other exterior remodeling or residing activities.

3 in. diameter (or 3 in. x 3 in.) x 1/4 in. Inspect and upgrade as a thick washer specific task.

Retrofitted anchor bolts not closer than Tasks: 1-1/2 in. from existing anchor bolts

Consult engineer for fastener anchorage, detailing, and safety considerations. Remove base trim from inside of exterior load-bearing walls.

From the interior, remove an 18 in. wide strip of gypsum wallboard at bottoms of exterior load-bearing walls. Drill ¾ in. hole through bottom plates into foundation; vacuum debris from hole. Epoxy-cement anchor bolt into foundation. Install washers and nuts. Replace wall insulation. Replace vapor retardant (if

present) and tape seams.

Hang new gypsum wallboard. Mud, tape, and finish new gypsum wallboard. Paint new gypsum wallboard. Reinstall base trim. Haul and dispose of debris. Floor-to-foundation connections: pier or FS #17, p. 4; Noaa Floor framing Opportunities: pile foundations p. 20 w/pic toe-nailed to floor beam

Floor platform (joists or band joists) are Include with other exterior strapped to floor beam remodeling or residing activities.

Spacing at 2'-0 maximum Inspect and upgrade as a specific task.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 250

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Continuous strapping from floor beam to Tasks: wall studs is preferred

Consult engineer for fastener

anchorage, detailing and safety considerations. Remove exterior siding and sheathing to 18 in. above bottom plate. Peel back house wrap, building paper, or similar moisture barrier. Install straps and/or sheathing. Replace moisture barrier. Replace exterior sheathing (if straps). Replace exterior siding. Repaint or refinish exterior siding as appropriate.

Haul and dispose of debris. Floor-to-floor (story-to-story) connections: FS #17, p. 3 Exterior Opportunities: Two story buildings sheathing is not continuous between stories

Metal straps or structural sheathing Exterior Include with other exterior connect one story to the next sheathing is remodeling or residing activities. not structural Metal straps: 36 in. minimum length Inspect and upgrade as a (18 in. each, above and 18 in. below specific task. second floor joists), 1-1/4 in. wide, spaced at 6 ft maximum

Structural sheathing: sheets extend Tasks:

minimum 18 in. above and below second floor joists, 8d nails spaced maximum 6 in. at edges Brackets and threaded rod connecting Remove 50 in. exterior siding floor structure to wall structure below and sheathing, 25 in. above and 25 in. below second floor joists. Peel back house wrap, building paper, or similar moisture barrier. Install straps and/or sheathing. Replace moisture barrier. Replace exterior sheathing (if straps). Replace exterior siding. Repaint or refinish exterior siding as appropriate.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Haul and dispose of debris. Wall opening connections: Exterior Opportunities: sheathing is not continuous around openings Opening frames maintain a continuous FS #17, p. 3 Exterior Include with other interior load path through sheathing is remodeling or refinishing not structural activities.

Headers are strapped to trim (or king) Include with other exterior studs remodeling or residing activities.

Trim (or king) studs are strapped across Inspect and upgrade as a bottom plate and to floor joists below specific task.

OR trim (or king) studs are anchored to Tasks: the bottom plate with angle brackets if slab-on-grade construction

Remove window and door trim (either interior or exterior).

Remove either interior gypsum wallboard or exterior siding from around window and door openings. Fasten straps across ends of headers to trim studs.

Fasten straps between bottoms of trim studs and band joist or floor joists. OR fasten angle brackets between bottoms of trim studs and bottom plate.

Seal rough opening. Replace interior gypsum wallboard. Tape, mud, and finish interior gypsum wallboard.

Replace exterior siding. Seal exterior siding and door or window seams. Repaint or refinish exterior interior gypsum wallboard and/or exterior siding as appropriate. Replace window and door trim. Haul and dispose of debris

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Pile-to-floor beam connection: FS #17, p. 4 Loose, Opportunities: damaged, or missing fasteners

Pile-to-floor beam connections resist Absence of Include with other exterior gravity loads and lateral loads from tidal lateral bracing remodeling or residing activities. and storm surge forces Floor beams bear on notches at the pile Insufficient / Inspect and upgrade as a tops; notches are no more than 50% of ineffective specific task. the pile cross section lateral bracing

Floor beams are anchored to piles with Tasks: threaded fasteners

Diagonal or knee bracing is installed to Consult engineer for fastener resist lateral loads anchorage, detailing, and safety considerations. Remove and replace damaged fasteners, per engineer's recommendations. Install lateral bracing per engineer's recommendations.

