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Muscle Tissue 10 Muscle Tissue PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-1 An Introduction to Muscle Tissue • Learning Outcomes • 10-1 Specify the functions of skeletal muscle tissue. • 10-2 Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. • 10-3 Explain the characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers, and identify the structural components of a sarcomere. • 10-4 Identify the components of the neuromuscular junction, and summarize the events involved in the neural control of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-1 An Introduction to Muscle Tissue • Learning Outcomes • 10-5 Describe the mechanism responsible for tension production in a muscle fiber, and compare the different types of muscle contraction. • 10-6 Describe the mechanisms by which muscle fibers obtain the energy to power contractions. • 10-7 Relate the types of muscle fibers to muscle performance, and distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-1 An Introduction to Muscle Tissue • Learning Outcomes • 10-8 Identify the structural and functional differences between skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscle cells. • 10-9 Identify the structural and functional differences between skeletal muscle fibers and smooth muscle cells, and discuss the roles of smooth muscle tissue in systems throughout the body. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to Muscle Tissue • Muscle Tissue • A primary tissue type, divided into: • Skeletal muscle tissue • Cardiac muscle tissue • Smooth muscle tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-1 Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscles • Are attached to the skeletal system • Allow us to move • The muscular system • Includes only skeletal muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-1 Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Six Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 1. Produce skeletal movement 2. Maintain posture and body position 3. Support soft tissues 4. Guard entrances and exits 5. Maintain body temperature 6. Store nutrient reserves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Skeletal Muscle • Muscle tissue (muscle cells or fibers) • Connective tissues • Nerves • Blood vessels © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Organization of Connective Tissues • Muscles have three layers of connective tissues 1. Epimysium 2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Epimysium • Exterior collagen layer • Connected to deep fascia • Separates muscle from surrounding tissues © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Perimysium • Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) • Contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Endomysium • Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) • Contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cells • Contains myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles Skeletal Muscle (organ) Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Nerve Muscle Muscle Blood fascicle fibers vessels Epimysium Blood vessels and nerves Tendon Endomysium Perimysium © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles Muscle Fascicle (bundle of fibers) Perimysium Muscle fiber Epimysium Blood vessels and nerves Endomysium Tendon Endomysium Perimysium © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles Muscle Fiber (cell) Capillary Myofibril Endomysium Sarcoplasm Epimysium Mitochondrion Blood vessels and nerves Myosatellite cell Sarcolemma Nucleus Tendon Axon of neuron Endomysium Perimysium © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Organization of Connective Tissues • Muscle Attachments • Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together: • At ends of muscles • To form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix • I.e., tendon (bundle) or aponeurosis (sheet) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-2 Organization of Muscle • Blood Vessels and Nerves • Muscles have extensive vascular systems that: • Supply large amounts of oxygen • Supply nutrients • Carry away wastes • Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, controlled by nerves of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • Skeletal Muscle Cells • Are very long • Develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts) • Become very large • Contain hundreds of nuclei © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-2 The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber Muscle fibers develop through the fusion of mesodermal cells called myoblasts. Myoblasts A muscle fiber forms by the Muscle fiber LM × 612 fusion of myoblasts. Nuclei Sarcolemma Myofibrils Myosatellite cell Nuclei Mitochondria Immature muscle fiber A diagrammatic view and a Myosatellite cell micrograph of one muscle fiber. Up to 30 cm in length Mature muscle fiber © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-2a The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber Muscle fibers develop through the fusion of mesodermal cells called myoblasts. Myoblasts A muscle fiber forms by the fusion of myoblasts. Myosatellite cell Nuclei Immature muscle fiber Myosatellite cell Up to 30 cm in length Mature muscle fiber © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-2b The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber Muscle fiber LM × 612 Nuclei Sarcolemma Myofibrils Mitochondria A diagrammatic view and a micrograph of one muscle fiber. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules • The sarcolemma • The cell membrane of a muscle fiber (cell) • Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber) • A change in transmembrane potential begins contractions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules • Transverse tubules (T tubules) • Transmit action potential through cell • Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously • Have same properties as sarcolemma © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • Myofibrils • Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fiber • Made up of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments) • Myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction • Types of myofilaments: • Thin filaments • Made of the protein actin • Thick filaments • Made of the protein myosin © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) • A membranous structure surrounding each myofibril • Helps transmit action potential to myofibril • Similar in structure to smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) attached to T tubules © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) • Triad • Is formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae • Cisternae • Concentrate Ca2+ (via ion pumps) • Release Ca2+ into sarcomeres to begin muscle contraction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Myofibril Sarcolemma Nuclei Sarcoplasm MUSCLE FIBER Mitochondria Terminal cisterna Sarcolemma Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibril Myofibrils Thin filament Thick filament Triad Sarcoplasmic T tubules reticulum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Myofibril Sarcolemma Nuclei Sarcoplasm MUSCLE FIBER © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Mitochondria Terminal cisterna Sarcolemma Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibril Myofibrils Thin filament Thick filament Triad Sarcoplasmic T tubules reticulum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Mitochondria Sarcolemma Myofibril Thin filament Thick filament © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Terminal cisterna Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibrils Triad Sarcoplasmic T tubules reticulum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Structural Components of a Sarcomere • Sarcomeres • The contractile units of muscle • Structural units of myofibrils • Form visible patterns within myofibrils • A striped or striated pattern within myofibrils • Alternating dark, thick filaments (A bands) and light, thin filaments (I bands) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Structural Components of a Sarcomere • Sarcomeres • The A Band • M line • The center of the A band • At midline of sarcomere • The H Band • The area around the M line • Has thick filaments but no thin filaments • Zone of overlap • The densest, darkest area on a light micrograph • Where thick and thin filaments overlap © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10-3 Structural Components of a Sarcomere • Sarcomeres • The I Band • Z lines • The centers of the I bands • At two ends of sarcomere • Titin • Are strands of protein • Reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line • Stabilize the filaments © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-4a Sarcomere Structure, Part I I band A band H band Z line Titin A longitudinal section of a sarcomere, showing bands Zone of overlap M line Thin Thick filament filament Sarcomere © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10-4b Sarcomere Structure, Part I I band A band H band Z line A corresponding view of a sarcomere in a myofibril from a muscle fiber in the Myofibril TEM × 64,000 gastrocnemius muscle
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