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SPAIN Lynn Millar Foreign Service Journal

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Six different drinks and the difference is Gilbejs ...the best name in Gin and Vodka The Foreign Service Journal is the professional journal of the American For¬ eign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, a non¬ profit private organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions ot the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department o State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

Lucius D. BATTLE, President GRAHAM A. MARTIN, Vice President JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, General Manager JUNE, 1963 BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary CONTENTS Volume 40, No. 6

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

ELBERT G. MATHEWS, Chairman MARTIN F. HERZ, Vice Chairman page H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS, JR., Secretary-Treasurer JEAN M. WILKOWSKI, Asst. Secretary-Treasurer TAYLOR G. BELCHER PROMOTION OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OFFICERS 23 JOHN M. GREGORY, JR. by Frederic L. Chapin EDWIN M. MARTIN WILLIAM H. METZGER GEORGE B. ROBERTS, JR. THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSIGNMENT PROCESS 28 NICHOLAS A. VELIOTES by John Ordway The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is com¬ posed of active and retired personnel who are or have been serving at home or abroad under the authority of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended. It groups THE UGLY AMERICAN, HOLLYWOOD STYLE 32 together people who have a common responsibility for the implementation of foreign policy. It seeks to en¬ by Edward Killham courage the development of a career service of maxi¬ mum effectiveness, and to advance the welfare of its members. The dues for Active and Associate Members are THE BUDGET AND THE FUTURE OF DIPLOMACY 38 either 313 or $10: For FSO’s in Class V and above the rate is $13 and is the same for FSR's, Staff officers and by Leon B. Poullaila Civil Service personnel in corresponding grades. For Active Members in lower grades the dues are $10. The annual dues for retired members and others who are not Active Members are also $10. Each membership 45 includes a subscription to the Foreign Service JOURNAL. BEYOND DIPLOMACY (Part IV) Those interested in membership or in a separate sub¬ scription to the JOURNAL should write to the General by Theodore C. Achilles Manager, AFSA, 1742 “G” Street, N.W., Washington 6, D. C. INCENTIVES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 51 JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD by Wesley C. Haraldson

WOODRUFF WALLNER, Chairman HENRY C. RAMSEY, Vice Chairman OTHER FEATURES: AFSA Minutes, page 4; AAFSW’s Third HERMAN POLLACK Year, page 6; “How to Succeed in the Foreign Service,” hy GORDON EWING JAMES A. RAMSEY Robert W. Rinden, page 8; “Unclassified,” by Andor Klay, ARTHUR H. WOODRUFF page 12; “Service Items,” by James B. Stewart, page 18; EDWARD L. KILLHAM Fable for the Foreign Service “The Beehive,’’ by John Y. FREDERICK L. CHAPIN Millar, page 21; “The Sultan and the Johnstown Flood,” by ROBERT S. SMITH E. Taylor Parks, page 50; Department of Dissent, page 56; CHARLES S. WHITEHOUSE Letters to the Editor, page 59. GWEN BARROWS, Managing Editor SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Assistant Editor HF.LEN C. RICE, Circulation departments The Editorial Board of the Foreign Service Journal considers all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid one cent a word at time of publication. Photographs TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO 14 accompanying articles will, if accepted, be by Janies B. Stewart purchased at one dollar each. Negatives and color transparencies are not acceptable. Photos should be black and white glossies, measuring EDITORIAL: approximately 7 x JO inches, and should be For a Stronger AFSA 25 mailed between extra heavy cardboard. Photos are not returned, and the Journal is not re¬ sponsible for the return of unsolicited material. WASHINGTON LETTER 26 Please include full name and address on all by Gwen Barrows editorial material and a stamped, self-addressed envelope if return is desired. THE BOOKSHELF 34

© American Foreign Service Association, 1963. The Foreign Service Journal is published monthly (rates: So.00 a year, 50 cents a copy), hy the American For- eign Service Association, 1742 “G** St., N.W., Wash- ington 6, D. C. Second-class postage paid at Washington. D C. Printed by Monumental Printing Co., Baltimore.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 1 At the General Meeting: Cover Photo: For a Stronger AFSA AT a general meeting held in connection with the monthly luncheon on April 25, 1963, Association members approved two amendments of the By-Laws which had been studied and recommended by the present and preceding Board of Directors. The first of these amendments provides for broader eligibility for Active Membership in the Association by giving voice and vote to personnel of USIA and AID, and to those of other agencies appointed under the authority of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. In a second amend¬ SPAIN by Lynn Millar ment it was provided that Foreign Service officers, who at present constitute by far the largest single category among the members, shall continue to be Photos and Art for May represented by a majority on the Board of Directors. The members also gave approval to the recommen¬ Lynn Millar, wife of FSO John Y. Millar, “Spain,” cover. dation to include the name of Robert A. McKinnon Edward L. Fischer, illustration, page 21. on the Association’s Memorial Plaque. Mr. McKinnon died on September 8, 1961 of a tropical disease con¬ Dana Andrews, wife of FSO Nicholas G. Andrews, drawing, “Berlin,” page 22. tracted while stationed at Ouagadougou.

Lewis Rubenstein, Time painting, “Capoeira,” page 25. Ambassador Marie Skora, wife of FSO George W. Skora, “Fisherman’s E. ALLAN LICHTNER, to the United Kingdom of Libya Dream,” page 26. MARRIAGES Robert W. Rinden, F'SO, “Life and Love in the Foreign Serv¬ ice,” page 27. MILAN-CAMPBELL. Maria del Carmen Milan and Robert W. Campbell were married on April 20, in St. Columbus Episco¬ Earl Wilson, USIA, painting, “Junk Builders,” page 35. pal Church, Washington. RAMBERG-HALL. Julia Elisabeth Ramberg, daughter of Mr. and Daniel Lee McCarthy, FSR, photos “African Notebook: Da¬ Mrs. Walter Gustav Ramberg, was married to Walter Vance homey,” page 40. Hall, on April 20, in the American Episcopal Church, Rome.

Howard R. Simpson, USIA, drawing, “Rifleman before Caren- BIRTHS tan, June, 1944,” page 50. GRAHAME. A daughter, Laura Krishna, born to Mr. and Mrs. Jack Grover, FSS, photo, “Angkor Wat,” page 60. Jay R. Grahame, on February 8, in Washington. HART. A son, David Erickson, born to Mr. and Mrs. Samuel F. Photography in the Fine Arts Exhibition, “Street Scene, Nas¬ Hart, on March 24, at Bandung. sau,” by Andre Kertesz, page 58. NELSON. A daughter, Jennifer Anne, born to Mr. and Mrs. Clifford R. Nelson, on March 28, in Arlington, Virginia. National Gallery of Art, “The Lute Player” by Gentileschi, NELSON. A son, Anthony Byrne, born to Mr. and Mrs. James gift of Mrs. Mellon Bruce, Cover III. C. Nelson, on March 26, in Wellington, New Zealand. NEWBERRY. A son, Tucker Daniel Oliver, born to Mr. and Mrs. Daniel O. Newberry, on April 4, in Tehran. Mrs. Newberry is the former Susanne Davis, of USIS Paris. RILEY. Twin daughters, Marie Lucille and Linda Beth, born to Mr. and Mrs. Russell L. Riley, on April 3, in Johannes¬ burg. SHANKLE. A son, Steven Arthur, born to Mr. and Mrs. Arthur P. Shankle, Jr., on January 22, in Madrid. WHITE. A daughter, Laura, born to Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. White, on February 9, in Washington.

DEATHS HALL. Kent H. Hall, Foreign Service officer, died in Wheeling, West Virginia, on April 11. He entered the Foreign Service in 1957 and served at Iskenderun, the Department and Tiju¬ ana, where he was assigned at the time of his death. PETTIT. Virgil Clement Pettit, AID, died in Washington, on April 13. Mr. Pettit, chief of the Commodities Branch of the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, Industrial Resources Division, received the meritorious serv¬ Robert J. Manning, spoke at the AFSA luncheon ice award in 1959 for developing a simple, hand-operated meeting on April 25. Shown at the head table washing machine to be used in under-developed countries. are Mr. Manning, Tyler Thompson and Jacob Mr. Pettit joined the Foreign Operations Administration of D. Beam. the State Department in 1954.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. June 1983 3 : Minutes of Recent I Board Meetings

March 5, 1963: The Board reviewed the problem of insurance of personal effects and discussed ways of reducing insurance costs for Foreign Service personnel. It was decided to rec¬ A great new ship- ommend to the Department that legislation be sought to afford Foreign Service personnel the same protection against loss or damage to personal effects as is now extended by the Govern¬ ment to the personnel of the military departments and the a great new itinerary Coast Guard. The Board also discussed tax problems of For¬ eign Service personnel who reside in Virginia while assigned to Washington. March 19, 1963: The reported inclusion in Foreign Service personnel files of tax claims, particularly those lodged by the V irginia tax authorities, was discussed. The appointments of the Honorable George H. Butler as a Director of the American Foreign Service Protective Association and of Mrs. Frederic L. Chapin to the Committee on Education were approved. It was reported that the Honorable H. Freeman Matthews and Mr. Willis C. Armstrong had agreed to represent the Associa¬ tion at the annual meeting of the Academy of Political and Social Science. The Board decided that the Association should also be represented at a conference on “The United States Ambassador” to be held at Pennsylvania State College in No¬ vember. Regulations and criteria governing lateral entry into the Foreign Service were discussed. April 2, 1963: Mr. Edwin M. Kretzmann, Chairman of the This is the Santa Magdalena, first of four brilliant Committee on Public Relations, reported (1) that the film new Grace Line “Santas.” She’s a 20,000-ton based on the book “The Ugly American.” about to he released in the United States, would probably do the Service no harm, beauty whose unique design combines all-first-class (2) a book on the Foreign Service written around the Associa¬ comfort with easygoing informality. Accommoda¬ tion’s Memorial Plaque by Miss Marguerite Higgins and Mr. tions are limited to just 127 guests on each voyage. Peter Lisagor is to be in the hands of the publishers in late ,May and (3) that CBS is interested in doing a TV series on The itinerary is superb. The Caribbean, with |the Service. Upon Mr. Kretzmann’s recommendation the ap- calls at fascinating Port-au-Prince and Cartagena. jpointments of the following members of his Committee were 'approved: Messrs. Paul E. Auerswald, William D. Blair, Neil Then Panama, and through the mighty Panama C. McManus and Arthur H. Woodruff. The financial position Canal into the blue Pacific. Across the Equator of the Association was discussed in the light of increased print¬ and down the fabled Pacific Coast of South ing costs for the JOURNAL, and a subcommittee was appointed to review the situation in detail. The Board decided to inform America, visiting colorful ports in Colombia and the Department that the Association supported a proposal that Ecuador. Two-ocean cruising ... and all in 19 days! the Department issue identity cards to retired FSO’s. The Santa Magdalena sails regularly from New April 9, 1963: The Board heard the report of a subcommittee York. She will be joined by the new Santa Mariana on expansion of Active membership in the Association and unanimously agreed to recommend to an early General Meeting and Santa Maria in late spring and summer. The of the Association that the By-Laws be amended (1) to extend Santa Mercedes will go into service in early 1964. eligibility for Active membership to AID and USIA personnel holding FSR or FSS designations and (2) to provide that a See a Travel Agent majority of the Board of Directors shall be FSO’s. The sub¬ committee appointed to review the Association’s financial posi¬ tion reported that a considerable deficit would be incurred in the current fiscal year hut that revenue from the increased dues GRACE LINE should put the Association in the black next year. It was re¬ ported that the President of the Association had sent letters to the Chairmen of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Foreign Affairs Committee recording the Associa¬ CRUISES tion’s strong support of the proposed National Academy of 3 Hanover Square or 628 Fifth Avenue Foreign Affairs and expressing the view that the Academy’s (Rockefeller Center), New York Board of Regents should at all times include an active or re¬ Digby 4-6000 tired FSO-CA or FSO-CM. THE MOST FAMOUS NAME IN The Scholarship Fund has received impressive contributions CARIBBEAN-SOUTH AMERICA CRUISES in memory of Ambassador Selden Chapin, who died on March 26, 1963. At the time of his death the family suggested that, in lieu of flowers, contributions might be sent to the AFSA Scholarship Fund in which Mr. Chapin had had such a deep interest.

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ANY COMPREHENSIVE resume of the Association of Amer¬ ican Foreign Service Women in its third year of oper¬ ation would be incomplete without mention of the growth pains that beset the women’s association as soon as the newly-elected members of the Board took office in May 1962. They had two years of achievement to back their optimistic outlook for the work of the next year. June Byrne and her capable assistants had set the organization firmly on its feet. However, by September, one Recording Secretary, two Presidents and a Junior Wives representa¬ tive had come and gone and the common joke was that the fastest way to get overseas was to be a member of the Board. 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Henderson; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Edward J. Rowell; JOURNAL will keep you informed of AFSA activities, the Treasurer, Mrs. Seaborn F. Foster; Members-at-large, Mrs. latest ideas on career development, life and love in the Robert Follestad, Mrs. John Moore, Mrs. George A. Morgan. Foreign Service, and news and views from the Department The following alternates were selected: Secretary, Mrs. Willis and elsewhere. Send a letter, a post card, or a change of C. Armstrong; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Philip H. Trezise; address form today to: Circulation Dept., FOREIGN SER¬ Treasurer, Mrs. Douglas W. Coster; Members-at-large, Mrs. VICE JOURNAL, 1742 G Street, N.W., Washington 6, D. C. Hugh G. Appling. Mrs. George M. Barbis, Mrs. Robert A. Hurwitch.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 7 How to Succeed in the Foreign Service by Being Really Prepared

by ROBERT W. RINDEN

HE SECRET of success in life,” Disraeli said, “is to be might prove no less significant to my diplomatic career than JL ready for opportunity when it comes.” it had been to do well in the oral examination at Wash¬ ington. I was resolved that I would he ready when opportunity came to me—during that first, all-important talk with the On the Monday morning in mid-June when I was to re¬ Consul General. He would see, though 1 was young in port to the Consulate General I got up early and took a years and a neophyte in the practice of diplomacy, I was no long, vigorous walk. I wanted my mind to be fresh and novice insofar as the substance of international affairs was clear for the vital interview ahead. “Mens sana in corpore concerned. On whatever world issue he asked my views: sano.” the deepening economic crisis in Britain, the continuing At nine o’clock the Consulate General’s reception room impasse in disarmament negotiations, the growing danger was so packed that I could hardly squeeze my way in. A of war in the Far East—I would show in my reply that I harried young man, standing behind a desk in the center of had complete, precise knowledge of the facts, and that I the room, was surrounded by people brandishing letters could interpret them meaningfully. and insisting upon seeing the Consul General. The Consul General, it seems, had written them to come and apply for Fortunately, the FSO oral examination at Washington visas—now that a preliminary examination had shown their some months before had given me a pretty good idea of the documentation to be in order. The letters were signed by range and type of questions he would likely ask. And so, the Consul General so naturally they wanted to see him despite the pressures of winding up my second year of grad¬ and not some vice consul. uate study in economics, I systematically read CURRENT Edging myself to the reception desk, I said quietly, “Ed HISTORY, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, NEW REPUBLIC, the New York like to see the Consul General.” TIMES, CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, and even TIME, to “Just take a seat, please,” the young man replied. keep thoroughly up-to-date with unfolding world events. To So I sat down on one of the benches that were ranged do well in this initial conversation with the Consul General ( Continued )

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around the room in the style of a railway station or bus depot. After ten minutes of contemplating the undimnishing clamor and surge of visa applicants, I again struggled to the desk and, in a firm, dignified manner, said: “Would you now take me to the Consul General?” “Do you mind taking a seat, please; I’ll get to you just as soon as I can,” the young man rejoined. Twenty minutes more of demeaning frustration and. I an¬ nounced to the young man: “Look. My name is Richard Roe. I’ve been assigned here as Vice Consul and I want to see the Consul General—right now.” “Well, why didn’t you say so?” he asked. “I thought you were a visa applicant. And where the hell have you been the last two months—we’ve been expecting you since April.” “I’ve been completing my work for a Master’s Degree at Harvard, as I explained to the State Department and as it agreed I should.” “The Department never tells us anything and besides you should have written the Consul General. His office is straight down the hall—at the very end.” call Merchants Sunburnt and roly poly, the Consul General puffed on his briar pipe and exuded benignity. His gray flannel slacks From golf balls to goblets, and worn Harris tweed sports coat were not what I’d im¬ chairs to chopsticks, drapes to dinnerware, agined consuls general wore. Not that I’d really expected Merchants have been moving things for morning coat and striped trousers. more than 75 experience-rich years. “Grand to have you aboard, Roe.” Careful as a banker and safe as a After the Consul General had bestowed a few more avun- cularities and had pointed out that my aspirations would diplomatic pouch, Merchants are old hands find fulfillment in visa rather than economic work, he got at helping Government personnel move down to cases. from here to there, there to there and “How’s your golf?” back again, too. Merchants are officially “Sorry, sir; I’ve never played. But I’m eager to learn.” approved to move and store the “Splendid. You’ll have a fine chance to play here. We personal effects of Foreign Service Personnel. have several good courses and we all play—some of us pretty well. Are you much of a poker player?” Who could ask for anything more? “That’s another thing I want to learn, sir.” “It will be useful to you. You can judge a lot about a chap by the way he plays poker. It’s quite a key to char¬ acter, I’ve found. All the officers in the Consulate General play during the winter. Not for large stakes, of course, but enough to make it interesting.” “Well, Roe, as I said before, welcome aboard and smooth sailing. I’m sure you’ll enjoy visa work; it’s a good way LI 7-7777 to begin. Now I’ll take you to our executive consul, who’ll Cable Address: Removals MEMBERS: help you find digs.” National Furniture Warehouseman’s Assoc.; Canadian Warehouseman’s Assoc.; British Assoc, of Internat’l. I spent a little over a year at the Consulate General. The Furn. Removers; F.I.D.I. (Federation International Consul General never asked my views on British financial des Demenageurs Internationaux) difficulties, threats to peace in the Orient, the prospects for disarmament—or on any other international question. Anyway, I had been well prepared.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 li by ANDOR KLAY

THE DIPLOMAT of today is confronted with two alarming possibilities: the world ceasing to exist, and everything re¬ maining as it is. * •» *

THE OTHER DAY I met a man w'ho speaks eleven lan¬ guages fluently. He had nothing to say in any of them.

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FSJ BOOKSHELF: Book on the battle of San Juan Hill, {LONDON entitled “Charge! should have carried some informative sub-title. As it is, many readers at home will think it is the r i story of a department store.

•K- *-

FROM FOR CONSULAR SECTIONS: A tourist says he is traveling KENTUCKY to “Hungaria.” I would suggest Bulgary instead. » * * To APPLY THE ENGLISH PHRASE “old friend” to a lady is awkward if she is young and tactless if she is not. The German equivalent, “Jugendfreund,” is ideal, w'ith youth as its base in any case. # * * SOME OF OUR radio announcers pronounce Nike (the rocket) to rhyme with Mike. The name, that of the ancient THE ffOEID'S rmrSIBOURBON Greek goddess of triumph, spells military victory; the pro¬ nunciation, cultural defeat.

* * *

DIRECTIVE: “Effective July 1, 1962, a new Airgram Form, DS-323, yellow', replaces the despatch.” Despatch Desmissed

* * *

TITLE IN COLUMBIA ENCYCLOPEDIA: “Vergil, or Virgil.” This is Publius Vergilius Maro, or Vergilius, just out of a Procrustean bed. Editors of the Encyclopedia are William Bridgwater and Elizabeth Sherwood—“Bridgw or Bredgw” and “Sherw or Shirw,” I presume. BEAM’S CHOICE BEAM’S PIN BOTTLE (Green label) Charcoal Rare bottling of Kentucky * * * filtered, 6 years old, (90 Straight bourbon 8 or 10 proof)sourmash bourbon years old. (86.8 proof) ON HOME LEAVE: Walking down the streets in Washing¬ with an unique good taste. with built-in pourer. ton after an absence of several years; passing by people In the world of 1795, Jacob Beam traveled to Kentucky well known to me as strangers. This is a special category, where he created the original Beam Formula and dedi¬ dow'n the ladder of friends and acquaintances: strangers whom I have well unknown for years. cated himself to the making of the world’s finest bourbon. * * * Today, as for 168 years, the 5th and 6th generation of FOR P/HISTORICAL OFFICE: Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, for¬ the Beam Family continue to make Beam Bourbon under merly' Ujvidek, Hungary, has a street which w'as originally the same formula with the same purpose—The World’s called Hauptstrasse, then one-half of its length became Franz Finest Bourbon. That is why only Beam tastes like Josef Strasse and the other Kossuth Strasse, till in 1918 the Beam; only Beam tastes so good. (Jim Beam 85 Proof) whole street was named for King Alexandar, in 1941 for Hitler, in 1945 for Stalin, after 1948 for Interior Minister KENTUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKIES DISTILLED AND Rankovic—and is now Narodnih Heroja, “Street of Heores.” BOTTLED BY JAMES B. BEAM DISTILLING CO., CLERMONT, KY. The heroes, one feels, are the residents of the street.

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 Wo oth er like it in th

Widely di scussed throughout the world, the famous statue honoring Andrew Jackson which stands across the street from the White House, is indeed unique. Designed and executed hy self-taught sculptor Clark Mills, the statue drew count¬ less thousands of viewers in its early days as the first equestrian statue in the world to he self-poised on its hind feet, and the first equestrian statue to he molded and cast in the United States. Artist’s drawing depicts Cast from British cannon captured during dedication ceremonies at which Sen. the War of 1812, the figure was considered Steph en A. Douglas spohe So outstanding that Clark Mills was com¬ on January 8, 1853. missioned hy the cities of New Orleans and Nashville to cast duplicates for them.

Though of humhle origin and education, Mills’ technique won him world fame and subsequent commissions for the statue of George Washington located at Washington Circle, N. W., and the Goddess of Freedom which stands atop the U. S. Capitol. As have so many before and since his time, Mills dealt with RIGGS, a name which also has become known throughout the world for more than a century and a quarter. Riggs National Bank—Washington’s his¬ toric, Washington’s largest Bank.