Gable ends: Opportunities: Overhang at gable end is not more than FS #18 p. 2, NRG p. Include with other exterior 8 in. from the wall to the outside edge of 206 remodeling, roofing or residing the fascia activities. Inspect and upgrade as a specific task.

Tasks: Overhangs Remove roof covering beyond exceed the 8 in. maximum overhang. recom'd 8 in.

Remove soffit at gable end. Remove fascia at gable end. Remove drip edge from sheathing. Remove sheathing beyond the 8 in. maximum overhang.

Shorten outrigger / ladder ends to the 8 in. maximum overhang.

Replace drip edge on sheathing. Replace fascia. Replace soffit.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 253

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

Roof sheathing over gable end overhang Roof Remove roof covering from the is nailed at maximum 4 in. sheathing roof edge to at least 2 in. beyond attachment is the rafter that is attached to insufficient overhang.

Install nails at the required spacing. Install new roofing. Haul and dispose of debris. Outrigger ladders are not notched over NRG p. 211 Remove soffit. gable end framing

Apply a 1/4 in. bead of construction adhesive on both sides of the outrigger and sheathing and/or both sides of the outrigger to the gable end wall. Install soffit. Triangular gable end is integral to the Gable end is Install 1/4 in. diameter lag wall below it discontinuous screws that are long enough to with wall go through the gable truss or below rafter, through the wall sheathing and 1-1/2-inches into the inside framing member of the ladder framing (approximately 4 in. long) from the attic side.

Wall studs are continuous from the floor Overhang and Install the straps or angles to to the bottom of the roof framing gable end connect the gable end sole plate components to the top plate of the wall below, are toe-nailed , or 4-1/2 in. long by 1/4 in. diameter screws through the sole plate of the gable end wall and into the top plate of the rectangular wall per the manufactures instruction and

spacing. If fabricated separately, gable end is tied OR 4-1/2 in. long by 1/4 in. to wall with straps, angles, and/or clips diameter screws through the sole and are not toe-nailed plate of the gable end wall and into the top plate of the rectangular wall below. Gable ends are braced from the FLASH p. 250 Gable end is Install 2 compression blocks building's interior to resist positive and not braced across ceiling joists or bottom negative pressures from interior chords of trusses

Horizontal brace spacing (Exposure C): Install retrofit studs into existing gable truss studs; apply construction adhesive between retrofit studs and wall sheathing. 110 mph: 38 in. Install 2 in. x 4 in. by 8 ft horizontal braces at tops of ceiling joists or bottom chords of trusses, spaced at 2 ft.

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Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N)

120 mph: 32 in. Install 2 in. x 4 in. by 8 ft horizontal braces at bottoms of rafters or top chords of trusses, spaced at 2 ft. 130 mph: 28 in. Install connection angle at the retrofit stud and horizontal braces.

Table E3. Resilient criteria – roofing.

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks Design (general): Total building structural Consult engineer for structural Wind speeds ASCE 7 plus 20 mph IBHS p. 12 design evaluation Original design analysis / code Wind speeds Exposure C approval

Uplift safety factor of 2.0 min relative to Individual structural inspection ASCE 7, Exposure C IBHS p. 12 and analysis Max. deflection of span/160 @ 100 psf uniform load (i.e. min 5/8 in. 40/20 rated sheathing) IBHS p. 15 Roof Sheathing:

Sheathing Condition: Sheathing is in sound condition; no evidence of water logging, rot, mold, impact damage, delamination, warping or curling, or Evidence of

similar damage damage Opportunities:

Fasteners remain anchored tightly in No loosened Inspect existing sheathing sheathing fasteners condition at next reroofing Reroof and repair or replace roofing sheathing as a specific task Tasks: Inspect sheathing from attic Remove asphalt shingles Remove flashing Remove underlayment Remove damaged sheathing Install new sheathing Install new underlayment

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 255

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks Install new flashing Install new asphalt shingles Haul and dispose of (recycle)

debris

FS #18, p. 1; coastal contractor Sheathing is of Sheathing Type: website insufficient type Opportunities:

1/2 in. or thicker panels rated as Sheathing is of "exposure 1" for rafters or trusses insufficient Inspect existing sheathing type at spaced at 16 in. thickness next reroofing.

