Les « Ibadou » Du Sénégal. Logiques Religieuses, Logiques Identitaires

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Les « Ibadou » Du Sénégal. Logiques Religieuses, Logiques Identitaires École Doctorale Sciences Sociales et Humanités-E.D. 481 THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN ETHNOLOGIE-ANTHROPOLOGIE Les « ibadou » du Sénégal. Logiques religieuses, logiques identitaires Présentée publiquement le 19 Décembre 2018 par M. MANÉ Idrissa Jury de soutenance M. AMSELLE Jean-Loup, Directeur de recherche, EHESS-Paris Mme BA Mame Penda, Professeure, LASPAD, Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis du Sénégal (rapporteure) Mme BAVA Sophie, Chargée de recherche, LPED, AMU/IRD, Aix-Marseille Mme KOTOBI Laurence-Donia, Maître de Conférences HDR, Université de Bordeaux (rapporteure) M. SECK Abdourahmane, Docteur en anthropologie, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis M. JULLIARD André, Chargé de recherche ŔHDR, CNRS, Co-directeur de thèse, (France) M. KOUVOUAMA Abel, Professeur des Universités, UPPA, Co-directeur de thèse, (France) Dédicace À mon frère Kéïta Mané ý À mon beau-frère Séco Sadjo ý Tous deux, arrachés trop tôt à notre affection. - 2 - Remerciements Je commencerai par adresser mes sincères remerciements à mes deux directeurs de thèse, Abel Kouvouama et André Julliard qui ont accepté de diriger cette recherche et qui, tout au long de sa construction, m‟ont orienté et soutenu. J‟espère qu‟elle ne déçoit pas la confiance qu‟ils ont placée en moi. J‟adresse aussi mes remerciements à toute l‟équipe du laboratoire ITEM (Françoise Duplaa, Mélanie Le Couédic, Joelle Saucès, Philippe Chareyre, Laurent Jalabert, Marie-Paule Lavergne, Patricia Casteret) et de l‟école doctorale ED SSH 481 (Jean-Yves Puyo, Jacques Jaussaud, Marie-Josée Joubert). Ma pensée va aussi naturellement à ma famille de Saré Bacary Binta (mes parents, ma grand-mère, mes frères, sœurs, neveux et nièces). Tous mes remerciements à ma famille Sadjo de Paris (Aramata, Séco ý, Dafé, Gnambaye, Ducor), à ma famille Mané de Clamart (Umaro, Awa, Malang, Philippe et Siaka), à ma famille Mané de l‟Essonne (Ibrahima, Madeleine), et à la famille Danfa d‟Issy-Les Moulineaux. Je remercie aussi ma compagne Mathilde Leclercq et sa famille de Vic-en-Bigorre, son père Alex, sa maman Lolé, son frère Julien et notre papy José. Un grand merci à Kémo, Dian, Khalil, Selbé, Fatou, Sagaye, Bassirou et la SolES-Pau. J‟ai une pensée toute particulière pour mes amis et collègues de tous les jours, avec qui j‟ai partagé une bonne partie de ma vie sociale, intellectuelle et mes inquiétudes de doctorant en fin de thèse. Je veux nommer Dominique, Rémy, Mathilde, Alain, Cacau, Léticia, Marie- Josée, Aubin, Joadel, Saturnin, Sylvain. J‟associe à ces remerciements mes amis Carminia, Arnaud, Benjamin A., Benjamin C., Tiphaine, Kildine, Romain, Vanessa, Milo, Txomin, Orianne, Mélanie, Charles, Julie, Geoffroy, Babacar, Cheikh, Aziz, Reem, Caroline, Tobias, Anaïs, Céline, Lionel, Sarah, Julien, Elsa. Je dédie aussi ce travail à mes amis de la famille Cunchinabe notamment à Domie, Tomas, Mayana et Françoise. Que tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont été présents à l‟une des étapes de ce travail de thèse et de ma vie mais, qui ne sont pas nommément cités, reçoivent aussi mes chaleureux remerciements. - 3 - Résumé Au Sénégal, l‟essentiel de la population musulmane est affilié au soufisme. Quatre principales confréries soufi, dont la tajaniyya, la mouridiyya, la qadiriyya et la layiniyya, organisent la vie islamique et définissent, en partie, l‟identité du musulman sénégalais. Mais, depuis la fin des années 1970, des sénégalais revendiquent d‟autres façons d‟être musulman hors du soufisme et de ces confréries tout en restant sunnites (il existe une petite minorité de chiites). Ils s‟organisent en associations et mouvements islamiques très dynamiques. Leur rigorisme les mène à catégoriser les croyances et pratiques d‟islam au Sénégal en orthodoxes (les leurs) et hétérodoxes (celles des soufi). Ainsi, ils se coupent de toute filiation confrérique soufi, critiquent des croyances et pratiques soufi et affichent leur différence par des codes vestimentaires, des pratiques islamiques, des comportements sociaux, etc. Ces logiques religieuses et identitaires les font appeler d‟abord « arabisants » (par opposition aux sortants de l‟école français, européenne) puis « ibadou », en référence au nom choisi, pour leurs membres, par les fondateurs de l‟association Jama‟atou Ibadou Rahmane (JIR). Dans cette thèse, nous avons essayé de montrer en quoi les « ibadou du Sénégal » nous renseignent sur les croyances et pratiques actuelles d‟islam puis en quoi ils rendent