The Case of Social Protection in Zambia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Case of Social Protection in Zambia Investigating the politics of global policy transfer: the case of social protection in Zambia A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Kate Pruce Global Development Institute School of Environment, Education and Development Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................ 6 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 6 List of Diagrams ............................................................................................................ 6 List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 9 Declaration ................................................................................................................. 10 Copyright ................................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 12 1.1. The ‘new wave’ of social protection in sub-Saharan Africa ....................................... 12 1.2. Perspectives on social protection ............................................................................. 14 1.2.1. Social protection and theories of welfare state development .................................. 14 1.2.2. Global policy transfer ................................................................................................ 15 1.2.3. The politics of social protection ................................................................................ 17 1.3. Research aims and questions ................................................................................... 18 1.4. Towards a conceptual framework for analysing the interaction of global policy ideas with the politics of domestic policy processes ...................................................................... 19 1.5. The case of Zambia ................................................................................................. 20 1.6. Key findings ............................................................................................................ 22 1.7. Thesis structure ....................................................................................................... 22 2. Formulating, promoting and implementing global policy ideas: the politics of policy transfer ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 25 2.2. Cycles or streams? Policy processes at global and national levels ............................. 26 2.2.1. National policy .......................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2. Policy-making in the ‘global agora’ .......................................................................... 31 2.2.3. The emergence of global social policy ...................................................................... 32 2.3. Towards translation: the formulation and movement of global policy ideas ............. 35 2.3.1. Global policy development ....................................................................................... 35 2.3.2. Global policy transfer ................................................................................................ 36 2.3.3. Implementation of global policies ............................................................................ 38 2.4. Comparing rationalist and constructivist approaches to policy transfer .................... 39 2.4.1. Rational-actor approaches and bounded rationality ............................................... 40 2.4.2. Constructivism and critical policy studies ................................................................. 41 2.4.3. Ideas and interests .................................................................................................... 42 2.5. Transnationalising and localising the multiple streams approach ............................. 45 2.5.1. Strategies of persuasion: the role of transnational actors in policy processes ......... 45 2.5.2. Theorising the political stream ................................................................................. 48 2.6. The rise of social protection as a global social policy ................................................ 51 2 2.6.1. Welfare-state building and social protection in the global South ............................ 52 2.6.2. From CCTs to ‘no-strings-attached’: design and transfer of global policy models ... 55 2.6.3. Adoption and implementation of cash transfer model ............................................. 59 2.7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 60 3. A conceptual framework for analysing the interaction of global policy ideas with the politics of domestic policy processes ..................................................................... 62 3.1. An actor-oriented approach: power and agency ....................................................... 63 3.1.1. The ‘expert’ ............................................................................................................... 63 3.1.2. Governmentality within development ...................................................................... 66 3.1.3. Interests and ideas of domestic actors...................................................................... 67 3.2. How global policy ideas are formed and how they travel .......................................... 69 3.2.1. Global policy formulation in the ‘global agora’ ........................................................ 69 3.2.2. How do global policy ideas travel?............................................................................ 70 3.3. Multiple streams and the ‘policy transfer window’ ................................................... 71 3.3.1. Alignment with the political stream: elite ideas and interests ................................. 72 3.3.2. Policy transfer window .............................................................................................. 73 3.3.3. Alignment with local ideas and interests .................................................................. 74 3.4. Conceptual framework ............................................................................................ 74 3.5. Research design and methodology ........................................................................... 77 3.5.1. Perspective and approach ......................................................................................... 77 3.5.2. Methods and selection decisions .............................................................................. 77 3.5.3. Data collection and analysis ..................................................................................... 80 3.5.4. Reflections and ethical considerations ...................................................................... 84 3.