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Annotated Bibliography 1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources 17th St. Elementary School . USA on Race , 2015, www.usaonrace.com/education-the-great-equalizer/766/mendez-v-westminster-the- unknown-civil-rights-victory-that-created.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of 17th Street Elementary, the school Sylvia Mendez and her brothers were turned away from because they had dark skin and a Mexican last name. This source was helpful because it showed me what 17th Street Elementary looked like, and what the Mendez's were turned away from. I am going to use this source to show the difference between Hoover Elementary and 17th Street Elementary, and why segregation was such a bad thing. "Brown v. Board of Education School Segregation Banned Article." National Archives , www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/spring/brown-v-board-2.html. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of an article printed about Brown v. Board of Education and the end of school segregation. This source was helpful because it gave me more information on Brown v. Board of Education, so I could connect the case with Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source as a visual for my website and as evidence for information on Brown v. Board of Education. Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez . sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/index.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. I am using this source so I have more primary sources/images for my project. The visuals of NHD are really important for most of the projects, so every picture I collect will help my project a lot. This source helped me understand my topic because it showed me what Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez (Sylvia's Parents) looked like. This helped me visualize the people who took action and rallied other Mexican Families to file an appeal. Felicitas Mendez, left, and daughter, Sylvia Mendez, are shown in this 1996 photo. The Orange County Register , 15 Feb. 2011, www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-fre edom/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of Sylvia Mendez and her mother, Felicitas Mendez in 1996. This source was helpful because it showed me what Sylvia Mendez looks like now, and what her mom looked like more recently than the photos from Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source as a visual for Silvia and Felicitas Mendez, so viewers of my website will have an idea of what they looked or look like. 2 First Grade Class at Hoover School, 1944 . KCET , 1 Apr. 2013, www.kcet.org/history-society/no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-v-westminster -and-its-legacy. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. This source is a photo of the class Sylvia Mendez was in during her time at Hoover Elementary School. This source was helpful because it gave me a visual for part of what Sylvia Mendez and other Mexican American children went through in California before Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source to give viewers of my website a visual for exactly that. Hoover Elementary School . USA on Race , 2015, www.usaonrace.com/education-the-great-equalizer/766/mendez-v-westminster-the- unknown-civil-rights-victory-that-created.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. Caption: Photo of Hoover Elementary School, the school Sylvia Mendez was forced to go to when she was turned away from the "white" school, 17th St. Elementary School. Hoover Elementary was better known as the "Mexican" school, where anyone who didn't have white skin or had a Mexican last name had to go. Journal of Supreme Court History, Nov2014, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p307-328, 22p, 1 Color Photograph, 3 Black and White PhotographsBlack and White Photograph; found on p313 This source is a photo of Mexican American laborers farming. This source was helpful because it shows a bit of what life was like for many Mexican Americans at this time, and how many of them lived in poverty. I am going to use this photo to show some of the background of Mendez v. Westminster and what segregation and life in general was like for Mexican Americans in Orange County at this time. Judgement and Injunction Ruling That the School Districts Could No Longer Segregate Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. This source is a photo of the document stating the final decision of Mendez v. Westminster. This document was helpful because I could use it to check how reliable the information from other sources was. I am going to use this document to find direct quotes from the Mendez v. Westminster case, and as a visual for the information in my website. LULAC Fundraising Event . Separate Is Not Equal Brown v. Board of Education , americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of the fundraising event held to support Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it shows that many people cared about the case. I am going to use this photo as a visual in my project and as evidence that Mendez v. Westminster was important to many people. Martin Luther King Jr. Quote . Scholastic Scope , 19 Dec. 2017, scope.scholastic.com/pages/ideabook/2017/12/Meet-Sylvia-Mendez-Civil-Rights-H ero.html. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020. This source is a picture of Martin Luther King Jr. and a quote about segregation said by him. This quote was helpful because it helps 3 give a perspective of the harm segregation does, and why it needed to end. I am going to use this quote either at the beginning or the end of my project as a final note, or in my section on how Mendez impacted future events and how it helped pave the way for Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement. "Mendez V. Westminster: Desegregating California's Schools." PBS LearningMedia , rmpbs.