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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49511-0 — Feminist Judgments Edited by Deborah S. Gordon , Browne C. Lewis , Carla Spivack Frontmatter More Information

feminist judgments: rewritten trusts and estates opinions

For women and other marginalized groups, the reality is that the laws regulating estates and trusts may not be treating them fairly. By using popular feminist legal theories as well as their own deﬁnitions of feminism, the authors of this volume present rewritten opinions from well-known estates and trust cases. Covering eleven important cases, this collection reﬂects the diversity in society and explores the need for greater diversity in the law. By re-examining these cases, the contributors are able to demonstrate how women’s property rights, as well as the rights of other marginalized groups, have been limited by the law.

Deborah S. Gordon is an associate professor of law at Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law. Previously, she served as editor-in-chief of the NYU Law Review and she practiced law for over ten years before joining the academy. Her scholarship explores the intersection of language, emotion, and gender in inheritance law. She is the co-author of Experiencing Trusts and Estates (West Academic Press, 2017). Browne C. Lewis is Dean at North Carolina Central University School of Law. She is a member of the American Law Institute and has been a Core Fulbright Scholar in London and a Senior Fulbright Specialist in Israel. She has published Papa’s Baby: Paternity and Artiﬁcial Insemination (New York University Press, 2012) and The Ethical and Legal Consequences of Posthumous Reproduction: Arrogance, Avarice and Anguish (Routledge, 2016). Carla Spivack is Oxford Research Professor of Law at Oklahoma City University School of Law. She holds a Ph.D. in English literature from Boston College and a J.D. from New York University School of Law. Her dissertation was a study of backlash against female political power after the death of Elizabeth I. In her work, she focuses on gender and inequality.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49511-0 — Feminist Judgments Edited by Deborah S. Gordon , Browne C. Lewis , Carla Spivack Frontmatter More Information

Feminist Judgments Series Editors

Bridget J. Crawford Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University

Kathryn M. Stanchi University of Nevada, Las Vegas William S. Boyd School of Law

Linda L. Berger University of Nevada, Las Vegas William S. Boyd School of Law

Advisory Panel for Feminist Judgments Series

Kathryn Abrams, Herma Hill Kay Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law Katharine T. Bartlett, A. Kenneth Pye Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law Mary Anne Case, Arnold I. Shure Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School Margaret E. Johnson, Professor of Law, University of Baltimore School of Law Sonia Katyal, Chancellor’s Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law Nancy Leong, Associate Professor of Law, University of Denver Sturm College of Law Rachel Moran, William H. Neukom Fellows Research Chair, American Bar Foundation Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Chancellor’s Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law Nancy D. Polikoff, Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law Daniel B. Rodriguez, Dean and Harold Washington Professor, Northwestern University School of Law Susan Deller Ross, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center Verna L. Williams, Judge Joseph P. Kinneary Professor of Law, University of Cincinnati College of Law

Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Trusts and Estates Opinions

Edited by DEBORAH S. GORDON Drexel University, Philadelphia

BROWNE C. LEWIS North Carolina Central University

CARLA SPIVACK Oklahoma City University

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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108495110 doi: 10.1017/9781108860963 © Deborah S. Gordon, Browne C. Lewis, and Carla Spivack 2020 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2020 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. isbn 978-1-108-49511-0 Hardback isbn 978-1-108-81695-3 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

For my mother, Gail Gordon, and in memory of my father, Norman Gordon –DSG For my sisters, Emma S., Evon, Gloria, Ora Bell, and Emma L. –BCL In memory of my mother, Charlotte Spivack, and my father, Bernard Spivack –CS

Contents

Advisory Panel for Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Trusts and Estates Opinions page xi Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Table of Cases xix