TL RIGGS NATIONAL BANK WASHINGTON D.C. • FOUNDED 1836 LARGEST BANK IN TIIE NATION'S CAPITAL, RESOURCES OVER $500,000,000 COMPLETE BANKING AND TRUST SERVICES, FIFTEEN CONVENIENT LOCATION’S Member—Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Member—Federal Reserve System

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 13 Leaving home ears ago in the Journal June, 1938

by JAMES B. STEWART

Not One but Two and Not One hut Nineteen

jD BORDEN REAMS reports to the JOURNAL front Copen- J-N.*hagen: “In view of the widespread publicity given to the hole-in-one made by Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy in London, I wish to report that we also have an expert golfer in Copenhagen. The American Minister, Alvin M. Owsley, did a hole-in-one at the Eremitage golf course recently.” Comment 1963: Probably among the first to hear about the Ambassador’s achievement were the Embassy staff mem¬ bers: Counselor Herschel Johnson, Hugh Millard, David Wil¬ liamson, Walton Butterworth, James Brown, Nathaniel Lan¬ caster. Former Ambassador Reams no doubt remembers about the nineteen bottles mentioned in a recent letter from Mr. WE'LL MOVE YOU Owsley in Dallas: “I was playing with Sir Patrick Ramsey, the British Minister, and when we drove off the tee at the OVERSEAS with EASE* 16th hole I lost my ball in the distance. Thought I had gone in the sand trap but lo and behold there was my hall safely Paxton's "SPEED-PAK" in the cup. There it was—a hole-in-one! It is a rule at the Club in Copenhagen that any player making a hole-in-one is System Can Save You up to 30 Days! entitled to a bottle of champagne from every member he catches in the Club. I caught nineteen unsuspecting mem¬ With Paxton's unique Speed-Pak System, watch bers and they all generously sent the champagne to the your belongings packed and crated on the spot, Legation.” ready for shipment. A complete door-to-door How many other Chiefs of Mission ever made a hole-in- service. No delay, no chance for things to go one? Surely not Bob Woodward in Santiago in 1961: wrong at the warehouse! Valuable time is saved Former Ambassador Ellis Briggs, in a recent SATURDAY . . . your valuables are safer because they're EVENING POST article stated that “Bob was not permitted to packed by Paxton experts. stay there long enough to even light the stove in his diplo¬ matic kitchen, let alone given time to identify the ingredients COMPLETE of foreign affairs.” SERVICES PAXTON’S INCLUDES: Red Lights and “Jeunes Filles” Now a yarn by Edwin Plitt. Paris, about the going-to-the- • packing • crating • moving office experience of a consul at a post on the Gironde: “At • shipping • storage • expert packing this particular post there appears to exist a ‘Mardi Gras’ Agency representation in princi¬ custom which consists of everyone in town spending their pal cities throughout the world time kissing eveiyone else. One of our officers stationed there, who tried to escape this chore and still arrive at his r From Afghanistan to Zanzibar, our experts move you, near or far. office ... at nine, set out from home in his car. He seemed to have overlooked, however, that in French cities traffic lights at many crossings are so arranged that they can be VAN controlled by pedestrians who merely have to press a button when wishing to cross a street, in response to which the red LINES PAXTON light holds all motor vehicles. His car, or more probably he 327 N. Fairfax Street Alexandria, Va. himself, must have been particularly attractive to feminine King 8-6400 eyes, for ... he had to purchase the green light privilege by Personalized Moving Backed by Some of the Most kissing in turn every member of the toll-exacting cordons of Competent People in the Moving and Storage Business ‘jeunes filles,’ whose tempting tentacles were thrown around his car at each crossing.” (Continued on page 16)

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 YEARS AHEAD WITH ALL-NEW BEAUTY... NEW COMFORT ADVANCED UNIT CONSTRUCTION...LONGER CAR LIFEI

The stunning new beauty of the 1963 Ram¬ Rambler’s Advanced Unit Construction bler is the direct result of new Advanced gives lower car lines . . . makes possible Unit Construction that puts Rambler 10 years curved glass side windows and aerodynamic ahead of the industry. It makes possible body lines that bring new quiet to road travel. greater strength with less weight—a lower These are the most beautiful Ramblers center of gravity without sacrifice of head- ever built ... the safest, quietest, most com¬ room—easier entry and exit without higher fortable, smoothest-riding, easiest-handling, or wider doors—longer wheelbase without an best-performing Ramblers ever built. inch more overall length or turning diameter. See Rambler for 1963—now!

American Motors offers its Diplomatic Purchase Plan on the Rambler of your choice. The Adminis¬ trative Offices' Personal Purchase Files at Amer¬ ican Embassies and Foreign Service Posts contain detailed specifications and prices. Ask to see the 1963 Rambler price and specifications kit. More For Full Information — Prices and than 3,600 distributors and dealers around the Other Details—Please Write To: world assure you of finest service. American Motors Corporation Automotive Export Division 5626-25th Ave., Kenosha, Wisconsin FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 15 25 Years Ago By JAMES B. STEWART

m ere ^t^ip^omci td Query 1963: Who could that gay blade have been who '‘marked on his transfer card that no transfer was desired?” 1 — ^t)ine “The Education of a Diplomat,” by Hugh Wilson, is re¬ viewed by Cyril Wynne, Department. A few quotes from the AVIGNONE FRERES, 1777 Columbia Road, N.W., CO review: 5-7273. Restaurant: Specializing in continental cuisine and foreign foods, offering a wide assortment of imported wines and liquors. Catering department: For private homes, embas¬ Ambassador Wilson writes, “I shall be bold enough sies, offices. Best in food with complete service. to say that I wish he [Talleyrand] had added a line of ☆ ☆ conduct for the youngster to memorize—‘We do not CHEZ FRANCOIS, 818 Connecticut Ave., NW, ME 8-1849. love, we do not hate, we do not judge, we do not con¬ Le Rendezvous des Gourmets ou les mets sont bons et les demn ; we observe, we reflect, we report.’ ” vins de choix. French cuisine at moderate prices. Open There are charming descriptions in the book of daily except Saturday and Sunday for lunch, 12-2:30; open various incidents in Mr. Wilson’s diplomatic career daily except Sunday for dinner, 6:00 till 9:45. and of persons whom he has met. . . There is his meet¬ ☆ ☆ ing with Secretary of State Knox who “didn’t think LA FONDA, 1639 "R" St., N.W., AD 2-6965. For years the much of the diplomatic service” and seemed lazy but favorite of true aficionados of delectable Spanish and Mexi¬ can food served in a romantic atmosphere. Complete bar. was the only Secretary of State Mr. Wilson has “ever Lunch and dinner parties. Credit cards honored. Open seen who had his desk clear and time to receive every¬ daily 11:30 to midnight, Sunday, 2 to 10 p.m. body ’ . . . and of a splendid American, Mr. Wilson ☆ ☆ writes, “Joe Grew is now Ambassador to Tokyo. He MOON PALACE, 3308 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., EM 2-6645. was made one of the finest records in our Service, Area's leading Chinese-American restaurant. Authentic Can¬ among other posts Minister to Switzerland, Under tonese dishes, including secret specialties: Empress Shrimp, Secretary of State, Ambassador to Turkey. He has assorted Chinese hors d'oeuvres. Barbequed spareribs win never been in politics, his service record only has raves. Open every day 11:30 til midnight. Home delivery. Free parking. Amer. Express & Diners cards. been his backing.” ☆ ☆ OCCIDENTAL RESTAURANT, 1411 Pennsylvania Ave., Briefs: Consul General A. C. Frost, Zurich, writes to N.W., Dl 7-6467. Famous for superb international cuisine the JOURNAL (in the April 1938 issue) on the need of home and incomparable service, The Occidental is world renowned. Dining place of Presidents since Lincoln's day. Open daily leave for FSO’s: “The Consul’s plight is aptly described in from 11:30 a.m. to I a.m. Rendezvous for after the show. the terms applied to the American expatriate in Italy by ☆ ☆ Hawthorne in ‘The Marble Faun’: OLD ANGUS BEEF HOUSE, 1807 H St., N.W. Serving only ‘The years . . . have a kind of emptiness, when we spend the finest Roast Prime Ribs and Steaks. Scrumptious desserts, excellent bar (intriguing cocktail lounge separee). Open Sun¬ too many of them on a foreign shore. We defer the reality days. Credit cards honored. Free valet parking after 6 p.m. of life in such cases, until a future moment, when we shall For reservations call NA 8-0746. again breathe our native air; but, by and by, there are no ☆ ☆ future moments; or, if we do return, we find that the air has RHEIN RESTAURANT, 1234 20th St., N.W. A truly fine German restaurant, not a rathskeller . . . Reminiscent of the lost its invigorating quality—and that life has shifted its finest dining houses you find on both sides of the Rhine. Ex¬ reality to the spot where we have deemed ourselves only cellent Rhine and Mosel wines. Dinner til 11:30 P.M.—Leslie temporary residents. Thus, between two countries, we have Lawrence at the baby grand . . . open Sunday . . . Credit cards . . . free dinner parking. Phone 956-1077. none at all. ... It is wise, therefore, to come back betimes, ☆ ☆ or never’.”

AT THE ROYALE ANGUS, Jim and Medea Commings con¬ PROMOTIONS: Class Seven to Six: William W. Butterworth, tinue to feature prime beef, steaks and seafood. In addition to their famous Greek salad with feta cheese, they have now Jr., Warren M. Chase, Paul C. Daniels, Cecil Wayne Gray, added a number of authentic Greek dishes. 1836 Columbia Gerald Keith, James S. Moose, Jr., Henry S. Villard, George Road, N.W., NO 7-2900. Valet parking at dinner. H. Winters. ☆ ☆ THE SKY ROOM . . . Hotel Washington, Penn. Ave. & A daughter, Calista Mary, was born on 15th ... A panoramic view of the Washington scene is a breath-taking backdrop to sophisticated atmosphere here . . . February 25, 1938, to Mr. and Mrs. Morris International menu, with a French accent, includes flaming N. Hughes [as reported in the May 1938 sword medallions of beef tenderloin bourguignonne. JOURNAL], Mr. Hughes is Second Secretary and Consul at ☆ ☆ Tirana, Albania. THE TIVOLI "OPERA" RESTAURANT, 1225 Wisconsin Ave., in historic olde Georgetowne. Live entertainment nightly, Comment 1963: Mary was born at the American Hospital arias from your favorite operas by talented young professionals just outside Paris. Morry had to leave Calista and baby and while you enjoy the excellent Continental cuisine. Truly an return to Tirana. When he met them in Bari, Italy, his evening to remember. Res. FE 7-6685. Am. Exp. Closed Sunday. ☆ ☆ baby was five weeks old. WATER GATE INN . . . On-the-Potomac-at-F St., N.W. Mary and her husband, Charles K. Solari, live in San Quaint and picturesque spot overlooking the historic Potomac Francisco and Charles (Chad) is almost three. Judy and has a homey atmosphere with its old time fireplaces and gra¬ cious service . . . Delicious traditional Pennsylvania Dutch her husband, Keith Feech, live in Knoxville where Keith is cuisine. Open every day of the year. Phone Dl 7-9256. teaching at the University of Tennessee and working for his Ph.D. Beth is over two and Jeffrey is six months old.

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 THE MOST MAGNIFICENT RADIO IN THE WHOLE WIDE WORLD!

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 17 For overseas moving . . . only Service ^9/*emS Routed Thru-Pac offers all this: guarantees, before you move, by James H. Stewart ► JULIAN HARRINGTON writes that the Association will con¬ what your exact cost will be. tinue to prepare the list of addresses of Foreign Service re¬ tired personnel but that it will be sent only to those requesting Guarantees that you get one bill it this year. Better let the Association know that you’d like to and only one bill for the whole keep track of old friends by August 10. ► PAUL SQUIRE, retired in Nice, and ANDREE, recently had job, door to door, no extras. dinner aboard a giant airplane carrier. “After fifteen min¬ utes,” says Paul, “I found myself in the doghouse for asking Provides full value insurance how many planes she could carry, having already been told that she carried 4,800 men aboard. I was confused, but then coverage included in the rate. the captain whispered that I could really count them if I Containerizes rightat your door¬ wished. I can’t get this classified and unclassified straight.” Comment: Good thing Paul does not live in Washington step. Scientifically wraps and “where everything but the weather forecast is Top Secret and where even the music is Classified.” packs your belongings in spe¬ ► Former career Ambassador CHRISTIAN M. RAVNDAL, now cially-designed, pilfer-proof, living in Vienna, wanted to get away from it all last winter, away from cold, ice, and snow. So he went to Italy looking steel-strapped containers. Has for some sun and warmth. But he found precious little of either and caught the flu. “However,” write Chris, “in Milan 256 agents in the U.S. Follows I found the milk of human kindness in Jeffrey Gould and Lewis Murray. Then in Naples I saw Homer and Jane Bying- through with 227 trained agents ton.” Homer agrees about the hard winter in Italy: “Why there in 126 countries. Provides all was even snow on Mount Vesuvius April 1—no foolin’.” this at no extra cost... and is ► MATHILDE SINCLAIRE, Protocol Officer at Rome, reports that Ambassador Reinhardt went to the University of Califor¬ consistently the low-cost carrier nia recently where he received the Alumnus-of-the-Year award; that the Clare Timberlakes were in Rome last Spring and that for overseas moves. Never has the John Carter Vincents were expected. Miss Sinclaire has acquired forty-five acres and an old house on the island of equipment shortage regardless Elba for retirement days. ► Former career Ambassador and Mrs. WALDEMAR GALLMAN of season. Is sole household departed for Seoul last March. Walde has a two-year contract goods mover with CAB author¬ with the Asia Foundation to set up a training institute for Korean Foreign Service officers and then to help run it. Ad¬ ities when unusual speed is dress is: The Asia Foundation, A.P.O. 301, San Francisco. ► The late Demaree Bess, once a SATURDAY EVENING POST needed. For moving overseas, editor, was intrigued by seeing farmers in Morocco plowing with a camel and a donkey hitched side by side. Each person contact Routed of the District, he asked for an explanation gave a different answer. C. PAUL 4210 47th St. Bladensburg, FLETCHER, then American Consul General in Casablanca, told Mr. Bess he heard that it was impossible to hitch two camels Maryland. Tel: 277-4532. If you together, they fight. Finally he approached a farmer who had a camel-donkey team. The farmer said his father plowed this are already overseas and are way, his neighbor plows this way and that’s the way it’s done. Comment: Page our camel expert of today: HOOKER DOOLITTLE, moving to another post or retired and living in Tangiers. returning to the United States, ► Former Ambassador FLETCHER WARREN recently addressed the Knife and Fork Club of Lincoln, Nebraska, on “What write Routed Thru-Pac Inc., 350 Next In Latin America.” Fletch has had long experience in that area. Broadway, New York 13, N.Y. The ► “Every knock’s a boost,” will be the refrain of certain re¬ tired officers, now loyal Californians, when they read this: specialist in overseas moving. PHILIP ERNST retired in 1959. He and his family tried Cali¬ fornia for six months. “That was enough,” says Phil, “We arrived in this fair city (Colorado Springs) in January, 1960 and we just love it.” Phil has a position with a radio station. ► GEORGE BUTLER, Washington, attended the church service for the late Ambassador Selden Chapin. He reports that Bill Dawson, Julian Harrington and Phil Bonsai were among the ushers.

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Jj’OKEidN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 19 MIRABILE DICTU In the classic flow of Latin, a certain phrase traditionally precedes an idea of extraordinary interest: mirabile dicta... “marvellous to relate”. These words would be appropriate no matter which language you used to describe Seagram’s V.O. Canadian Whisky. Marvellous, indeed, are the merits of V.O. — the ex¬ cellence of its taste, the fidelity of its quality, the consistency of its character. Perhaps that is why Seagram’s V.O. is considered by so many people of dis¬ cerning taste to be the world’s finest whisky. And, mirabile dicta, Seagram’s V.O. is yours to enjoy tonight!

A CANADIAN ACHIEVEMENT-HONOURED THE WORLD OVER

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 The Bee Hive

by JOHN Y. MILLAR

ONCE upon a time a hive of bees on a bee farm were hav¬ possibility that more ants and fire flies would be useful in ing trouble. No matter how hard the bees worked their the industry. Most of them had a persistent feeling that honey did not seem to sell as well as formerly. The hive was making honey would be more fun than what they were doing. the most venerable on the whole farm. Although it was They also pointed out that times had changed but that the small, a bee would rather belong to it than to any other. bee hive hadn’t. The bees in the hive knew that the owner felt that their Some other creatures were taken into the hive and made a honey was not up to the standard of the good old days, but contribution to the honey-making process. The hive got they did not try to find out what was wrong or to change interested in packaging, marketing, synthetic coloring and their formula. The way to get ahead had always been to go flavoring, and diversification. It did not, however, concen¬ along quietly without causing any trouble—such as asking trate on producing outstanding honey—honey that would questions about the performance of the bee hive. The most offer the best hope for coping with the market difficulties. prominent bees, those who hoped to become prominent, and The honey did not sell better. The honey produced by some the bees’ representatives all kept quiet. They did not ask of the other hives was becoming competitive, even though questions or give advice lest they offend Someone Im¬ theirs should have been the pace-setter. portant. The owner realized that the market was off and that the Since the owner doubted that the bees could provide bees of the foremost hive were not wholly to blame for the solutions for the hive’s unsatisfactory balance sheet he looked poorer showing. But one day, as had happened once every elsewhere for help. He arranged for a survey by some ants 5-10 years, the hive was found knocked over, lying on its and fireflies who, although they did not know the business at side. Some of the older bees were crushed and there was first hand, were regarded as objective and knowledgeable. much consternation among the survivors. They thought that they, or just about any other intelligent creature, could make honey as well as bees. Their reports MORAL: Protecting your neck is not always the best way usually reflected this opinion and in fact left room for the to save your hive!

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 21 v'.-V'^.;f*:

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22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1B63 More on the Herler Report—

Part III of a legal and historic revietc which was made available to the Department Task Force considering the Herter Committee Report’s recommendations.