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 85 4. Politics, ideas and development in Zambia ........................................................... 86 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 86 4.2. Colonial rule and the independence movement (1890-1964) ..................................... 87 4.2.1. The nature of colonialism in Northern Rhodesia ....................................................... 88 4.2.2. The independence movement and post-colonial state ............................................. 90 4.3. The First and Second Republics (1964-1991) ............................................................. 92 4.3.1. ‘One Zambia, One Nation’: attempting national unity in a fragmented context ..... 92 4.3.2. The one-party state: losing legitimacy ...................................................................... 95 4.3.3. Economic crisis and the onset of structural adjustment ........................................... 96 4.4. The Third Republic and beyond ................................................................................ 98 4.4.1. The coalition against UNIP ........................................................................................ 99 4.4.2. The rise of neoliberalism under MMD ..................................................................... 100 4.4.3. Zambia’s poverty crisis ............................................................................................ 104 4.4.4. The populist response ............................................................................................. 110 4.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 113 5. Social policy ideas in Zambia: putting the social protection agenda in context .... 115 5.1. Introduction .........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • C:\Users\Public\Documents\GP JOBS\Gazette\Gazette 2017
    REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA Price: K10.00 net Annual Subscription: Within Lusaka—K300.00 Published by Authority Outside Lusaka—K350.00 No. 6584] Lusaka, Friday, 30th June, 2017 [Vol. LIII, No. 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS GAZETTE NOTICE NO. 426 OF 2017 [7523640 Gazette Notices No. Page The Lands and Deeds Registry Act (Chapter 185 of the Laws of Zambia) Lands and Deeds Registry Act: (Section 56) Notice of Intention to Issue Duplicate Document 425 499 Notice of Intention to Issue Duplicate Document 426 499 Notice of Intention to Issue Duplicate Document 427 499 Notice of Intention to Issue a Duplicate Certificate of Title Companies Act: FOURTEEN DAYS after the publication of this notice I intend to issue Notice Under Section 361 428 449 a Certificate of Title No. 77433 in the name of Shengebu Stanley Notice Under Section 361 429 500 Shengebu in respect of Stand No. LUS/30340 in extent of 0.5907 Notice Under Section 361 430 500 hectares situate in the Lusaka Province of the Republic of Zambia. Notice Under Section 361 431 500 Notice Under Section 361 432 500 All persons having objections to the issuance of the duplicate Notice Under Section 361 433 500 certificate of title are hereby required to lodge the same in writing Notice Under Section 361 434 501 with the Registrar of Lands and Deeds within fourteen days from Notice Under Section 361 435 501 the date of publication of this notice. Notice Under Section 361 436 501 E. TEMBO, Notice Under Section 361 437 501 REGISTRY OF LANDS AND DEEDS Registrar Notice Under Section 361 438 501 Notice Under Section 361 439 501 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Theatre of the Absurd the Last Few Weeks Have Been Emblematic of the Farce That Passes for Economic Stewardship in Zambia
    Rhombus Advisors LLCLLCLLC Omotunde A.J. Mahoney +1-862 444 0746 March 7, 2019 ZAMBIA RESEARCH NOTE Theatre of the absurd The last few weeks have been emblematic of the farce that passes for economic stewardship in Zambia. 1) In late February, the BoZ Governor had pointedly warned that “prompt and effective implementation of fiscal adjustment measures remains critical”1. As if to underscore the growing budget squeeze, it emerged a week later that most civil servants2 were yet to receive their salaries, which are typically disbursed between the 18th and 20th of each month. 2) Yet it was also on March 1st that Zambia took delivery of a new jet for President Lungu – a Gulfstream 650 with a reported price tag of USD 70 million3. It is unclear how this extravagance is to be paid for, especially with scheduled payments on the Republic’s foreign debt amounting to more than 90% of gross international reserves4. 3) That same week we learned that there is an acute shortage of maize in Southern province5 where traders report that farmers, who have historically been suppliers of grain, have now become active buyers6. The situation is so serious that the Food Reserve Agency has been forced to start distributing product from the strategic grain reserve7. 4) Undeterred by logic, the Agriculture ministry has since chosen to lift the prohibition on exporting the cereal from which Zambia’s mealie-meal staple is derived. On the basis of past form, it can be reasonably assumed that the rationale for the new dispensation is to permit traders affiliated with the ruling party to arbitrage the commodity’s steep, cross-border price-differential8.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Zambia
    REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA Price: K10.00 net Annual Subscription: Within Lusaka—K300.00 Published byAuthority Outside Lusaka—K350.00 No. 6634] Lusaka, Friday, 29th December, 2017 [Vol. LIII, No. 92 GAZETTE NOTICE NO. 993 OF 2017 Hon. Magaret D. Mwanakatwe, MP Hon. Felix Mutati, MP The Statutory Functions Act Minister of Commerce, Trade Minister of Finance (Laws, Volume 1, Cap. 3) and Industry, was authorised to travel to China on official Temporary Transfer of Statutory Functions duty from 7th to16th August, IT IS NOTIFIED for public information that the Honourable Minister 2017 set out in Column A hereunder were authorised to be out of the Hon. Harry Kalaba, MP Hon. Rev. Godfridah country on Government business. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sumaili, MP, Minister of In exercise of the powers contained in Section (4) of the Statutory was autorised to travel to National Guidance and Functions Act, Cap. 3 of the Laws of Zambia, the President did South Africa on official duty ReligiousAffairs confirm the appointment of the Honourable Ministers set out in from 5th to 22nd August, 2017 Column B hereunder to temporarily perform the duties of the Hon.Magaret D. Mwanakatwe, MP Hon. Michael Z. J. Honourable Ministers set out in Column A. Minister of Commerce, Trade Katambo, MP, Minister of Column A Column B and Industry, was authorised to Fisheries and Livestock travel to South Africa on official Hon. Lawrence Sichalwe, MP Hon. Emerine Kabanshi, MP duty from 15th to 21st August, MinisterofChiefsand Minister of Community 2017 traditional affairs was Development, and Social authorised to travel to Services Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Ng'andu, Chilufya in Strong Verbal Exchange Over Accountability
