Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Crepnec:bnaauei4galcm aiahkr@esnifi e:+796666;+358- +9779869636162; Tel: hari.adhikari@helsinki.fi; 449899584 [email protected]; *Correspondence: of wetland Rupa the in Subedi preferences Bandana floral their and diversity of length (tubular proboscis Butterfly shape the between corolla (p 0.466) was and flowers = and pink), of (r popular length over correlation category tube most preferred positive plant corolla by significant the purple the influenced a was and significantly and was pilosa white, butterflies be there Biden to Moreover, (yellow, found species, colour non-tubular). was plant over floral visitation helena, preferred host Troides butterfly woody), nectar species total over flegyas the Overall, 28 Zemeros preferred of butterflies. the butterflies, each (herbaceous of recorded Of individual species single the 13 individuals a recorded. Among by only 298 were species. visited while of aurota plant individuals), total nectar Belonois 138 (92 a 28 abundant to and of recorded most belonging herina total we the butterflies a observations, be 1,535 visiting to plant of butterfly found butterfly-nectar was of total of nectar several species a examination through 31 the recorded our determined to assess For we were belonging to flower abundance, overall, families. account plant, and and six into of level, diversity taken within family category butterfly were the species i.e., overall species at factors, examining diversity butterfly Five When species of (500 Moreover, area. length transects indices. study families. proboscis linear the butterfly the 28 throughout of from and choices manner behavior, depth, plant random foraging corolla to and floral February shape, stratified plants. their from corolla nectar a and site, at colour, in abundance, choices Ramsar placed and foraging their a each) their sources Wetland, species, influencing long plant butterfly Rupa factors nectar m of the of with identify number periphery interactions to the their the and assessed diversity of along We species study conducted butterfly the was assess but study to Nepal, 2019 This November in extent limited. some is to attributes known floral is butterflies of diversity The Abstract 2020 20, August 3 2 1 Subedi Bandana Rupa the in Nepal preferences of floral wetland their and diversity species Butterfly esni yliopisto Helsingin Science of Faculty University Mahidol University Tribhuvan Forestry, of Institute IsiuefrAmshrcadErhSse eerh aut fSine nvriyo Helsinki, of University Science, of Faculty Research, of System University Earth Geography, and and Atmospheric Geosciences for of Institute Department bi- 4. [email protected] Laboratory, 10400; ; Observation Bangkok, [email protected] Change University, Mahidol Earth Nepal; Science, 3. Plant Pokhara, of Department University, 2. Tribhuvan Forestry, of Institute 1. Finland hari.adhikari@helsinki.fi Finland; Helsinki, [email protected] [email protected]; 1* lsaB Stewart B. Alyssa , 1 lsaStewart Alyssa , 2 iaaNeupane Bijaya , 2 iaaNeupane Bijaya , < 0.001). 1 1 uh Ghimire Sudha , 1 uh Ghimire Sudha , 1 aiAdhikari Hari , 1 n aiAdhikari Hari and , 4* 3 3 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. om) ayn h ua ocnrto nnca,eovn ielc ehns o olnrlae and release, pollen for mechanism lock plat- time landing floral a or evolving flowers, nectar, tubular (Larsson, in (e.g., transfer concentration shapes pollen sugar floral intraspecific the specific promote immense mechanisms varying evolving various to The forms), include of pollinators evolution mechanisms specific the 2011). Such in attract Khunte, species 2005). resulted plants and these has whereby of Chandekar pollination, strategies percent requiring Nimbalkar, and plants large 2000; and a (Ackerman, pollinators, and of angiosperms, pollination diversity are worldwide on species plant depend known susceptible of are 80% 87 Approximately and ( vulnerable, species are are three 43 Nepal Likewise, [International in endangered, and found are 2012). (ICIMOD , butterflies 12 Kindlmann, threatened about of which and considered among and species Bhattarai category, are slowly, 142 (Paudel, list zones of disappearing and red total hill are IUCN species A mid the 29 species 2007). the under Around of Development], endemic in Mountain 2020). 