1 Introduction to the Feminist Judgments: Rewritten 1 Trusts and Estates Opinions Project Deborah S. Gordon, Browne C. Lewis, and Carla Spivack 2 In re Strittmater’s Estate, 53 A.2d 205 (N.J. 1947) 17 Commentary: Lloyd Bonﬁeld and Bridget J. Crawford Judgment: Kristen K. Tiscione 3 In re Will of Moses, 227 So.2d 829 (Miss. 1969) 39 Commentary: Claire C. Robinson May Judgment: Julia Belian 4 In re Estate of Wilson, 59 N.Y.2d 461, 452 N.E.2d 1228 (1983) 65 Commentary: Deborah S. Gordon Judgment: Camille M. Davidson 5 O’Neal v. Wilkes, 439 S.E.2d 490 (Ga. 1994) 81 Commentaries: Ayelet Blecher-Prigat and Benedetta Faedi Duramy Judgment: Browne C. Lewis 6 Via v. Putnam, 656 So.2d 460 (Fla. 1995) 100 Commentary: Eloisa C. Rodriguez-Dod Judgment: Elena Maria Marty-Nelson

x Contents

7 In re Estate of Myers, 256 Neb. 817, 594 N.W.2d 563 (1999) 123 Commentary: Danaya C. Wright Judgment: Karen J. Sneddon 8 Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141 (2001) 149 Commentary: Donna Litman Judgment: Naomi R. Cahn 9 Drevenik v. Nardone, 862 A.2d 635 (Super. Ct. Pa. 2004) 179 Commentary: Elizabeth R. Carter Judgment: Carrie A. Hagan 10 Reece v. Elliott, 208 S.W.3d 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) 190 Commentary: Browne C. Lewis Judgment: Browne C. Lewis and Elizabeth V. Sparks 11 Khabbaz v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 930 A.2d 1180 (N.H. 2007) 201 Commentary: Melanie B. Jacobs and Browne C. Lewis Judgment: Lynda Wray Black 12 Karsenty v. Schoukroun, 959 A.2d 1147 (Md. 2008) 220 Commentary: Kent D. Schenkel Judgment: Allison A. Tait

Index 246

Advisory Panel for Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Trusts and Estates Opinions

Alexander Boni-Saenz, Associate Professor, Chicago Kent College of Law Alfred L. Brophy, Professor, University of Alabama School of Law (Retired) Naomi R. Cahn, Harold H. Greene Professor of Law, The George Washington University Law School Camille M. Davidson, Dean and Professor of Law, Southern Illinois University School of Law Thomas P. Gallanis, Associate Dean for Research, Allan D. Vestal Chair in Law, and Professor of History, Iowa College of Law William P. LaPiana, Associate Dean, Rita and Joseph Solomon Professor of Wills, Trusts, and Estates, and Director, Estate Planning, Graduate Tax Program, New York Law School Ray D. Madoff, Professor, Boston College School of Law Sergio Pareja, Dean and Professor of Law, Henry Weinhofen Chair, University of New Mexico School of Law Casey Ross, Director, American Indian Law and Sovereignty Center, Clinical Professor of Law, and University General Counsel, Oklahoma City University School of Law Robert H. Sitkoff, John L. Gray Professor of Law, Harvard Law School Phyllis C. Taite, Interim Associate Dean and Professor of Law, Florida A&M University School of Law Michael T. Yu, Associate Professor of Law, California Western School of Law

Notes on Contributors

Julia Belian is an associate professor of law at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law. Lynda Wray Black is an associate professor of law at the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law at the University of Memphis. Ayelet Blecher-Prigat is the Dean of Law School at the College of Law and Science, Israel. Lloyd Bonﬁeld is Emeritus Professor at New York Law School and Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa College of Law. Naomi R. Cahn is the Harold H. Greene Professor of Law at the George Washington University School of Law. Elizabeth R. Carter is the Judge Anthony J. Graphia and Jo Ann Graphia Professor of Law at the Paul M. Herbert Law Center, Louisiana State University. Bridget J. Crawford is a professor of law at the Pace University Elisabeth Haub School of Law. Camille M. Davidson is Dean at the Southern Illinois University School of Law. Benedetta Faedi Duramy is a professor of law and Associate Dean of Faculty Scholarship at the Golden Gate University School of Law. Deborah S. Gordon is an associate professor of law at the Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law.