    No 672 K10 www.diggers.news Friday April 24, 2020 COVID DONATIONS RAISE CONCERNS ...Ng’andu, Chilufya in strong verbal exchange over accountability By Stuart Lisulo THE Ministry of Finance has ordered that all government entities must submit income and expenditure returns on all COVID-19 funds received from the Treasury by 5th of every month to Chingola couple the Office of the Accountant General. And Secretary to the Treasury Fredson Yamba has advised all companies, individuals wishing to donate tests positive for COVID-19-related funds to deposit the cash into a GRZ bank account. Sources have told News Diggers! that during a COVID-19 meeting chaired by Vice-President Inonge COVID-19 Wina on Wednesday, a sharp exchange of words ensued between Finance Minister Dr Bwalya Ng’andu and Health By Zondiwe Mbewe Minister Dr Chitalu Chilufya over accountability regarding HEALTH Minister Dr Chitalu Chilufya says a Chingola pandemic funds. couple that recently traveled to Dar-es-Salaam via Nakonde The source explained that Ng’andu expressed dissatisfaction on a business trip has tested positive to COVID-19, with the measures put in place to ensure accountability of the bringing the countrywide total to 76. Story page 2 funds under the ministry of health, leading to a strong verbal exchange between the two Cabinet ministers. In a statement released, Thursday, Yamba guided that all government entities must submit income and expenditure returns on all COVID-19 funds ECZ sets June 9 received from the Treasury by 5th of every month to the Office of the Accountant General. Story page 5 for by elections By Ulande Nkomesha THE Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) has set June 9 polling day for the Nakato and Imalyo wards in Mongu and Bulilo wards in Chilubi.
    [Show full text]
  • Members of the Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council and National Assembly of Zambia, 1924-2021
    NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF ZAMBIA Parliament Buildings P.O Box 31299 Lusaka www.parliament.gov.zm MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN RHODESIA LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF ZAMBIA, 1924-2021 FIRST EDITION, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ 3 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5 ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 9 PART A: MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, 1924 - 1964 ............................................... 10 PRIME MINISTERS OF THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA .......................................................... 12 GOVERNORS OF NORTHERN RHODESIA AND PRESIDING OFFICERS OF THE LEGISTRATIVE COUNCIL (LEGICO) ............................................................................................... 13 SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISTRATIVE COUNCIL (LEGICO) - 1948 TO 1964 ................................. 16 DEPUTY SPEAKERS OF THE LEGICO 1948 TO 1964 ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom House
    Zambia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report | Freedom House https://freedomhouse.org/country/zambia/freedom-world/2021 Zambia’s political system features regular multiparty elections, and some civil liberties are respected. However, opposition parties face onerous legal and practical obstacles to fair competition, and the government regularly invokes restrictive laws to curb freedom of expression and ban peaceful demonstrations and meetings. Political violence remains a problem. In April, the country’s media regulator forced the closure of a popular private television station that had a history of tensions with the government. The move came after the station’s owner said it would not air government advertisements related to the COVID-19 pandemic for free, citing unpaid debts for previous state advertisements. An audit report released in November found that some 1.3 billion kwacha ($70 million) in public funds pertaining to COVID-19 had been mismanaged between February and July, including through dubious procurement contracts. Health Minister Chitalu Chilufya had been acquitted in August of unrelated corruption charges. Chishimba Kambwili, leader of the opposition National Democratic Congress (NDC) party, was sentenced in October to a year in prison on forgery charges and released on bail pending an appeal. Opposition members criticized the case as a politically motivated attempt to eliminate Kambwili from the 2021 presidential race. Also in October, the parliament rejected constitutional amendments introduced by the ruling Patriotic Front (PF) that would have increased the power of the presidency and allowed major changes to the electoral system. A1 1.00-4.00 pts0-4 pts Was the current head of government or other chief national authority 2.002 elected through free and fair elections? 4.004 The president is directly elected to serve up to two five-year terms.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Economist Intelligence Unit Country Report for Zambia
    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Country Report Zambia Generated on February 6th 2018 Economist Intelligence Unit 20 Cabot Square London E14 4QW United Kingdom _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For 60 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The Economist Intelligence Unit delivers its information in four ways: through its digital portfolio, where the latest analysis is updated daily; through printed subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through research reports; and by organising seminars and presentations. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 20 Cabot Square The Economist Group London 750 Third Avenue E14 4QW 5th Floor United Kingdom New York, NY 10017, US Tel: +44 (0) 20 7576 8181 Tel: +1 212 541 0500 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7576 8476 Fax: +1 212 586 0248 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Hong Kong Geneva The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 1301 Cityplaza Four Rue de l’Athénée 32 12 Taikoo Wan Road 1206 Geneva Taikoo Shing Switzerland Hong Kong Tel: +852 2585 3888 Tel: +41 22 566 24 70 Fax: +852 2802 7638 Fax: +41 22 346 93 47 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] This report can be accessed electronically as soon as it is published by visiting store.eiu.com or by contacting a local sales representative.