Promotion of Foreigno Affairs Officers

by FREDERIC L. CHAPIN

O VE of the reasons advanced by the Herter Committee for posed of a small group of the ablest officers in Class 2 who not granting commissions to Foreign Affairs officers in have survived the second winnowing, with appropriate rep¬ classes 8 through 6 is that this is a period of on-the-job resentation from the Commerce and Labor Departments, and training or a probationary period. The irrelevance of this any other agencies concerned, on the board for Foreign argument has been noted in a previous article. Moreover, Service officers. The USIA and AID boards need not have a Presidential commission does not prevent the courtmartial- representatives from agencies other than the two “compati¬ ing or selection-out of a junior officer of the armed forces, ble services.” The fact that the boards for junior officers if appropriate, and there is no reason why such a commis¬ would be permanent would prevent membership by public sion should inhibit selection-out of a Foreign Affairs officer. members, who would not he able to devote full time to such What is needed and what has been lacking in the State De¬ a task. The important present feature of public membership partment's selection-out program is a determination to carry on the Foreign Service selection boards should be retained, it out with vigor, or to put it simply, a lack of guts. above all at the two critical and intensive reviews and evalu¬ No percentage formula or automatic selection-out after a ation of officers prior to promotion to Class 5 and Class 2. specified time-in-grade has worked, and the time-in-grade To permit public membership, such reviews should be an¬ feature should undoubtedly be dropped in view of the Herter nual events rather than continuing panels, as suggested by Committee’s convincing evidence that only twelve officers the Herter Committee. were selected-out on this basis from January 1, 1957 to July 1, 1962 and that it actually led to a large number of tomb¬ TO ENSURE that junior officers are in fact promoted rapid¬ stone promotions to save officers from selection-out. As the ly with the time-in-grade in each of the three lowest Senate Subcommittee on National Security Staffing and Op¬ classes ranging from nine months to two years, as recom¬ erations has recently stated in its preliminary report on the mended by the Herter Committee, the new legislation should Administration of National Security: provide specifically that the expenditure of funds to finance such promotions shall have priority over other promotions It is ironic that the present Administration is busily search¬ ing for outstanding people in their early forties to serve as and expenditures, otherwise, junior officers are very likely ambassadors, chiefs of foreign aid missions, and so forth, when to again be caught in one of the periodic freezes on promo¬ there are many able and experienced men in the civil and for¬ tions resulting from budget slashes. The officers who were eign services who are probably better qualified for these jobs appointed in late 1951 and 1952 remember very well that than most outsiders. when they entered the Service they were told that unless As things stand, however, these men will not be promoted to the highest classes in their services for many years. One of the they were promoted in three years they would be selected dilemmas of administration is how to advance people rapidly out and yet the next promotion list appeared in 1955, be¬ and out of turn without disrupting the organization. The key cause of the great reduction in force. Ambassador Poullada is to act without fear or favor in rewarding excellence. And in in his recent article shared this concern about effective im¬ pruning out incompetence. plementation of rapid promotions for junior officers, while The Herter Committee proposes a “permanent review approaching the problem from a different point of view. board” (presumably in each agency, although the Herter A reservation must also be expressed about the Herter Committee report is not clear on this point) to review the Committee’s conclusion that officers would reach Class 5 be¬ files of all officers in classes 8 and 7 and to recommend their tween the ages of 28 and 33. While the average age of promotion to the next higher class whenever it is believed FSO’s 8 who attended the Foreign Service Institute during warranted by the record of performance. The composition FY ’62 was 25 years of age and may represent a new trend, of the boards is not defined. They should probably be com- the age level of new Foreign Service officers has remained consistently around 27 since at least 1952. The February FREDERIC L. CHAPIN, now officer in charge of United Nations Po¬ litical Affairs in the Department, opened the American Embassy at 1962 class of 38 officers, for example, on which detailed Fort Lamy, Chad. He has contributed three earlier JOURNAL articles statistics were published in the NEWSLETTER, averaged 27. on personnel. Rapid promotion from Class 8 and Class 7 has been the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 23 PROMOTION guiding principle for several years and yet the average age Table III in the Herter Committee report, there are two- of Foreign Service officers in recent years, as published in thirds as many officers in Class 2 as there are in Class 3, the August 1961 NEWSLETTER, was as follows: and the real break would appear to come upon promotion to Class 1. There are only a total of 7.5% of all Foreign FSO-5 FSO-6 FSO-7 FSO-8 Service officers in Class 1 and the Classes of Career Min¬ 1901 40.8 36.6 32.1 28.0 ister and Career Ambassador. 1960 40.5 36.8 32.2 28.3 1959 40.2 36.4 31.3 28.0 1958 39.4 36.7 28.9 27.8 The best justification which can perhaps be made for a thorough review at the Class 3 level is that it identifies at There is a remarkable mathematical consistency in the an early date those who will not ever attain star rank and above figures, and it is to be noted that the Herter Commit¬ permits them to seek other employment if they are unwilling tee proposes that officers should be recruited after more to remain indefinitely at the Class 3 level. The Herter Com¬ graduate training and job experience.1 Such recruitment will, mittee’s recommendation on this fundamental point in an if anything, raise the present average of age 25 or age 27 officer’s career should be spelled out and surrounded with for entering officers. proper safeguards. Some arguments for an annual review with public members rather than a permanent board, have One may also be permitted to wonder whether nine months already been mentioned. In addition, the file of an officer in class is a sufficiently long period to judge anything, al¬ of Class 3 should not be submitted to the intensive scrutiny lowing for travel time, orientation, settling in, training, and recommended by the Herter Committee until after an eligi¬ finally performance, with the contemplated transfer back bility period of a minimum of two or three years. If judged and forth to the field and in and out of jobs. These officers suitable, an officer could be promoted immediately. If not, are not automata or freely interchangeable parts, and even the officer could be selected-out, or his file could lie over if they were, over half of them are married, and their wives for a maximum period of two additional years with further and children are not necessarily “so conceived and so dedi¬ annual reviews of his performance file. After three boards cated.” Too rapid rotation of supervisory officers wreaks had concluded that an officer should not be advanced to havoc with the morale of local employees in visa, citizen¬ star rank, the officer should be so informed in writing but ship, and administrative sections, and it is not apparently assured that he could remain in class until retirement age, the intention of the Herter Committee that the junior officers if he so desired. The boards would be autonomous and of be fed on crumbs of political, economic, and commercial re¬ such stature as to inspire respect for their findings. The porting which more senior officers cannot be bothered to do. decisions of the boards would be final and not subject to Even in these fields, it takes time to develop useful contacts, administrative review by higher echelons of the agency per¬ and contacts dry up in the face of rapid turnover of per¬ sonnel administrations. Legislation should specify that the sonnel. Real language proficiency also takes some time. final decision that an officer could not achieve star rank While there is no objection to a thorough review of offi¬ could never be reconsidered. The system may seem rigor¬ cers’ records and a winnowing out process before Class 2, ous to some, but it is surrounded with safeguards, as the the justification on which it is based is largely an analogy vague Herter Committee proposal is not, and spares officers with the armed forces where there is a significant change in from being kept dangling, always hoping that they might the nature of responsibilities and a considerable reduction be promoted. By its automatic operation, it reduces favor¬ in the number of positions at the “star” rank. With the itism to the minimum and informs officers at the earliest inflation in rank in the Foreign Service in recent years, this possible moment of their future career potential. is not as true in the Foreign Service. Eleven percent of all Foreign Service officers are in Class 2. As can be seen from Finally, it is curious that the Herter Committee devoted so little attention to the process of selecting Career Ambas¬ sadors and Career Ministers, the pinnacle of the foreign af¬ 1 It should be noted in passing that the Herter Committee figures fairs career, other than to recommend that the best Foreign on lack of graduate training refer to the applicants who took the Development and Foreign Information Officers be eligible examination rather than to those who survived the rigorous examina¬ tion process and entered the Service. for consideration for promotion to these ranks.

« « « S TATECRAFT, also, that tender Shepherd of the Flocks, has been despoiled of his crook and bell, and wanders in unknown desolation while, beneath her banner of Politics, Reason sits howling over an intellectual chaos. James Stephens in “The Crock of Gold.”

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 EDITORIAL

“Capoeira,” Brazil teals RubenUein For a Stronger AFSA

THE JOURNAL was most gratified to learn that AFSA resented by the approximately 900 new active members and members voted unanimously at their April 24 lunch¬ we hope that the great majority of them will be active in eon to offer Active Membership status to AID and USIA more than name alone. Both the Association and the JOUR¬ personnel, a status previously reserved to Foreign Service NAL should benefit from their participation and presumably, personnel of the State Department. In doing so, AFSA has with active membership now available, many more of our taken a step long advocated by many FSO’s. We are, after AID and USIA colleagues will join the Association than has all, engaged in a mutual endeavor, directed toward a com¬ been the case in the past. If a substantial and diversified mon goal and requiring a multiplicity of skills and experi¬ increase in active participants can be realized thereby, the ence. We therefore view AFSA’s decision as a reflection of Association and its Board should now be in a much stronger professional interdependence and as a recognition of com¬ position to advance the interests and welfare of its mem¬ mon challenge. bership. The means of more effective representation is at We also welcome the influx of talent and experience rep¬ least at hand. We hope it will be used.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 25 WASHINGTON LETTER

by Gwen BARROWS

end of a cold and opening of a warm sentative William Green (D., Pa.) phase. Nation building occurs in the sang, in loud if not operatic style, transition time from cold to warm. the House’s current anthem, to the Nation and government falling time, tune of ‘The Whiffenpoof Song’: on the other hand, occurs in the tran¬ “If I remember the tenor of the sition to cold from warm and ninety lines, the lyrics said: percent of the ‘poor’ rulers of the We’re poor little members who world have ruled in the hot-dry or can’t say Nay, cold-dry phases of the cycle.” Aye, Aye, Aye “In the Middle and Far East as McCormack and Kenn-e-dy-y-y well?” we asked. Have no mercy on such as we “It’s the world trend; there are Aye, Aye, Aye lags, of course. But hot-dry periods “Forging, in a democracy, has its have been typical season for despots, difficult moments.” dictators, communism, decadence in Mid-Month in May general. Considerable research has “Here it is, mid-month in May, the been done on the theory that the re¬ month of great expectations, and all curring patterns of weather seriously over EISA we’re once again tuned affect human behavior and perform¬ into outer space,” E.B. resumed in ance, both decisions and achieve¬ his own unhurried way. ments. And the theory goes back at “Once again the man in the street least to Hippocrates (400 B.C.l. has his head in the stars. While Sprout & Sprout write very interest¬ glued to his TV set or his walking- ingly on this in a chapter called talking transistor set he has a far¬ ‘Climate and the Energy of Na¬ Fisherman’s Dream away look in his eyes as he listens to Marie Skora tions.’ ”* reports of astronaut L. Gordon Coop¬ “Ell certainly take a look at it. But er whirling through twenty-two or¬ Weather and Government what phase of the hundred year cycle bits—practically a trip to the moon. It had been raining hard when E.B. are we in now?” “At Goonhilly Downs, just in time came in. Rain was still pelting “In the cold-dry,” he replied, to relay at the speed of light the TV against the windows and on the “which will be followed by the warm- coverage to Europeans, they launched parched ground and it sounded good. wet—and it’s on the transition phase Telstar 2, a small silvery satellite Though the month had started out from cold to warm that the Golden costing $3 millions; it rode aloft a with a record-breaking snowfall the Age usually occurs in cultures and nine-story-tall Delta rocket. So the weather pattern had become a uni¬ governments. European may have his head in the form dry, dry, cloudy, dry. Flowers, “Speaking of governments, I was clouds, too.” foliage and farmers all wanted rain. up on the Hill early this month when “Weather has a great deal to do a special party was given to cele¬ “Power and Politics in Outer Space” with the types of government we brate the publication of the ‘Forge of Democracy,’** by Neil MacNeil, on have too,” E.B. stated flatly. “On the less serious side of outer “In England, you mean, where it’s the House of Representatives,” E. B. space, E.B., we’ve had further corre¬ constantly under discussion? It’s such went on. “The party was held in the spondence from our State Depart¬ a beautifully impersonal subject Ways and Means Committee room. ment advisor at Maxwell Air Force which even strangers can comforta¬ It was a green and white oasis on a Base, Alabama: Ambassador Jerne- bly discuss.” hot day and the rotunda was full of gan wrote us about ‘Power and Poli¬ “No, seriously.” The Exhausted our forgers of democracy, together tics in Outer Space,’ lightly men¬ Bureaucrat leaned back in his chair, with a few people from the press and tioned in the Letter, you remember, “the Golden Ages of History have oc¬ of course the autographing author, just a month or two ago. He now curred—almost without exception— Neil MacNeil. says, ‘It seems to me that in common on the cold to warm phase of the one- “The buffet was generous, the bar decency the only thing you can do hundred-year weather cycle. Never well stocked and to everyone’s de¬ now is to write the book and get it on the hot-dry or cold-dry phases, light, after some words by Speak¬ published, after having so shamefully and almost never on the warm to er of the House McCormack, Repre- misled me. Or, if you will write it cold transition. and send me the manuscript, I won’t *FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL POLI¬ “Furthermore,” he warmed to his insist on its being published. TICS, by Sprout and Sprout; Van Nostrand. “I’d certainly hope someone will theme, “eighty percent of the ‘good’ **FORGE OF DEMOCRACY, by Neil Mac¬ rulers in history have ruled at the Neil. McKay. write the book, ’ E.B. replied, “but in

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 the meantime I wonder if our ad¬ “The Case of the Howling Dog” invariably picked up. ‘The Case of visor has seen Lincoln Bloomfield’s E.B. suddenly picked up a copy of the Howling Dog’ tells of a dog who article on ‘Power in Outer Space,’ in the new “Department of State, helped spot an FM device in a mili¬ the current Bulletin of Atomic Sci¬ 1963”*: tary attache’s residence. The 1964 entists? “If good presentation—fine pic¬ Dogs’ ‘Who’s Who’ no doubt will re¬ “Perhaps the Ambassador, who tures, good typography and layout— cord this and our own inspection writes with real finesse and has al¬ together with bright and interesting corps may well have to broaden its ready done considerable research, is text can make a government publica¬ ranks to include four-footed foreign the very one to do it?” tion a best-seller, this certainly should affairs FM-spotters. Alternatively, We agreed. go through several editions. Uncle Sam’s overseas families may “But back at the ranch, E.B., back “It’s the first report of its kind, be asked to further the population ex¬ plosion by adding one or more ani¬ to power and politics here on earth: you know. Might even become habit we reached an all-time low in a House forming. Certainly foreign affairs mals proficient in high-pitched tone.” vote that corporal punishment might personnel will want to send copies to Paraphrases be administered to District school the folks back home personally inter¬ “Embassy confronted by urgent children. Furthermore, Alabama’s ested in the feel and flavor of foreign necessity act on proposal outlined nightmare experience, which, alas, policy implementation. our 123 to Department. Guidance was all too real, has been having “Furthermore, this book is good on sections (A), (D), and (F), and serious repercussions. reading—it’s packed with stories, authority accept (B) and (E) re¬ “It’s a strange world we live in ranging from dogs to department quested. . .” when many an adult dare not walk heads and all backed up by fine (Is Department still there?) around town after dark for fear of photos. These 150 pages, if widely being attacked; a strange world read, may help more wTith our budget “After careful study, Department when the crime rate in the District is requests than pounds of presenta¬ perceives necessity compilation de¬ continually on the increase, yet edu¬ tions, inevitable and necessary as the tailed analysis resources, extent de¬ cation of District children is con¬ latter are. Our slice of the pie velopment, production, marketing, tinually being cut to fit a tightened (charted on page 81) might even be¬ and expansion possibilities thimble budget. come larger and more consonant industry your area. . .” with the job which needs to be done. (Need grist for mill.) Social Structure “Did you see the story about the “Embassy’s points well taken but “It’s hard to think, too,” he en¬ dog? That’s the story the press has certain amount re-phrasing required larged, “of the social structure of a in order to convey USG intensions to town where attendants at soda foun¬ *“DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 1963: A Re¬ port to the Citizen.” Government Printing host government. . .” tains, for instance, work a forty-hour Office, $1.50. 150 pages. (Fuzz it up.) week and receive only $40 (minus the Treasury’s bite), though Government “LIFE AND LOVE IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE” by ROBERT W. RINDEN relief pay, admittedly based on mini¬ mum survival, is $35 per week. And this in a town where generous tip¬ ping is the exception rather than the rule. “Short-sighted, too, was the turn¬ ing down of a group of badly needed volunteer teachers who had been spe¬ cially trained for part-time work for this term—the District didn’t have enough money for the classes, they were told. “But to balance out a picture re¬ markable only for its pitiful focusing on man’s inhumanity to man, in re¬ cent weeks in Washington there have been special efforts to meet some of these very problems: summer jobs have been set up for 750 unemploy¬ able youth; training for some of the unskilled young people is planned and there is a promise that Peace Corps volunteers on their return may serve in District schools. However, as Senator Morse indicated early in May, too little is done by too few, and that too late and at the stage of “Oh, is that all. I thought you’d been throwing UNOFFICIAL USE ONLY earhons results rather than cause.” in the wastebasket. FOBXIQN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 27 The Foreign Service Assignment Process

by JOHN ORDWAY

THE average man or woman in the Foreign Service has language abilities and different experience and not all of¬ a very hazy idea about the Foreign Service assignment ficers could fit into it, but between two given posts there process and how it works. It is hoped that the following are probably more positions with similar requirements than paragraphs might serve to explain the mysteries of assign¬ with different requirements. It would be difficult if, for ment with particular emphasis on the mechanics of the example, a man becoming available for placement in one process. week had to be placed that same week, or even that same Before going into the mechanics of the process, there are month. In practice, the Office of Personnel begins the match¬ a few underlying facts or factors which should be under¬ ing process (that is, matching the appropriate available man stood. to the appropriate available job) anywhere up to nine One of these is that the assignment process as it now months before tbe man becomes available and by keeping operates represents a series of compromises between differ¬ the actual date of termination of assignment flexible, an ent objectives and different interests. It is easy to pick out extremely wide range of choice of assignment becomes single aspects of the assignment process and show how they available over that period. could be improved, but every improvement in one direction ANOTHER important underlying factor governing the as- represents a deterioration in another. This does not mean XJL signment process is the role of the geographic bureaus that the process cannot be improved, but it means that of the Department. Lest anyone think that the Office of Per¬ changes must be looked at from the point of view of the sonnel is the sole disposer of personnel assignments, he may system as a whole and not just from the point of view of a be assured that while PER exercises the principal authority single aspect of the system taken as if it were in a vacuum. with respect to assignments, considerable authority rests also The temptation to do just this is what makes everyone an with the bureaus. At the risk of over-simplifying, it might authority on how to improve the personnel system and able be said that the Bureaus exercise a veto power. This veto to prove it by convincing argument. power is not absolute and has to be used sparingly, because Another fact that should be considered is that, in gen¬ to exercise it the Bureau chief will, in the last analysis, have eral, assignments are not necessarily made from among the to appeal to a higher level and abide by tbe decision ren¬ best people the Service has to offer to fill a given position, dered. In practice the Bureau does have this power to con¬ but are made from the best people available for assignment siderable extent and as a result, assignments have to be at the time the position has to be filled. Of course, there negotiated out between Personnel and the Bureaus. There are many exceptions, but the assignment process as it now is no doubt but that this divided authority makes the assign¬ operates tries to place the best available individuals into the ment process more difficult and more time-consuming. How¬ most appropriate available positions. This limitation is the ever, it also insures that PER’s interest in making the most direct result of the tour of duty policy. As long as we as¬ efficient use of manpower will be balanced off against tbe sign people to posts for a predetermined period of time, we Bureau’s more intimate knowledge of the specific require¬ are going to have them becoming available for assignment at ments of the job to be filled. the end of their predetermined tour of duty. Likewise, the Within the Office of Personnel all assignments (except for position that each is occupying will become available to be the Junior Officers on Central Complement) are made by the filled by someone else at that time. Personnel Operations Division (POD). There is an Execu¬ While this sounds extremely restrictive, it is not so in fact. tive Placement Panel which operates above POD for DCM’s, The types of positions at a given grade and the skills re¬ Office Directors, and positions of comparable importance, quired to fill them aije not radically different from one post but recommendations even for these assignments are made in to another. Certainly, one position will call for different POD, and after final decisions are reached by the Executive Placement Panel, the actual assignment is made by POD in JOHN ORDWAY, FSO-1, after more than twenty-five years of being assigned to Foreign Service posts, now heads the unit which does the the usual manner. assigning. Six of the eight branches of POD are concerned essentially

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 with assignments. These branches are: (1) Washington than just the names of the officers. It contains a great deal Placement, (2) European Placement, (3) Near East and of information which comes off the IBM cards on each officer Africa Placement, (4) American Republics Placement, (5) —the kind of information which is needed to tell the primary Far East Placement, and (6) Training Placement. The field factors which would govern the officer’s suitability for a of operations of each branch is clearly indicated by its title. position. This data is for the most part coded into numbers, Each Branch has responsibility for assignment of FSO’s the language of the machines. FSR s, and FSS’s. The Washington Placement Branch has in The following is the information usually given on each addition the responsibility for assigning Civil Service em¬ officer in the Panel Book: present post and function, date of ployees. arrival at post and of eligibility for home leave or transfer, There are two principal reasons for the organization of grade, functional skills, language skills, age, and dependents. POD on a regional basis. The participation of the regional Thus John Doe, looking for an officer who would be avail¬ and other bureaus of the Department in the assignment able at the right time and have the necessary qualifications process makes it essential to have the closest operating rela¬ to fill the position of FSO-4, Economic Officer at X, a coun¬ tionship with the bureaus. By organizing POD to corre¬ try in Latin America, would turn to the FS0-4’s in the Panel spond to the division of the Department into bureaus, the Book. He would go through all the FS0-4’s listed, probably corresponding POD branch can work continuously with its noting down all of those who showed functional economic respective bureau and build up close and effective working experience and a good knowledge of Spanish. Let us say relationships with appropriate bureau officers and intimate that he finds about 10 of these. He will then study these 10 knowledge of the needs and requirements of the bureau. more carefully and he may eliminate three or four of them Likewise the assignment of specific areas to specific POD for such reasons as (a) approaching 15 years in the field Branches allows the POD officers to build up a good knowl¬ without having served three years in the Department (due edge of the needs of the individual field posts which they for Departmental assignment), (b) timing of eligibility not serve. The POD officers also in this way build up a broad good (would require too long a gap at X), or (c) had previ¬ and intimate knowledge of the individuals within their areas, ously served at the post. their strong and weak points, how well they are doing on the job, and what are their capacities and potentialities. With JOHN WOULD now have seven likely candidates for the job. this kind of knowledge the POD officers are in a position to He would next get the Performance File, the CDC file, make more intelligent and effective assignments when their and the Post Preference Report of each of the seven officers people are moved. to make a very careful study of each man. He might see The different branches of POD vary considerably in size from the Post Preference report of one officer that the officer and to a certain extent in organization, but a typical Place¬ was already serving in another post in the area and felt that ment Branch would have one FSO-3 Chief and four place¬ he needed a change. A quick check with the CDC file would ment officers with each placement officer having responsi¬ show a CDC recommendation for area change and the officer bility for assignments of FSO’s, FSS’s, and FSR’s to all posts would be eliminated from consideration for the Embassy at within the five or six countries under his jurisdiction. X. John might lose another one when the medical abstract It is important to consider that, while to those who are shows the officer cleared for limited overseas service and being assigned, the assignment process means the disposition reference to the Medical Division reveals that X is not one of individuals, to the placement officer it means the staffing of the posts where the officer could go. With respect to a of his posts. The Foreign Service posts cannot operate with¬ third officer, study of the Performance File reveals that he out people and it is the job of the placement officer to keep has a rather limited experience in economic work and does his posts staffed to function at maximum efficiency. The not appear to have the competence to head up the Economic placement officer must also look out for the career and per¬ Section of an Embassy. sonal interests of those whom he assigns, but by all means he John Doe now has four candidates for his position. Study - must keep his posts staffed. ing the Performance File of each of these he finds that one officer has had two hardship posts in a row, and since X is IN ORDER to see how the machinery works, let us imagine rated a hardship post, John eliminates this officer from con¬ that a Placement Officer by the name of John Doe has sideration. Of the three now left one seems not to be as turned his attention to a vacancy which will come up in effective an officer as the other two, so John narrows his about six months at the Embassy at X. This is an FSO-4 choice down to those two. In choosing between these two position, Chief of the Economic Section. he finds that one of the officers whom we shall call John Q. Probably the first step John would take would be to look Smith, has expressed an interest in an assignment to a small into the Panel Book. The Panel Book is a listing of available Latin American Embassy and that CDC also recommends officers and available positions. Officers and positions are such an assignment. This is the clincher. John Doe has now listed separately by FSO grade and alphabetically. The Panel completed his research and settled on John Q. Smith as his Book is made up quarterly from data assembled by the POD candidate for the FSO-4 Economic Position in the Embassy branches. It is run off on the IBM machines and then at X. bound into books for the use of the various POD branches. John Doe then takes out of his desk a mimeographed form It includes all officers who will become available for assign¬ which is a Proposal for Assignment. He fills in all the re¬ ment within nine months and all positions that will become quired information on John Q. Smith and takes the com¬ vacant within that time. The book, however, gives more pleted form in to his Branch Chief to say that he has a candi-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1983 29 ASSIGNMENT PROCESS date for the economic position at X. The Branch Chief will to such an extent that only a paragon of virtue would be able discuss the proposal and satisfy himself that the assignment to operate without being influenced by favoritism, flattery, or of John Q. Smith to X would (a) answer the needs of the personal prejudice. Authority of that kind might well have post, (b) be a good assignment from the point of view of the the most disastrous effects not only on those subject to the development and utilization of John Q. Smith, and (c) would authority, but also on those exercising it. be feasible from the point of view of timing, availability, and Our Panel system is the guarantee against arbitrary exer¬ other factors. When the Branch Chief agrees to the proposal, cise of the placement power. There is, perhaps, little appre¬ Smith is not just John Doe’s candidate he is the Branch’s ciation in the Foreign Sendee of what an accomplishment candidate. this is. Of all the various criticisms one hears of our per¬ The Branch Chief will now take over and his next step sonnel system, one seldom hears criticism of favoritism or will be to obtain informal clearance of Smith with the Re¬ arbitrary or capricious exercise of the placement function. gional Bureau. If the position had been a commercial one or a labor one, it would have been necessary to clear also with To get back to John Q. Smith, when the POD Branch Chief who wants to assign Mr. Smith to the Embassy at X the Department of Commerce or the Department of Labor. In this case, however, the only clearance required would be gets his turn in the panel session, he will propose to the Panel the assignment of Mr. Smith, referring the Panel to the that of the Regional Bureau. Regional Bureaus have rather long memories and are often ready to accept or reject a page in the Panel Book where Mr. Smith’s name appears and proposal for assignment to one of their posts just on the to the page where the position for which he is proposed ap¬ basis of their knowledge of the officer or of his reputation. pears. The Branch Chief will at the same time have to ex¬ If the Bureau did not know the officer, they would probably plain to the Panel why he thinks John Q. Smith is a good ask to see his Performance File. In this case we will assume choice for the economic position at X and how this will fit in that the Bureau agrees to the proposal. with the general career development of Mr. Smith. He will have to make this sound good, because the other members of THE BRANCH CHIEF, now that he has the Bureau’s infor¬ the Panel would like to be able to use Smith for one of their mal clearance, is ready for the main event—the meeting jobs (even though they may not be able to use him right of Panel A. Panel A is composed of the six Chiefs of the now) and they are not going to let him be stashed away un¬ Placement Branches of POD, plus a representative of CDC less a good case can be made for the assignment. and the Chairman, the Deputy Chief of POD. The CDC It often happens that two (or sometimes three) Branch representative has no operational responsibilities in Panel Chiefs are proposing the same man for different jobs. In A but he has available to him the CDC files of all the officers this case, when Branch Chief A proposes John Q. Smith as in the Panel Book and he participates in the debates with Economic Officer at the Embassy at X, Branch Chief B has a particular emphasis on the career development needs of the proposal for the assignment of John Q. Smith as Principal individual officers. Panel A meets twice a week plus addi¬ Officer at the Consulate at Y. In this kind of a situation it tional or special meetings as and when necessary. Sessions is up to the rival Branch Chiefs to see who can make the usually last four or five hours. best case for the assignment of John Q. Smith to his post, The most important fact about Panel A is that every one while the other members of the Panel listen, ask questions, or of the operational members of the Panel (the Chiefs of the add their own comments. If it has not already been brought Placement Branches) is in direct competition with every out, the Panel might ask what does the officer himself want, other one. Each is responsible for staffing his posts and his what is the CDC recommendation, should not the officer have positions with the best officers he can get, but each must get a change in function, and so forth. The debate goes on until the officers from the same source—the availables listed in the Chairman interprets the sense of the Panel or, when the the Panel Book. The competition, then, is heavy and con¬ Panel is fairly evenly divided, makes the final decision him¬ tinuous, especially for the better officers. Accordingly, any self. In the example given we will assume that the verdict proposal for an assignment made in Panel A receives the was for Smith to go to X. closest scrutiny from the other panel members. Panel A makes FSO and FSR assignments. Panel B, a CLEARANCE with the Regional Bureau involved would not similar group makes FSS assignments. Since our hypotheti¬ be required because when a Branch Chief proposes an cal assignment of John Q. Smith was an FSO assignment, assignment to the Panel it is understood that he has already we will follow it on Panel A. received Bureau clearance. At the end of the Panel session As all the Branch Chiefs are competing for officers, the all of the assignments agreed upon will be typed up by the Branch Chief who plans to propose to the Panel the assign¬ Panel Secretary for distribution within POD, in order that ment of John Q. Smith to the Embassy at X knows very the necessary papers can be prepared. This sheet is known well that he may or may not be able to obtain the Panel’s for some reason as the “front page.” Accordingly, officers approval. This element of competition between placement who have been frontpaged are those whose assignment has officers and placement branches is one of the most important been approved by Panel A. single factors in the whole placement process. The power to Among the papers prepared after front-paging is the “Re¬ place an officer is almost the power to make or break him. quest for Personnel Action” (Form DS-1031). When this Any single placement officer or any small group of such form is ready it is presented to the Appointments and Assign¬ officers that controlled the placement of a single Foreign ments Board (AAB). This Board is made up of representa¬ Service officer or groups of Foreign Service officers would tives of the principal bureaus of the Department plus repre¬ exercise power over the careers and the lives of those officers sentatives of the Department of Labor and the Department

