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ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL Y VARIABILIDAD FENOTÍPICA DE Nerita Tessellata (GASTROPODA: NERITIDAE) DE LA COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA DE SANTA MARTA (MAGDALENA)

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ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL Y VARIABILIDAD FENOTÍPICA DE Nerita Tessellata (GASTROPODA: NERITIDAE) DE LA COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA DE SANTA MARTA (MAGDALENA) REV. INTROPICA ISSN 1794-161X 7 21 - 30 SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA, DICIEMBRE DE 2012 ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL Y VARIABILIDAD FENOTÍPICA DE Nerita tessellata (GASTROPODA: NERITIDAE) DE LA COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA DE SANTA MARTA (MAGDALENA) POPULATION STRUCTURE AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF Nerita tessellata (GASTROPODA: NERITIDAE) FROM THE CARIBBEAN COAST OF SANTA MARTA (MAGDALENA) Giancarlo Javier Mazenett-Gutierrez, Julián Fernando Quintero-Galvis y Lyda Raquel Castro-García RESUMEN Con el propósito de analizar la estructura poblacional y la variabilidad fenotípica de Nerita tessellata en el litoral rocoso de las playas de Santa Marta, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2010, se muestrearon transectos perpendiculares a la línea de costa en los litorales rocosos de Bahía Concha, Punta Betín, Rodadero y Taganga. La estructura poblacional para N. tessellata (N=1544) se obtuvo mediante diagramas de frecuencia de tallas por la totalidad de individuos registrados en cada una de las estaciones y para las franjas intermareales (mesolitoral y supralitoral) se estimaron intervalos de confianza del 95%. Se efectuaron análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía para establecer las diferencias en las tallas para las estaciones y las franjas intermareales. La variabilidad fenotípica se evaluó mediante la prueba de homogeneidad de Chi cuadrado (X2). Se identificó un patrón en cuanto a la distribución de las tallas de la especie N. tessellata, al evidenciar una tendencia a manifestar tallas mayores en la franja mesolitoral que en la supralitoral, mostrando un claro gradiente de tallas en donde las dimensiones de los individuos disminuyen a medida que se asciende en el gradiente vertical del litoral rocoso. Se apreciaron diferencias significativas a nivel interpoblacional entre las franjas intermareales y entre las estaciones de estudio (ANOVA, P<0,05). Se encontraron diferencias entre los sitios respecto a los fenotipos para la población de N. tessellata, manifestando polimorfismos en cuanto a atributos de coloración y bandeo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Variabilidad fenotípica, estructura poblacional, Nerita tessellata, litoral rocoso. ABSTRACT In this study an analysis of the population structure and the phenotypic variability of Nerita tessellata in Santa Marta rocky’s shores was conducted. Coastline transects were sampled at the rocky bays of Bahia Concha, Punta Betín, Rodadero and Taganga, between September and November 2010. The population structure of N. tessellata (N=1544) was obtained using frequency charts of the sizes for the total of registered individuals per sample site and for the intertidal zones (midlittoral and supralittoral) confidence intervals (95%) were estimated. One-way ANOVA were performed to establish differences between sample site and intertidal fringes sizes. The phenotypic variability was evaluated through the homogeneity test of chi-square (X2). A distribution pattern based on the size of the specie N. tessellata was identified, with bigger sizes in the midlittoral fringe than in the supralittoral fringe, showing a distinctive size gradient in which individuals dimensions decrease as the vertical gradient of the rocky shore increases. Significant differences were also found among populations in the intertidal zones and the sample sites (ANOVA, P<0,05). Phenotypes differences among the sites for the populations of N. tessellata were found, showing polymorphism in terms of coloration attributes and bands. KEY WORDS: Phenotypic variability, population structure, Nerita tessellata, rocky shore. 21 Dirreción de los autores: Universidad del Magdalena. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas. Programa de Biología, Edificio Sierra Nevada Norte, Cra. 32 No. 22-08. Sector San Pedro Alejandrino, Santa Marta, Colombia. Grupo de Investigación Manejo y Conservación de Fauna y Ecosistemas Estratégicos del Neotrópico MIKU. Grupo de Investigacion en Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (G.J.M-G, J.F.Q-G, L.R.C-G). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL Y VARIABILIDAD FENOTÍPICA DE Nerita tessellata INTRODUCCIÓN características, en especial el fenotipo, presentan variación en intensidad y presencia de colores o La zona intermareal presenta gradientes marcados a manchas en la concha, desconociéndose para el género lo largo de su eje vertical, variando desde un medio aproximaciones que establezcan factores que incidan completamente acuático hasta uno completamente sobre esta diversidad, determinando si su variación terrestre, que generan las llamadas zonaciones en es atribuible a factores genéticos o ambientales. Uno respuesta a factores como exposición al oleaje, de los ejemplos más claros en la familia es el estudio temperatura, salinidad, composición y orientación realizado por Romero y Tokeshi (2002) para las especies del sustrato y dinámicas de las mareas (Giraldo et al., Nodilittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822) y Nodilittorina 2002; Harley y Helmuth, 2003). Sin embargo, dado que araucana (d’Orbigny, 1840), en las cuales se apreciaron cada zona costera tiene características particulares, es cambios en la proporción fenotípica asociados a factores posible que los límites establecidos para las franjas geográficos de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas (Perú). infra-, meso- (Eu-) y supralitoral, puedan presentar franjas adicionales (Stephenson y Stephenson, 1949), La distribución de N. tessellata en la costa Caribe que pueden influir en los procesos de dominancia y colombiana cubre toda el área entre las fronteras con distribución de las especies en el intermareal, aunque Panamá y Venezuela y las áreas insulares de San Andrés conserven los patrones de zonación básica con la y Providencia. Nerita tessellata se registra para las áreas presencia de organismos ecológicamente equivalentes, marinas comprendidas entre el Golfo de Urabá e Isla que ocupan posiciones similares sobre la costa rocosa Fuerte y desde Cartagena hasta la desembocadura del (Stephenson y Stephenson, 1949; Taylor, 1978). Río Magdalena (Díaz y Puyana, 1994). En la región de Santa Marta fue citada de los litorales rocosos de El En general, se considera que las variaciones que Rodadero, Punta Betín, y bahías Concha y de Gairaca describen los patrones de zonación son atribuibles (Kaufmann y Götting, 1970; Brattström, 1980; Cosel, más a acciones intrínsecas de las especies que por los 1986; Almanza et al., 2004). factores físicos o bióticos del ambiente (Taylor, 1978). Dicho comportamiento responde a que los organismos El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la proporción, móviles en el litoral rocoso manifiestan reacciones en variabilidad fenotípica y la estructura poblacional de N. respuesta a estímulos o señales, útiles para orientarse tessellata. Es decir, determinar si existe una variabilidad y desplazarse hasta ubicarse en las condiciones que significativa en el fenotipo de las poblaciones naturales, éste prefiere. Sus causas u orígenes van desde patrones establecer el gradiente de distribución de tallas de estos conductuales en función de la ubicación del alimento organismos en las playas rocosas y determinar si existen y movimientos de sus congéneres (Gendron, 1977), diferencias en el rango de tallas de altura y ancho de la interacciones como la competencia y el reclutamiento, especie en estudio en la costa Caribe de Santa Marta, hasta factores físicos. Colombia. La familia Neritidae es un grupo de gasterópodos común MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS en las franjas intermareales, que prefieren las aguas marinas claras, aunque existen especies estuarinas y Área de estudio dulceacuícolas (Bandel, 2008). Nerita tessellata Gmelin 1791 suele ser abundante en franjas costeras, rocosas La costa Caribe colombiana tiene una extensión de y expuestas distribuyéndose desde la zona mesolitoral 1.624 km de línea de costa continental, con litorales baja hasta el límite infralitoral superior (Bandel y rocosos que abarcan una longitud aproximada de 326 Wedler, 1987), siendo una especie de hábitos nocturnos, km lineales, los cuales se caracterizan principalmente fotonegativa, tigmopositiva que prefiere refugiarse en por ser de carácter inestable en la gran mayoría de grietas (Bovbjerg, 1984). los casos (López-Victoria et al., 2003), encontrándose distribuidos en las ecorregiones marinas y costeras 22 Nerita tessellata se caracteriza por presentar tallas establecidas para el Caribe colombiano de La Guajira, de pequeñas a medianas y concha ornamentada con Tayrona, Archipiélagos Coralinos, Golfo de Morrosquillo, cordones espirales lisos y manchas negras y blancas San Andrés y Providencia y Darién (Posada-Posada y sobre los cordones, columnela lisa y un opérculo negro Henao-Pineda, 2008). (Díaz y Puyana, 1994; Almanza et al., 2004). Dichas DICIEMBRE DE 2012, VOL. 7 G.J. MAZENETT-GUTIÉRREZ, J.F. QUINTERO-GALVIS Y L.R. CASTRO-GARCÍA Entre éstas Tayrona, ecorregión a la cual se encuentra Diseño muestral circunscrito este estudio y ubicada entre el río Piedras y Punta Gloria, presenta un litoral rocoso de Los muestreos se realizaron entre septiembre y tipo identado, en el que se alternan cabos rocosos, noviembre de 2010, durante el periodo de lluvias para levantamientos conformados por rocas metamórficas la ciudad de Santa Marta. Con el fin de determinar las e ígneas y pequeñas porciones de rocas sedimentarias tallas ancho (AC), altura (AL) y fenotipo de N. tessellata calcáreas o bioclásticas (Batista-Morales, 2009), se utilizaron para la identificación las características que presentan generalidades
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