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Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report

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Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1004 ON THE COVER Photograph of Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site from the Bodmer Overlook. The overlook offers an excellent panoramic view of the bluffs (old alluvial terraces) visible across the river, the reconstructed fort, surrounding prairie, and Missouri River floodplain. National Park Service photograph by Emily Sunblade. THIS PAGE Photograph of Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site during one of the annual summer rendezvous. National Park Service photograph by Emily Sunblade. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1004 John P. Graham Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 August 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://go.nps.gov/gripubs), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Graham, J. P. 2015. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site: Geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1004. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 463/129508, August 2015 ii Contents Page Figures . iv Tables . iv Executive Summary . v Products and Acknowledgments . .. ix GRI Products . ix Acknowledgments . ix Geologic Setting and Significance . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Geologic Setting . 1 Geologic Significance and Historical Connections . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Geologic Features and Processes . .. 7 River Features . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Fort Union Formation Type Section and Stratigraphic Features . 9 Bodmer Overlook and Surrounding Landscape . 11 Paleontological Resources . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Glacial Features . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Aeolian Features . 15 Volcanic Ash Layers . 15 Geologic Resource Management Issues . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Impacts from the Construction of Fort Peck Dam . 17 Missouri River Bank Erosion . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Flooding . 20 Current and Potential Oil and Gas Development . 21 Slope Movements . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Earthquakes . 26 Abandoned Mineral Lands . 27 Paleontological Resources Inventory and Monitoring . 27 Geologic History . 29 Prior to 541 Million Years Ago (Precambrian Time): Assembling the North American Craton . 29 From 541 Million to 252 Million Years Ago (Paleozoic Era): Sediments Fill the Williston Basin . ����������������������������������������������������������������29 From 252 Million to 66 Million Years Ago (Mesozoic Era): North Dakota, Montana, and an Inland Sea . 30 From 66 Million to 2 Million Years Ago (Cenozoic Era): Paleocene Swamps and Floodplains and Climate Change . ����������������������������������32 From 2 Million to 12 Thousand Years Ago (Cenozoic Era): Pleistocene Deep Freeze . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������34 The Past 12 Thousand Years (Cenozoic Era): Holocene Thaw . 36 Geologic Map Data . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37 Geologic Maps . 37 Source Maps . 37 GRI GIS Data . 37 GRI Map Poster . 38 Map Unit Properties Table . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 Use Constraints . 38 Glossary . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Literature Cited . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Additional References . 49 Geology of National Park Service Areas . 49 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents . 49 Climate Change Resources . 49 iii Contents (continued) Page Geological Surveys and Societies . 49 US Geological Survey Reference Tools . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Appendix A: Scoping Participants . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51 2011 Scoping Meeting Participants . 51 2014 Conference Call Participants . 51 Appendix B: Geologic Resource Laws, Regulations, and Policies . 53 Geologic Map Poster . .in pocket Map Unit Properties Table . .in pocket Figures Page Figure 1. Location map of Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Figure 2. Geologic time scale. 2 Figure 3. The distinctive red-roofed Bourgeois House and visitor center at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site. ������������������������3 Figure 4. Stratigraphic column for Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site and vicinity. ������������������������������������������������������������������3 Figure 5. Painting of Fort Union Trading Post by Karl Bodmer (ca. 1843). ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Figure 6. Arrowheads found at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site. 6 Figure 7. Schematic illustrations of meandering and braided streams. 7 Figure 8. Illustration of the evolving Missouri River at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site. ������������������������������������������������������8 Figure 9. Photograph of the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Figure 10. Schematic illustration of depositional environments associated with a meandering stream. 10 Figure 11. Photograph of the Sentinel Butte Member of the Fort Union Formation. 10 Figure 12. Photograph of the fossil freshwater snail Melania tenuicarinata (now considered a species of Lioplacodes). 11 Figure 13. Schematic illustration of glacial features associated with continental ice sheets. 15 Figure 14. Photograph of the south bank of the Missouri River. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Figure 15. Map of erosion monitoring stakes along the south bank of the Missouri River.. 18 Figure 16. Photographs showing morphological impacts of bendway weirs. 20 Figure 17. Photograph of flooding at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site in 2011. 21 Figure 18. Map showing the extent of the Williston Basin. 21 Figure 19. Generalized stratigraphic column for the Williston Basin. 22 Figure 20. Geographic extent of the thermally mature shale member of the Bakken Formation (yellow). 23 Figure 21. Schematic illustration of hydraulic fracturing. 23 Figure 22. Oil and gas well locations in western North.
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