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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

17th St. Elementary School . USA on Race , 2015, www.usaonrace.com/education-the-great-equalizer/766/mendez-v-westminster-the- unknown-civil-rights-victory-that-created.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of 17th Street Elementary, the school and her brothers were turned away from because they had dark skin and a Mexican last name. This source was helpful because it showed me what 17th Street Elementary looked like, and what the Mendez's were turned away from. I am going to use this source to show the difference between Hoover Elementary and 17th Street Elementary, and why segregation was such a bad thing.

"Brown v. Board of Education School Segregation Banned Article." National Archives , www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/spring/brown-v-board-2.html. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of an article printed about Brown v. Board of Education and the end of school segregation. This source was helpful because it gave me more information on Brown v. Board of Education, so I could connect the case with Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source as a visual for my website and as evidence for information on Brown v. Board of Education.

Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez . sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/index.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. I am using this source so I have more primary sources/images for my project. The visuals of NHD are really important for most of the projects, so every picture I collect will help my project a lot. This source helped me understand my topic because it showed me what Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez (Sylvia's Parents) looked like. This helped me visualize the people who took action and rallied other Mexican Families to file an appeal.

Felicitas Mendez, left, and daughter, Sylvia Mendez, are shown in this 1996 photo. The , 15 Feb. 2011, www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-fre edom/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of Sylvia Mendez and her mother, Felicitas Mendez in 1996. This source was helpful because it showed me what Sylvia Mendez looks like now, and what her mom looked like more recently than the photos from Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source as a visual for Silvia and Felicitas Mendez, so viewers of my website will have an idea of what they looked or look like.

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First Grade Class at Hoover School, 1944 . KCET, 1 Apr. 2013, www.kcet.org/history-society/no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-v-westminster -and-its-legacy. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. This source is a photo of the class Sylvia Mendez was in during her time at Hoover Elementary School. This source was helpful because it gave me a visual for part of what Sylvia Mendez and other Mexican American children went through in California before Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source to give viewers of my website a visual for exactly that.

Hoover Elementary School . USA on Race , 2015, www.usaonrace.com/education-the-great-equalizer/766/mendez-v-westminster-the- unknown-civil-rights-victory-that-created.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. Caption: Photo of Hoover Elementary School, the school Sylvia Mendez was forced to go to when she was turned away from the "white" school, 17th St. Elementary School. Hoover Elementary was better known as the "Mexican" school, where anyone who didn't have white skin or had a Mexican last name had to go. Journal of Supreme Court History, Nov2014, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p307-328, 22p, 1 Color Photograph, 3 Black and White PhotographsBlack and White Photograph; found on p313 This source is a photo of Mexican American laborers farming. This source was helpful because it shows a bit of what life was like for many at this time, and how many of them lived in poverty. I am going to use this photo to show some of the background of Mendez v. Westminster and what segregation and life in general was like for Mexican Americans in Orange County at this time.

Judgement and Injunction Ruling That the School Districts Could No Longer Segregate Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. This source is a photo of the document stating the final decision of Mendez v. Westminster. This document was helpful because I could use it to check how reliable the information from other sources was. I am going to use this document to find direct quotes from the Mendez v. Westminster case, and as a visual for the information in my website.

LULAC Fundraising Event . Separate Is Not Equal Brown v. Board of Education, americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of the fundraising event held to support Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it shows that many people cared about the case. I am going to use this photo as a visual in my project and as evidence that Mendez v. Westminster was important to many people.

Martin Luther King Jr. Quote . Scholastic Scope, 19 Dec. 2017, scope.scholastic.com/pages/ideabook/2017/12/Meet-Sylvia-Mendez-Civil-Rights-H ero.html. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020. This source is a picture of Martin Luther King Jr. and a quote about segregation said by him. This quote was helpful because it helps

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give a perspective of the harm segregation does, and why it needed to end. I am going to use this quote either at the beginning or the end of my project as a final note, or in my section on how Mendez impacted future events and how it helped pave the way for Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement.

"Mendez V. Westminster: Desegregating California's Schools." PBS LearningMedia , rmpbs.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/osi04.soc.ush.civil.mendez/mendez-v-westmi nster-desegregating-californias-schools/#.XdhNiKhzznE. Accessed 20 Dec. 2019. This source is a video that interviews Sylvia Mendez and other qualified people about segregation in Orange County/California and Mendez v. Westminster. This source was really helpful because I could get quotes and lots of reliable information from it. I am going to use these quotes to reduce my word count in my website and use the information throughout my project.