    [Show full text]
  • Museveni Wins Sixth Term- Rival Alleges Fraud
    THE AFRICAN STORY ADVERTISE WITH US DON’T BE LEFT BEHIND ISSUE NUMBER 752 VOLUME 2 18 JAN - 24 JAN 2020 Zambia urged to authenticate Covid 19 Vaccine before use on citizens page 4 Looking at Bobi Wine and how he has shaken up Ugandan politics UGANDA ELECTIONS: MUSEVENI WINS page 9 SIXTH TERM- RIVAL ALLEGES President Lungu FRAUD commended for sacking Health minister over • Ugandan opposition party says it will challenge presidential election result corruption • Some observers’ allege “electoral process has been fundamentally flawed” page 7 2 Echo Report Echo Newspaper 18 JAN - 24 JAN 2020 THE AFRICAN STORY News, Finance, Travel and Sport Telephone: (267) 3933 805/6. E-mail: newsdesk@echo. co.bw Advertising Telephone: (267) 3933 805/6 E-mail: [email protected] Sales & Marketing Manager Ruele Ramoeng [email protected] Editor Bright Kholi [email protected] Head of Design Ame Kolobetso [email protected] Uganda Elections: Distribution & Circulation Mogapi Ketletseng [email protected] Echo is published by Museveni Wins Sixth YMH Publishing YMH Publishing, Unit 3, Kgale Court, Plot 128, GIFP, Gaborone Term, Rival Alleges Fraud Postal address: P O BOX 840, Gaborone, Ugandan Electoral Commission deadly crackdown by security Army deputy spokesman Deo Hundreds of the president’s Botswana Telephone: (267) 3933 805/6. has declared the country’s forces on Wine, other opposition Akiiki told Reuters that security supporters rode motorcycles E-mail: [email protected] long-time ruler Yoweri candidates and their supporters. officers at Wine’s house were from the election tallying centre www.echo.co.bw Museveni winner of Saturday’s In the run-up to the vote local assessing threats he could face: to downtown, where people controversial and highly civil society groups and foreign “So they might be preventing danced with posters bearing DISCLAIMER: contested election, scoring governments questioned its him in the interest of his own the president’s face.
    [Show full text]
  • Criminals Have Nowhere to Hide, We're in 160 Countries
    No300 K10 www.diggers.news Monday November 5, 2018 By Joseph Mwenda Financial Intelligence Center Director Clement Kapalu says with the FIC’s admission to Criminals have nowhere to hide, the Egmont group of global financial intelligence units, criminals involved in money laundering practices in Zambia will have nowhere to hide. we’re in 160 countries now - FIC Kapalu added that citizens who are on the right side of the law must celebrate the achievement, but criminals have a cause to panic because the center will now follow all proceeds of crime stashed anywhere on earth. In this verbatim interview, Kapalu outlines the benefits of Zambia’s admission to the Egmont group, explains how the center deals with WE’LL FOLLOW frustrations from critics. To page 5 STOLEN MONEY Dora defends ‘sale’ of ZAFFICO By Sipilisiwe Ncube with majority stake under citizen Chief Government Spokesperson Dora ownership. Siliya says the reported takeover of But the minister disclosed that plans ZAFFICO by a Chinese entity is not are underway for the public listing of true, saying the government institution the company “with emphasis to reserve plans to float its shares to private buyers, majority shares for citizens.” To page 6 Bemba ministers Ronald Chitotela and Chitalu Chilufya pose after their Ngoni cousins poured powder on them during the funeral of Mama Kankasa - Picture by Tenson Mkhala Mushimba predicts below normal rains By Zondiwe Mbewe this year and will be Minister of Transport and Communications Brian characterised by intervals Mushimba has disclosed
    [Show full text]
  • You'll Keep Losing Until You Rise Like Malawi Did When
    No 746 K10 www.diggers.news Wednesday Auguest 5, 2020 By Julia Malunga UPND leader Hakainde Hichilema says it’s not the UPND that is losing when the PF wins elections, but the people of Zambia, adding that citizens will continue losing until they “stand up to the nonsense like Malawians IT’S YOUR LOSS, did when their election was stolen”. And Hichilema says he is having sleepless nights because he is thinking of how God will allow him to takeover the country’s leadership so that he can take away the people’s suffering. NOT UPND - HH Story page 4 ...you’ll keep losing until you rise like Malawi did when the election was stolen Zambia Court records orders trial in Chilufya’s 213 new corruption COVID case to cases, 