5/8 in. or thicker panels rated as "exposure 1" for rafters or trusses Reroof and replace roofing spaced at 24 in. sheathing as a specific task. Tasks: Inspect sheathing type from attic. Remove asphalt shingles. Remove flashing. Remove underlayment. Remove substandard sheathing. Install new sheathing. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris.

Sheathing Layout: Sheathing is placed Sheathing per American Plywood Association PS 1- IBHS p. 15, FS #18, panels are of 07 Structural Plywood p. 1 insufficient size Opportunities:

Sheathing Supported by at least three framing support is Inspect existing sheathing layout members insufficient at next reroofing.

Reroof and replace roofing Minimum panel size is 4'-0 x 2'-0 sheathing as a specific task. Preferred panel size is 4'-0 x 4'-0 Tasks:

Inspect sheathing layout from Sheets at eaves and ridges are full size attic.

Sheets half-size are used at gable ends Remove asphalt shingles.

Sheets less than full size are placed at center of the roof Remove flashing.

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Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks

T&G sheathing or "H" clips are recommended Remove underlayment. Install blocking where

appropriate. Remove inappropriately placed sheathing. Install new sheathing where required. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris.

Sheathing IBHS p.16, FS #18, fastened with Fastening: p. 1, NOAA p. 5 staples Opportunities: Insufficient nailing Perimeter: 8d ringshank nails spaced at schedule (type, Inspect existing sheathing 4 in. maximum spacing) fastening at next reroofing. Missed or partially Field 8d ringshank nails spaced at 6 in. embedded Reroof and refasten roofing maximum fasteners sheathing as a specific task. Staples are not permitted Tasks:

No more than 1 missed or partially Inspect sheathing fastening from embedded fastener every 4'-0 attic.

Detect location of fasteners in rafters or truss top chords. Remove asphalt shingles. Remove flashing.

Remove underlayment. Install blocking where appropriate. Remove inappropriately placed sheathing. Install new sheathing. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 257

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks ALTERNATIVE CRITERION: ALTERNATIVE METHOD: Apply a 1/4 in. bead of Construction adhesive is applied at construction adhesive along the sheathing / framing interface; APA AFG edge where the rafter/framing 01 construction adhesive (low VOC) or and the roof sheathing (both closed cell polyurethane foam sides). Seams: Secondary water barrier is Sheathing installed at roof sheathing seams and seams are not valleys FS #19, p. 2 sealed: Opportunities:

Self adhering modified bitumen per Seal sheathing seams at next ASTM D 1970, min 4 in. wide reroofing. Reroof and seal sheathing Lap tape to shed water downhill seams as a specific task. Tasks: Inspect sheathing fastening from attic. Remove asphalt shingles. Remove flashing. Remove underlayment. Install blocking where appropriate. Remove inappropriately placed sheathing. Install new sheathing where required. Tape sheathing seams. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris.

Roof felt / underlayment

Absence of or Secondary water barrier: Secondary insufficient water barrier is installed integral with the secondary roofing system water barrier Opportunities: Underlayment not turned up at Install new underlayment at next OPTION 1: two layers FS #19, p. 1 walls reroofing. Unwoven Minimum tear strength: 20 # per ASTM underlayment Install new underlayment as a D 1970 or ASTM D 4533 at valleys specific task.

First layer: ASTM D 226 Type II (30# felt) or ASTM 4869 Type IV Tasks:

Ring- or deformed-shank nails with 1 in. diameter metal or plastic caps spaced Inspect sheathing fastening from at 6 in. maximum attic.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 258

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks End laps 6 in. minimum Remove asphalt shingles.

Second layer: polymer modified bitumen per ASTM D 1970 Remove flashing.

