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Benevolent Design and The BENEVOLENT DESIGN AND THE BELOVED COMMUNITY: LEGACIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOURSE, PROGRESS, SANCTUARY, AND SUPPORT IN AND AROUND HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Jason B. Esters August 2018 Examining Committee Members Eli Goldblatt, Advisory Chair, English Roland Williams, English Shannon Walters, English Marc Lamont Hill, Media Studies & Production ii ABSTRACT This dissertation is an interdisciplinary rhetorical project that explores the discourse of race and technology in the African-American experience, particularly at HBCUs. It examines HBCUs as a site that historically and actively embodies the African- American rhetorical tradition, resists American racial animus, and works as a conduit and a corrective for the discourse of race and technology in America. The first argument this dissertation makes is that there has been an ongoing discursive tradition of technology within the institutional framework of HBCUs that long prefigures “the digital divide” debate. These conversations not only envision how best technology can be used, but also how HBCU leaders envisioned an approach to technology in order to accomplish community goals. The second argument that this dissertation attempts to make is that this persistent discourse within HBCUs is infused with an ethos of community well-being and support. I am referring to this notion of support as a “techno-ethos”: something hardwired into the DNA of HBCUs since their inception, and, when ignored, can have disastrous, embarrassing, or counterproductive results. Finally, this dissertation acknowledges the value of applying theories of technological discourse to the study of HBCUs and offers avenues of practical application for the successful use of a techno-ethos of support for HBCUs on a programmatic and institutional level. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God for the completion of this dissertation, which is a testimony to the reality that He keeps His promises. I could not have conceived of or finished this dissertation without my family. I would like to thank my parents, Johnnie B. Esters and Garay L.M. Esters for their steadfast belief, encouragement, and support for me during my life and especially during my entire graduate school career. It has been a long difficult road, but we did it! To my brother and sister, Johnathan and Joyee, thank you for always giving me a new story from home and reminding me of who I am and where I’m from. I thank the love of my life, my wife, Dionne D. Willis, for the love and sacrifices she has made over the years as I have worked on my dissertation. Thank you for those early Post-It notes that you would leave in my binder, little bursts of hope and sunshine on an otherwise lifeless draft. Thank you for the early mornings and long afternoons when you would handle all of life happening in and around our home, just so I could write. I would like to thank my children, Biko, JD, Lily, and Joa for bringing me joy at the most unexpected times and in the most unexpected places. Thank you for inspiring me to keep pushing through. Watching and hearing you read (and understand!) parts of my dissertation on a cold winter day was one of the best moments of this process for me. I can’t wait to read your dissertations, your books. Much love and appreciation to Eli Goldblatt, my dissertation advisor, committee chair, advocate, mentor, and friend. From the time I arrived at Temple you have been in my corner, fighting for me. Even more importantly, you modeled for me how university scholarship could bring together social justice, education advocacy, and writing in a way iv that was both inspiring and authentic. I am so grateful that God chose you to be my champion and I hope to invest in other scholars the full measure of what you have invested in me. Thanks to the other incredible scholars who served on my committee over the years: Susan Wells and Roland Williams who shepherded me through the proposal process and gave me insightful, critical responses on my first dissertation draft. Shannon Walters and Marc Lamont Hill, your pointed feedback has made a better scholar and has made this a stronger project. Special thanks to Belinda Wilson and Sharon Logan for cheering me on throughout my graduate school career and making sure that I never missed an important opportunity or a deadline. Thank you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix PROLOGUE ...................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 The Spectre of Technological Discourse in Today’s Conversations about HBCUs .....................................................................................................................1 Chapter Overview ..................................................................................................27 2. HBCUS AND READING THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE ..........................................................................32 Is It for Us?: What Troubling Questions about Technology Reveal to Us ............41 Investigations into African-American Culture and Technology ............................50 Adam Banks’s Taxonomy of Access and Rhetoric of Design ...............................62 3. A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE AND THE INSTITUTE OF COLORED YOUTH, 1832-1852: THE ORIGINS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOURSE AT HBCUS ...........................................................................................75 The Climate of Technological Discourse and Racism in Antebellum Philadelphia ............................................................................................................79 Violence and the Vision for the Institute of Colored Youth ..................................91 The Failure to Reconcile Race and Technological Discourse .............................107 A New Hope and a Fresh Perspective ..................................................................112 vi 4. FROM PHOTOGRAPH TO FACTORY: DU BOIS AND WASHINGTON’S TECHNODIALECTIC FAILURE DURING THE GREAT MIGRATION ..............................................................................................123 The Photograph and the Infograph: Du Bois and Washington’s Joint Tool for “Substance” ............................................................................................126 Washington as Technocrat and His “Training of the Hand” ...............................142 Du Bois as Eugenicist and His Afrofuturism .......................................................151 The Great Migration: A Shift in the Potential of Technological Space ...............159 Error Messages: Programmatic Missteps in Technology Integration ..................162 Migration as an Occasion for Reinvention and the Factory as a Cultural Communicator ......................................................................................................168 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................175 5. DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND VERNACULAR INSURRECTIONS: DEVELOPING A TECHNOETHOS AROUND HBCUS DURING THE TRANSITION FROM CIVIL RIGHTS TO BLACK POWER .......................................................................................................180 Messianic Leadership and the Technology of Representation ............................184 Black Power as Vernacular Insurrection and Technological Discourse ..............188 The Black Panther Party of Self-Defense: Greater than the Man’s Technology ...............................................................................................195 Intercommunalism: An Attempt to Build a Technological Discourse of Black Political Thought ...................................................................................200 The Jackson State Killings: The Discourse of Militarism, New Directions in Black Power, and a Technoethos of Sanctuary ..............................212 Jackson State: Aftermath .....................................................................................218 An Appreciation for the Gibbs-Green Plaza: A Conclusion ................................247 6. THE BELOVED COMMUNITY AND FURTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH .....................................................................................................251 Theorizing the Digital Divide before Al Gore Invented the Internet ...................255 vii Further Opportunities for Research: Digital Portfolios and The Perils of Not Paying Attention ..................................................................................................269 Further Opportunities for Research: Discourse, STEM, and a “Culture of Support” ...........................................................................................................277 EPILOGUE ......................................................................................................................282
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