compte des crises de l‟islam dans ce contexte de globalisation marqué, depuis le 11 septembre 2001, par la médiatisation de l‟islamisme radical et du terrorisme. Summary This doctoral dissertation investigates, and aims at highlighting, the ways in which the «ibadou of Senegal» account for the current Islamic practices and beliefs in Senegal and how they cope with the predicaments of Islam in the context of a globalizing world, mainstreamed ideas of radical Islam and terrorism, of which 11th of September 2001 has been a historical landmark. In Senegal, the majority of the Muslim population is affiliated to Sufism. Four main Sufi groups, namely the tajaniyya, the mouridiyya, the qadirriya and the layiniyya, organize the Islamic life and define the identity of the Muslim population in the country. However, since the late 1970s, some Senegalese people pursued other ways of practicing their religion, outside of Sufism while remaining Sunnis (with a minority of Chia Muslims). They organize themselves in communities with highly dynamic Islamic movements. Their religious rigorism mas made them categorize their Islamic faith and practices as Orthodox, and that of others as Heterodox (The Sufi Muslims). Furthermore, with an outright different dress code, they segregate themselves from the Sufi group by criticizing their beliefs and practices and promoting Islamic practices and social conduct of their own. They were, first, called “Arabist” by training and by their very religious and identity logics, (in opposition to those affiliated with the French schooling system) then now are known as « ibadou », in reference to Jama‟atou Ibadou Rahmane, a name chosen for the members, but by the founders, of the Association. - 4 - Sommaire Dédicace ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 3 Résumé ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Sommaire ................................................................................................................................... 5 Glossaire ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Abréviations et acronymes ......................................................................................................... 9 Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction générale ................................................................................................................ 14 1. De l‟islamisation au réformisme ibadou ....................................................................... 16 2. Réforme de l‟islam : continuité et rupture .................................................................... 30 Première partie Du terrain aux pratiques méthodologiques ..................................................... 43 3. Aux origines de cette recherche .................................................................................... 44 4. Terrain et méthode de recherche ................................................................................... 51 5. L‟enquête en pratique .................................................................................................... 58 6. Outils, matériaux et modèle d‟analyse .......................................................................... 68 Deuxième partie L‟identité des ibadou : du texte au terrain .................................................... 76 7. Les ibadou du texte coranique ....................................................................................... 77 8. Les ibadou du terrain ..................................................................................................... 90 9. Essai d‟analyse du paraître ibadou au féminin ............................................................ 116 10. Lecture du paraitre ibadou au masculin ................................................................... 139 Troisième partie L‟islam ibadou, caractéristiques et expressions .......................................... 149 11. L‟islam ibadou : représentations et expressions ...................................................... 150 12. Musique et islam ibadou .......................................................................................... 173 13. La mosquée ibadou .................................................................................................. 185 14. Les djinns, la maladie et la mort .............................................................................. 220 Quatrième partie Situation internationale, sensibilité ibadou et mobilisations islamiques .... 240 15. Échos du monde et militantisme islamique ............................................................. 241 16. Problématique du terrorisme dans le débat
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