2 commence today deaths By Zondiwe Mbewe By Natasha Sakala LAWYERS representing Dr THE Ministry of Health has Chitalu Chilufya in a case where announced that Zambia has he is charged with being in recorded 213 new cases of possession of property suspected COVID-19 in the last 24 to be proceeds of crime yesterday hours out of 1,091 tests done. asked the Lusaka Magistrates’ And the ministry Court to discharge the accused Health Minister Dr Chitalu Chilufya, his wife Mutinta, and lawyer Tutwa Ngulube arrive at Lusaka Magistrates’ says Zambia also lost two if the ACC is not ready to COVID-19 patients in the Court for his case yesterday - Picture by Tenson Mkhala prosecute him. Story page 10 last 24 hours, bringing the total number of deaths to 173.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyanja News Translation at Zambia National Broadcasting Coropration (Znbc)
    TRANSLATION STRATEGIES TO ESTABLISH EQUIVALENCE IN ENGLISH - NYANJA NEWS TRANSLATION AT ZAMBIA NATIONAL BROADCASTING COROPRATION (ZNBC) BY REGINA MVULA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistic Science. The University of Zambia 2017 DECLARATION I, Regina Mvula, do declare that this dissertation represents my own work and that it has neither in any part nor whole been previously submitted for any degree diploma or other qualification at this or any other University. SIGNATURE: _______________________________________________ DATE: _____________________________________________________ i COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form without prior written approval by the author or the University of Zambia. ii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This dissertation by Regina Mvula is approved as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts Linguistic Science in the school of Humanities the University of Zambia. EXAMINERS’S SIGNATURES SIGNED: _______________________________ DATE: ______________________ SIGNED: ________________________________ DATE: _______________________ SIGNED: ________________________________ DATE: ______________________ iii ABSTRACT The study sought to examine the translation strategies applied to establish meaning equivalence in the process of translating news in English into Nyanja at the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC). The objectives of the study were three fold: Firstly, to establish the strategies that are used when translating news in English into Nyanja at ZNBC; Secondly to determine the equivalence between the news in English and the translated news in Nyanja at ZNBC and thirdly to establish challenges if any, faced by the translators when translating News in English into Nyanja at ZNBC.
    [Show full text]
  • But Zambians Will Still Vote for PF, Says Davies Chama
    No 701 K10 www.diggers.news Thursday June 4, 2020 THERE’RE PROBLEMSBy Julia Malunga DEFENCE Minister Davies Chama says he is confident that despite the numerous challenges Zambia is going ...but Zambians will still vote through, citizens will give PF a vote. And Chama says he intends to bring healing and forgiveness in the ruling party as he takes up for PF, says Davies Chama the role of PF deputy national he was optimistic that Zambians very optimistic person; I am where we have come from; they to and I am very confident that challenges we might go through chairperson. would vote for PF in 2021. a very hopeful person and I know where the nation has come the Zambian people will give at any point in time,” Chama In an interview, Chama said “I strongly believe I am a think the Zambian people know from and where we have taken it us a vote notwithstanding the said. Story page 2 Lungu’s refusal to drop Chilufya makes it hard to fight corruption - Kakoma By Ulande Nkomesha UPND spokesperson Charles Kakoma says President Edgar Lungu’s decision not to suspend ministers being investigated for corruption has made it hard to fight the vice. Story page 5 Sampa has the President Edgar Lungu (l) speaks during the 1st Extraordinary Inter-Sessional Summit of Heads of State and Governments of the Organisation of African ,Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) at State House in Lusaka yesterday - Picture by Salim Henry mandate to do what he is doing – Lusambo Lungu solicits debt relief By Ulande Nkomesha By Julia Malunga amidst the COVID-19 House, President Lungu’s that Head of State called “President Edgar LUSaka Province Minister PRESIDENT Edgar pandemic.
    [Show full text]