Mendez v. Westminster Painting Located in the California Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Santa Ana, Calif. OCDE Newsroom , 18 Feb. 2017, newsroom.ocde.us/the-deeper-learning-podcast-mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is a photo of a painting that depicts the Mendez story. This source was helpful because it visually tells the Mendez story, and since I am a visual learner, this source helped me understand some things a little better. I am going to use this photo as a visual for the title page of my website.

Mendez v. Westminster Stamp . United States Courts , www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/background-mende z-v-westminster-re-enactment. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of the stamp created to commemorate Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it had a statement in it that explains exactly the purpose of Mendez v. Westminster- "Toward Equality in Our Schools." I am going to use this source as a visual for my website, and to show that Mendez v. Westminster was important enough to commemorate with a stamp, and that stamp may have made Mendez v. Westminster more well known.

Newspaper Article about the Desegregation of Schools in Orange County . OC Weekly , 16 Feb. 2016, www.ocweekly.com/ocs-famous-desegregation-case-mendez-et-al-vs-westminster-e t-al-celebrates-70-years-this-week-6976134-2/. Accessed 28 Jan. 2020. This source is an image of a front-page article about Mendez v. Westminster and the integration of schools in Orange County. This source was helpful because it showed me that the Mendez case was a big deal at the time, but it was forgotten over time. I am going to use this source to show how important Mendez v. Westminster was and how it influenced the US, even though it has been mostly forgotten.

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Newspaper Clipping on Mendez v. Westminster . N ewspapers.com , www.newspapers.com/clip/19779568/the_jounral_times_racine_wisconisn/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This source is an image of a newspaper clipping about Mendez v. Westminster. This image was helpful because it gave me some useful primary source information about the case. I am going to use this source as one of my title photos in my website.

Petition Filed by the Parents of the Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. Petition Filed by the Parents of the Students . National Archives , www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mendez-case. I am using this source because it is the actual petition filed by the parents of students at Hoover Elementary School. This source helped me understand my topic because I could see how exactly Mendez stated their arguments and what exactly they said was unconstitutional. It is also primary, so I can use it to check the information from secondary sources to make sure they are credible.

President awards civil rights activist Sylvia Mendez the 2010 Medal of Freedom during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011. T he OCR , www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-fre edom/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2019. This source is a photo of Barack Obama Awarding Sylvia Mendez the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her role in Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it gave me an idea of how people might know of the case, and what Sylvia Mendez looks like now. I am going to use this source to show how Mendez v. Westminster was a pretty unknown case, and only got the recognition it deserved in 2011, 64 years after its success.

"Stamp offers a first-class lesson in civil rights." Star [Amman, Jordan], 15 Oct. 2007. Gale In Context: World History , https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A183561030/WHIC?u=bpls_main&sid=WHIC&xid =3d322d90. Accessed 12 Dec. 2019. This source is an article about the stamp created to commemorate Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because it gave me information on the case and the Mendez family. It also showed that not many people know about Mendez v. Westminster, even though it was such an influential case. I am going to use this information as part of the impact/outcome of Mendez v. Westminster, and how it is an important case even though it is not well known.

Sylvia Mendez . sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/index.html. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This website had information on Sylvia Mendez, her family, and the Mendez v. Westminster case. This source was helpful because it had a lot of photos and information that helped my research a lot. I used the photos for my primary sources and visuals for my project, and I used the research to support my thesis.

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Sylvia Mendez . Sylvia Mendez , sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/index.html. This source is a photo of Sylvia Mendez when she was younger. This source was helpful because it helped me gain a perspective of what Sylvia looked like when she was young, and helped me picture the story of Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this source to add more visuals to my website, and to show what Sylvia Mendez looked like during the time of Mendez v. Westminster.

The Orange County Register . 15 Feb. 2011. The Orange County Register, www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-fre edom/. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This source is a newspaper article about Sylvia Mendez and when she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This source is helpful because it shows one of the events that happened as a result of Mendez v. Westminster, and it also has lots of photos that show what Sylvia Mendez looks like now. I am going to use these photos throughout my project, and the information about the Presidential Medal of Freedom is part of the impact of Mendez v. Westminster.

We Serve Whites Only no Spanish or Mexicans . I mmigration Impact , immigrationimpact.com/2010/12/14/white-house-to-award-latino-civil-rights-advoc ate-sylvia-mendez/we-serve-whites-only-no-spanish-or-mexicans/#.Xjcu2ubYrnE. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a primary source that shows a sign that allows only whites into wherever it is posted, and denies access to Spanish or Mexican people. This source was helpful because it showed me part of what segregation was like in Orange County during the time of Mendez v. Westminster. I am going to use this picture in my project in the section explaining segregation in Orange County to emphasize how much of a problem it was.