xiii

xiv Notes on Contributors

Carrie A. Hagan is a clinical associate professor of law and Director of the Civil Practice Clinic at the Robert H. McKinney School of Law, Indiana University. Melanie B. Jacobs is Interim Dean and a professor of law at the Michigan State University College of Law. Browne C. Lewis is Dean at North Carolina Central University School of Law. Carla Spivack is Oxford Research Professor of Law at Oklahoma City University School of Law. Donna Litman is a professor of law at the Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad College of Law. Elena Maria Marty-Nelson is Associate Dean for Diversity, Inclusion, and Public Impact and a professor of law at the Nova Southeastern Shepard Broad College of Law. Claire C. Robinson May is a professor of legal writing at the Cleveland- Marshall College of Law. Eloisa C. Rodriguez-Dod is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and a professor of law at the Florida International School of Law. Kent D. Schenkel is a professor of law at the New England College of Law. Karen J. Sneddon is a professor of law at the Mercer University School of Law. Elizabeth V. Sparks is an adjunct professor of law at the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. Allison A. Tait is an associate professor of law at the University of Richmond School of Law. Kristen K. Tiscione is a professor of law and legal practice at the Georgetown University Law Center. Danaya C. Wright is the Clarence J. Teselle Endowed Professor of Law at the University of Florida Levin College of Law.

Preface

Could a feminist perspective change trusts and estates law? To begin to answer this question, we brought together a group of scholars and lawyers to rewrite, using feminist perspectives, signiﬁcant cases from a variety of courts around the country that address the many topics that might be covered in a trusts and estates class or addressed by estate planners or probate litigators. Some of the cases in this volume implicate gender on their face – questions about sex-based restrictions in charitable trusts and reproductive technology’s impact on inheritance rights – and some implicate gender in less obvious ways, such as how to value a surviving spouse’s rights with respect to a decedent’s estate or the parameters of adoption or retirement planning. Many people understand that feminist reasoning has tremendous potential to affect, for example, the law of employment discrimination, sexual harassment, and reproductive rights. People may be less aware that feminist analysis can likewise transform inheritance law. By highlighting the inﬂuence of perspective, background, and stereotyping on the reading and interpretation of both statutes and com- mon law, Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Trusts and Estates Opinions shows what a difference feminist analysis can make. This volume, like all the books in Cambridge University Press’s Feminist Judgments Series, demonstrates that judges with feminist viewpoints could have changed the law, even based only on the precedent and law in effect at the time of the original decision. Or, even if the desired result could not be achieved under the current law, this volume shows how a powerful dissent can serve to draw attention to the fact that inheritance law operates in many cases to disadvantage women, racial minorities, LGBT+ individuals, and other historically oppressed groups. Together, the opinions and commentaries in this volume illustrate the importance of diversity of perspectives on the bench so that judges do not approach their work with a uniform worldview

xvi Preface

inﬂuenced by the same set of preconceptions and privileges. For judges, lawyers, students, and members of the general public, reading these critical opinions helps to expose the ways in which judges – and, in turn, the devel- opment of the law – are subtly inﬂuenced by preconceptions, existing power hierarchies, prevailing social norms, and “conventional” wisdom. This book shows that inheritance law is not neutral but rather shaped by the beliefs and policies of the society that produces it and the judges who apply it. At the same time, the contributors to this book hold out hope that the law of trusts and estates can be transformed to be an instrument of greater justice and equality for all people.

Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible without the support of Cambridge University Press, which so enthusiastically endorsed a series of books following the publication of Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Opinions of the United States Supreme Court (2016). The larger US Feminist Judgments project is intellec- tually indebted to the women who created the Women’s Court of Canada and the UK Feminist Judgments Project, which inspired similar projects throughout the world. We are grateful to Linda L. Berger, Bridget J. Crawford, and Kathryn M. Stanchi for their leadership and guidance. We wish to thank the members of our Advisory Panel, who embraced the project with enthusiasm and helped us to think about the book’s organization, limitations, and challenges. Our editors John Berger and Jackie Grant provided guidance and assistance throughout the publication process. For research assistance, we thank Elizabeth Sparks and John Canaan. For administrative assistance, we thank Diane Adams. Each of us would like to thank the many colleagues, students, friends, and family members who have supported our work on this project. Browne Lewis thanks the Plevin family and the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law for their generous support. Carla Spivack thanks Oklahoma City University School of Law for its generous support, and Misha, for taking care of pretty much everything else. Deborah Gordon thanks her husband, Jonathan Offenkrantz, and the Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law for their generous support. All three of us thank all of our contributors for their enthusiasm and many hours of work and dedication (and numerous rounds of editing!) that have brought this project to life.

