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Radiation Protection Guidance for Diagnostic X Rays
Disclaimer - For assistance accessing this document or additional information, please contact [email protected]. EPA 520/4-76-019 FEDERAL GUIDANCE REPORT NO. 9 RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDANCE FOR DIAGNOSTIC X RAYS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP ON MEDICAL RADIATION FEDERAL GUIDANCE REPORT NO. 9 RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDANCE FOR DIAGNOSTIC X RAYS Interagency Working Group on Medical Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 October 1976 PREFACE The authority of the Federal Radiation Council to provide radiation protection guidance was transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency on December 2, 1970, by Reorganization Plan No. 3. Prior to this transfer, the Federal Radiation Council developed reports which provided the basis for guidance recommended to the President for use by Federal agencies in developing standards for a wide range of radiation exposure circumstances. This report, which was prepared in cooperation with an Interagency Working Group on Medical Radiation formed on July 5, 1974, constitutes a similar objective to provide the basis for recommendations to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure due to medical uses of diagnostic x rays. The Interagency Working Group developed its recommendations with the help of two subcommittees. The Subcommittee on Prescription of Exposure to X rays examined factors to eliminate clinically unproductive examinations and the Subcommittee on Technic of Exposure Prevention examined factors to assure the use of optimal technic in performing x-ray examinations. Both subcommittees also considered the importance of appropriate and properly functioning equipment in producing radiographs of the required diagnostic quality with minimal exposure. Reports by these subcommittees were made available for public comment. -
Neurological Critical Care: the Evolution of Cerebrovascular Critical Care Cherylee W
50TH ANNIVERSARY ARTICLE Neurological Critical Care: The Evolution of Cerebrovascular Critical Care Cherylee W. J. Chang, MD, FCCM, KEY WORDS: acute ischemic stroke; cerebrovascular disease; critical FACP, FNCS1 care medicine; history; intracerebral hemorrhage; neurocritical care; Jose Javier Provencio, MD, FCCM, subarachnoid hemorrhage FNCS2 Shreyansh Shah, MD1 n 1970, when 29 physicians first met in Los Angeles, California, to found the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), there was little to offer for the acute management of a patient suffering from an acute cerebrovascular Icondition except supportive care. Stroke patients were not often found in the ICU. Poliomyelitis, and its associated neuromuscular respiratory failure, cre- ated a natural intersection of neurology with critical care; such was not the case for stroke patients. Early textbooks describe that the primary decision in the emergency department was to ascertain whether a patient could swallow. If so, the patient was discharged with the advice that nothing could be done for the stroke. If unable to swallow, a nasogastric tube was inserted and then the patient was discharged with the same advice. In the 50 intervening years, many advances in stroke care have been made. Now, acute cerebrovascular patients are not infrequent admissions to an ICU for neurologic monitoring, observa- tion, and aggressive therapy (Fig. 1). HISTORY Over 50 years ago, stroke, previously called “apoplexy” which means “struck down with violence” or “to strike suddenly,” was a clinical diagnosis that was confirmed by autopsy as a disease of the CNS of vascular origin (1). In the 1960s, approximately 25% of stroke patients died within 24 hours and nearly half died within 2 to 3 weeks. -
Increased Power by Harmonizing Structural MRI Site Differences with the Combat Batch Adjustment Method in ENIGMA
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Increased power by harmonizing structural MRI site differences with the ComBat batch adjustment method in ENIGMA. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bc1b6zp Authors Radua, Joaquim Vieta, Eduard Shinohara, Russell et al. Publication Date 2020-09-01 DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116956 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Neuroimage Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 September 29. Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2020 September ; 218: 116956. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116956. Increased power by harmonizing structural MRI site differences with the ComBat batch adjustment method in ENIGMA A full list of authors and affiliations appears at the end of the article. Abstract A common limitation of neuroimaging studies is their small sample sizes. To overcome this hurdle, the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium combines neuroimaging data from many institutions worldwide. However, this introduces heterogeneity due to different scanning devices and sequences. ENIGMA projects commonly address this heterogeneity with random-effects meta-analysis or mixed-effects mega-analysis. Here we tested whether the batch adjustment method, ComBat, can further reduce site-related heterogeneity and thus increase statistical power. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses, mixed-effects mega-analyses and ComBat mega-analyses to compare cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volumes between 2897 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 3141 healthy controls from 33 sites. Specifically, we compared the imaging data between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, covarying for age and sex. -