Ring- or deformed-shank nails with 1 in. diameter metal or plastic caps spaced at 6 in. maximum Remove underlayment. End laps 6 in. minimum Remove damaged sheathing. Install new sheathing where OPTION 2: Two layers FS #19, p. 2 required. Minimum tear strength: 20 lbs per ASTM D 1970 or ASTM D 4533 Tape sheathing seams. Two layers, laid separately: ASTM D 226 Type I (15# felt) or ASTM 4869 Type II Install new underlayment. Ring- or deformed-shank nails with 1 in. diameter metal or plastic caps spaced at 6 in. maximum at edges and 12 in. in field Install new flashing. End laps 6 in. minimum Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) OPTION 3: One layer FS #19, p. 2 debris. Areas of modest population only Design 3-second wind gust of 110 mph or less Minimum tear strength: 20 lbs per ASTM D 1970 or ASTM D 4533

ASTM D 226 Type I (15# felt) or ASTM 4869 Type II Ring- or deformed-shank nails with 1 in. diameter metal or plastic caps spaced at 6 in. maximum at edges and 12 in. in field End laps 6 in. minimum

Underlayment at wall intersections is turned up a minimum of a 6 in. at wall intersections and 6 in. over roof underlayment FS #19, p. 2 Ridge underlayment is double lapped Valley underlayment is weaved Asphalt shingles

Shingle condition: Shingles system is in Missing sound condition IBHS p. 17 shingles Opportunities: Worn or damaged Replace all roofing as part of There are no missing or broken shingles shingles ongoing maintenance activities.

Shingles do not exhibit cracking, curling, Selectively repair or replace excessive wear of granular materials, or damaged or worn roofing as a other distress specific task.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 259

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks Replace and upgrade roofing as a specific task. Tasks:

Inspect roofing from roof. Clean locations of missing shingles. Remove most severely damaged shingles. Insert and fasten new shingles. Apply adhesive under tabs of new shingles.

IBHS p. 17; FS #20, Shingle materials: p. 2 Opportunities: Replace and upgrade all roofing 90 mph: ASTM D 3161 Class D or UL as part of ongoing maintenance 2390 Class D or MDC TAS 107 activities. Replace and upgrade roofing as 110 mph: ASTM D 7158 Class F a specific task.

120 mph: ASTM 7158 Class G or UL 2390 Class G Tasks: 150 mph: UL 2390 Class H Remove asphalt shingles. 130-160 mph: ASTM 7158 Class H Remove flashing. Hail resistance per UL2218 Class 4 Remove underlayment. Remove damaged sheathing. Install new sheathing (where required). Tape sheathing seams. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing.

Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris. Fastening: : Opportunities: FS #20, p. 2; IBHS p. 17; NRG p. 14; Replace and upgrade all roofing Starter strip is adhered with roofing IBHS p. 19; FS #19, Nails are not as part of ongoing maintenance cement p. 2 roofing nails activities.

Three 1 in. dabs of roof cement is Nails of applied to each tab (9 per shingle) to insufficient Replace and upgrade roofing as hold down overlying shingle (field) length a specific task.

Four 1 in. dabs of roofing cement (two Insufficient each side) are applied under overlying number / ridge shingles spacing of nails Tasks:

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 260

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks

Two 1 in. dabs of roofing cement are Inspect fasteners from attic applied to shingle ends (above rakes) (pattern, length of penetration).

Fastener pull-through resistance: 25 lbs

minimum, 30 lbs preferred Remove asphalt shingles.

Fastener length: penetrates minimum 3/4 in. into sheathing (i.e. 1 in. - 1- 1/4 in. minimum Remove flashing.

Fastener placement: six each shingls; two at each tab, adjacent to the top ends of shingle slots (field) Remove underlayment.

One additional fastener (seven total) 2 in. from shingle ends (above rakes) Remove damaged sheathing.

Two fasteners (one each side) in ridge shingles Tape sheathing seams.

Fasteners are hot dipped galvanized if Install new sheathing where within 3,000 feet of saltwater required.

Fasteners are driven to surface of the shingle (not over- or under-driven), perpendicular to the roof surface Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris. Penetrations: roof penetrations are flashed and/or sealed to prevent leakage Absence of flashing or sealing Opportunities:

Base flashing at intersecting masonry walls and chimney is anchored in a reglet Perform temporary patching.

Flashing placed to collect water, Replace and upgrade all roofing Base flashing at intersecting walls and as opposed to as part of ongoing maintenance chimney is protected by counter flashing shedding activities.