xvii

Table of Cases

Alan Banks, Jr. v. Ira R. Pusey, 393 Md. 688, 697, 904 A.2d 448 (2006), p. 234 Allender v. Allender, 199 Md.541,87A.2d 608(1952), pp. 240, 242, 243 Ankenbrandt v. Richards, 504 U.S. 689 (1992), p. 160 Atkinson’s Estate, 80 So.2d 12 (Miss. 1955), p. 55

Baker’s Will, 90 A. 1009 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1914), p. 37 Barnett v. Barnett, 124 So. 498, 500 (Miss. 1929), p. 54 Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249 (1953), pp. 68, 79 Bearden v. Gibson, 60 So.2d665, 666 (1952), p. 52 Becker v. Neb. Accountability & Disclosure Comm’n, 249 Neb. 28, 33, 541 N.W.2d 36, 40 (1995), p. 142 Billiter v. Parriott, 128 Neb. 238, 258 N.W. 395, 397 (1935), p. 138 Boggs v. Boggs, 520 U.S. 833, 841 (1997), pp. 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 168 Bourn v. Bourn, 140 So. 518 (Miss. 1932), p. 56 Bowen v. Hoxie, 137 Mass. 528 (1884), p. 218 Boylan v. Meeker, 28 N.J.L. 274, 277 (N.J. 1860), pp. 37, 38 Bradwell v. State, 16 Wall (83 U.S.) 130,p.67 Brooks v. Brooks, 733 P.2d 1044, 1048 n.4 (Alaska 1987), p. 195 Brown v. Bel. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954), p. 10 Brown v. Fid. Tr. Co., 126 Md. 175, 94 A. 523 (1915), p. 238 Burnett v. Smith, 47 So.117, 118 (Miss.1908), p. 48 Butterworth v. Keeler, 219 N.Y. 446 (1916), p. 73,

Califano v. Jobst, 434 U.S. 47 (1977), p. 210 California Div. of Labor Standards Enforcement v. Dillingham Constr., N. A., Inc., 519 U.S. 316, 330 (1997), pp. 152, 162 Campbell v. Campbell, 202 Neb. 575, 276 N.W.2d 220 (1979), p. 137

xix

xx Table of Cases

Caswell v. Kent, 186 A.2d 581, 581 (Me. 1962), p. 170 Cavanaugh v. Davis, 149 Tex. 573, 235 S.W.2d 972 (1951), p. 98 Central States Found. v. Balka, 256 Neb. 369, 373, 590 N.W.2d 832, 836 (1992), p. 136 Chase v. Ameriquest Mortgage Co., 921 A.2d 369 (N.H. 2007), p. 209 Cheatham v. Burnside, 77 So.2d 719 (Miss. 1955), p. 52 City National Bank of Florida v. Tescher, 578 So.2d 701, 702 (Fla. 1991), p. 115 Clark v. Jeter, 486 U.S. 456 (1988), p. 215 Coins’ Will, 141 So.2d 759 (Miss. 1959), p. 49 Cook v. Walker, 15 Ga. 457 (1854), p. 97 Crawford v. Wilson, 139 Ga. 654, 78 S.E. 30 (1913), p. 95 Creason v. Myers, 217 Neb. 551, 350 N.W.2d 526 (1984), p. 136 Croft v. Alder, 115 So.2d. 595 (Miss. 1959), p. 41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 52, 56, 57, 59, 60 Crotty’s Will, 134 A. 622, 623 (Essex County Ct. 1926), p. 34 Curry v. Lucas, 180 So. 397, 398 (Miss. 1938), p. 55

Dennis v. Whitney, 844 A.2d 1267 (Pa. Super 2004), p. 188 Domain v. Bosley, 242 Md. 1, 7, 217 A.2d 555, 559 (1966), p. 236 Drevenik v. Nardone, 862 A.2d 635 (Super Ct. Pa. 2004), pp. 12, 179, 184–85 Drummond v. Fulton County Department of Family and Children Services, 237 Ga. 449, 228 S.E.2d 839 (1976), p. 97 Dunnock v. Dunnock, 3 Md. Chan.140,147 (1853), p. 237

Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141 (2001), pp. 14, 149–54, 159 Emory University v. Dorsey, 207 Ga. App. 808, 429 S.E.2d 307 (1993), p. 97 Evans v. Newton, 382 U.S. 296 (1966), pp. 70, 80 Estate of Lopata, 641P.2d 952, 956 (Colo. 1982) (en banc), p. 195 Estate of Myers, 256 Neb. 817, 594 N.W.2d 563 (1999), pp. 12, 128–29, 132 Estate of Reap v. Malloy, 727 A.2d 326, 329 (D.C. 1999), p. 171 Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339 (1880), p. 78

Finch v. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co., 577 S.E.2d 306 (N.C. Ct. App. 2003), p. 132 First Church of Christ, Scientist v. Watson, 286 Ala. 270, 273, 239 So.2d 194, 196 (1970), p. 170 Fortenberry v. Herrington, 196 So. 232, 236 (Miss. 1940), p. 53 Friedberg v. Sunbank/Miami, N.A., 648 So.2d 204, 205–06 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994), p. 122 Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), p. 10

Table of Cases xxi

Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Assn., 505 U.S. 88, 98 (1992), p. 164 Gathings v. Howard, 80 So. 240, 241 (Miss. 1920), p. 54 Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), p. 10 Gianakos v. Magiros, 234 Md. 14, 197 A.2d 897 (1964), p. 240 Gillet-Netting v. Barnhart, 371 F.3d 593 (9th Cir. 2004), p. 217 Gillis v. Smith, 75 So. 451, 451 (Miss. 1917), p. 54 Grant v. Norwood, 161 So.2d 189, 190 (Miss. 1964), p. 48, 55, 63 Grant v. Stamler, 59 A. 890, 890–91 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1905), p. 32 Gregory v. Estate of Gregory, 866 S.W.2d 379, 382 (Ark. 1993), p. 110–11, 121 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), p. 214 Gross v. Gross, 464 N.E.2d500, 504(Ohio 1984), p. 195

Ham v. Ham, 110 So. 583 (Miss. 1926), p. 56 Haness’ Estate, 130 A.655, 658 (N.J. Prerog.Ct.1925), pp. 32, 34 Hart v. Shalala, No. 94–3944 (E.D. La. Dec. 12, 1994), p. 217 Hays v. Henry, 1 Md. Chan. 337 (1851), pp. 224, 225, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244 Heien et al. v. Crabtree, 369 S.W.2d 28, 30 (Tx. 1963), p. 98 Herrington v. Herrington, 98 So.2d 646 (Miss. 1957), p. 48 Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 581 (1979), p. 154, 162, 167 Hodges v. Darden, 51 Miss. 199 (1875), p. 57 Humphreys v. DeRoss, 567 Pa. 614, 790 A.2d 281 (2002), pp. 188–89

In re Estate of Carman, 213 Neb. 98, 100, 327 N.W.2d 611, 613 (1982), p. 139 In re Estate of Cofﬁn, 246 A.2d 489 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div., 1968), p. 25 In re Estate of Disney, 250 Neb. 703, 704, 550 N.W.2d 919, 922 (1996), p. 136 In re Estate of Fischer, 545 A.2d 1266 (Me. 1988), pp. 141–42 In re Estate of Foxley, 254 Neb. 204, 207, 575 N.W.2d 150, 153 (1998), p. 136 In re Estate of Grant, 558 So.2d 208, 209 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990), p. 116 In re Estate of Johnson, 108 Misc.2d 1066, 439 N.Y.S.2 250 (Sur.Ct. 1981), p. 75 In re Estate of Johnson, 93 A.D.2d 1 (1983), pp. 70, 72, 74, 79 In re Estate of Kolacy, 332 N.J. Super. 593 (2000), p. 217 In re Estate of Malone, No. A-6147-12T2, 2014 WL 5712975 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Nov. 6, 2014), p. 25 In re Estate of Wilson, 87 A.D.2d 98, 460 N.Y.S.2d 932 (1982), pp. 11, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78 In re Kelly, 225 A.D. 29, 232 N.Y..S. 84 (App. Div. 1928), p. 77 In re Moorehead’s Estate, 137 A. 802 (Pa. 1927), pp. 181, 182–84 In re Strittmater’s Estate, 53 A.2d 205 (N.J. 1947), pp. 14, 17–23, 25, 26