Pneumoencephalographic Planimetry in Neurological Diseaset
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.32.3.241 on 1 June 1969. Downloaded from J. Nearol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1969, 32, 241-248 Pneumoencephalographic planimetry in neurological diseaset H. E. BOOKER, C. G. MATTHEWS, AND W. R. WHITEHURST2 From the Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The outline of the ventricular system on the In the present investigation planographic rather pneumoencephalogram (PEG) can be easily than linear measures of ventricular size were used. measured and lends itself to quantification. Several The subjects were not selected on the basis of a methods have been developed which utilize linear particular aetiology nor on the basis of presence or measures of the ventricles, or ratios of ventricle to absence of asymmetry of the lateral ventricles. skull size. Planographic measurements of the area of Detailed clinical and electroencephalographic data the ventricles have been employed in a few studies, were available on all subjects for purposes of but have generally been dismissed as too cumber- diagnostic classification, and, in addition, a stan- some for use (Bruijn, 1959). dardized battery of neuropsychological tests pro- While a number of previous investigators have viding quantitative measurement of intellectual and Protected by copyright. related quantitative PEG findings to clinical motor-sensory status was administered to the neurological and psychometric data, most studies majority of the subjects. PEG data on a group of have suffered from one or more limitations. Studies subjects without clinical, neurological, or electro- reporting measurements on a large number of PEGs encephalographic evidence of neurological disease have usually been limited in amount and specificity were also included for comparison purposes. -
Weighted MRI As an Unenhanced Breast Cancer Screening Tool
BREAST IMAGING The potential of Diffusion- Weighted MRI as an unenhanced breast cancer screening tool by Dr. N Amornsiripanitch and Dr. SC Partridge This article provides an overview of the potential publication [8]. Summary of evidence role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance to date of DW-MRI in cancer detection, imaging (DW-MRI) as a breast scancer screening optimal approaches, and future consid- tool independent of dynamic contrast-enhance- erations are presented. ment. The article aims to summarize evidence to CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR DW-MRI IN date of DW-MRI in cancer detection and present BREAST CANCER The following equation describes optimal approaches and future considerations. DW-MRI signal intensity in rela- tion to water mobility within a voxel: Due to well-documented limita- Considering the constraints of SD=S0e-b*ADC, where SD is defined tions of mammography in the settings contrast-enhanced breast MRI, there as diffusion weighted signal intensity, of women with dense breasts and high- is great clinical value in identifying an S0 the signal intensity without diffusion risk women [1], there has been great unenhanced MRI modality. Diffusion- weighting, b or ‘b-value’ the diffusion interest in identifying imaging tech- weighted (DW) MRI is a technique sensitization factor, which is dependent niques to supplement mammography that does not require external contrast on applied gradient’s strength and tim- in breast cancer screening. Dynamic administration—instead, image con- ing (s/mm2), and the apparent diffusion contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is trast is generated from endogenous coefficient (ADC) the rate of diffusion endorsed by multinational organiza- water movement, reflecting multiple or average area occupied by a water tions as a supplemental screening tool tissue factors such as cellular mem- molecule per unit time (mm2/s) [9]. -
Brain Imaging Technologies
Updated July 2019 By Carolyn H. Asbury, Ph.D., Dana Foundation Senior Consultant, and John A. Detre, M.D., Professor of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania With appreciation to Ulrich von Andrian, M.D., Ph.D., and Michael L. Dustin, Ph.D., for their expert guidance on cellular and molecular imaging in the initial version; to Dana Grantee Investigators for their contributions to this update, and to Celina Sooksatan for monograph preparation. Cover image by Tamily Weissman; Livet et al., Nature 2017 . Table of Contents Section I: Introduction to Clinical and Research Uses..............................................................................................1 • Imaging’s Evolution Using Early Structural Imaging Techniques: X-ray, Angiography, Computer Assisted Tomography and Ultrasound..............................................2 • Magnetic Resonance Imaging.............................................................................................................4 • Physiological and Molecular Imaging: Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography...................6 • Functional MRI.....................................................................................................................................7 • Resting-State Functional Connectivity MRI.........................................................................................8 • Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI...................................................................................................8 -