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1983 by John Ordtcay

of Commerce, meeting every Tuesday under the Chairman¬ When You Want the Very Best ship of POD (usually the Special Assistant to the Chief of POD). While the assignments approved by Panel A have been Traveling Man? cleared with the bureau having immediate jurisdiction over This is the suit for you the position being filled, other bureaus or Departments which might have an interest in the assignment or in the in¬ The Tropic Weight dividual being assigned have not been consulted. The AAB Travel Suit provides the opportunity for any interested bureau or de¬ (The one with the 16 pockets!) partment to have its say on an assignment before the assign¬ ment becomes final. As members of the Board get the list of Designed for traveling it moves through the summer and tropic proposed assignments before their meeting, the meetings are climates with amazing wrinlcle- usually brief and perfunctory. When members of the Board free ease. Amazing Peso Pluma cloth (Dacron/Polyester and question an assignment they ask that the assignment be held Wool) remains light and fresh up pending further study. Any objections to assignments are anywhere . . . and tailors beau¬ usually negotiated out between AAB meetings, but if negotia¬ tifully. And its 16 pockets in¬ clude a hidden money-belt, tions fail, the Chairman of the Board, acting as the repre¬ theft-preventing pockets and an sentative of the Director of Personnel has the power of final extra-depth breast pocket for decision. important papers. $65 After approval by the AAB, the proposed assignments are When requesting colour 7 samples please give suit presented to the Director of Personnel and w hen approved size. Indicate overseas mail¬ by him are ready for formal action. At this point the officer ing address. concerned will be notified of his assignment by TM-One. His travel orders will follow in due course, as will the official assignment document. For some reason lost in the memory mrt of those presently connected with the operation, the typing Clothiers—Haberdashers-—Custom Tailors of the official assignment document is referred to in the 1625 H Street nw 1341 F Street nw Seven Corners, Va. Service as “cutting the orders.” This document is the fa¬ miliar DS-1032 form which we eventually get and w7hich is appropriately entitled “Notification of Personnel Action.” It is not our first notification, but it is the official notice w hich triggers the changes in payroll and in the Foreign Service LIST and is fed into the Department’s IBM cards. Receipt of this final document does not guarantee, however, that the w7hole assignment might not be canceled, changed or turned inside out before or after the person concerned has had a chance to reach for the post report—or sometimes before he even learned he was assigned. In the space available it has not been possible to go much beyond the mechanics of the assignment process, but it is hoped that this glimpse into the machinery will at least pro¬ vide some basic information on how it functions. Perhaps the next time an assignment comes to us straight out of the FEDERAL STORAGE blue to a place that we had never even thought of, w7e will have a better idea of how7 our name went through the mill and ended up on that little piece of paper. COMPANY

Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling and Care of Household Treasures Ambassador Member of National Furniture Warehousemen’s Associa¬ THE RESIDENT ambassador, operating quietly day in and day tion, Canadian Warehousemen’s Association, British As¬ sociation of Overseas Furniture Removers, and F.I.D.I. out, is less dramatic than highly publicized international conferences and world tours by chiefs of state. But all the Agent of ALLIED VAN LINES,. INC. publicity that the conferences and the tours receive does not BOWLING GREEN STEEL LIFT VANS prove that there are not innumerable problems that the man 1701 Florida Avenue, Washington 9, D. C. on the spot cannot solve better with more patience and under¬ Virginia Branch at 621 North Payne Street in Alexandria standing. If the fact is not recognized by evidence of his own Telephone 234-5600 Cable Bowlingvan government’s confidence, it will not be recognized by the govern¬ E. K. MORRIS President ment to which he is accredited. H. RANDOLPH BARBEE ROBERT L. TULL —E. WILDER SPAULDING in “Ambassadors Ordinary and First Vice-President Executive Vice-President Extraordinary”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 31 One of Hollywood’s epic producers was recently characterized by an appreciative member of his family as an “absolutely authentic phony.” Journal readers will want to discover for themselves (and we hope will tell us) whether “The Ugly American” also falls in this category.

The Ugly American, Hollywood Style

by EDWARD KILLHAM

DEVOTED readers of the Foreign Service JOURNAL will opera-comique strip. The dialogue, regrettably, is not up to recall with pleasure an article entitled “How To Make vintage “Terry and the Pirates” and the characterizations are A Movie Out Of ‘The Ugly American’ ” from the August straight from “Little Orphan Annie.” The film struggles 1959 issue. The article was written by Thomas W. Wilson, manfully to raise its level of sophistication by implying that Jr., and had originally appeared in HARPER’S Magazine. sometimes it’s hard to tell the good guys from the bad guys Mr. Wilson’s sage advice to prospective cinema makers was but this effort never really gets off the ground. to avoid trying to reconcile the book with the facts but just On the more parochial issue of how the film will affect the to dish up the mixture the way it was set forth in the book. public image of the Foreign Service, I’m afraid that the im¬ As he pointed out so perceptively, “The Ugly American” pact can only be adverse. The footage devoted to members looked like a natural for the screen. of the Embassy staff other than the Ambassador is merciful¬ ly short, however, and the net effect may not be very large. The producers who have finally brought “Ihe Ugly In this sense, the situation is critical but not serious. American” to the screen have, however, not taken the easy way out, as counselled by Mr. Wilson. Instead, with an IN contradistinction to the book, the film does not show all admirable effort to make some sense out of the absurd Foreign Service employees to be either knaves or fools. mishmash that distinguished the novel by Messrs. Burdick The DCM, for example, is portrayed as a sober and indus¬ and Lederer, they began by dispensing with the “plot” en¬ trious, if somewhat ineffective, individual. The odious Joe tirely. They literally threw the book away, except for the Bing is carried over from the book but placed a little more title, the names of a few characters and the locale, which in perspective, rather like the legendary cavalry officer who remains the little nation of Sarkhan in Southeast Asia. was so stupid that the others noticed it. The only occasion This was all to the good and left them with the major assets in the film in which the other members of the Embassy of a smash hit—the title of a famous best-selling novel, an staff participate to any extent is a ludicrous staff meeting exotic setting and last, but far from least, Marlon Brando. immediately after Ambassador MacW bite’s arrival at the To this they have added an attractive, talented cast and post. Brando’s performance in this scene as the forceful mounted an expensive and colorful production, much of it man of action contrasts strikingly with the impression given evidently filmed on location in Thailand. In the role of of his subordinates as a cringing, misinformed and bickering Ambassador MacWhite, Mr. Brando is as dashing as any group, isolated from the local community behind the walls teen-ager could wish while Sandra Church sets new stand¬ of the Embassy compound. We can only be grateful that ards of nubility for Ambassador’s wives. these caricatures are not exposed to the unsuspecting public any more than they are. Unfortunately, the film is unable to jettison the general The “new” story line of “The Ugly American” revolves odor of political infantilism that pervaded the novel. As a entirely around Marlon Brando’s portrayal of the American result, all the talent, energy and money that was expended in Ambassador. His coiled spring approach to any problem is the effort to produce an epic has brought forth only an probably good box office but carries with it a built-in excess of zeal that quickly makes a shambles of the political situa¬ FSO EDWARD KII.LHAM, who completed his education in the art of tion in Sarkhan. As for the vestigial remains of the role film making by regular attendance at the late, late show, has con¬ of the “Ugly American” himself, the film allows him to go tributed his own mixed-up review for readers of the Foreign Service about his business of building a road and helping his wife JOURNAL. AS our film critic himself points out, his qualifications for run a hospital with a minimum of fuss. A typically subtle the job may be obscure, but he’s sure he knows at least as much about scenarios as Burdick and Lederer know about diplomacy. touch emphasizes his down-to-earth quality by letting him

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1068 AMERICAS GREAT drink beer while the Ambassador and Mrs. MacWhite sip TRAVEL THRILL... their more elegant martinis. The new Ambassador’s troubles begin in Washington dur¬ ing his confirmation hearing when he is subjected to some degree of Senatorial discourtesy. This interlude serves to establish that MacWhite is a youngish news executive who speaks some Sarkhanese and received the Silver Star for his sabotage activities in Sarkhan during the Second World War. A brief glimpse of the Embassy in Sarkhan had de¬ picted his predecessor as a sniveling coward and MacWhite is certainly not that. He is, unfortunately, a fatuous ass to and from Europe on the and the rest of the picture is devoted to demonstrating this, in convincing fashion. ss UNITED STATES Mr. Brando’s task is not made any easier by the require¬ Use America’s great superliner when you leave or ment that he cope with two stage props that are apparently return from your tour of service. You’ll have five intended to establish his identity as a diplomat. The first wonderful vacation days at sea . . . with plenty of is a paste-on type moustache about which the less said the time for fun, and no finer food afloat or ashore . . . better. The second is a curved briar pipe with which he has been directed to dally from time to time and with which he on the world’s fastest ship. looks singularly ill at ease. Another dimension to this char¬ acterization is added by the bogus accent which is also, I suppose, meant to identify him as a diplomat. Like the plot, his accent is apparently constructed out of any old bits and pieces left over from earlier pictures. This particular man¬ The popular s.s. America offers extra hours of leisure at sea. nerism is composed of approximately two parts Mark Antony to one part Stanley Kowalski. There may be Method in his madness here but not very much. When Stanislavsky rec¬ UNITED STATES LINES ommended suffering to the aspiring actor, he meant the ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK 4, N. Y. TEL. DIGBY 4-5800 actor to do the suffering himself, not inflict it on the audience.

SO MUCH for what’s wrong with the film. As for what’s right with it, one can say that the mob scenes are well done and that the director skillfully brings out the crisis at¬ mosphere in the Embassy during the attempted revolt that forms the climax of the story. Otherwise, its virtues are chiefly the result of avoiding some of the more inane vices Straightforward Insurance — of the novel. For example, we are mercifully spared the Wide cover, simplicity, and absolute sight of anyone trying to perform on the nose-flute, or even security. the harmonica. Then, too, most FSO’s will probably enjoy $1.25 per $100 per annum the brief scene in which two Soviet diplomats appear. They With this low premium you can obtain special world-wide coverage on a Lloyd’s “ALL RISKS” policy for your clothing, are portrayed by a pair of Slavic “heavies” who would look personal and household effects and named valuables. No MOSFILM restrictions as to residence or mode of travel.. No deductible more natural in a Grade B production. They clauses.. Complete freedom of movement without prior advice. are, one notes with relief, at least as inept as their American Automobile Insurance counterparts. For the first time comprehensive automobile insurance (that is to say, fire, theft, collision and liability) can be arranged In short, the film is a very great improvement over the with a first class British company in practically all countries outside the U.S.A. (subject only to a satisfactory record and novel. However, there was so much room for improvement to local prohibiting legislation). that a wide margin still remains between what has been Automobile Transit Insurance achieved and what could be desired. One wishes that a In transit by air, sea or rail anywhere outside the U.S.A. your automobile needs “ALL RISKS” coverage. U.S.O.I.B. knowledgeable editor had exercised a keen surgical knife on specialise in arranging this insurance on a world-wide basis. the excesses that escaped the cutting room floor. United Services Officers’ Next time someone makes a film involving the Foreign Insurance Brokers Ltd. Service we can hope that a little less enthusiasm and a lot 98-106 Cannon Street, London E.C.4 more intelligence will produce something closer to reality. Cables: Adsuranbro London E.C.4 Telephone: Mincing Lane 1131 Or, as that old trouper, Talleyrand, used to tell his petite- USOIB PLACE YOUR INSURANCES WITH LLOYD’S fille, Sally, when one of her fans got out of hand, “Above all, OR FIRST CLASS BRITISH COMPANIES ONLY baby, not too much zeal!”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. June 1963 33 THE BOOKSHELF

This is a healthy point of view, whether one agrees with all of Mr. Bowles’ opinions and decisions or not, and it is an altogether good thing to have at last a collection of his writings and speeches. They have a remark¬ ably singleness of theme: Can we make One Fine Day use of the power, wealth and under¬ standing we possess as a nation to avert disaster at home and abroad? —R. S. S. THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL does tion that the U.S.S.R. had finally pro¬ not usually review novels, regard¬ duced the great “proletarian” novel and it turned out to be hostile to everything THE CONSCIENCE OF A LIBERAL, by Ches¬ less of their artistic merit. However, ter Bowles. Harper & Row, $5.95. the specific political gravity of “One they held dear. Solzhenitsyn had taken Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by all the tired cliches about shockworkers “Uneasy Lies the Head” Alexander Solzhenitsyn is so high that and party activists that have infested ING Hussein’s autobiography covers an exception is clearly warranted. This Soviet prose for decades, purged them K the period from the murder in short novel, the author’s only published of the sentimental cant about the “sim¬ 1951 of his grandfather, King Abdallah, work, first appeared in the Soviet liter¬ ple worker” that had been inherited to the present. If the King at age 26 is ary journal NOVY MIR in November from Maxim Gorky and, by standing 1962, and the reverberations from its the whole picture on its head, had pro¬ thought to be too young to record his memoirs, it must be remembered that impact in the U.S.S.R. have not even duced a work of art. his life has been filled with dangers begun to subside. “Doctor Zhivago,” in contrast, had sufficient for more than one ordinary The “Ivan” of the title is Ivan Deni¬ been comparatively easy to dismiss as a lifetime. sovich Shukhov, a carpenter by trade, decadent, Westernizer’s libel on the In a chapter entitled “Problems of a soldier by decree and, for ten years, glorious achievements of the Soviet sys¬ The Arab States,” the King remarks an inhabitant of a penal camp in the tem. Ivan Denisovich makes it clear just where the decadence really was and is. with considerable truth that an aston¬ Soviet North. The background of the ishing number of bad books have been author is obscure but as Alexander For the cream of the jest is that Ivan’s written by Westerners about the Arabs. Tvardovsky, the editor of NOVY MIR, day differs only in degree from the days He says these books have oversimplified points out in the statement which serves of toil and denial suffered by most of Arab problems, reducing them to black as a foreword, “only personal experi¬ the working people of this “Workers and Peasants” State, who measure out and white. It is disappointing that ence could have given the novel such an Hussein, chief actor in the Jordanian authentic quality.” their lives in spoonsful of watery gruel. —EDWARD KII.HAM drama over the past decade, has done Some of the furor in the Soviet Union little better than the Western authors over the novel’s publication was caused about whom he rightfully complains. by the author’s free use of the common ONE DAY IN THE LIFE OF IVAN DENISO¬ VICH, by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Fred¬ This sense of disappointment is the scatological imperatives which are the erick A. Praeger, $3.95. more poignant because the King is a blank verse of men in uniform every¬ man of great personal attractiveness where. American readers, inured to The Conscience of a Liberal and intelligence. Yet curiously he such language in print after a genera¬ emerges from the pages of his book as tion of exposure, will accept it for the FOR NEARLY two decades Chester a rather flat, one-dimensional person¬ meaningless ritual that it is. Otherwise, Bowles, in office and out, at home ality. A man of very considerable un¬ Solzhenitsyn’s prose, in the serviceable and abroad, has articulated some of the derstanding, the King has not suc¬ translation by Max Hayward and Ron¬ key challenges of our times. He was ceeded in taking his reader much below ald Hingley, is straightforward and un¬ among the first to forecast the shape of the surface of the many problems fac¬ complicated. The competing “author¬ the postwar world, and in fact antici¬ ing Jordan and the Arab East. ized” version of the same novel which pated the Marshall Plan with a simi¬ There are many vantage points from has been translated by Ralph Parker lar suggestion of his own. More than which reality may be perceived. The seems to me to be inferior in this re¬ a decade ago he began sorting out the King’s vantage point is an “official” gard. problems and issues with which we are one. He has a future role to play and Shocking as many Soviet citizens un¬ now engrossed. He has rightly per¬ this circumscribes his freedom to com¬ doubtedly found Solzhenitsyn’s choice ceived that there is no distinction be¬ ment on the past. Keeping this in of language, the real basis for their out¬ tween “domestic” and “foreign” goals, mind, Hussein’s book will be useful to rage was the obscenity (to their minds) suggests that in pursuing our objec¬ those with some prior knowledge of the of the subject of the novel and the au¬ tives we can no more rely principally area. thor’s skill in probing the weak spots on force abroad than at home and —A. I. KILLGORE in the Soviet body politic. Even more hence must use our heads rather than infuriating to the guardians of ideologi¬ our guns, and above all be ourselves— UNEASY LIES THE HEAD, by Hussein, cal purity must have been the realiza- our best, reflective selves. King of Jordan. Bernard Geis, $4.95.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 A Look to the East:

Hong Kong History trip to Macau could double the pleas¬ Not “Little Brown Brothers” ure and excitement of a visit to Hong OR the past year, the image of Hong N THE NEWEST role of his long and F Kong for many tourists. I Kong has been emerging rapidly busy career, that of President of the from its Fu Manchu and Dragon Lady Tourists may be grateful for his University of the Philippines, Carlos period as a result of receiving a great commonsense ideas on what to see and P. Romulo recently nipped a potential deal of press attention directed at its how to buy in Hong Kong, though strike of campus editors by promising more current attributes, such as its Old Settlers will generally throw up expulsion for them and any students refugee problem, its industrial develop¬ their hands in dismay—they are prone who joined them. Yet, he relates in this ment and its relations with Communist to anyway—at errors in statistics, geog¬ autobiography, as a student and campus China. Author Gleason, who is em¬ raphy, transliteration and where to find editor at that same university some ployed by the New York HERALD TRIB¬ Szechuanese restaurants. two score years ago, he walked off the UNE, is the first since 1952 to come out campus in support of a suspended as¬ —JACK FRIEDMAN with a hook on Hong Kong which is sistant editor, and won his point. not mainly dependent on pictorial con¬ The career of this soldier-diplomat- “Burmese Family” tent and yet is directed at the general journalist-teacher is filled with such reader. More specifically, his book is A TER a lapse of some ten years, I contrasts and contradictions. Highly re¬ directed at the American tourist, of have just met again a group of old spected in the United States as a fight¬ whom there were more than 200,000 in friends whom I should like you all to er for Filipino causes and in the United Hong Kong last year. know. You will find them between the Nations as a champion of freedom, he Gleason has a good journalistic eye covers of a book called “Burmese Fam¬ is often criticized openly in the Philip¬ for the interesting historical tidbit, ily.” The book is by Mi Mi Khaing, pines as a puppet of the Americans and which makes his early pages interesting of being more western than Asian. So is published by the Indiana University with accounts such as those of Hong deeply has this image been instilled in Press, and has an introduction by Kong’s swashbuckling early settlers his own nation there appears to be and their dynasty of Hibernian Gover¬ Santha Rama Rau. genuine surprise that he is carrying nors. These chapters, with later cover¬ Miss Khaing tells of her childhood, through his pledge to make the U.P. age of some of Hong Kong’s awe-in¬ presents the history of her family, and campus “a shrine of nationalism.” spiring problems—land shortage, water manages somehow to convey all the de¬ Actually, this should raise no eye¬ shortage, hindmost-be-damned capital¬ tails of everyday life in Burma. From brows among those who have read ism, lack of natural resources and cosmetics to religion, from feasts to Romulo’s works, particularly this high¬ about-to-explode population—make up elopements, from sports to legends, ly interesting and revealing autobiog¬ the most interesting parts of the book. from the Shwe Dagon Pagoda to Bur¬ raphy. He was attracted into friend¬ Gleason has also done his homework mese jazz, from before Rangoon to well in describing some of the men beyond Mandalay, it is all there. And ship by an unknown American sergeant and organizations behind the booming it all makes informative, fascinating who gave the boys apples and taught business life of Hong Kong and some reading. It should appeal equally to them their first English from a Bald¬ of the gossip about them. those who have been in Burma and win’s “Primer.” The seed planted by Unfortunately, however, when Glea¬ those who have not. that unknown “ambassador of good son came to Hong Kong for a few —S. I. NADLER will” more than half a century ago has months to gather material for his book, borne fruitful harvests many times over. late in 1961. he gathered not only some BURMESE FAMILY, by Mi Mi Khaing But the opposite influences have also interesting material on byways of his¬ Indiana University Press, $3.95. been nourished by deliberate or unin¬ tory but also, it would seem, a mass of tentional snubs and prejudices against notes and material which has been only The Tiger of Ch’in the Asian. imperfectly digested and has sometimes Of many highlights, past and to been overtaken by events. MR. COTTRELL has writen a popu¬ larized account of the life of come, of a busy, determined life per¬ Most important for the tourist, he Ch’in Shih Huang Ti, the first unifier haps the brightest was when “the small omits mention of Macau except for a of China and the builder of China’s man with the big voice” took his seat few passing references, even though a Great Wall. He has drawn on a variety as the first Asian president of the Unit¬ of sources in order to use the brief ed Nations. Here, he felt, he repre¬ HONG KONG, by Gene Gleason. The Ch’in Dynasty as a vehicle for pre¬ sented “all the small nations that John Day Company, $5.95. senting the whole panorama of life in had been for so many centuries voice¬ ancient China. less.” “The Tiger of Ch’in” is well-written Perhaps the underlying philosophy of and easy and interesting reading, and Romulo’s life is summed up in this should serve as an excellent appetizer book when he calls for an updating of for those who have never sampled Filipino-American relations: “We are Chinese history. Mr. Cottrell explicit¬ ly designed his book to “humanize” no longer little brown brothers of Amer¬ China and break down the “Fu Man¬ ica. We are friends, sovereign equals.” chu” stereotype of China. He would His lifetime has been devoted to mak¬ have met with greater success had he ing that statement possible. been a little less obvious in his efforts. —RALPH L. BOYCE RICHARD H. DONALD I WALKED WITH HEROES—The Auto¬ Junk Builders THE TIGER OF CH’IN, by Leonard biography of General Carlos P. Romulo. by Earl Wilson Cottrell. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, $5.00. Holt, Rinehart, Winston, $5.00. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 35 THE BOOKSHELF (Continued) Press Releases and Photos from Peking The Party Farms DESPITE THE promise offered by this ON THE basis of the experiences of strained and apprehensive mood of book of explaining a key aspect Frederick Nossal of the Toronto Communist China at a point in time of Chinese Communist policy, it falls GLOBE AND MAIL and other Free World when the excesses of the Leap For¬ short of its goals. Chao discusses first correspondents who have had the op¬ ward movement were becoming appar¬ how the Chinese Communists utilized portunity to report from inside Com¬ ent to the regime as well as to the rural conditions to gain power, and munist China, we must conclude that people. He writes presciently of the secondly, having won power, how they little would be gained at this time were beginnings of the rift between the USSR and Communist China. Nos¬ have tried to exploit Chinese agricul¬ U. S. newspapermen permitted onto the sal presents a striking picture of the tural resources to develop the whole China mainland. country. The author is a conscientious drabness and austerity of the Commu¬ Nossal’s eight months in Communist compiler. But he has not fully analyzed nist China as viewed from the few his subject matter and his commentary China (from October 1959 to May Eastern metropoli he was allowed to lacks freshness and succinctness. His 1960) were spent mainly in Peking. visit. Nossal did not get a chance to thinking seems literally to be im¬ He made a hurried trip to a few indus¬ travel to any area of the China heart¬ prisoned by the Chinese Communist trial cities in Manchuria, where, bored land west of Peking. He writes with jargon he has had to read. He is not to distraction by floods of factory sta¬ considerable feeling of the elaborate as careful in scrutinizing Peiping’s data tistics, and depressed by the noise and and numerous banquets thrown in as he might have been, certainly not as grime of Mukden and Anshan, his Peking, not so much to honor foreign careful as Li Choh-Ming was in his chapter on this vitally important region friendly dignitaries, but to give the book. Dr. Chao’s book will benefit the of China adds little to our knowledge Chinese Communist elite a chance to reader already disciplined in the sub¬ of the subject. Nossal’s lack of China gorge themselves at a time when the ject, who seeks a compendium of data, background shows through in his fail¬ masses of the mainland were subsist¬ more than the lay reader who seeks in¬ ure to mention the Soviet industrial ing on meagre rations. There are sev¬ sight into one of the most fascinating stripping of Manchuria in 1945. Simi¬ eral telling photographs; in particular, topics of the day. larly, in visiting rural communes, Nos¬ one of the fantastic cabbage glut in —ARTHUR R. DORNHEIM sal’s distaste of statistics and his sub¬ the streets of Peking in the fall of sequent failure to record fully and 1959. AGRARIAN POLICY OF THE CHINESE COM¬ analyze data given to him, also detract —SAM FISHBACK MUNIST PARTY, 1921-1959 by Chao Kuo- from the value of this book. Chun. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. DATELINE — PEKING, Frederick Nossal, $7.95. Yet, Nossal did manage to catch the Harcourt Brace and World, Inc., $5.75.

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Blaise de Sibour & Co. available. Send us your re¬ | A*Y quirements. All shipments at R 0F VOUA 1633 CONNECTICUT AVE., N.W., WASHINGTON 6, D. C. list price, prepaid-postpaid.- Established 1926 Phone 462-2474 DEPT.F-6, BOX 101. ••***«## BOOKMART HOLLIS 23. NEW YORK. U.S.A. 36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 As Others View IJs: Who Should A European Look at USA versial”—in the United States, in Brit¬ ain and the rest of the Free World, in FOREIGN OBSERVERS explaining our so¬ ciety to their countrymen often help the Communist countries. You Recommend us to understand it better ourselves. Nevertheless, his English biographer, This latest appraisal—by the American longtime member of the staff of that correspondent of the Hamburg news¬ percipient London magazine, THE When Confronted paper DIE WELT—is not quite in the ECONOMIST, has within the limitations class with Tocqueville, Lord Bryce and he sets himself done an admirable job Siegfried. The author has frittered of limning his difficult, complex sub¬ With A Request away some of his space on those trivia ject. To me, neither ardent admirer that always engage the European jour¬ nor dedicated detractor of Mr. Dulles, nalist; a whole chapter on Society with it appears that Mr. Goold-Adams has a capital S, as exemplified in George¬ To Recommend leaned over backward to be fair. Only town, Boston and Philadelphia, seems a bit much in a 240-page book. But in the matter of the relationship with most of what he says is shrewd, bal¬ Anthony Eden, perhaps, does the au¬ A Reliable anced, accurate in the major particu¬ thor’s nationality jaundice his view— lars, and highly quotable. and in this matter, as President Ken¬ The salient characteristics of Amer¬ nedy said about the Bay of Pigs ven¬ International ican society, in von Borch’s view, are ture, there is enough blame for every¬ its flexibility, pluralism, and capacity body. for self-correction. He recognizes the Mr. Goold-Adams does put his finger Shipping Agent magnitude of the problems facing us; on one Dullesian trait that, in my sev¬ overproduction of gadgets while public eral encounters with him, I too found services starve; racial conflict; urban salient—and, regarding him as my In the United States sprawl and decay; the disorientation of job required me to do, through the eyes the individual in a culture too compli¬ of non-Americans—troublesome. That cated for him to understand or influ¬ This may be a touchy and difficult was the aura of sanctimony that he ence. The gravest problem, he believes, decision to make—especially in a emanated. It put lots of people off, the is that of conducting nuclear-age for¬ field that’s as highly specialized British (I think) especially. (Queen eign policy through the mechanisms of and detailed as international ship¬ Victoria, of all people, once observed “a political order which is an ordered ping. However, the decision need of Gladstone that she disliked his “mix¬ disorder, designed to make government not be that difficult when the facts ture of politics and religion, which is of as hard as possible.” But he expresses are known about what makes a confidence that “there exists so much course quite intolerable.”) Says Mr. shipping agent reliable . . . effi¬ capacity for self-redress, so many Goold-Adams, early on: sources of strength in this as yet un¬ cient . . . recommendable. ... a note of preaching crept into finished American society, that one almost all that he said on formal oc¬ Barr Shipping has prepared a surely need not despair.” casions, in both the written and the thorough 32-page brochure de¬ —TED OLSON spoken word, and this sometimes so ir¬ tailing all phases, with definitions, ritated his audience—especially abroad on international shipping. This THE UNFINISHED SOCIETY, by Herbert —that it robbed him of the full effect brochure is available to you FREE. von Borch. Hawthorn, |4.50. which he otherwise would have had. Send for it today and you will And, well along in the book; immediately see how informative A British Look at J.F.D. and helpful it can be. Then re¬ In spite of his affability and reason¬ AS Mr. Goold-Adams points out in the ableness in conference . . . almost all member Barr when you get a re¬ . introduction to his book about his speeches were phrased in such a quest to recommend a reliable John Foster Dulles, it will be some time way that when reported outside they international U. S. shipping agent. before the definitive biography of the irritated many people in the West by their sententious moralizing. Dulles late Secretary of State can be written. was always a preacher. . . SPECIALISTS ON: That is because he is still so close to us—this good gray Presbyterian Yet in his final pages he has high • PL 480 Programs lawyer who towered so portentously over praise for Mr. Dulles for his unflagging • AID Shipments his times—that it is impossible to think awareness of the Communist threat, • Commissary Supplies of him with the detachment requisite and for his earnest efforts to do some¬ • Representing Foreign Governments thing about it, when many in the West to the biographer and the historian. A • Major US Importers & Exporters man who—to all outward appearances were ready to accept communism “as —passionately eschewed passion, he just another form of government.” BARR SHIPPING COMPANY, INC. nevertheless stirred strong passions in —JOHN P. MCKNIGHT 44 Beaver Street, New York 4, N. Y. partisan and opponent alike. As Mr. HA 2-5280 Goold-Adams says, he was, in that much Correction : used and much abused word, “contro- Identification on Robert L. Allen’s Branch Offices: book, reviewed in the April issue, Miami - Houston - New Orleans - London JOHN FOSTER DULLES: A REAPPRAISAL, should have read: SOVIET ECONOMIC WARFARE, by Robert L. Allen. Public by Richard Goold-Adams. Appleton, Cen¬ “BARR SERVICE” Since 1915 tury, Crofts, $5.50. Affairs Press, $5.00.

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 37 “Let it not be saiil by future historians that in the second decade after World War II freedom throughout the world died of a balanced budget—Chester Boicles

The Budget and the Future of American Diplomacy

by LEON B. POULLADA

THE KEY TO THE REBIRTH of the Foreign Service, to the 3. Foreign affairs has become “big business” with vast future of American diplomacy and hence to honorable global responsibilities. There are diplomatic representatives national survival lies not in high-flown foreign policy pro¬ in 101 countries and 51 regional or international organiza¬ nouncements but in the homely budget. No single factor tions. We participate in more than 400 major international over the years has contributed as much to the parlous state conferences per year. World crises have made diplomatic of our diplomatic establishment as the perennial financial cable traffic soar beyond the combined output of the AP impoverishment imposed upon successive State Department and UPI press services. Unfortunately most of our foreign budgets. It is truly remarkable that the numerous criticisms posts must rely on slow commercial telegrams even for and studies of the operations and organization of the De¬ urgent communications. In contrast, the space program has partment of State have uniformly overlooked the real cul¬ a globe-girdling instant communications system for track¬ prit and seem to be naively unaware of the strangling effect ing satellites which cost $60 million. of lack of funds on our diplomacy, a fact of life with which every career Foreign Service officer lives from the day he 4. The yearly cost of advertising tobacco in the United enters the service. It is also regrettable that the overwhelm¬ States ($150 million) exceeds the annual cost of our entire ing bulk of writings on foreign affairs have concentrated on overseas information program for advertising America policy questions and have failed to explore the mechanics, abroad ($115 million). Is this not selling America short? the organization and the facilities for the execution of for¬ 5. The Man on the Moon project, which is only a part of eign policy. Here indeed is a fallow hut potentially fruit¬ the total space program, is scheduled to cost over $20 bil¬ ful field of study. For no policy, however well conceived, lion dollars and will eventually be spending at the rate of can be any better than the machinery through which it is $10 million per day. With these sums the State Department executed. and the Foreign Service with 14,000 employees could, at In this connection here are some facts to ponder: present cost figures, conduct its entire world-wide foreign 1. Since World War II.operations appropriations for 100 for years. defense and space have skyrocketed whereas those for foreign affairs 6. Recently a Venus rocket went astray and had to be have risen only very slowly notwithstanding the fact that destroyed because of a small error fed into its computer. diplomatic activity has increased astronomically. Defense This cost the American taxpayer $18.5 million. This amount expenditures are now running at an annual rate of $50 happens to be about the total cost of the Voice of America billion. Space will soon cost about $10 billion a year. The program for one year which USIA has to fight so hard to overall State Department budget is only about $400 million get from Congress. In fact, the United States spent more per year and this includes a number of peripheral projects last year for rockets that fizzled and went nowhere than for and programs. The actual expenditure for world-wide con¬ our total diplomatic efforts around the world. duct of foreign affairs is only around $150 million. 7. With what it costs taxpayers to pick up trash on 2. A taxpayer with threeAmerica’s dependents major earninghighways $15,000 ($60 million) we could pay for per year now pays 56% of his taxes for defense-related almost a whole year the salaries of all American Foreign Federal expenditures. It costs this taxpayer about $1.00 Service employees serving abroad ($66 million). per month or .4% of his total tax bill to support our entire 8. Each Atlas missile on the firing line costs about $35 diplomatic effort on which his and the nation’s future may million. This is more than we spent in fiscal year 1962 for well depend. our entire cultural and student exchange program. 9. Although the last decade witnessed a critical and LEON B. POULLADA is now Ambassador to Togo. After a stint at spectacular rise in American international responsibilities, law, and a wartime hitch in the Army, he entered the Foreign Service the State Department and the Foreign Service actually had and has done administrative, consular, information, political and 15% more employees (16,000) ten years ago than today economic work in Ceylon, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Department. (14,000). At that, the State Department is the second small-

38 FOBEIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 196S est department in our government, but it must cope with the most complex, baffling, frustrating and momentous prob¬ lems facing our nation. With only 14,000 American em¬ ployees, equivalent to one combat division or a medium¬ HOUSEHUNTING? sized SAC base, our diplomatic establishment must face We’ll find you the perfect home the vast and complex problems created by cyclonic revolu¬ anywhere in the U.S. tionary forces sweeping the world. It must fight literally -—even in Europe dozens of fires simultaneously around the globe, staff nearly 300 Embassies and Consulates, plus the State Department Tell us not only where you’re thinking of at home, coordinate and supervise large programs of eco¬ moving to, but what kind of house and land nomic and military aid, as well as numerous other pro¬ your family will be happy with. We’ll send grams, such as the Peace Corps, USIA, etc., and discharge you Homerica’s questionnaire, asking your eco¬ our onerous responsibilities in the UN, in hundreds of inter¬ nomic, educational, religious, social, medical national conferences and in our world-wide system of se¬ and special requirements among other ques¬ curity alliances. Considering its vast responsibilities, the tions. After analyzing your answers we will personnel resources of our foreign affairs establishment are recommend homes in those desirable com¬ not only modest but pitifully inadequate. Most foreign munities and neighborhoods with steadily in¬ service posts in underdeveloped areas are seriously under¬ staffed and have been so within living memory. creasing resale values. Homerica protects you, the buyer, charges you nothing. Ask J. S. Sunderland for details. MOST critics of the foreign affairs establishment are bliss¬ fully unaware of the startling budgetary inequities and lack of financial support for our diplomacy revealed by the A above examples. But to understand the situation we must go deeper and inquire why Congress and the American WoMEmCA c/ v_> INC. people withhold their financial support. At the root of the NEW YORK LOS ANGELES problem are poor public information about the purposes 200 Park Ave xfC 3460 Wilshire Blvd and potentials of diplomacy and a distorted sense of na¬ 661-3111 v 387-3111 tional values. Perhaps it should not surprise us that a so¬ ciety in which a mediocre crooner earns more than the President should place a low financial valuation on con¬ structive diplomacy which it suspects and little understands. For the Man of Moderate Means There is after all in the American ethos a considerable amount of double talk about values. We like to believe we have a deep national commitment to health, education and LOOMIS-SAYLES peace but we are unwilling to back them up with a really substantial portion of our national wealth. MUTUAL FUND Another factor which tends to distort our sense of values INCORPORATED is that most Americans, including Congressmen and offi¬ cials in the Executive, think too narrowly of the “national AN INVESTMENT COUNSEL FUND ESTABLISHED 1929 security” concept. National security is by no means limited to arms, defense and foreign aid. Not only is it a much The Fund seeks to provide the investor of moderate broader and inclusive concept but in fact it should be evi¬ means with professional investment help through a dent that since the principal threat to our national security portfolio invested in a combination of stocks and bonds with the primary objective of participating in now comes from abroad, the conduct of our foreign rela¬ the growth of the country. tions has become the paramount factor in the overall make¬ up of our national security requirements. Thus, funds for • Sold at net asset value • No sales charge strengthening a weak diplomacy are more essential to our • No redemption charge national security than additional increments for already powerful armed forces or for trips to the moon. Write for a free Prospectus ivhich describes the Fund Sincere and potent efforts must be made to rectify these and presents its record and investment portfolio. distortions in our national sense of values before we can expect the unstinting financial support of diplomacy which LOOMIS, SAYLES & COMPANY, INC. our critical times require. The American people must be 925 Shorehain Bldg.. Washington, D. C. Telephone: NAtional 8-2316 awakened to the awesome challenges which are with us here Please mail the Looniis-Sayles Mutual Fund Prospectus and now, not off in space or in the dim future. Our im¬ mediate task is to preserve peace here on earth. Otherwise Americans with their eyes on space may lose their inheri¬ tance on earth like the old astronomer who from staring at the stars fell into a well. .State FSJ-2

(Continued on page 42)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 39 African Notebook: Dahomey by Daniel Lee McCarthy

Cotonou

Ganvie Nouakchott, (upper left) The Honorable Philip M. Kaiser, Ambassador to Mauritania, watches the flag raising ceremony at the new Embassy there. From left, Ambassador Kaiser, William L. Eagle- ton, Jr. (with son), Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr. (behind flag), and Oscar A. Reynolds.

Kampala. Ambassador Olcott H. Deming views the landscape of the western kingdom of Bunyoro while on a spring safari.