Flashing not sealed or Intersection of a sloped roof and wall is protected at Replace and upgrade roofing as flashed with step flashing vertical face a specific task.

Flashing is not underlied Shingles overly flashing flanges at top sufficient sides to shed water dimension Tasks: (temporary repair)

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 261

Meets criteria Deficiency, Retrofit requirements / Criteria Reference (Y/N) if "N" tasks

Flashing returns 6 in. minimum under Inspect roof for faulty flashing or adjacent shingles seal at roof penetrations.

Roofing cement is applied to flashing to Apply roofing cement to faulty hold bottom edges of shingles roof penetrations.

Flashing boots at vent stacks are sealed at the stack; mechanical seal (i.e. hose clamp or similar) is preferred Tasks:

Hoods and vents have internal baffles of 6 in. minimum to redirect wind driven Inspect roof for faulty flashing or outwards seal at roof penetrations. Remove asphalt shingles. Remove flashing. Remove underlayment. Remove damaged sheathing. Tape sheathing seams. Install newsheathing where required. Install new underlayment. Install new flashing. Install new asphalt shingles. Haul and dispose of (recycle) debris. Tile roofing:

Metal roofing:

Table E4. Resilient criteria – exterior. Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N) Design: Design wind velocity per ASCE 7 plus 20 IBHS Consult an engineer regarding mph, Exposure C sheathing type and nailing schedule. Consult manufacturer’s instructions regarding siding installation. Sheathing: Opportunities:

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 262

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Structural sheathing panels are min 3/8 in. ICC 600, Ch. 7 Wall sheathing is Upgrading exterior wall with stud spacing at 12 in. o.c., at wind < minimum construction may be performed as speed 140 mph, and stud spacing at thickness; nail part of routine siding replacement 16 in. at wind speeds of <100 mph spacing exceeds or remodeling. maximum for design wind speed

Structural sheathing panels are min Upgrading exterior wall 7/16 in. with stud spacing at 12 in. o.c., at construction may be performed as wind speed >150mph, and stud spacing at a specific task. 16 in. at wind speeds of <110 mph

Tasks: Structural sheathing panels are min 3/8 in. with stud spacing at 16 in. o.c., at wind speed of 100 mph

Structural sheathing panels are min 7/16 in. with stud spacing at 16 in. o.c., at wind speed of 110 mph

Structural sheathing panels are min Remove opening trim. 15/32 in. with stud spacing at 16 in. o.c., at wind speeds of 120–140 mph

Structural sheathing panels are min 19/32 in. with stud spacing at 24 in. o.c., at wind speeds of 100 - 120 mph

Structural sheathing panels are min Remove exterior siding. 19/32 in. with stud spacing at 16 in. o.c., at wind speed of 150 mph

Stud spacing of 24 in. is not allowed with wind speed of 150 mph

Structural sheathing panels are min Remove building paper or house 23/32 in. with stud spacing at 24 in. at wrap.

wind speeds of 130-140 mph

Structural sheathing panels in the interior ICC 600, Ch. 7 Panel fasteners Inspect exterior sheathing type and zones are fastened with 8d common or are < minimum nailing schedule. 10d box nails at 6 in. at edges and 12 in. size; nail spacing in the field for 12 in. and 16 in. stud exceeds spacing and winds of 100 - 130 mph maximum

Structural sheathing panels in the interior zones are fastened with 8d common or 10d box nails at 6 in. at edges and 6 in. in the field for 24 in. stud spacing and winds of 140 - 150 mph

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 263

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Structural sheathing panels at the perimeter edge zone are fastened with 8d common or 10d box nails at 6 in. at edges and 12 in. in the field for 12 in. stud spacing and winds of 100 - 110 mph

Structural sheathing panels at the perimeter edge zone are fastened with 8d common or 10d box nails at 6 in. at edges and 6 in. in the field for 16 in. and 24 in. stud spacing and winds of 120 - 150 mph

1x6 or 1x8 board sheathing is fastened If appropriate, supplement nailing with 2-8d common or 10d box nails each to conform to nailing schedule. support

1x10 board sheathing is fastened with 3- If necessary, remove deficient 8d common or 10d box nails each support sheathing.

Replace exterior sheathing. Install secondary water barrier at sheathing joints.