Where Is Orange County? Worldatlas, www.worldatlas.com/na/us/ca/c-orange-county-california.html. This source was helpful because it helped me understand where my event took place. It is a map of Orange County, what cities/counties are around it, and where it is located in California. I am going to use this source in my project as a reference and to give some perspective of where Mendez v. Westminster takes place.

Secondary Sources

Blanco, Maria, Esq. "The Lasting Impact of Mendez v. Westminster in the Struggle for Desegregation." American Immigration Council, 5 Mar. 2010, www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/lasting-impact-mendez-v-westminst er-struggle-desegregation. Accessed 20 Nov. 2019. Maria Blanco, Esq. is part of

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the American Immigration Council, which makes this source credible. I used this source to find background information on Mendez v. Westminster and proof that it broke multiple important barriers. This source helped me understand my topic because it explained important people like and the Mendez attorney David Marcus and their role in Mendez v. Westminster. This source also helped me understand how Mendez v. Westminster influenced Brown v. Board of Education, which is one of the main points in my thesis.

Bowman, Kristi L., et al. The Pursuit of Racial and Ethnic Equality in American Public Schools: Mendez, Brown, and Beyond. This source is a book I found at Norlin Library with information on lots of cases like Brown v. Board of Education and Mendez v. Westminster. This book was helpful because it had several sections on different aspects of Mendez v. Westminster and each section was written by a different person, which gave me several different points of view. I am going to use this information throughout my project, because it pertains to pretty much everything in my thesis.

The People History . Thepeoplehistory.com, 2019, www.thepeoplehistory.com/1946.html. Accessed 22 Nov. 2019. This source is a list of major events around the world from 1947 and a bit of information about each one. This was helpful because it gave me some context for Mendez v. Westminster and what else was happening in the world at the time. I am going to use it in my project as background information for the event and explaining if other events happening at the time influenced the case at all.

Roos, Dave. "The Mendez Family Fought School Segregation 8 Years before Brown V. Board of Ed." History , A&E Television Networks, 18 Sept. 2019, www.history.com/news/mendez-school-segregation-mexican-american. Accessed 19 Dec. 2019. This source is an article on the beginning of the Mendez's fight for school desegregation and segregation in Orange County. This source was helpful because it gave me lots of background information on how bad the segregation in Orange County was, and how it may have affected the Mendez case. I am going to use this source to explain why Mendez v. Westminster was such an important influential case to U.S history.

Rosenberg, Jeremy. "'No Dogs or Mexicans Allowed': Mendez v. Westminster and its Legacy." K CET , Public Media Group of Southern California, 1 Apr. 2013, www.kcet.org/history-society/no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-v-westminster -and-its-legacy. Accessed 20 Nov. 2019. This source is an article about the legacy and story of Mendez v. Westminster. This source was helpful because he was one of my first sources, and it had lots of very important information that helped me get started with my research. I am going to use this source throughout my project, for facts and quotes.

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Separate is Not Equal Brown v. Board of Education . americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This source is a website with lots of photos and information about the Mendez case. This source was helpful because it had lots of photos that I can use in my website, and it gave me information on the fundraising event that happened in support of Mendez. I am going to use the photos throughout my project, and I am going to use the information about the fundraising event to show how much people cared about this case. Tonatiuh, Duncan. Separate Is Never Equal . Abrams, 2014. This source is a children's book about Sylvia Mendez and the Mendez v. Westminster case. This book was really helpful because it had lots of background on the Mendez Family, and it also had lots of information about the actual time when they were in the court, which I couldn't find anywhere else. I am going to use this information to explain the background of the Mendez v. Westminster case, and explain what went into the success of Mendez.

United States Courts . www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/background-mende z-v-westminster-re-enactment. Accessed 23 Jan. 2020. This source is the background of a United States Courts re-enactment of Mendez v. Westminster with different sections on the most important things that happened within Mendez v. Westminster. This source was really helpful because it gave all the facts very clearly and it had many of the basic facts that I needed to get started with my research. I am going to use this throughout my whole project because it has information that relates to most of my thesis.

The University of California . 14 May 2014, www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/news/press-releases/2014-press-releases/ucla-report -finds-california-the-most-segregated-state-for-latino-students. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This source is an article about segregation in California for Latinos, and how it is the most segregated state for Latinos. This source was helpful because it gave me a perspective on California, and how important the case was to desegregating California. I am going to use this source to show that the Mendez v. Westminster case would have been hard to win because California was so segregated.