Kigali. Rwandan Foreign Minister Calixte Habamenshi returns from a visit to the United States. He was welcomed by David J. S. Manbey, Counselor of Embassy and Charge d’Affaires, a.i. (far right). Service Glimpses

Leopoldville. Ambassador and Mrs. Edmund A. Gullion pose with the bride and groom after the wedding of the daughter of Samuel Tombo, from the Ambassador’s chauffeur and an employee of the American Mission in Leopoldville for seven¬ teen years. DIPLOMACY (Continue,l)

Of course, the very people who are most oblivious to the needs of diplomacy are the first to criticize it each time a THE CREDIT UNION IS new foreign affairs crisis explodes into headlines. At once the press, public and Congress raise a hue and cry for ac¬ tion and bewail our “ineffective” diplomacy that has some¬ FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE how failed to prevent such a horrendous state of affairs. Yesterday it was Berlin, today it is Cuba and tomorrow it . . . Use it to help will be some other crisis, but diplomacy will surely bear the brunt of both burden and blame. However, when the time solve those financial problems. comes for appropriations to strengthen our diplomacy, who will champion its cause or speak out in its favor? Where See your administrative officer is the support from the clamoring press and public? for further details. If war should bleak out in Berlin or Viet Nam or Cuba because our diplomacy proved unequal to the peace-keeping task, then we would see money pour out of Congress like Total Loans an overflowing cornucopia. Banished would be all talk of $5,884,387 the poor overburdened taxpayer, of diminishing gold bal¬ Total Shares ances in Fort Knox and of imminent collapse of our nation¬ $6,867,702 al economy. Nothing would be too good or expensive to serve in the banquet halls of Mars. Our budgetary reckon¬ ings would slide effortlessly from the thousands to the mil¬ A place to save lions, the billions and the hundreds of billions of dollars. All thought of economizing, of lean establishments, of bal¬ STATE DEPARTMENT anced budgets and of balance of payments problems would FEDERAL CREDIT UNION be submerged in the national catastrophe. Cash and blood would be devoured in the insatiable maw of savage destruc¬ vrr-»r'rrri,T7'M~ft^ I'f .... A place to borrow tion. But when it comes to preventing such a holocaust, by strengthening our feeble diplomatic establishment, every penny is pinched, every proposed expenditure is scrutinized with utmost suspicion and every cent is doled out so that the very sinews of peace are undernourished and atrophied. These attitudes must somehow be altered or our national se¬ curity will infallibly be jeopardized. Prudent utilization of ASSIGNMENT WASHINGTON! our national wealth is very important but we must shake off the thrall of the dollar sign lest we sacrifice our very se¬ TOWN OR COUNTRY? Top Virginia locations curity and substance to a false god. A policy which with¬ out a murmur allocates millions for war but begrudges pen¬ for city, suburban or rural properties. “TOWN nies for peace can only result sooner or later in disastrous 8c COUNTRY” has an excellent selection of avail¬ loss of national treasure and priceless life. able homes in beautiful Northern Virginia. FHA We delude ourselves if we think that starving our foreign affairs establishment for funds is in the long run any less In-Service, G.I., and Conventional Financing. dangerous than depriving our armed forces of modern Three offices to serve you. weapons. The immediate effects may be less discernible and therefore more insidious but few Americans today have A complete property management and rental service. even an inkling on what thin ice their security is skating when year after year Congress hacks away at the foreign affairs appropriations. As Secretary Rusk pointed out last March: TOWN s. COUNTRY “It is almost miraculous that with 135 million dollars for salaries and expenses we are able to pay for about PROPERTIES, INE. one hundred embassies, two hundred odd consulates, this Department (of State), a world-wide medical program, the Foreign Service Institute, a still consid¬ REALTORS erable amount of home leave travel, field conferences and consultative travel, personnel benefits, and sala¬ Stanley J. Prisbeck, FSO, Ret. ries of some 23,000 employees (14,000 Americans, the rest locals). But the great responsibilities of the De¬ 3807 Mt. Vernon Ave., Alexandria TE 6-8915 partment have been carried with brilliance and dis¬ tinction not by funds but by the skill and devotion of 5165 Lee Highway, Arlington KE 6-6900 the people who are in it.” 9619 Columbia Pike, Annandale CL 6-9100 It would indeed be “miraculous” if the foreign affairs

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, June 1963 Leon U. Poullada AN ENVELOPE establishment could operate efficiently on such meagre re¬ SUCH AS THIS sources. The fact is that it has been able to stagger along only in threadbare fashion with inadequate equipment, in¬ sufficient supplies, makeshift personnel policies, yearly sus¬ pension of home leave travel and recurring last ditch ap¬ peals to Congress for supplementary funds to make up per¬ ennial deficits. Is it not the height of folly to permit the most important arm of our national security to subsist on “miracles” of this kind? This situation requires correction but it will not come until national values and priorities recognize the vital role of the State Department in the national security complex and allocate to it an adequate portion of the security budget. Will bring you pertinent insurance information Up to now the reflex action to any serious international about Security's Annual Government Service crisis is to ask for more funds to strengthen our military Policy. posture. No one thinks of seeking additional financial sup¬ All of your possessions are covered in your resi¬ port for the diplomatic establishment whose primary con¬ dence abroad from fire, theft, larceny, pilferage, lightning and mysterious disappearance. More¬ cern, after all, is the conduct of our foreign relations. Thus over, your accompanying luggage is covered any¬ during both the Berlin and the Cuban crises the government where in the world without charge and without moved quickly to commit additional resources to the mili¬ notice to us. Just write us a note requesting information about the Annual Government Serv¬ tary but no equivalent effort was made to strengthen the ice Policy. diplomatic establishment which had been carrying and con¬ tinues to bear the brunt of these situations. Moreover during these very periods our foreign affairs jSeruriffi jfroragf (Jompang establishment was facing a number of other explosive situa¬ of Ulashingfron tions around the world working under serious financial 1140 Fifteenth Street, N.W. handicaps, fn Africa, for example, besides the grave con¬ Washington 5, D. C. flict in the Congo we faced the challenge posed hy the birth Cable: STORAGE of dozens of new nations. Our new posts there were operat¬ ing on a shoestring. Thev were understaffed and ill equipped. Communications facilities were on the whole so poor that vital emergency messages to Washington at times took days instead of hours. The Voice of America signal in most of Africa was so weak it was drowned out by Peking and Moscow. There was an urgent need for pub¬ lications. films, books, news about America, etc. American Chiefs of Mission in African capitals were clamoring for some relief from these deficiencies which were matched hy similar short-falls in Latin American and Asian posts. Thou¬ sands of men and billions of dollars were requested to strengthen the armed forces. Not an extra cent was allo¬ cated to the Foreign Service where a modest increase of a few hundred men and a few million dollars deployed to our diplomatic establishments around the world during the crisis would have worked wonders on our foreign policy effort and probably have had a substantial effect on the Berlin and Cuban problems as well. ENJOY PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT AT THE Editor’s ISote: Leon Poullada, the United States Ambassa¬ dor to the Republic of Togo, has set forth his views on the ways and means of improving our diplomatic effort in a detailed and Barclay more lengthy work which we understand may be published I N N EW YO R K elsewhere. The JOURNAL has extracted two sections of Am¬ bassador Poullada’s study and is pleased to present part one Foreign service personnel have long made The Barclay their New York headquarters. Its convenient East Side location, quiet this month and part two next month at a particularly relevant elegance and special services — travel representatives and pre¬ stage of the Department’s budget cycle. ferred rates — make The Barclay first choice. Readers should certainly not infer from our choice of the For Reservations Address 111 East 48th Street, New York 17 two sections on budget matters that he or we believe the way to A Realty Hotel • Harry M. Anholt, President an improved diplomacy lies exclusively in a more generous pro¬ vision of funds by the Congress.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 43 The AMERICAN FOREIQN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

♦

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE INSURANCE YEAR ENDED FEBRUARY 28. 1963

I. OPERATIONS

As of March 1, 1961 1962 1963 Members carrying Group Life 2510 2584 2650 Group Life in force $41,280,350 $42,978,450 $46,722,900 Enrolled in Foreign Service Benefit Plan 6112 6817 7303 Claims paid during year: Group Life, Number 11 10 23 Amount $143,750 $160,500 $304,250 Family Coverage, Number 3 10 12 Amount $2,500 $6,200 $10,200 Accidental Death, Number 2 1 2 Amount $30,000 $17,500 $35,000 Hospital-Surgical under old Plan $140,881.07 $28,773.82 $1,032.00 Foreign Service Benefit Plan $170,453.60 $386,304.20 $454,808.78

II. NEW BENEFITS ADDED DURING YEAR

1. Provision for senior officer members to subscribe for $10,000 additional Group Life and AD&D.

2. Major new or increased benefits under tbe Foreign Service Benefit Plan including: Maxi¬ mum each illness from $10,000 to $20,000; maximum maternity from $250 to $300; exten¬ sion of 100% area of hospital and surgical coverage; limited dental benefits and others as shown in tbe new brochure BRI 41-61 revised November 1, 1962.

The Board of Directors Tyler Thompson, President William W. Walker, Vice President John W. Fisher, Secretary-Treasurer William R. Tyler, Director George H. Butler, Director

♦

Address applications and inquiries to:

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION c/o Department of State, Washington 25, D. C., or 1908 G Street, N.W., Washington 6, D. C.

t

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 Beyond Diplomacy (,’an ,v>

by THEODORE C. ACHILLES

“It is impossible to separate economics and defense from general political structure. Mutual aid in an economic field and joint military defense must inevitably be accompanied, step by step, with a parallel policy of political union. It is said with truth that this involves some sacrifice or merger of national sovereignty; but it is also possible to regard it as a gradual assumption by all the nations concerned of that larger sovereignty which can alone protect their divers and distinctive customs and traditions, all of which under totalitarian systems, whether Nazi, fascist or communist, would be blotted out forever.” WINSTON CHURCHILL, May, 1948.

AN ORDERLY world with peace and freedom assured is of January 14, with its explosive repercussions, President i, a long ways away. Yet a start has been made. The de Gaulle did the Atlantic Community a major service in steps taken in the last few years would have seemed dreamy giving its leaders, press and people cause to ponder these idealism twenty-five years ago. Yet they have happened, questions widely and deeply. and at an accelerating pace. They are going to continue, Corporate unity is far stronger and better serves the we hope with sufficient further acceleration to keep up our interests of the stockholders — in this case the people. scientific progress in the nuclear and space age and thus European interest in European unity is a superb mix to prevent the destruction of civilization. We can both of realism and vision. Yet it also has anti-American and accelerate the progress and determine its course. Failure to Third Force undertones. Development of real Atlantic unity do so would be failure to do our simple duty for this coun¬ is the only guarantee that European unity will develop try and the American people. It might well be disastrous. along lines that coincide with our interest. First, the interests of the American people must be the “The future belongs to the side which first comes to paramount consideration of anyone in the United States Gov¬ understand both freedom and unity.” In developing unity ernment. For fifteen years we have preached, pleaded and I would give top priority to the maintenance and enhance¬ pressured for others to unite. Insofar as the emphasis was ment of freedom. The acid test of any step must be whether on “unity” it was enlightened; insofar as it was on “for or not it enhances the sovereignty of the individual and others’ it was timid. More and more of our leaders — his inalienable rights to “life, liberty and the pursuit of Hoover, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Acheson, Herter, Rusk, Ful- happiness.” With enhancement of freedom goes main¬ bright, Rockefeller and many others have begun to speak tenance or enhancement of diversity. The richness of our for it and to seek it with increasing boldness and vigor. or any other civilization gains much from diverse local values that come from heritage and environment. In unity “Partnership” between the United States and a united with others gray standardization would be horrible. Europe is in the wind. It could be a great step—provided it grows deep roots of unity. Partnerships linked only by con¬ IN CONTRAST to the aim of the Soviets to subordinate every tractual ties between two sovereign entities are feeble individual, everywhere, to the gray and grim service of things. And will “Europe” ever be “sovereign” in the sense the Soviet state, our effort must be devoted to enhancing that we are? If so, how much of it, and when? Would through unity the right of every individual, everywhere, it be a faithful wife or a restless maitresse? Would it to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” Is there any contribute to free world strength, unity and prosperity or comparison between the merits of the two approaches? be an exclusive and divisive force? In his press conference Or of their appeal, if ours is clearly enough stated and developed concretely in practice? A career FSO from 1931 to 1962, THEODORE C. ACHILLES has served at various posts in Europe, as Ambassador to Peru and as Counselor Granted that we need more unity — with whom? of the Department. Mr. Achilles is currently vice chairman of the Certain principles are clear. Executive Committee of the Atlantic Council and co-editor of the One is that the smaller the number and the greater the new Atlantic Community QUARTERLY. common interest of the initial participants, the easier the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 45 BEYOND DIPLOMACY DEHAVEN & TOWNSEND, CROUTER & BODINE Established 1874 process. Another is that the group must be outward rather Members than inward looking, it must benefit non-members as well New York Stock Exchange American Stock Exchange as members, and be flexible and expandable. Philadelphia-Baltimore Stock Exchange The ‘‘Atlantic” group of nations is the key group. The Brokers Dealers Underwriters Distributors Community is less geographic than one of common heritage, Constant Attention anti Analysis Given to ideals and interest. It might, for example, readily include Portfolios of Individuals Stationed at Home Australia and New Zealand. As to heritage, the American or Abroad and Canadian people represent “united Europe” in their Inquiries by Mail or Phone io blood, bones and minds. Nowhere else has faith in the THOMAS LUKE MATTHEWS dignity and worth of the individual been as deeply rooted. This group is the only one where democratic government has really worked for any long period. In it lies the great reservoir of intellect, science and industrial and social de¬ velopment—the moral and material resources needed to accelerate the development of others. It has the greatest ties of trade, investment and common interest. Naturally not all members of the group share these ties of heritage and interest to the same degree. Secretary Herter has defined the key group as “those nations of Europe and North America willing to accept the benefits and responsibilities of maintaining close political ties.” If the Community is to succeed it must not be a “rich man’s club” or a “white man’s club” but must benefit others and be open to their eventual membership. This has been basic since its inception. NATO in enhancing the secu¬ rity of the free world strengthens the UN and the security of every nation. A basic aim stated in the OECD Treaty is “to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multi¬ lateral, non-discriminatory basis.” It will increasingly in¬ clude the participation of non-members in its functional activities. Japan will probably be a full member within a year. The IBRD and IMF, the financial pillars of the free world, already have wide membership. There are many countries with which cooperation will have to be “bilateral” for a long time to come. This will require the now familiar patterns of economic, military and technical assistance, servicios (government bureaus with foreign advisers in authoritative line positions), the Peace Corps and others. Yet all of these can profit if the “giving” end is multilateral rather than unilateral, if the material, intellectual, administrative and technical resources of the advanced countries are pooled rather than unilateral and uncoordinated.

IT MAKES no sense to create institutions and then look for work for them. We already have many; we need to strengthen what we have and, if possible, streamline, sim¬ plify and coordinate them. What are the problems today that require greater-than- national handling? They include defense, trade, finance and monetary policy, investment and development, agri¬ culture and probably nuclear energy. They also include the “political” problems of war and peace, external relations and overall coordination. The list corresponds to the prin¬ cipal departments of our Federal Government, plus the Federal Reserve, Export-Import Bank, AID, and AEC. What are the existing organizations handling these prob¬ lems? In defense we have NATO and the lesser collective

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 by Thodore C. Achillea

defense arrangements. In trade we have the EEC, OECD and The Atlantic Commission, like that of the EEC, would GATT. In finance and monetary policy we have the OECD, represent the whole and make recommendations to the Coun¬ IBRD and IMF. For investment and development we have those cil which would retain the basic power of decision. It would three, plus the IDA, IFC and UN technical assistance machinery. also see that the Council’s decisions were carried out. Its For agriculture we have the EEC, OECD and FAO. For nuclear members would be few, of the highest caliber, and subject energy we have EURATOM, OECD, and the IAEA. In the po¬ to censure or removal by the Assembly. The Commission litical field we have NATO, which has made real progress would be more valuable in the OECD, with its broader and in developing common or coordinated policies on many more concrete fields of activity and wider membership than external problems but which has little decision-making NATO, but if possible serve both organizations. It would power and no coordinating authority. It may achieve some institutionalize the ad hoc groups of “wise men” who have of the former but it is unlikely to achieve the latter due to in the past done much to further the objectives of both. The the unwillingness of some to be associated with a primarily international staffs of both should also be greatly strength¬ defense organization. ened. All of these organizations have the accepted pattern: a The peak of the executive pyramid must be unitary. Vital treaty basis setting out objectives and creating institutions decisions must be made by a single individual. This is an with limited powers to seek their attainment, integrated awesome responsibility, but so is that of the President of international staffs, permanent governmental representatives the United States today, wdio has the sole responsibility and w’orking groups, and periodic ministerial meetings. for the most crucial of all decisions—activation of the free They fill roughly the same purposes as government depart¬ world nuclear defense. ments and in effect formulate policy much as it is formulated The key is confidence and checks and balances. Only if within governments. Some of them execute policy. confidence is developed through thorough consultation and participation in the various strata of the policy formula¬ WHAT is principally lacking is effective integration be¬ tion and decision making process can willingness be devel¬ tween the international and national machinery in oped to entrust full authority to the top. some fields, coordination of functional agencies, decision¬ making power and democratic control of the whole. Integra¬ The Treaty of Rome sets a pattern for the Atlantic tion between the international and national machinery re¬ Community of the future, not merely with respect to the authority of the Commission, but for the democratic control quires in the first instance substantial up-grading of the T status and authority of the Permanent Representatives on of the whole, including transition of the role of national both the NATO and OECD Councils. If these bodies are effec¬ governments toward that of legislative authority. Real de¬ tively to co-ordinate and harmonize policy their members cision making and coordinating authority becomes political must participate fully and continuously in the policy formu¬ in the widest sense of the word and requires both. It lation process of their own governments. This means that will require transitional safeguards providing for evolution¬ they must be not only of the highest stature but that they ary stages to permit orderly adjustment. It will require have the complete confidence of the highest authorities of permanent safeguards, delegating to the new institutions their owm government and commute constantly between their only those evolutionary powers necessary to deal with wider- own capitals and Paris. than-national problems. It will require checks and balances between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial authorities Coordination and guidance of activities of the functional and it may well require a new Rill of Rights. agencies present difficulties, primarily because of their di¬ vergent membership. Yet, a coordinating group composed LEGISLATIVE authority, like our Congress, will represent of their heads would be useful. I can imagine such a group the “sovereign states” and the people. A pattern is al¬ composed of the heads, for example, of OECD, NATO, EEC, ready set by the Treaty of Rome for a Council of government EURATOM, IBRD, IMF, GATT and FAO. The present heads of representatives with weighted voting, and an Assembly with these are nationals respectively of Denmark, the Nether¬ proportional representation of the people. The Treaty of lands, Germany, France, the United States, Sweden, the Rome, incidentally, requires the Assembly “to draw up United Kingdom and India but they all act as individuals proposals for election by direct universal suffrage in ac¬ chosen for their own competence and not as governmental cordance with a uniform procedure in all member states.” representatives. As a minimum, periodic meetings of the The Atlantic Assembly, which will probably come into being heads of such agencies would perform a useful function. this November, will be roughly proportional to population The way to greater decision-making power is shown by and its members would vote as individuals rather than as the organization of the Six, in the evolutionary author¬ national delegates. ity delegated to their respective Commissions. The distinc¬ What are some of the obstacles to acceleration of the tion between “supra-national” and “international” is vague obvious trend of history? I agree with Lord Franks in his and growing vaguer—the pooling of sovereignty in some of recent article in FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “Cooperation Is Not the “international” bodies has gone far and their integrated Enough,” that the principal one is lethargy. Yet look how machinery has developed very substantial “supra-national” much is happening in the current revolution in international de facto authority in a number of fields—but if “supra- relations, at the top-heavy majorities by which each suc¬ nationality’ is what we need to deal effectively with today’s cessive step has been voted by the United States Senate problems, let’s go after it hard. and House, the wide popular approval of each, and the

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 47 hy Thodore C. Achilles BEYOND DIPLOMACY far-reaching recent recommendations of the Atlantic Con¬ First we need articulation for our goal — with much vention and the NATO Parliamentarians. greater clarity and precision than has yet been done. In our case the initiative should be shared between the Exec¬ There is also wide ignorance—lack of understanding of utive and Legislative branches. Leaders of other govern¬ the changes that have occurred and are constantly occurring. ments should participate in the initiative at an early stage This can be dispelled by adequate written, oral discussion. but the basic leadership must come from us. The essence Another is parochial nationalism and suspicion of "‘for¬ of the goal is Atlantic unity, with the United States and eigners” and their institutions. This includes American Canada in rather than out, starting with a small nucleus, suspicion of the foibles of politics in some European coun¬ in Secretary Herter’s words, “the nations of Europe and tries and European suspicion of American standardization. North America which are willing to accept the benefits and These are far from unsurmountable. responsibilities of maintaining close political ties’ and grow¬ ing steadily in breadth of association and depth of unity. Another is the restless nationalism typified by de Gaulle s dreams of French hegemony in Europe. Yet his position is If this is articulated with sufficient clarity and boldness, widely challenged, even in France, as anachronistic and we will reap the incalculable benefits of a “grand design, ’ unrealistic in the world of today. which the present administration has hinted at but not yet been hold enough to proclaim. Far more powerful in ap¬ Another is the disparity in size and power between the peal than mere containment or negative anti-Communism United States and any other free country, leading to the would be a positive initiative toward building that kind of idea that “partnership’ between the United States and a world we would need if Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev united Europe is the only answer. Yet is that necessary if and Mao Tse Tung had never existed. Properly articulated the individuals in the functional agencies represent the it would provide a basis of hope for all free men, and even whole rather than the separate governments and if the mem¬ those behind the Curtain who have lost freedom. bers of the Assembly vote as individuals? We are so big that our interests coincide with the general interest. Our The goal set, we will need the widest public discussion smaller Atlantic associates are so small that their interest here and elsewhere. We will need much thought by the coincides with the general interest. So, basically, does that of best minds available. The Atlantic Institute in Paris and the the middle-sized powers. Many Europeans besides de Gaulle Council on Foreign Relations, backed by the Ford Founda¬ fear the prospect of American “domination” of a developing tion, have undertaken major studies on the problems in¬ Atlantic Community. We must convince the peoples of free volved but these are only a beginning. The best private Europe, by deeds as well as words, that we seek not “domi¬ studies must be supplemented by the best governmental and nation” but rather the strength of unity for the protection intergovernmental consideration, presumably by the Special of diversity and the freedom and opportunity of the in¬ Governmental Commission called for by the Declaration dividual. In fact, the greater the unity achieved the less of Paris. possibility there is of domination by anyone. To those who Its end product might well be a new “Atlantic Treaty” say they fear not political but financial domination the drawing upon the Treaty of Rome and many other docu¬ answer is that finance is open to anyone. ments, but primarily in the political rather than the eco¬ Finally there is the historic attachment to the national nomic field. It would set out the basic objectives of the state and the emotional appeal of national sovereignty Community and establish its principal institutions. These wThich must certainly he reckoned with. Here I would quote would be those called for by the Declaration of Paris and the NATO Parliamentarians (Permanent High Council, High from an address by Secretary Herter to the Greater Hartford Forum last November: Court of Justice and Consultative Assembly) plus, im¬ portantly, a Commission patterned on that of EEC. While “Sovereignty, in democracies, comes from the people, not its functions in the political field would be more difficult to from the nation. Nations have no sovereignty to cede. It is define than in the case of the Treaty of Rome, it should have only that of their people that can be ceded. And the unhappy the power of initiative in making recommendations to the thing that history teaches us is that it is only through tire Council and the responsibility of carrying out policies ap¬ binding cement of some form of political affiliation that things can be given a degree of permanence. proved by the Council. “I think that this is the inevitable step that we have to We can speed the process, and do much good per se, if take. It can never be accomplished without a two-thirds we constantly seek what Schuman called “concrete achieve¬ vote in the Senate, and that means a great acceptance by ments which first create de facto solidarity .. . the fusion of the American people. But the time will come with the creation of the Common Market and the various other interests which is indispensable to the establishment of a revolutionary things that have happened since World War true community.” Much of this has long been underway II, and I feel that we must be thinking about it.” through NATO, the OECD, IBRD and IMF, but the process can undoubtedly be both intensified and broadened. How are we to proceed concretely? The steps I have pro¬ posed can all be taken without any new treaties or legisla¬ There is nothing in this procedure that has not been done tion. They are minimal. Much more will be needed to before. Certainly it goes further, but no further than ex¬ “make the underlying concepts of sovereignty truly mean¬ perience shows to be practicable and necessary. This is an ingful through the federal approach.” Among those who age of accelerating needs and deeds. Certainly history will share the President’s conviction that “Atlantic unity repre¬ accord a place no less than that of our Founding Fathers sents the true course of history” there are wide differences to those who take the lead in forming that “more perfect of thought as to how that history should be made. union” which the world of today requires.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 49 The Sultan and

by E. TAYLOR PARKS

ON MAY 31, 1889, the dam across the South Fork of the Conemaugh River, twelve miles above Johnstown, Pennsylvania, gave way and loosed a twenty-foot wall of water on the unsuspecting town and valley below, causing more than 2,000 deaths and $12,000,000 property damage. Two weeks later Sultan Abd ul-Hamid II was giving a formal dinner in honor of Minister Oscar S. Straus on the eve of his departure for Washington. The table conversa¬ tion ranged widely until the Sultan quite spontaneously mentioned the Johnstown Flood and expressed great sym¬ pathy for those suffering from it. He seemed thoroughly conversant with the details and stated that he would like to contribute to their relief, if Minister Straus would serve as the medium of transmitting a sum that he wrould send to the Legation. The next day, a donation of £200 Turkish reached Minis¬ ter Straus, who converted it into £180.3.7 sterling and for¬ warded it by check on the Imperial Ottoman Bank to the Secretary of State. The Sultan’s note suggested that the fund be turned over to the appropriate relief committee. Secretary James G. Blaine expressed the grateful appreciation of the President and Government of the United States for the Sultan’s gen¬ erous donation, then forwarded it to the Governor of Penn¬ sylvania for distribution. This example of Turkish aid antedates American aid to Turkey under the Truman Doctrine by nearly sixty years.