Install new house wrap or rain barrier. Replace exterior siding. Replace opening trim. Water barrier: Opportunities: Exterior wall construction includes water FS 23 Wall is built Upgrading exterior wall water barrier. Textured rain screen or house wrap without a water barrier may be performed as part is preferred. Building paper is minimally barrier behind the of routine siding replacement or acceptable. siding finish remodeling.

Water barrier horizontal laps shed water; Upper material Upgrading exterior wall upper material overlaps lower material a underlaps lower construction may be performed as minimum of 6 in. material a specific task.

Water barrier vertical joints lap 6–12 in. Seams are not Tasks: maximum lapped the minimum dimension

Water barrier is attached with minimum Nailing type Remove opening trim. 1 in. roofing nails and spaced at 18 in. and/or spacing is maximum deficient

Water barrier seams are sealed with a Seams are not Remove exterior siding. manufacturer-approved tape sealed or are sealed with deficient tape

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 264

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Water barrier overlaps the floor / Water barrier Remove building paper or house foundation joint leaves the floor / wrap. foundation joint exposed

Water barrier is lapped and sealed FS 22 Inspect wall sheathing while it is appropriately at openings exposed.

Water barrier is cut in "X" pattern, each leg Water barrier is Replace or install new house wrap cut diagonally across the rough opening cut around or rain barrier. opening perimeter

Water barrier is wrapped around head, Water barrier is Replace exterior siding. jamb, and sill framing members underlapped at openings Water barrier overlaps pan flashing at Replace opening trim window and door sills

Asphaltic tape seals gaps between water Gaps around barrier edges; all seams are overlapped to openings are not shed water sealed

Flashing: Opportunities: Flashing is installed at all openings Edge of flashing is Upgrading flashing may be not evident performed as part of routine siding replacement or remodeling.

Vertical leg of flashing is a minimum of Upgrading exterior wall 6 in. construction may be performed as a specific task. Counter flashing is installed to overlap Tasks: flashing, and underlap the water barrier

Horizontal leg of flashing extends a Remove opening trim. minimum of 1/4 in. beyond the exterior finish surface

Flashing extends a minimum of 8 in. Remove exterior siding. horizontally beyond each opening jamb

Weep holes or drains are incorporated into Remove building paper or house the exterior finish to allow discharged of wrap. liquid water

Flashing is installed at the bottom of the Inspect wall sheathing while it is wall to discharge water outside the exposed. foundation

Inspect flashing. Replace or install new flashing. Replace or install new house wrap or rain barrier.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 265

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Replace exterior siding. Replace opening trim. Exterior finish:

Opportunities: Upgrading exterior wall finish may be performed as part of routine siding replacement or remodeling. Upgrading exterior wall construction may be performed as a specific task. Brick veneer: Brick veneer is anchored to ICC 600, Anchor type or Tasks: the wall framing Ch. 7 spacing are deficient

For design wind speed < 130 MPH masonry anchors are placed with spacing and tributary areas as required by ACI 530 / ASCE 5 / TMS 402 For design wind speed of 140 MPH masonry anchors are placed with spacing and tributary areas 85% of that required by ACI 530 / ASCE 5 / TMS 402

For design wind speed of 140 MPH masonry anchors are placed with spacing and tributary areas 75% of that required by ACI 530 / ASCE 5 / TMS 402

Masonry ties are spaced at a maximum of 18 in. vertical and 32 in. horizontal

Masonry ties are embedded a minimum of half the brick width

Lintels support masonry over openings, per ICC 600,

International Residential Code Ch. 7

Brick veneer is plumb and flat, and exhibits no bulges, deformation, or evidence it is separating from the wall frame

Mortar joints are tight and exhibit no deterioration or opening

Vinyl siding: Vinyl siding is anchored to the wall framing

Vinyl siding is labeled as conforming to ASTM D 3679, Annex 1, high wind areas.

Fastening schedule is per manufacturer's, for the design wind speed

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 266

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Preferred vinyl thickness is 0.040– 0.048 in.

