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Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention

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Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention by Robert Morris B.A., Princeton University (2003) Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Media Arts and Sciences at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September, 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009. All rights reserved. Author _________________________________________________________________ Robert Morris Program in Media Arts and Sciences September, 2009 Certified by _____________________________________________________________ Rosalind Picard Professor of Media Arts and Sciences Program in Media Arts and Sciences Accepted by _____________________________________________________________ Deb Roy Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Studies Program in Media Arts and Sciences 2 Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention by Robert Morris Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning, on August 7, 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences ABSTRACT Many individuals diagnosed with autism experience auditory sensitivity – a condition that can cause irritation, pain, and, in some cases, profound fear. Efforts have been made to manage sound sensitivities in autism, but there is wide room for improvement. This thesis describes a new intervention that leverages the power of “Scratch” – an open- source software platform that can be used to build customizable games and visualizations. The intervention borrows principles from exposure therapy and uses Scratch to help individuals gradually habituate to sounds they might ordinarily find irritating, painful, or frightening. Facets of the proposed intervention were evaluated in a laboratory experiment conducted on a non-clinical population. The intervention was also tested on three autistic individuals with histories of auditory hypersensitivity. One case study participant showed signs of complete remission of his auditory sensitivity issue, while another showed signs of gradual improvement. Future research designs are discussed that could evaluate these findings in greater detail. Thesis Supervisor: Rosalind Picard Title: Professor of Media Arts and Sciences 3 4 Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention by Robert Morris Thesis Reader _________________________________________________ Matthew Belmonte Assistant Professor of Human Development Cornell University 5 6 Managing Sound Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: New Technologies for Customized Intervention by Robert Morris Thesis Reader _________________________________________________ Tod Machover Professor of Music and Media MIT Media Lab 7 8 Acknowledgements First, thanks to Roz Picard for advising this work. Roz, you are unmatched when it comes to energy and enthusiasm, and I was very lucky to have your guidance throughout the thesis experience. Thanks also to my thesis readers, Matthew Belmonte and Tod Machover. I am indebted to you both for your help and support. Barry Vercoe, thank you for taking time out of your sabbatical to read this thesis and offer your comments and suggestions. Thanks also to Eric Rosenbaum, for teaching me with the ins and outs of “Scratch.” I would also like to thank the families and individuals that agreed to participate in this research. Thank you so much for your patience and your dedication to this research. This work could not have been accomplished without your help. Finally, and most importantly, thanks to my family and friends for supporting me throughout this experience. You guys rock. 9 ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 AUDITORY PROCESSING IN ASD...............................................................................................................14 1.1.1 Enhanced Perception of Sound........................................................................................................14 1.1.2 Impaired perception of sound ..........................................................................................................15 1.1.3 Conflicting Patterns..........................................................................................................................16 1.2. CURRENT INTERVENTIONS FOR AUDITORY SENSITIVITY .......................................................................17 1.2.1 Sound Isolators .................................................................................................................................17 1.2.2 Auditory Integration Therapies........................................................................................................18 1.2.3 Exposure Therapy .............................................................................................................................20 1.3 COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXPOSURE THERAPY.............................................................................................21 2. THE PROPOSED INTERVENTION .............................................................................................. 24 2.1 SCRATCH ....................................................................................................................................................25 2.2 OVERARCHING FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................................26 2.3 SPECIFIC AIMS ...........................................................................................................................................28 2.3.1 Serving the Whole Spectrum ............................................................................................................29 2.3.2 Engaging ...........................................................................................................................................30 2.3.3 Inexpensive ........................................................................................................................................31 2.3.4 Humane..............................................................................................................................................32 2.4 METHODS OF EVALUATION.......................................................................................................................33 3. UNCOMFORTABLE LOUDNESS LEVEL STUDY...................................................................... 34 3.1 METHOD.....................................................................................................................................................36 3.1.1 Participants .......................................................................................................................................36 3.1.2 Materials ...........................................................................................................................................36 3.1.3 Phase I ...............................................................................................................................................40 3.1.4 Phase II..............................................................................................................................................40 3.1.5 Phase III ............................................................................................................................................42 3.2 RESULTS.....................................................................................................................................................42 3.3 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................44 4. CASE STUDY 1: JH ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................46 4. 2 MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE..................................................................................................................49 4.3 RESULTS.....................................................................................................................................................50 10 4.4 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................................57 5. CASE STUDY 2: CC ...................................................................................................................... 58 5.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................58 5.2 MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE...................................................................................................................60 5.3 RESULTS.....................................................................................................................................................62
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