DR. PARKS is Officer in Charge of Research Guidance and Review, Historical Office, Department of State.

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 Incentives and Economic Development

by WESLEY C. HARALDSON

A WAG’S STORY of some years ago had the noble martini farmer, worker, or tradesman. An able-bodied adult herd¬ relegated to the role of a life saver. A kit with the ing a goat, or a few geese; a merchant selling used bottles “makings” was recommended luggage for all travelers and or flattened cans, or individual cigarettes, or even cigarette explorers to arctic wastelands or tropical jungles. Should butts; a farmer harvesting a crop with a small hand scythe one be lost, out of food, out of gas, or out of hope, just open and threshing it under the feet of the donkey or buffalo— the kit and start to mix a martini. Presto! Out of nowhere, these are the facts that people live by! In wide areas of the at least a dozen amateur bartenders would rush forth and world, in areas involving hundreds of millions of people, yell, “Not so much vermouth!” It follows that these could the individual worker produces in an entire day a product then he pressed into rescue service. or a service the value of which is perhaps no more than The technique can be greatly simplified today; the hap¬ ten or fifteen U. S. cents! And in many cases it is a long less traveler needs no kit. He need do no more than men¬ day of hard labor. If every individual produces in this tion “foreign aid” and dozens will rush forth to join the measure, the collective production of the society—the GNP argument. —when divided among the population must of necessity While some years ago one could truthfully say that few provide a miserably low standard of material well-being. students and writers had addressed themselves to the prob¬ It follows that the only way in which these societies can lems of aid and economic development, today few students improve the lot of their people is to increase the productivity and writers have not. Professors, politicians, bank presi¬ of the workers, individually and collectively. No amount of dents, and bureaucrats are adding volumes each week to the external aid, no re-distribution of existing goods and chat¬ rapidly-growing body of fact and opinion on foreign aid. tels, will make any meaningful or permanent improvement. Thus, it is not any paucity of reading matter on the subject Only as per capita productivity increases will people’s stand¬ that bestirs the author to compose this piece. Rather it is a ard of living improve. This means that our efforts to pro¬ feeling that perhaps some observations, experiences, and mote economic development in the under-developed areas of convictions of one who for several years has had day-to-day the world must be addressed to the problem of increasing responsibility for administering one of our larger aid pro¬ the individual and collective productivity of the peoples in¬ grams might be of interest to others. volved. One need not attempt here to define an under-developed country, nor to enumerate or classify them. There is really no argument about their identity. Suffice it to say that they WE HAVE frequently in the past responded to this chal¬ all have one attribute in common: a miserably low level of lenge by providing capital—tools and machinery. A material well-being for their people. This is usually associ¬ man with a tool is obviously more productive than a man ated with high rates of illiteracy and disease, with low or with bare hands; and a man with horsepower at his com¬ stagnant rates of economic growth. The problem of the mand is more productive than one without this help. In decade is to spark a process of growth, a march of progress, some cases this has improved conditions but in many cases which will improve the lot and enhance the dignity of the it has not. Idle tools and inefficiently-operated machines add hundreds of millions of citizens of these lands. The United little to a nation’s GNP. The problem of productivity is States is deeply committed to this challenge. much more complicated than a simple capital output ratio. This is a lesson we have not yet fully learned. One of the most indelible impressions these societies make on a visitor, especially if the visitor is an economist, is the Human productivity involves three basic factors or forces: appallingly low productivity of the individual, be he a health, education or training, and incentives. In our aid efforts we have recorded real achievements in health and are moving ahead in education and training; but we have WESLEY C. HARALDSON, an FSO, was for the past five years direc¬ tor of the U. S. aid program on Taiwan, a program which has re¬ a long way to go in the broad and complex area of incen¬ peatedly been singled out as one of our success stories in economic tives—i.e., stimulating people and business enterprises to do development. the things they must do if they are to improve their lot.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 51 INCENTIVES IN The NEWc,rr YORK ^ #orf)am Bodies racked with fever or otherwise sapped of energy by disease or malnutrition are not productive bodies. Poor Hotel health is a national liability. Humanitarian considerations Perfectly located in the most exciting section of New York ... in the aside, economic development demands malaria eradication, heart of the theatre district. Just a few steps from Fifth Avenue, close to all terminals. The GORHAM also has a famous restaurant and hospitals and health services, medical schools, drugs, and cocktail lounge within the hotel. Air conditioned throughout and all reasonable nutritious foods. Many of our aid programs have rooms are completely equipped with kitchenettes at no additional cost. Monthly rates on request. Friendly and courteous staff and man¬ considered health problems as one of our priorities, and agement. impressive successes have been recorded in combating them. Given the state of the sciences, the problems are really not 136 West 55th STREET, NEW YORK 19, N. Y. difficult, and a little money goes a long way. Public health Tel: Circle 5-1800 Jack Koch, Mgr. expenditures under our aid program have not bulked large Cable Address: GORAMTEL in comparison with expenditures for roads or power or fac¬ tories. This does not mean that all health problems have been licked, but it is safe to say that they are being ade¬ Specializing in the Better quately treated in most areas and do not present a serious impediment to economic development. As a matter of fact, Residential Properties rather impressive statistics and argumentation can be mar¬ shalled to show that too much emphasis has been given to Sales Rentals public health in developing areas. Dramatically reduced death rates have brought serious population pressures in Property Management their wake.

EDUCATION and training are obvious necessities in any de¬ SOPHIA WANAMAKER, INC., REALTORS velopment program. If a nation wants factories, it needs factory workers; it needs foremen, plumbers, electricians, 4840 MacArthur Boulevard, N.W. Washington 7, D.C. FE 8-6622 mechanics. If it wants a more productive agriculture, it needs trained farmers, seed and feed specialists, machinists and extension workers. This cataloging of required skills has been purposely selected to emphasize vocational train¬ AN ICE CREAM SODA ing. Not that more academic training is not needed; but is one of the FEW items we cannot even today in many parts of the world vocational training is mail. Any item sold in a U. S. Drug for the neighbors’ children. Classical, traditional education, Store is now available to you over¬ with its emphasis on language, history, law and letters, seas. All merchandise guaranteed and claims a preponderant part of the resources allocated to billed at current list price plus post¬ training and attracts the majority of the students. Educa¬ age. tion in almost any form is, of course, urgently needed in We are mailing packages daily to every country in the most of the developing countries, but careful studies reveal world. unfortunately that in a great many of these countries even the modest educational efforts now made are not addressed Prescriptions on file anywhere in the U. S. can be re¬ to the nation’s most pressing requirements. The educational filled by us. Send us the prescription number and name systems have objectives different from those set forth in the and address of the pharmacy holding the original pre¬ scription on file. WE LL DO THE REST. Have your development plans. Education in these countries is not ade¬ physician mail new prescriptions directly to us for quately supporting development. fastest service. Please give EXACT shipping address. It is questionable how much the United States, through its aid effort, can do or should do to attempt to change, ex¬ "SEND NO MONEY" pand, improve the educational systems in these countries. T Pay only AFTER satisfactory receipt of order. Perhaps we are doing about as much as we can. In the field of education, time and attitudes are more important than “Prescriptions” money and advice. Then, too, a nation’s educational system Vitamins — Patent Medicines — Perfumes — Cos¬ is not a heavy claimant for foreign resources. Under our metics — First Aid Supplies — Baby Needs — Denti¬ aid program, we do provide scholarships, and we frequently frices — Shaving Supplies — Photo Supplies finance studies, laboratories, equipment, and teaching aids. SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL Furthermore, our many foundations, universities, and col¬ leges are active in this field. Continued attention and effort is called for, but there appears to be little need to mount WESTERN PHARMACY any new or enlarged offensive. As in the case of public 1665 35th St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C., U.S.A. health, a little money goes a long way and our record of achievement is quite commendable.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 by Wesley Haraldson AN AMERICAN EDUCATION FOR YOUR CHUB If healthy bodies with adequate training would, ipso facto, also be productive bodies, the problems of economic devel¬ APPROVED COURSES: Kindergarten —8th Grade Wherever you may be stationed, Calvert SCHOOL-AT-HOME opment would be easily solved. Unfortunately, this is not Courses can provide, by mail, a modern education for your child. Courses are kept up to date by continuous pre-testing in Calvert’s the case. People must work diligently and hard, they must famous laboratory-school in Baltimore. Calvert guides your teach¬ husband resources, they must invent new methods, they must ing with helpful step-by-step instructions. Courses 6tress the three R's and cultural subjects; are used to enrich the educa¬ study, they must plan, they must discipline themselves, they tional experience of the above-average child. Children may start any time, transfer easily to American schools. More than 100,000 must save. To produce, people must be induced to act and children all over the world have used Calvert Courses. 57th year. to act in certain definite ways. This raises the very impor¬ Non-profit. Write for catalog (give age, grade). tant and complicated problem of incentives—incentives for the individual and for the business firm. This is an area in CALVERT m SCHOOL which our achievements have fallen far short of desired The School That 130 W. Tuscany Rd. — goals and where more attention and effort is sorely needed. Comes to You Baltimore 1 0, Md. In a modern industrial-commercial society, people must ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★A-** be induced to work hard, to accept managerial responsibil¬ The first two-year lib¬ eral arts college to be ities, to consume and save, and to follow a rather fixed pat¬ established in Switzer¬ tern of priorities and values. Business firms also must be THE AMERICAN land. Coeducational. Lo¬ cated high above Lake induced to produce, to improve, to expand, and to concern Geneva. Curriculum de¬ themselves with the welfare of workers, customers, and signed to meet exacting COLLEGE OF standards of American stockholders. In a free society, these acts must be elicited colleges for transfer in from the private citizen; compliance cannot be enforced by junior year. Excellent law or fiat alone. And incentives to elicit these acts run the facu 1 ty (ratio 1-10) . SWITZERLAND American university ad¬ entire spectrum of human needs and values—rewards and ministration and faculty. remuneration, status and recognition, safety of person and Unique physical and cultural advantages of superb location property, justice and equality before the law, and perhaps in area famed for sports, music, art. theatre and interna¬ tional forums. Foreign language training in depth includes most important of all—hope! Man is that curious creation native teachers. Modern, fire-proof buildings and dormitories. which will expend more energy and fight more valiantly to Write: Admissions Office, Leysin 14, Switzerland protect his castles in the air, his right to dream of his new ♦ti**************************************** house, than to safeguard the house he has just built. The American International School THESE incentives involve such things as salary and wages, monetary stability, good government, social position, re¬ Vicuna, Austria ligious values, and tax laws. Insofar as they relate to busi¬ A school based on the American education system with all in¬ ness firms, they involve all those factors normally discussed struction in English. Grades 1-12. German language study in all under the headings of business climate, or investment climate. grades. Graduates may enter American as well as Austrian uni¬ Meaningful compensation is a basic requirement to induce versities. College Entrance Board Examinations administered in people to work and produce. This involves more than wages Vienna. Accredited by Austrian Federal Ministry of Education. and social security. It means money with a stable value, it Boarding facilities in Austrian hoarding homes can be arranged means available goods, it means labor mobility and job op¬ for students in grades 7-12; boys to age 14 and girls to age 18. portunities. Even Chairman Khrushchev admits that the unavailability of goods on the market discourages the Rus¬ Detailed information available on request. sian worker from doing his best. John Formanek, Director, Vienna XIX., Savings is a critical factor in economic development. Sav¬ Bauernfeldgasse 40 ings means investment, capital, factories. It is a means of harnessing nature to help in the productive process. Low rates of savings plague all under-developed countries. Sav¬ 'jf

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 53 INCENTIVES

STUART & MAURY, Inc. Recognition, status, or prestige, are also factors of gen¬ REALTORS uine importance in any developing society. Frequently en¬ gineers, businessmen, foreman, or plumbers are very low Specializing In Residential Properties in the hierarchical order; the priesthood, the judges, schol¬ Wesley Heights—Spring Valley—Cleveland Park ars, generals command the honors and privileges. If a so¬ Westmoreland Hills—And Chevy Chase ciety looks upon a businessman as some type of scoundrel, thief, or knave—as many societies do—these will be the 5010 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. types of people who turn to business. A modern, industrial- Washington 16, D. Q commercial economy, the kind of economy which will pro¬ duce the fuller life, the improved material standard of liv¬ 537-1366 ing, requires that the cream of its population pursue profes¬ sions in the fields of business, engineering, government. If Let Vs Know You Saw Our Ad In The Journal social values frown on these mundane pursuits, the GNP will never grow to provide an adequate standard of living for the people, regardless of the size or duration of an aid program. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOTEL The Nicest Small Hotel in Wttshington In many countries, a campaign to elevate the social status 600 - 20th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. NAtional 8-5425 of the businessmen, managers, and skilled workers, to give Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the them recognition and prestige, would perhaps do more in Francis Scott Key Hotel the long run to promote development than would a grant of (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department (2) It offers family accommodations $100 million to finance an irrigation project or new fac¬ (3) One room, kitchen, dinette and hath, completely furnished tories. efficiency suites (4) Completely air-conditioned (5) Coffee shop with excellent food at moderate prices The productive, growing, efficient economy to which all ROOMS—Single $6.00 Double $7.50 developing countries aspire is a business economy. Business EFFICIENCY SUITES—DOUBLE BEDS decisions are therefore of paramount importance. It is un¬ Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up TWIN BEDS fortunately true that many of the countries—should one say Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up most?—which are clamoring for a growing, efficient, pro¬ Additional persons $1.50 each. ductive, healthy economy are at the same time deliberately 10% discount for weekly occupancy. Rowena F. Ward, Mgr.—Gladys L. Warner, Asst. Mgr. taking actions and pursuing policies the result of which can only be to discourage, weaken, or destroy business and businessmen. This isn’t a question of doctrinaire politics or I FOUND A NEW WORLD economics, it’s a basic fact of life. Business needs law and order. It can take risks in stride; in the Pages of the it can’t live with uncertainty and capriciousness. It needs FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL stability. With reasonably stable prices and a modicum of By a Subscriber

THE DAY I picked up my first copy of the Foreign Service Journal I stepped into a new world. I saw right away that here was a magazine that would help me get places—the faraway places. I was tired of Washington. So I sent for a subscription. I was not mistaken. In every issue Journal articles tell me about far-reaching events all over the world. Journal advertisements tell | me how to save money and how to spend it and how to ship j Grandmother’s goblets to Gibraltar. The Journal is not just for GS-17’s and Ambassadors, it’s for FSO’s who want to go far. Actually, I haven’t gone any place yet. I’m still in the research area. But any day now I expect an overseas assignment, thanks to the Journal. And thanks to the Journal and to four years in the Department, I’m ready for it. Address: Foreign Service Journal, Circulation Dept. 1742 “G” St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.

CLASSIFIED

SERVICE PEOPLE who have lived everywhere find Asheville a wonder¬ ful retirement place. Col. Leslie Skinner (Ret.), B00TH-BARFIELD, INC., The Association of American Foreign Service Women Realtors; Asheville, N. C. continues its efforts on behalf of Service juniors as Mrs. Jacob D. Beam, president of AAFSW, presents a check DOG TRAVEL SERVICE. Complete Personalized Boarding and World-Wide Shipping Service for your pet. Send for folder. Bed Rock Dogs Inter¬ for the scholarship fund to Lucius D. Battle, President of national, Westerly 4, R. I. AFSA. Elbert G. Matthews, Chairman of the Board of Directors (far left) and William C. Harrop, Chairman of FURNISHED APARTMENTS, Washington, D. C. $38.50 per week. Hotel the Education Committee (right) look on. The check 1440, 1440 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., AD 2-7800. Also rooms $17.50 for $800 brought AAFSW’s contributions to the fund to weekly or daily rates. Within walking distance of everything. $2,800 for fiscal 1963.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 by Wesley Haraldson

competition, it will thin itself down into an energetic, effi¬ SERVICE INVESTMENT cient, progressive producer. With instability, a businessman becomes a speculator, gambler, hoarder—not the manager CORPORATION of a producing unit. With good government, honest tax collectors, and equality before the law, the businessman 927 - 1 5th Sr., N.W. Telephone: 628-6770 spends his time in factory management, product develop¬ Washington 5, D. C. Cable: SERVISCO ment or salesmanship. In the absence of these, he spends his time seeking special favors. Business climate is more than SPECIALISTS IN MUTUAL FUNDS a cliche of the Chamber of Commerce. It is to economic growth what rainfall, wind, and temperature are to plant We recommend mutual funds suitable for your investment needs. growth. This is a lesson the developing countries must learn, Free consultation and literature. but we also must be reminded of it from time to time. FSJ-6-63 Parenthetically it should be emphasized that it isn’t pri¬ marily a question of attitudes toward foreign business or foreign investment. If domestically-owned business thrives and prospers, chances are that foreign-owned business will enjoy similar success and vice versa. Incentives for the individual and for the business firm are the well-springs of a growing economy, and more should be done—both within the context of our aid programs and without—to publicize and reinforce this fact and to support concrete measures in individual countries to sharpen or cre¬ ate anew these vital forces, to build and strengthen the in¬ stitutions of a free economy. This will at times involve agonizing appraisals and hard decisions, because political expediency may counsel a softer line. Emergencies will arise that will demand exceptions, but stop-gap exceptions must not establish permanent poli¬ cies. Our courage in this matter should be reinforced by the cold fact that no amount of foreign assistance will create prosperity in a society that doesn’t want it badly enough to pursue policies aimed at encouraging rather than discourag¬ ing human enterprise. And we might better recognize this fact early than late. Based on his experiences and discussions with others en¬ gaged in development efforts, the author feels that, in ad¬ ministration of our aid programs to date, too much reliance has been placed on the so-called capital-output concept the¬ sis that a developing country’s greatest need was more capital, the conviction that development and growth could be purchased with dollars if only the appropriations were large enough. In countries where existing capital is usually already underemployed, this seems to be a questionable the¬ sis. More concern and attention have to be placed on such homely subjects as fiscal policy, exchange rates, and market forces. Again, this is not a matter of doctrinaire economics or pollyanna business morality. It is the basic problem of creating incentives which will influence such things as ex¬ ports, imports, savings and consumption—all critical factors in economic development. In summary, the production of a society determines the standard of material well-being of its people. The produc¬ tion is but the sum total of the production of the individual members. To raise the standard of living, it is necessary to increase the productivity of the individual. A healthy and trained individual will also be productive, given the proper motivation. Like an old-fashioned milk stool, all three props are needed. Without any one, the other two perform quite badly.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 55 by WILLARD BEAULAC Career Opportunities as an FSO