A Hyperdense Artery Sign and Middle Cerebral Artery Dissection
□ CASE REPORT □ A Hyperdense Artery Sign and Middle Cerebral Artery Dissection Yusuke Yakushiji 1, Yoshinori Haraguchi 2, Shu Soejima 2, Yukinori Takase 3, Akira Uchino 3, Shunzo Koizumi 2 and Yasuo Kuroda 1 Abstract We describe a rare case of spontaneous middle cerebral artery (MCA) dissection that caused cerebral in- farction and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which also presented with a hyperdense artery sign. A hyper- dense artery sign of the MCA in acute cerebral infarction strongly indicates thromboembolic MCA occlusion, which is often treated with thrombolytic therapy. However, thrombolytic therapy for intracranial artery dissec- tions has both risks and benefits, due to the association of artery dissections with SAH. Therefore, it is im- portant to keep in mind that an MCA dissection can also cause cerebral infarction with a hyperdense artery sign, particularly in young patients presenting with headache. Key words: Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign, Computed tomography, Intracranial artery dissection, Cerebral infarction (DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1888) his blood pressure was 162/126 mmHg. Neurological exami- Introduction nation revealed drowsiness (Japan Coma Scale II-10), motor aphasia, and right-sided hemiplegia. National Institutes of A hyperdense artery sign of the middle cerebral artery Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 15. Laboratory examina- (MCA) in acute cerebral infarction strongly indicates throm- tions were normal, including α1-antitrypsin level and hemat- boembolic MCA occlusion (1), which is often treated with ocrit (45.9%). thrombolytic therapy (2). However, dissection of the intra- Brain computed tomography (CT), performed on admis- cranial cerebral arteries can cause a subarachnoid hemor- sion (Day 1), showed a hyperdensity at the M1 segment rhage (SAH), as well as cerebral infarction (3);therefore, through to the posterior trunk of the M2 segment of the left thrombolytic therapy is generally not indicated in such middle cerebral artery (MCA) (Fig. -
“Comparison of Clinical Stroke Scores and Ct Brain
“COMPARISON OF CLINICAL STROKE SCORES AND CT BRAIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE AND INFARCT IN ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS” Dissertation submitted to The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University In partial fulfillment of the regualtions for The award of the degree of M.D. General Medicine [Branch – 1] K.A.P.VISWANATHAM GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE & M.G.M. GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI. THE TAMIL NADU DR.M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 2016 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “COMPARISON OF CLINICAL STROKE SCORES AND CT BRAIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE AND INFARCT IN ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS” is a bonafide original work of Dr. RAMYAPRASAD in partial fulfillment of the requirements of M.D., General Medicine [Branch- 1] examination of THE TAMILNADU Dr. M. G. R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY to be held in April 2016. Prof.Dr.P.KANAGARAJ.M.D Prof.Dr.M.K.MURALIDHARAN.M.S.,Mch HOD & UNIT-1 CHIEF DEAN Department of Medicine K.A.P.V. Govt. Medical College K.A.P.V. Govt. Medical College M.G.M. Govt. Hospital, M.G.M. Govt. Hospital, Tiruchirappalli. Tiruchirappalli. 2 DECLARATION I Solemnly declare that the dissertation titled “COMPARISON OF CLINICAL STROKE SCORES AND CT BRAIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE AND INFARCT IN ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS” is done by me at K.A.P. VISWANATHAM GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI under the guidance and supervision of Prof. Dr. P. KANAGARAJ. M.D., This dissertation is submitted to The Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of M.D Degree (Branch-1) in General Medicine. -
29, 1921 Single Copy Four Cent*