xxii Table of Cases

In re Syracuse Univ., 3 N.Y.2d 665, 171 N.Y.S.2d 545, 148 N.E.2d 671 (1958), p. 76 In re Will of Moses, 227 So. 2d 829 (Miss. 1969), pp. 13, 39–42, 47

Jamison v. Jamison, 51 So. 130 (Miss. 1910), p. 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 63 Jaworski v. Wisniewski, 149 Md. 109, 131 A. 40, 43 (1925), p. 238 Johnson v. Girtman, 542 So.2d 1033 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989), p. 103 Jones v. Head, 185 Ga. 857, 196 S.E.2d 725 (1938), p. 97 Jones v. O’Neal, 194 Ga. 49, 52, 20 S.E.2d 585 (1942), p. 97

Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U.S. 351 (1974), p. 124 Karsenty v. Schoukroun, 959 A.2d 1147 (Md. 2008), pp. 14, 221–22, 227 Keith v. Culp, 111 So.2d 278, 281 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1959), p. 114 Khabbaz v. Commissioner, Social Security Administration, 930 A.2d 1180 (N. H. 2007), pp. 11, 201–202, 206 Knell v. Price, 569 A.2d 636 (Md. App. Ct. 1990), pp. 222, 223, 225, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 241, 244, 245

Lee v. Lee, 260 Ga. 356, 392 S.E.2d 870 (1990), p. 97 Life Ins. Co. of New York v. Cisneros, 392 F.2d 198, 200 (6th Cir. 1968), p. 174 Loveridge v. Brown, 129 A.131, 134 (N.J. 1925), p. 32 Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), p. 214 Lucas’ Will, 1 A.2d 929, 930 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1938), p. 32 Luff v. Luff, 359 F.2d 235, 236 (D.C. Cir. 1966), p. 172 Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922 (1982), p. 77

Malchow’s Estate, 17 172 N.W. 915, 916 (Minn. 1919), p. 195 Malone v. Dixon, 410 S.W.2d 278 (Tex. Civ. App. – Eastland 1996), p. 92, 98 Mather v. Mather, 575 Pa. 181, 835 A.2d 1281 (2003), pp. 188–89 Mathews v. Lucas, 427 U.S. 495 (1976), p. 215 Matter of Wilson, 59 N.Y.2d. 461 (1983), pp. 65, 67–68 McBride v. McBride, 11 Cal. App.2d 521, 523, 54 P.2d 480, 481 (1936), p. 167 McCune v. Essig, 199 U.S. 382 (1905), p. 162 McMurtry v. Commission of Internal Revenue, 203 F.2d 659, 666 (1st Cir. 1953), p. 146 Meek v. Perry, 36 Miss. 190, 238 (Miss. 1858), pp. 41, 45, 48, 56, 61, 62 Middleditch v. Williams, 17 A. 826 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1889), p. 37 Moore v. Parks, 84 So. 230, 233 (Miss. 1920), pp. 52, 53, 54 Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972), p. 68 Mushaw v. Mushaw, 183 Md. 511, 517, 39 A.2d 465, 467–68 (1944), pp. 239, 240

Table of Cases xxiii

Nock v. Wayble, 59 So.2d 875 (Fla. 1952), p. 107, 119 Nunnally v. Trust Co. Bank, 261 S.E.2d 621, 624 (Ga. 1979), p. 92, 98

O’Bannon v. Henrich, 4 So.2d 208 (Miss.1941), pp. 42, 48, 50, 56, 60, 62, 63 Oeler by Gross v. Oelerm, 527 Pa. 532, 594 A.2d 649 (1991), p. 186 O’Neal v. Wilkes, 439 S.E.2d 490 (Ga. 1994), pp. 6, 12, 81–82, 84–86, 88–91, 94 O’Toole v. Cent. Laborers’ Pension & Welfare Funds, 299 N.E.2d 392, 394 (Ill. 1973), p. 173