THE State Department doesn’t al¬ sonally incompatible.” Foreign Service. I suspect he won't ways put its best foot forward here Now I believe that persons who are break many records in suburbia either. at home. It does a better job of selling interested in the Foreign Service as a “When they are abroad,” the Depart¬ the United States abroad than it does career should be told of the hardships ment goes on to say, “a Foreign Serv¬ of selling itself in the United States. involved in serving our government ice officer and his wife are on duty That is as it should be, of course. abroad. But I don’t think there is any twenty-four hours a day, seven days a Nevertheless, there is a selling job to need to exaggerate. week. There is little or no time for the be done at home, and the home job has After having lived in suburbia nearly kind of family life the average Ameri¬ its importance too. a year, I can’t see why anyone would can expects to find in his home com¬ Foreign Service officers staff our em¬ want to take suburbia, and all those munity.” bassies and consulates abroad and fill monthly payments, with him when he No time at all, I would say. And no nearly all the positions in the State goes abroad. time for sleeping either! Department that are directly concerned And as for having a significant part A FTER pointing out the sourer aspects with the conduct of our foreign rela¬ in decisions as to where you are going of life abroad, the Department tions. Tomorrow’s State Department to live and work, the minute you enter suggests that duty in Washington may and Foreign Service will be no better the Foreign Service you know that the than the people who staff them. whole wide world is going to be your not be so hot either. Indeed, without home. That ought to be enough for coming right out and saying so, it im¬ It follows, then, that if our foreign anybody. plies pretty clearly that Washington duty relations are as important as the State Your corporation man, on the other is even less attractive than duty abroad. Department says they are, and there’s hand, can spend twenty years in one “Some officers will find that they will no doubt in my mind that they are that place, know the local eighteen holes spend more than half of their years of important, every effort should be made like the palm of his hand, get himself service in this country,” it cautions, to attract our best people into the For¬ thoroughly committed to the commu¬ eign Service. I’m not sure we’re doing and it is clear that “this country” is a nity and comfortably in debt, and then euphemism for the United States. that as well as we might. be transferred, with little or no warn¬ The Department has prepared a pam¬ It continues, “Washington assign¬ ing to an area that has no cultural ments do, however, have such advan¬ phlet entitled “Career Opportunities as attraction for him, where playing the tages as reabsorption into the life of a Foreign Service Officer” for the in¬ new course is going to be a lot harder formation of prospective candidates for an American community, opportunities and piling up new debts is going to for the children to spend part of their the Foreign Service. The pamphlet, be a lot easier. formative years in schools and other however, appears to be aimed more at activities in their own country, more discouraging the kinds of applicants CAN’T SEE either that adapting to I chances to see one’s family and old who couldn’t pass the examination than associates that are personally incom¬ friends.” at attracting the kind who could pass. patible is much more difficult in the Much of it is devoted to warning pro¬ Foreign Service than it is in any other Even when the Department tempts spective candidates of the rigors and field. My own estimate is that there the prospective candidate with the tra¬ disappointments of Foreign Service life. are as many personally incompatible ditional appeals of the Foreign Service, The pamphlet says, “The Foreign people in suburbia as there are in it appears to be discouraging him. Service is not the wTay of life for those Ouagadougou, and in suburbia a lot of “The so-called glamor of diplomatic who wish to carry suburbia with them, them live in the same household. life quickly becomes shop-worn,” it re¬ for those who count on having a sig¬ I agree with the Department, how¬ minds him. “The young Foreign Serv¬ nificant part in decisions as to where ever, that a man who wants to take ice officer soon discovers that official they will live and work, for those who suburbia with him when he goes abroad dinners and receptions, necessary as cannot adapt to associates that are per¬ is not the type who will do well in the they are, are chores which are part of a

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 long business day, often tiresome rather to such melancholy writings. After rereading that I was still not than entertaining.” It mattered little that inevitably I sure 1 had got through to it. I was The deception here, of course, is that found that my new post was a much sure, on the other hand, that I was not the Department, with Machiavelli-like happier place than the report suggest¬ selfless, and certainly not above per¬ cynicism, leads the young hopeful to ed; that no member of the embassy sonal and family demands. My wife believe that he will be invited to a lot staff had ever contracted leprosy or and four children had seen to that. Nor of official dinners, even as a very junior yaws; that the absence of such recrea¬ was I as confident as perhaps I should officer. What future Vice Consul worthy tional facilities as bowling alleys and have heen in my inner strength of pur¬ of his exequatur would not leap at the roller skating rinks meant that the pose. prospect of those official dinners, with blessed outdoors would be your play¬ The Department said one thing that such boring additives as wines, cham¬ ground. I still became dispirited every I endorse strongly. pagne, and liqueurs? What red-cor- time I looked at another post report. “Natural brilliance,” it said, “is a puscled diplomat-to-be would not gladly Reading about the qualifications of a great asset in the Service; but brilliance run the risk that official dinners, where Foreign Service officer was like reading in itself is not enough; it is likely to one may even sit down, will be more of a post report, with the difference that burn itself out quickly unless it is ac¬ a chore than suburbia’s cocktail- whereas the post report usually lists companied by integrity, steadiness, sin¬ buffets? qualities that no one is anxious to live cerity and real modesty.” with, the qualifications of the ideal For¬ Of course, if I were a prospective I THINK, at the same time, that having eign Service officer are such as few of candidate for the Foreign Service I gone as far as it did, the Department us can hope to possess. should be tempted to believe that what should point out that in the event a The Department avers, without quali¬ the Department was trying to tell me young Foreign Service officer is invited fication, that candidates “should be was that if a person has integrity, stead¬ to official dinners and receptions and complete masters of English grammar iness, sincerity, and real modesty, to¬ acts as though they are tiresome chores, and should have a feeling for the struc¬ gether with the other qualities listed, he’ll find his name missing from future ture of the English language.” such as selflessness, being above per¬ invitation lists, and probably from fu¬ sonal and family demands, and having ture promotion lists, too. THAT is too bad, in a way, because it confidence in inner strength of purpose, The Department, in its pamphlet, means that a person like Ernest he doesn’t have to be brilliant. candidly admits that the qualifications Hemingway, who had a real interest in And that may well be the case, al¬ of a Foreign Service officer are almost foreign peoples, would be barred from though I agree with the Department indefinable. Then it proceeds to define the foreign Service on grammatical that a dash of brilliance will never harm some of them. grounds. Although Ernest had a good anyone so long as it is kept under con¬ I had the same feeling, when I read feeling for the structure of the English trol and, on appropriate occasions, un¬ the list of qualifications the Depart¬ language, he told me once that gram¬ der wraps. ment’s ideal Foreign Service officer is mar gave him the devil of a time. I supposed to have, that I used to have confess, perhaps needlessly, that I have WISELY, the Department assures us when I read a post report. the same trouble. In fact, I’m not even that it is not setting its sights too Dating from when it took more than sure I have a feeling for structure. high in its quest for the ideal candidate. a month to travel from Washington to The Department gives us an image “Please do not obtain the impression little-known Buenos-Aires, every em¬ of the kind of candidates it is trying to that only paragons can obtain admit¬ bassy and consulate has supplied the entice. “Their faces and their bear¬ tance into the Foreign Service,” it says. State Department with a post report, ings,” it says, “should reflect an eager¬ Of course, it would be less confusing, which is supposed to contain informa¬ ness to learn and a lively intellectual since the Department doesn’t want the tion on living and working conditions curiosity.” reader to obtain the impression that of interest and value to a newly as¬ Leaving aside possible redundance, only paragons can obtain admission into signed officer and his family. The re¬ it seems to me that Foreign Service the Foreign Service, if it simply re¬ port treats of such matters as climate, officers whose faces and bearings con¬ frained from giving that impression, livinar costs, educational and recreation¬ stantly reflect an eagerness to learn but perhaps that is too much, or too al facilities, and non-availability of dia¬ fall in the category of personally incom¬ little, to expect. per laundering services. Among the patible persons against whom the De¬ If any non-paragon should succeed data required to be included are the partment has warned us. As far as I, in obtaining admission into the Foreign diseases common to the area, which myself, am concerned, if my hearings Service, especially one with a feeling seem always to include leprosy, yaws, had to reflect constantly an eagerness for the structure of the English lan¬ and amoebic dysentery. to learn, I’m afraid they would have to guage. he’ll find that public relations is I never failed to glance at the post be replaced every five thousand miles, a big field. The need to sell the For¬ report before going abroad on a new which, in this jet age, is peanuts. eign Service is greater than ever. assignment. I rarely read it through. The Department admits, somewhat Editor’s Note: The average post report, with its refer¬ grudgingly, that “the Foreign Service “Career Opportunities in the For¬ ences to high living costs and fearsome does offer a worthwhile, satisfying ca¬ eign Service” has heen out of print for plagues, is capable of inducing fits of reer to those who are selfless, above the past few months and a revised, up¬ depression in a Foreign Service officer, personal and family demands, and con¬ dated version is in the process of being and especially in his wife. Children fident in their inner strength of pur¬ published. With a new format it is mercifully are shielded from exposure pose.” due to make its appearance this month.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 57

Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer's correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the ivriters are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole•

“A Learn Pidgin”—or a Responsible Officer ?

ONE definitely controversial aspect contribution to make in our profession. years, while their colleagues in the of the Herter Committee report is In the absence of actuarial evidence to younger man’s military profession take its proposal for rapid promotion the contrary, it would seem that over perhaps three times as long to go the through the three lower classes. The the long run, if there is to be room in same distance. (For instance, it report¬ effect of the Committee’s recommenda¬ Classes 1 to 5 for enough younger of¬ edly now takes a newly commissioned tions would be a long step in the di¬ ficers to lower the average age signifi¬ Ensign over nine years to make Lieu¬ rection of reducing the Service to five cantly, there will have to be some rather tenant Commander.) Furthermore, the numbered classes plus the two “super¬ ruthless and arbitrary early retirement junior FSO’s are essentially to be in grades,” a structure comparable to that of older officers who presumably have training status until they reach Class set up under the original FS Act of a potential for additional years of use¬ 5, while company grade military of¬ 1946. Without going into a detailed ful service. Such a policy is under¬ ficers are given real responsibility. study of the reasons why the number standable in the military services but At the lower end of the scale the of Foreign Service classes was ten years theirs, to a much greater extent than Committee seems to be saying that a later again increased to approximately ours, is a young man’s profession. young officer is fit for nothing but the pre-1946 number, it seems that The second point in the Committee’s training assignments until he is in there are advantages to more, rather reasoning (Structure . . . competitive Class 5, about a third of the way up than fewer, classes. . . . with business and other Govern¬ the Service ladder. At the other end According to qualified observers in¬ ment employment”) is even more dif¬ of the scale, current trends (e.g., ap¬ side and outside the Foreign Service, ficult to understand. The report com¬ pointment of CM ex-Ambassadors as our promotion system is as fair as pares FSO Classes 6, 7 and 8 with the office Directors, six hierarchical steps human integrity can make it. But it three lowest officer grades in the mili¬ below tbe top of the Departmental basically depends on the objectivity tary services. The FSO’s, however, are pyramid) indicate a lack of confidence and consistency of hundreds of individ¬ to race through three classes in what in an officer’s ability to assume more ual rating officers, and we all know appears to be an average of about 3 that it is a rare officer who has not than moderate responsibility until been unfairly held back or unfairly he is very near the top of the Service. accelerated in his promotions by an The fact of the matter is that on any unduly generous or unduly strict ef¬ basis of logic there should certainly ficiency report. As these injustices be, in our large organization, eight (or are due to the inevitable differences ten, including the super-grades) dis¬ in the honest judgment of individuals, tinguishable levels of responsibility. they average out over the long run. There is no reason why a Class 7 officer But if the run is essentially from 5 to cannot, if he proves up to it, be given 1 rather than 8 to 1, the possibilities real responsibility. In fact, many such for conrpensatory acceleration or de¬ officers are carrying relatively heavy celeration of promotions is greatly re¬ responsibilities, particularly in some duced. There is thus a much greater of the new African Embassies, and chance that an officer who has on his their response is generally superior. record a couple of efficiency reports “Life anti Love” If, however, the Service allows an officer to be little more than a “learn written by a supervisor who does not HE “Life and Love in the Foreign T pidgin” until he is in Class 5, then if fully appreciate his abilities, will never Service” picture on the cover of he is to be rewarded when he reaches catch up to where he deserves to be. the April issue was very appropriate. the higher levels of responsibility, The Committee states that the long- The girls have let down their hair and three more super-super grades, carry¬ run effect of its recommendations in the JOURNAL now has its “Dept, of Dis¬ ing with them super-super respon¬ this area would be “to lower the aver¬ sent.” It has already been quoted in sibility to which he can aspire, must be age age of officers at middle and senior the N. Y. TIMES (Sulzberger’s column invented. Theoretically, it would not levels and to make the structure and on April 1) and will attract increasing make much difference which course is salaries of the foreign affairs services attention. c- r> r more nearly competitive with business b. D. J. followed. Logically, it would seem pre¬ and other Government employment.” Denver. ferable to try to apportion responsibility The current accent on youth is ex¬ Editor’s note: For those who, like in a manner consistent with the present cellent, but a statistical look at S.B.J., may have missed the caption Service structure and endeavor to main¬ those now occupying positions of high (printed in the Pic index, p. 2) for the tain salaries and benefits of the various responsibility in the Department and April fool cover, it read: “From what classes at levels commensurate with the the field demonstrates that age, with the they said in Recruitment, you’d never responsibilities the officers in them are experience and wisdom which should guess the social life at this post was so expected to carry. K. J. accompany it, also has a substantial limited.” Washington

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 59 Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer’s correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

Tours of Duly THE new policy set forth in the De¬ On Not Resigning, by a Junior FSO partment’s CA-8186 of February 6, 1963 setting individual tours of duty will doubtless be welcomed as indeed IN recent months you have published the same superiors as one of the officers would any reasonable policy which letters of resignation from junior whose letter of resignation complained holds out any hope of being adhered to. officers and considerable comment on bitterly of the lack of opportunity, During the past twenty-three years the the calibre of junior officers. It seems wrote a paper which rose through the writer has seen tour of duty policies is¬ time to hear more from junior officers; echelons of State until it was used as a sued, presumably after careful study of perhaps this letter will provoke or en¬ basis for a meeting of the Secretary’s all the factors involved, and each one courage additional comment. Policy Committee. The FSO-8 was in¬ successively jettisoned, presumably as Most junior officers have found the vited to attend and he had the satisfac¬ they proved to be unsuitable to the Foreign Service an exciting, challeng¬ tion of hearing his paper discussed by needs of the Service or unworkable. ing and worthwhile career. Despite a the foreign affairs leaders of the nation, What has not been seen are signs healthy number of gripes, especially chaired by Secretary Rusk. as to whether any thorough-going study when promotions seem slow and sal¬ Why are most junior officers com¬ was made of how well any one of the aries low, I think any poll -would show mitted to an FSO career? There are policies was observed during the period that the vast majority of junior officers many fringe reasons such as the varied it was supposed to be in force. Each of would not trade a career in the Foreign nature and location of assignments, the us has his pet set of instances we like Service for any other. prestige of diplomatic status, and the to cite to show that tour-of-duty policies Only a very small percentage of opportunity to associate with interest¬ are constantly ignored. I doubt whether junior officers have been leaving the ing and important people and col¬ any study has ever been made of how service during their first five years leagues. But the underlying reason well a policy was observed or how often (either voluntarily or involuntarily). junior FSO’s smile at low salaries, exceptions were made and of the reasons Of the twenty-four officers who entered hardship posts, and even routine jobs why it had to be superseded by anoth¬ with me three-and-one-half years ago, is that we recognize the importance of er because it was no longer suitable. I believe only one has resigned, and the job the Foreign Service does. Few Such a study would be a formidable she was lured by the appeals of mar¬ careers can match in importance, chal¬ task, requiring the examination of some ried life. For young people in their lenge, and personal satisfaction the 3,500 files to see whether a policy was twenties and early thirties, many of work of representing the United States followed, and if not, why not. whom are marrying, most of whom are in the rest of the world and taking a It will, of course, be useful, though moving to strange environments, few leading part in the formation and ex¬ sometimes melancholy, for an officer to of whom are skyrocketing in rank or ecution of U.S. policy toward other know how long he will be expected to salary, the resignation rate is small in countries and peoples. serve at a particular post in a certain comparison with either industry or JOHN A. BOSHNELL job. One wonders how often “exigencies business. The Foreign Sendee might Washington of the Service” will be cited as a rea¬ worry more about its ability to cull out son for deviation (which there will sure¬ those who are not measuring up to ly be) from the stated term, and how highest standards rather than bemoan¬ frequently this reason will be confused ing the small percentage of those who with exigencies of a particular post, or leave the service. Chief of Mission, or personality clash, A large number of junior officers are or a bureau’s changing job structure, or offered interesting jobs with other gov¬ simply personal preferences inflated to ernment agencies, not to mention pri¬ fit the praiseworthy concept. Would it vate enterprise. Almost all turn down not be valuable to have someone in a these offers. Two FSO’s-6 who were central position in the assignments ma¬ selected out in 1962 found jobs in Gov¬ chinery to keep a box score during the ernment as GS-13’s. next, say, five years to see how well we There has been concern about the do in carrying out the project? Then, assignment of junior officers to rou¬ when the policy is revised—which if tine jobs. Certainly there are some history teaches us anything, will surely such jobs and the measures being have to be done—it could be based on taken to eliminate such assignments solid facts of experience instead of on are overdue. But the complaints more the judgment of a few officers whose often reflect a lack of initiative on the views will be limited, if by nothing part of the junior officers. else, by the sheer size and complexity Junior officers with initiative can and of the Service. do make most jobs both interesting and ROBERT P. CHALKF.R rewarding. For example, an FSO-8, American Consul General Kobe-Osaka who worked in the same office and for ANGKOR WAT Jack Grover

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June 1963 Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writers correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

“I’ve Got Those Elegance, Originality and Syntax Eiffel Tower Blues” THERE is no denying the Foreign out simply outrageous reports for years Remembering Ted Olson’s earlier classic Service has people who can write, without anyone ever telling them just “They Always Come on Sundays” we but the most abject apologist for the how frightful their despatches are. As thought JOURNAL readers might enjoy the organization would admit much of our a partial solution, perhaps the Depart¬ following: drafting lacks tautness and clarity. If ment should start a competition to se¬ They come in floods, in trickles too, what an author writes reflects what he lect each month the one best and the The tourists who descend on you. reads, there may be an easy explana¬ five worst examples of Foreign Service They come from near, from far away, tion: we simply read too much of each drafting. The initial sorting could per¬ They come from Brooklyn and Bombay. other’s stuff. This is not an appeal to haps be made by Correspondence Re¬ From field and stream they come apace reduce the number of official commu¬ view for messages leaving the Depart¬ And soon they’ll come from outer space nications which is an important, but ment and by the desk officers for mes¬ Straight to your door, your soul to harass separate, problem. It is an appeal for sages from posts abroad. They would They come to you—if you live in Paris. need to do nothing more than jot down In summertime (now winter too) more elegance, more originality in For¬ Their leisure time leads straight to you. eign Service drafting. The question is the message number whenever they en¬ Each post brings news of eager hordes more than esthetic: the constant use countered a particularly apt or inept (All poised to fly like darts to hoards) of hack phrases tends to sterilize im¬ example. Final selection might fall to Of friends of friends and their relations agination, as well as syntax. a panel of senior officers between as¬ “Chez vous” the target for their vacations. One difficulty is that apart from the signments in Washington. Once cho¬ A tranquil life becomes a dream annual efficiency exercise, there is no sen, the six items could be circulated As with them all you madly stream consistent effort to separate good from within the service with a carefully- To Eiffel Tower and Paris sewer, bad. Some people have been turning reasoned analysis of what made the To Mona Lisa and artists newer, good one good and the bad ones bad. To Lido and Folies Bergere A monthly exposure to illustrated ex¬ (Why did you ever take them there?), In accents from Oshkosh, St. Paul, Into the shops of Dior and Ricci, Their cheery voices to you call, cellence and illustrated error might Into the precincts the most “chichi,” “You don’t know me but I’m a friend serve to keep us on our syntactical toes. Scattering fractured French they go Of Bill and Maude from East South Bend.” L. M. With you reluctantly in tow And still they come, and more and more, Washington Translating meekly blow by blow. The flocks and herds swarm through your Oh, don’t forget the Foire aux Puces, door. The Tour D’Argent, the Bateaux Mouches, They clutch you in their fond embrace The Sainte Chapelle, the Madeleine Who ne’er before beheld their face. And both the banks along the Seine. Delighted to find you’re really there, The tower of Notre Dame you scale, Happy to share your “pied a terre.” For Sacre Coeur then hit the trail, Oh, poor benighted fool who plants The Arc de Triomphe, Napoleon’s Tomb, Foot on the alluring lie de France They keep you rushing to your doom. Hoping there with measured pace And as from tower to tomb you fly. To lead a life of tranquil grace. Your feeble mind keeps asking, “Why?” Your very presence is an invitation Your feet break down, your back is aching, To Hittite, Hottentot, and Dalmatian, Your eyes are glassy, your hands are At his convenience to see at last shaking The place he’s dreamed of in the past. And do they call a halt? Not they! So back into the fray you stumble But in their piercing voices bray, Pausing now and then to mumble, “Let’s try the Catacombs today!” “Will this torment never cease? No home cooked meal their palates please, Or is sweet death the sole release?” Nor simple fare like bread and cheese, And the answer comes; “Arise! Begone! But to those three star restaurants Remove to South Bend or Saigon.” (The glory and pride of France) P.S. They lead you firmly while you shiver, We used to think the Paris post Anticipating your ruined liver. The one that would provide the most Your purse is flat, your thoughts impure, Of preying guest and hapless host. Your “crise de foie” defies the cure Alas! All that begins to pale Back into your own bed you creep Our senses reel, our pulses fail— From which erstwhile your guests did leap Those cherry trees are now in flower; Eager to try a new delight, Our guest room knows its finest hour. Another bistro, another sight. The fun has only just begun— Oh, blessed solitude, what surcease We’ve been assigned to Washington! From pain and turmoil. Oh, what peace! FLORENCE FISHER And scarcely have you said goodbye (Mrs. Alan Fisher) The bells ring out—a new voice—“Hi!” Washington “THE LUTE PLAYER” Centileschi THE OLD CROW DISTILLERY CO., FRANKFORT. KY. KENTUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKEY 86 PROOF

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80 PROOF

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