$1.50 a Year 4 Single Copy 4c. VOL. XVIII No. 11 BELMAR, N.J., FRIDAY-APRIL 29, 1921 Single Copy Four Cent* TROLLEY HITS CURB COOK HOWLAND NOW MAYOR CONTRACTS AWARDED Several passengers were badly LOCAL SCHOOL IN ■ v A A i i t i n f i . I shaken up when Car No. 202 left the r m v in a i » ia Mayor William B. Bamford has LOCAL RESIDENTS IN AT COUNCIL SESSION “ <■ ^ e;h»,x b-c:r rwS FtSllVAL PROGRAM V T S S £*•££ AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT Eleventh avenue and F street on I land, president of "the Boro Council E. Haberstick & Son and J Eg- Wednesday morning. The track was High Honors is Anticipated for wil1 act as Mayor. Mayor Bamford bert Newman were the Sue- blocked for more than thirty min- the School Chorus at Neptune w?11 lje back on Monday. W ere on their way to attend the Avery-H eywood cessful Bidders for t h e ------------------------------------Tomorrow Afternoon — -------------- W edding- when tire blows out-ditching ,Plumbing Work on the New WORK TO START ON SHARK TO TEACH RIFLE SHOOTING and wrecking the car. Pain Pavilions - | RIVER BRIDGE n e x t WEEK On tomorrow afternoon the best, selections from each countv group < < • 1‘"np of instruction at ful injuries were sustained pT,he awarding of contracts fea j 'The replanking of the bridge wil] be used in a final County School . * ’ , , . Sl,mnier W11,1 be fro1" tured the session of the Boro Coun- by the occupants. j across Shark River w ill start next Musical which will be held in the h- whcn nfle shoot cil held in the Boro Hall Tuesday ; weej{- Protests were made oy the x eptu ing will be ta u g h t. -
Fliti/Vay* Stole Base
■ * ..... ........ ..- — ■ ■■■■ .■-■--rrr- ■ .■ = ■■■■■ — ■■■ 11 r- .ris 1 rfrr*******^ritffrf#fffrrfffjffrffrfffYffffffrrffffrffjftffrrfffrfffffffrffffffr‘*****************************l>*****************************““*************.*<w«»***»»»»**»»»*« »»»*»»#»»w#»»*»##*wm»»**»»»»*»»»*#***»***»»»*»»*»»»*****»**»*»**»»**»»»»»» II ! The BROWNSVILLE HERALD SPORTS SECTION =3 —rr~rrfrj i trrrmitrtrrrirrrtrrftrrrrrrrtsttr »»»#»»*»«#*#»#«#«»»»#*W»w»»»*»****»*l****^>*»»>»»«»***##»*»»»»#»**»**»»****»***»******^******#*#******#****>r^/<'>',’>^#*** BOXER OR FIGHTER? TOMMY-BRADDOCK CONFER TONIGHT * In Baseball 29 TEXAS LEAGUE Qninn, 44, Years, ^ ^ LIGHT HEAVY BELL UNBEATEN Giants With Backs To ^ ! GERMANY SEEKS Plans To Retire At EndOt Season HAS SEASON OF ■ TITLE STAKED _ _._ IN CUE MATCH Wall As Series With * * * TENNIS TITLE PHILADELPHIA, July 18.—(A5)— ‘SWELL HEADS’ Twenty-nine years in baseball is enough "or one man, says Jack Leads All Youths Matched With Bout Will Little Pro- Field in Elks Pirates Is To Start SAN ANTONIO, Texas, July 18. Berlin Bring Quinn, who throws twisters for the Billiard Texas is ex- Veteran U. S. Players In \ fit to Glove Slingers; Athletics. Tournament; —(P)—The league its worst epidemic of r Little Interest Jack, who was christened John Champ Loses One (By The Associated Press) periencing Interzone Finals ‘swelled head” this season. The Quinn Pjcus, was 44 years old July With the National league race threatening to become a private affair That is the the records George Bell further entrenched between the Pirates and the Cubs, John McGraw deployed his forces malady is not to be confused with 5. way The himself at the Polo in an to stem BERLIN, July 18.—(>T»)—(^*5 NEW YORK. July 18.—</P>—'The have it. Jack looks like he might top of the Elks’ upon the grounds front today attempt the Corsair rush. inflated ego. light heavyweight championship straight billiard tournament Wed- The impending series may be called crucial for the Giants alone; to the struggle of youth and vigor against be 50. -
Neuroanatomy Dr
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall. -
Surgical Anatomy and Techniques
SURGICAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES MICROSURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL REGION:AN ANATOMICAL STUDY Alvaro Campero, M.D. OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical anatomy of the anterior, middle, and posterior Department of Neurological Surgery, portions of the medial temporal region and to present an anatomic-based classification University of Florida, of the approaches to this area. Gainesville, Florida METHODS: Twenty formalin-fixed, adult cadaveric specimens were studied. Ten brains Gustavo Tro´ccoli, M.D. provided measurements to compare different surgical strategies. Approaches were demon- Department of Neurological Surgery, strated using 10 silicon-injected cadaveric heads. Surgical cases were used to illustrate the Hospital “Dr. J. Penna,” results by the different approaches. Transverse lines at the level of the inferior choroidal point Bahı´a Blanca, Argentina and quadrigeminal plate were used to divide the medial temporal region into anterior, middle, and posterior portions. Surgical approaches to the medial temporal region were classified into Carolina Martins, M.D. four groups: superior, lateral, basal, and medial, based on the surface of the lobe through which Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the approach was directed. The approaches through the medial group were subdivided further Gainesville, Florida into an anterior approach, the transsylvian transcisternal approach, and two posterior ap- proaches, the occipital interhemispheric and supracerebellar transtentorial approaches. Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, M.D. RESULTS: The anterior portion of the medial temporal region can be reached through Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the superior, lateral, and basal surfaces of the lobe and the anterior variant of the Gainesville, Florida approach through the medial surface.