Pennsylvania v. Brown, 373 F.2d 771 (3d Cir. 1967), p. 70 Pennsylvania v. Brown, 392 F.2d 120 (3d Cir. 1968), pp. 79 Perkins v. Brown, 27 So. 2d 521 (Fla. 1946), p. 122 Posner v. Posner, 233 So.2d 381, 385 (Fla. 1970); Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), p. 44 Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burke, 614 S.W.2d 847, 849 (Tex. Civ. App.), writ refused NRE, 621 S.W.2d 596 (Tex. 1981), pp. 167, 173

Rabbitt v. Gaither, 67 Md. 94, 8A. 744, 746 (1887), pp. 237, 238 Randolph v. Randolph, 937 S.W.2d 815, 821 (Tenn. 1996), pp. 191, 192, 194, 196, 199 Rasco v. Estate of Rasco, 501 So.2d 421 (Miss. 1987), p. 172 Ratti’s Will, 15 A.2d 616, 619 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1940), pp. 32, 34, 37 Raynolds’ Estate, 27 A.2d 226, 230 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1942), p. 32 Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), p. 10 Reece v. Elliot, 208 S.W.3d 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), pp. 11, 190, 191, 195 Reins’ Will, 50 A.2d 380, 385 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1946), pp. 32, 33 Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369, 87 S.Ct. 1627 (1967), p. 79 Rhodes v. Quantrell, 227 Ga. 761, 183 S.E.2d 207 (1971), p. 91, 96 Rucker v. Moore, 186 Ga. 747, 199 S.E. 106 (1938), p. 96

Sanborn v. Lang, 41 Md. 107, 108 (1874), p. 237 Schoukroun v. Karsenty, 177 Md.App. 615, 937 A.2d 262 (2007), pp. 14, 220, 221, 227, 231, 232, 233 Shelly v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948), pp. 68, 73, 78–79 Sherman v. Richmond Hose Co. No. 2, 230 N.Y. 462, 473 (1921), p. 76 Shimp v. Huff, 556 A.2d 252 (Md. 1999), p. 103, 110 Simeone v. Simeone, 581 A.2d 162 (Pa. 1990), p. 199 Skipper v. Smith, 239 Ga. 854, 238 S.E.2d 917 (1977), p. 97 Smith v. Smith, 25 A.11, 19 (N.J. Prerog. Ct. 1891), p. 32, 34 Solomon v. Dunlap, 372 So.2d 218, 219 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1979), p. 116

xxiv Table of Cases

Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U.S. 7,p.68 Sturgis v. Citizens’ Nat. Bank of Pocomoke City, 152 Md.654, 137 A. 378 (1927), pp. 238, 239

Triebe’s Will, 168 A. 404, 406 (N.J. 1933), p. 32 Tod v. Fuller, 78 So.2d 713 (Fla. 1955), pp. 104, 117 Trumball v. Gibbons, 22 N.J.L.117, 141 (N.J. 1849), p. 34

United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 532–33 (1996), p. 174 United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013), p. 158

Via v. Putnam, 656 So. 2d 460 (Fla. 1995), pp. 15, 102–04, 106, 209

Weiss v. Storm, 126 So.2d 295, 298 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1961), p. 113 Whittington v. Whittington, 205 Md. 1, 106 A.2d 72 (1954), pp. 225, 233, 234, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245 Williams v. Murray, 239 Ga. 276, 276, 236 S.E.2d 624 (1977), p. 95 Wilson v. Moore, 929 S.W.2d 367 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), p. 191 Winder v. Winder, 218 Ga. 409, 412, 128 S.E.2d 56, 58 (1962), p. 96 Woodville v. Pizzati, 81 So. 127 (Miss. 1919), pp. 54, 55 Woodward v. Commissioner of Social Security, 760 N.E.2d 257 (Mass. 2002), pp. 203, 217

Yerkes v. Yerkes, 573 Pa. 294, 824 A.2d 1169, 1171 (2003), p. 186 Young v. Martin, 125 So.2d 734 (Miss. 1961), pp. 48, 53