Vinyl siding panels have a double nailing hem

Fasteners are located at the center of the nailing slots and not over- or under-driven, leaving a 1/32 in. clearance between the fastener and the panel surface

Fasteners are corrosion resistant; aluminum, stainless steel, or galvanized

Nail heads are a minimum 5/16 in. diameter

All vinyl siding panels are secured; there are no loose or detached panels

Cement fiber siding: Cement fiber siding is anchored to the wall framing

Cement fiber siding conforms to ASTM C 1186

Fastening schedule is per manufacturer's, for the design wind speed

Fasteners are corrosion resistant; aluminum, stainless steel, or galvanized

Open butt joints are backed by flashing overlapping the top of the lower siding panel and underlapping the bottom of the upper panel

Table E5. Resilient criteria – doors and windows. Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks (Y/N) Design Wind speeds (Exposure C) IBHS p. 25

Fortified wind speeds > 120 mph and IBHS p. 25; FS within 1 mile of the coast: large missile #26 p. 1; IRC impact-rated (9 lb 2x4 at 34 mph) R301.2.1.2

Design pressure: AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / IS2 / A440

Cyclical loading: ASTM E 1886

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 267

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Gust (air blast) impact: ASTM F 1642 Small missle test: ASTM E1886; 34 mph

Large missle test: ASTM E1886; 34 mph

No water leakage at 20% design pressure

Displays AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / IS2 / A440 certification label

Entry doors and windows: Opportunities: Entry doors, windows, skylights, and patio IBHS p. 26 Non-impact Replace existing window and door doors: ASTM E1996 or Miami-Dade resistant glazing, units with upgraded units as part of TAS/PA 201, TAS/PA 202, TAS/PA 203 frame materials ongoing maintenance. or anchorage

Impact resistant doors and windows: Non-impact Replace existing window and door minimum PA-201-94, PA-202-94, or PA- resistant glazing, units with upgraded units as a 203-94, and ASTM E1886 (minimum) or frame materials specific task. Miami-Dade County Standard / Florida or anchorage Building Code High Velocity Hurricane Zone - HVHZ (preferred)

Window and door installation: ASTM E FS #22, p. 1 Missing or Tasks: (assume no additional repair 2112 ineffective is required) flashing, missing or ineffective use of sealants

Openings more than 10' above grade: IBHS p. 25 Absence of Verify impact, pressure, thermal, impact rated or have permanently installed protective moisture control, and installation protection operable from the building's measures performance of candidate door / interior window units.

Space between door and window units and Absence of or Remove interior and exterior rough framing (head, jamb, and sill or inefficient door/window trim (and door threshold) are filled with expanding thermal and threshold). polyurethane foam, or similar moisture sealant within opening framing

Exterior door and window trim is sealed with flash p. Absence of or Cut / remove door / window unit calk at exterior siding or veneer and at inefficient shims and fasteners. window or door unit thermal and moisture sealant at exterior trim

Remove door and window units; protect for reuse. Doors: Inspect and clean rough openings. Doors open outward flash p. 127 Doors open Fabricate and install new pan inward flashing, if required.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 268

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Door frames are anchored with a minimum flash p. 131 Fasteners are not Install new door / window units; 2 in. bite into structural members; #12 x evident, are of reinstall factory supplied hinge 3 in. wood screws or 12d nails spaced at insufficient length screws. 16 in. maximum are preferred or spacing, or are loose

Doors have three hinges anchored into the flash p. 127 Hinge screws are Shim, level and plum and anchor rough opening framing of insufficient new door / window units. length

Door deadbolt have a minimum 1 in. throw flash p. 133 Dead bolts are of Install new threshold. length insufficient length

Both leaves of double doors have deadbolts flash p. 127 Dead bolts are Fill / seal gaps between door / that extend 1 in. minimum into both header absent or of widow units and rough openings. and threshold. insufficient length

Doors have snug fitting compression-type fs #22, p. 2 Weatherstrip Install hardware. weatherstripping at head and jambs; absent, combination of bulb- and sweep-type torn/worn or not weatherstripping at threshold is preferred creating an effective seal

Doors have drip deflectors at heads and fs #22, p. 2 Drips absent or Install weatherstripping. thresholds not sealed at substrate

Doors openings are flashed at heads and fs #22, p. 1 Flashing is Test door / window units for proper thresholds; threshold has pan flashing with absent, is operation. end dams of 3–4 in. damaged or fails to drain properly