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/osi04.soc.ush.civil.mendez/mendez-v-westmi nster-desegregating-californias-schools/#.XdhNiKhzznE. Accessed 20 Dec. 2019. This source is a video that interviews Sylvia Mendez and other qualified people about segregation in Orange County/California and Mendez v. Westminster. This source was really helpful because I could get quotes and lots of reliable information from it. I am going to use these quotes to reduce my word count in my website and use the information throughout my project. Mendez v. Westminster Painting Located in the California Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Santa Ana, Calif. OCDE Newsroom , 18 Feb. 2017, newsroom.ocde.us/the-deeper-learning-podcast-mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of a painting that depicts the Mendez story. This source was helpful because it visually tells the Mendez story, and since I am a visual learner, this source helped me understand some things a little better. I am going to use this photo as a visual for the title page of my website. Mendez v. Westminster Stamp . United States Courts , www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/background-mende z-v-westminster-re-enactment. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of the stamp created to commemorate Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it had a statement in it that explains exactly the purpose of Mendez v. Westminster- "Toward Equality in Our Schools." I am going to use this source as a visual for my website, and to show that Mendez v. Westminster was important enough to commemorate with a stamp, and that stamp may have made Mendez v. Westminster more well known. Newspaper Article about the Desegregation of Schools in Orange County . OC Weekly , 16 Feb. 2016, www.ocweekly.com/ocs-famous-desegregation-case-mendez-et-al-vs-westminster-e t-al-celebrates-70-years-this-week-6976134-2/. Accessed 28 Jan. 2020. This source is an image of a front-page article about Mendez v. Westminster and the integration of schools in Orange County. This source was helpful because it showed me that the Mendez case was a big deal at the time, but it was forgotten over time. I am going to use this source to show how important Mendez v. Westminster was and how it influenced the US, even though it has been mostly forgotten. 4 Newspaper Clipping on Mendez v. Westminster . Newspapers.com , www.newspapers.com/clip/19779568/the_jounral_times_racine_wisconisn/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of a newspaper clipping about Mendez v. Westminster. This image was helpful because it gave me some useful primary source information about the case. I am going to use this source as one of my title photos in my website. Petition Filed by the Parents of the Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. Petition Filed by the Parents of the Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. I am using this source because it is the actual petition filed by the parents of students at Hoover Elementary School. This source helped me understand my topic because I could see how exactly Mendez stated their arguments and what exactly they said was unconstitutional. It is also primary, so I can use it to check the information from secondary sources to make sure they are credible. President Barack Obama awards civil rights activist Sylvia Mendez the 2010 Medal of Freedom during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011. The OCR , www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-fre edom/.
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  • Ruling Gives Children Equal Rights by Nannette Regua
    Source: http://mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com Mendez v. Westminster School District (1947) Ruling Gives Children Equal Rights By Nannette Regua Historically, the Supreme Court's decision in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case, racial segregation became the law of the land as the ruling claimed "separate but equal" public facilities would be established. The assumption was that public facilities would be separate but equal on all counts. In education, it was common practice to have separate schools for African Americans or Mexican Americans and Anglos. The Mendez v. Westminster School District case (1947) was a monumental step forward to end segregation of Mexican American school children in California. Commemorative Stamp Mendez v. Westminster At the turn of the century, Mexican American children in the Southwest often were separated from Anglo school children and segregated into "Mexican" schools. The Mexican schools were typically shacks or barns rather than equal institutional structures to that of "Anglo" schools. The Mexican schools were commonly unequal in books, desks, school supplies, and they were often given the used, damaged and outdated books from the Anglo schools. In 1945, Mexican parents tried to enroll their children into the Main Street Elementary School located in the Westminster School District, Orange County, California. Main Street School was an Anglo school not an integrated school. The children were turned away from the school and sent to Hoover School (see photograph above), a "Mexican" elementary school. One such family was the Mendezes (see photograph below). As the Mendez parents, Gonzalo and Felicitas, attempted to enroll their children at the Main Street School their children were refused admission because they were Mexican.