Windows: Install and seal interior and exterior trim. Window frames are anchored with a flash p. 124 Fasteners are not minimum 2 in. bite into structural evident, are of members; #10 wood screws or 10d nails insufficient length spaced at 12 in. maximum are preferred or spacing, or are

loose

Window openings are flashed at heads and fs #22, p. 1 Flashing is sills; sill has pan flashing with end and back absent, is dams of 3–4 in. damaged or fails to drain properly

Garage doors: Fortified wind speed > 160 mph: garage IBHS p. 12 Impact rating / Opportunities: doors are impact rated approval is not evident on door

Impact rated garage doors must meet one IBHS p. 26 Impact rating / Install temporary reinforcement. of the following ASTM E1996, ANSI/DASMA approval is not 115 OR Miami-Dade TAS/PA 201, TAS/PA evident on door 202, TAS/PA 203

ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 269

Criteria Ref. Meets Deficiency, if Retrofit requirements / criteria "N" tasks

(Y/N) Garage door glazing: ANSI/DASMA 11 Non-impact Replace existing window and door resistant glazing, units with upgraded units as part of frame materials ongoing maintenance. or anchorage

Vertical reinforcing can be installed Absence of Replace existing window and door additional units with upgraded units as a reinforcing specific task.

Single reinforcing brace is placed at mid- Insufficient Tasks: (temporary reinforcement). width of an 8' garage door, or braces are anchorage at spaced at 4'-0 for wider doors head

Reinforcing is anchored to tops into header Insufficient Design and fabricate (or purchase) anchorage at vertical reinforcing members and floor anchors.

Reinforcing is anchored at bottoms into Install anchors in header. concrete paving

Drill pockets / install anchors in floor. Install brace(s). Shutters: Within "windborne debris region" per ASCE IBHS p. 25; FS Impact rating / Opportunities: 7: buildings have shutters or impact #26 p. 1; IRC approval is not resistant glazing per ASTM E1996 and R301.2.1.2 evident on ASTM E1886 shutters

Shutters are built-out so that impacts and flash p. 91 Shutters are in Install temporary opening deflection do not damage window glazing close proximity of protection. window glazing

Nonporous shutters preferred flash p. 92 Gaps between Install shutter units as part of shutters and ongoing maintenance. exterior wall surface

Anchors for temporary shutters are flash p. 110 Anchors are Install shutter units as specific task. corrosion resistant and permanently absent, are of embedded into structural members insufficient minimum 2 in. spaced at 12 in. maximum length, or are corroded

Temporary shutters are built with 1/2 in. flash p. 108 Temporary Tasks: plywood (3/4 in. preferred) or 7/16 in. OSB shutters are of panels (3/4 in. preferred); two-3/8 in. insufficient layers are acceptable thickness

Verify code approvals. impact, pressure, and deflection performance with prospective shutter vendors and installers. Contract for shutter installation.

Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 30-09-2012 Final Technical Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER ERDC-CERL Participation in the Resilient Home Program: 2009–2012 CRADA 12-CERL-02 5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Thomas R. Napier 5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center NUMBER Construction Engineering Research Laboratory ERDC/CERL TR-12-20 P.O. Box 9005 Champaign, IL 61826-9005

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Southeast Region Research Initiative SERRI National Security Directorate PO Box 2008 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6262 NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT On a national scale, less attention has been devoted to preparing for and rebuilding after a disaster than perhaps should have been, especially in light of recent events. In the first decade of the 21st century, large-scale disasters such as 9/11 and the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast hurricane seasons created a new awareness of the potential for loss, both within the public and within government agencies. The Resilient Home Program (RHP) was funded by the Department of Homeland Security-sponsored Southeast Region Research Initiative at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The program’s goals are to develop resources to help assess a community’s condition during and after a disaster and to help communities respond in a timely manner to rebuild or to prevent or reduce the impacts of subsequent disasters. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Develop- ment Center–Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) is a participant in RHP and was asked to apply its capabilities in the building sciences and technologies, construction economics, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers emergency management to accomplish the RHP objectives. As part of this work, ERDC-CERL developed a methodology by which building systems, components, and materials could be evaluated for resilience performance. This report covers ERDC-CERL’s participation in the RHP from 2009–2012.

15. SUBJECT TERMS Resilient Home Program (RHP), disaster recovery, performance, resilient technologies, evaluation

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include 282 area code) Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18