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    Page 1 of 11 TRANSCRIPT Copyright © 2017 Orange County Department of Education. All Rights Reserved. Title: Mendez v. Westminster Sylvia: We would stop at that school everyday and see those kids go in but this playground was right next to the street and in that playground they had monkey bars, they had teeter- totter, they had swings and my thing was that I always wanted to go to that school because of the playground, 'cause we didn't have all that at the other school. Jeff: In 1944, eight year old [Sylvia Mendez 00:00:32] didn't understand why she and her brothers couldn't go to the school with the nice playground. Neither could their parents, [Gonzalo 00:00:39] and [Felicitas Mendez 00:00:39]. What resulted was Mendez versus [Westminster 00:00:42], a landmark court case that shattered many of the legal justification for segregating public schools. Maybe you haven't heard of the Mendez, maybe you're more familiar with the Brown versus the Board of Education decision of 1954, but not only did the Mendez case precede that decision by seven years, it lay the foundation for the United States Supreme Court declaration once and for all that segregated schools were in violation of the constitution. We sat down with Sylvia Mendez and Gonzalo Mendez Junior on the 70th anniversary of the resolution to the Mendez case. Speaker 3: What- [Gregor 00:01:17] are we good on sound? [crosstalk 00:01:19] Gonzalo jr: You can hear us? Speaker 5: Yes, I can hear you.
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  • September, 2016
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    MÉNDEZ V. WESTMINSTER: THE LATINO BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Rebecca A. López, Ph.D., College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Long Beach Apiece of forgotten history reveals that many of the issues and parties to Brown v. Board of Education of 1954 were instrumental in the desegregation of California schools in 1947. The class action discrimination suit brought by the Méndez family produced a rippling effect felt all the way to the United States Supreme Court. With the help of a television producer who produced a documentary on the Méndez case for public television, the author tells the story of the discovery of a missing piece of history. I was excited to hear ofthe celebratory issue "Hispanic [not White]"), may have felt alittle bit to be published by Reflections that would focus like late-comers to the civil rights movement on the impact of Brown v Board of Education. and have sometimes been viewed as just another This landmark decision has long been a fixture ofthe many immigrant and minority groups who inmy comprehension of the evolution of equal have ridden the coattails of African American rights in our country. As asocial policy instructor, eftbrts and sacrifices in our country. To be sure, I teach students about the history and impact of sacrifices have been made by AfiicanAmericans, Brown v. Board of Education ofTopeka, and there is a rightful pride and legacy that every Kansas on ensuring an element of advancement AfricanAmerican child can leam about and of oppressed groups. As a social activist I base carry into the adult world.
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  • H. Con. Res. 200
    IV 108TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. CON. RES. 200 Recognizing Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez for ending segregation in schools in Orange County, California, and for setting the precedent for the historic Brown v. Board of Education case, which ended segregation in schools across the United States. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MAY 22, 2003 Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ of California (for herself, Mr. BECERRA, Mr. REYES, Mr. RODRIGUEZ, Mr. FROST, Mr. CASE, Mr. CAPUANO, Ms. LINDA T. SA´NCHEZ of California, Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas, Mrs. NAPOLITANO, Mr. GONZALEZ, Mr. LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART of Florida, Mr. HINOJOSA, Mr. BROWN of Ohio, Mr. LARSON of Connecticut, Mr. MEEKS of New York, Mr. MENENDEZ, Mr. ORTIZ, Mr. GRIJALVA, Mr. PASTOR, Ms. SOLIS, Mr. KIND, Mr. UDALL of New Mexico, Mr. UDALL of Colorado, Ms. MILLENDER-MCDONALD, Mr. SERRANO, Mr. FARR, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. HINCHEY, Ms. MAJETTE, Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. DELAHUNT, Mr. SANDLIN, Mr. FORD, and Mr. SCOTT of Virginia) sub- mitted the following concurrent resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Recognizing Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez for ending seg- regation in schools in Orange County, California, and for setting the precedent for the historic Brown v. Board of Education case, which ended segregation in schools across the United States. 2 Whereas Gonzalo Mendez was born in Chihuahua, Mexico, on January 10, 1913, and immigrated to the United States in 1919; Whereas Felicitas Mendez was born in Juncos, Puerto Rico, on February 5, 1916; Whereas Gonzalo
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  • Mendez Et Al. V. Westminster Et Al. from the Standpoint of Mexican Origin Women
    Reinscribing History 9 Reinscribing History: Mendez et al. v. Westminster et al. from the Standpoint of Mexican Origin Women Nadine Bermudez The main plaintiffs named in Mendez et al. v. Westminster School District et al. were Gonzalo Mendez, William Guzman, Lorenzo Ramirez, Frank Palo- mino, Tomas Estrada, and their children. As the children’s fathers and “next of friend,”1 these men were identified as the children’s legal guardians and there- fore named lead plaintiffs in the Mendez case by the court, legal counsel, and the plaintiffs themselves. Not readily identified in the Mendez case, or sub- sequential writings about it, however, were the children’s mothers: Felicitas Mendez, Virginia Guzman, Josefina Ramirez, Irene Palomino, and Maria Luisa Estrada. The absence of these women and others from official accounts surround- ing the case comes as no surprise. At a time in history when “a woman’s place was in the home” and men were regarded as head of the house, the male cen- teredness of the Mendez case could be attributed to a patriarchal legal system, perceptions of women within the Mexican culture and the greater society, and/ or the manner in which history is traditionally constructed and told. But the erasing of these women from historical memory in no way diminishes their sig- nificance to the case or the overall battle for desegregation. Regardless of these women’s “official” status, they and others made important contributions to the Mendez case and the battle for racial equality. The intention of this paper is to reclaim a history long ignored.
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  • Mendez V Westminster History
    Mendez v Westminster History Righting a wrong Mendez v. Westminster brought an end to segregation in O.C. schools - and ultimately throughout the state and nation. By Phillip Zonkel, Press Telegram, Staff Writer IN SEPTEMBER 1943, Sylvia Mendez, then 9 years old, and her two brothers went with their aunt and three cousins to enroll at the 17th Street School in Westminster. School officials, however, told her aunt that her children, who were half-Mexican but had light skin and a French surname, could register at the "white" elementary school, but the Mendez kids, who were dark skinned and had a Mexican last name, were not allowed; they had to enroll at the "Mexican" school 10 blocks away. Mendez's parents were appalled and sued the school district in what turned out to be a ground-breaking civil rights case that helped outlaw almost 100 years of segregation in California and was a precedent seven years later for Brown v. Board of Education. "I didn't realize registering for school would have such an impact," says Mendez, 71, who now lives in Fullerton. Segregation was standard practice in 1940s California (Asian and Native American children also attended separate schools), but it wasn't always the case. When California Constitution was drafted in 1849, Spanish and English were the state's official languages. Previous to 1855, Mexican children attended Anglo schools. But after the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ceded California, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado to the United States, was signed, the state legislature changed a few laws.
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  • Teacher's Guide
    Teacher’s Guide PARA TODOS LOS NIÑOS - IMPORTANT RULINGS ON SCHOOL SEGREGATION AND THE IMPACT TODAY learn from the past engage the present shape the future LESSON: PARA TODOS LOS NIÑOS - IMPORTANT RULINGS ON SCHOOL SEGREGATION AND THE IMPACT TODAY RELATED EXHIBIT: PARA TODOS LOS NIÑOS FOR ALL THE CHILDREN OVERVIEW Most people have heard of Brown v. Board of Education, the historic 1954 Supreme Court ruling that officially ended segregation in public schools. Likewise, most students understand that the plaintiffs, the Brown family, were an African-American family. What students usually don’t know, though, is that pre-dating Brown, there was the 1947 Mendez v. Westminster School District, a case where a Mexican-American family fought to integrate schools in California. This large research project facilitates students delving deeply into how systemic segregation was in the mid-20th century and highlights the key role Latinos have played, together with African-Americans, in the continuing battles for civil rights for all Americans. OBJECTIVES • Given resource leads on Mendez v. Westminster, students will synthesize material and prepare a 10-slide PowerPoint presentation on their chosen/assigned research topic. • Having heard multiple presentations on Mendez v. Westminster, students will apply what they’ve learned to today’s education system. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING(S) Students will take away some of the following enduring understandings: • Ordinary people with diverse backgrounds have fought for equity throughout history. • Although much has been accomplished as a result of court cases like Mendez v. Westminster and Brown v. Board of Education, today’s schools are more segregated than in the 40s and 50s.
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