4.3% These found Integrated al., about for species et Center Nepal. Poel is butterfly Sapkota to 2018; 2018; the which al., al., endemic of genera, et et are 18% Muhammad Panthee 263 species butterflies 2019; 2019; from al., Pariyar, 20,000 of et and species around subspecies Nuppa, Sajan 668 ecosystem Tamang, of 2006; 2020; to to in Out Majupuria, al., belong home role and et 2015). (Smith significant indicators, is species Sinha, bio a Nepal known and and play worldwide, globally pollinators they (Durairaj recorded best-known and Rhopalocera) butterflies the ecosystems, (suborder of of healthy one of order Butterflies, indicators (MFSC, the diversity key 1978). faunal the (Springett, global of 0.1% functioning of just 1.1% one occupies and broadleaf are Nepal diversity temperate of floral area to world’s land region, the The of Hilly 2018). 3.2% the (MoFE, comprises 2014). the in but the along forests area savannas of coniferous global lap tropical of the and from dramatic on ecosystems, leaf The forests of variation. broad coniferous variety topographical subtropical and a and to in climatic result its border, to microclimate Indian due and fauna elevation and in flora differences in diverse remarkably is Nepal Introduction corolla the and butterflies there of be Moreover, length to words proboscis non-tubular). found Key the over between was (p white, preferred 0.466) flowers visitation (yellow, (tubular = of butterfly colour (r shape length correlation total floral tube corolla positive Overall, woody), and significant over pink), a butterflies. over preferred was preferred (herbaceous of purple category species and plant 13 by by species influenced the visited butterflies, significantly of was recorded each butterfly- and individual the of visiting single popular Among butterfly examination a of our only species For species. while 31 herina plant individuals), to families. (92 belonging nectar six abundant individuals 28 within most 298 of of species total total 138 a to a recorded recorded we belonging we assess observations, were abundance, butterflies overall, plant to and and nectar 1,535 account diversity level, into butterfly of family overall taken the total examining were at a When diversity a colour, species in species flower indices. butterfly Moreover, placed plant, several of families. of through each) length butterfly determined category long of proboscis i.e., m choices the factors, plant (500 species, nectar Five and transects the butterfly depth, area. linear with of corolla study number 28 interactions the shape, the from throughout corolla their assessed behavior, manner We of random foraging identify Rupa plants. and to floral study of and stratified nectar their periphery diversity the at and species the choices butterfly but abundance, along foraging assess conducted their Nepal, to their was 2019 influencing study in November factors to This extent February the limited. from some site, is Ramsar to attributes a floral Wetland, known and is sources plant butterflies nectar of diversity The Abstract rie helena Troides and eoosaurota Belonois eiotr,nca lns pce iest,crladph rbsi length proboscis depth, corolla diversity, species plants, nectar Lepidoptera, : r lcdudrCTSApni I(hnl hls n oak,2013). Solanki, and Chalise (Khanal, II Appendix CITES under placed are ) < 0.001). eercre.O h 8nca otpatspecies, plant host nectar 28 the Of recorded. were 2 enplu imperialis Teinopalpus eeo flegyas Zemeros ie pilosa Biden rie helena Troides a on ob the be to found was , r ie aeacus Troides a h most the was , Gandaca Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oetmdcnlhrs(agl 05.Tewtrhdae otees ftewtadi oee iha with covered of is wetland species the 175 of and east vegetation the of to species area 361 watershed constitutes dragonflies, ( The It Chilaune butterflies, (Kafle of diverse 2015). lake. recorded forest for the (Dangol, been mixed have of herbs habitat birds area medicinal suitable water catchment hectares forest provides 3,000 of the (Gaut lake of species in species area The and 36 bird conducted watershed (Rajbhandari wetland and total hectares. livelihoods a birds, major and with local some migratory 112 valley destination to and m Pokhara of tourist income of species, 600 area famous lake of fish of a lake biggest source as elevation third a great serves the an a and is lake at providing It The thus Landscape 2014). 2017). farming, Shrestha, Annapurna Paudel, fish Chitwan and supports in Adhikari also (Paudel, situated level Nepal sea of above wetlands important most (28 Wetland Rupa Area Study 2.1 and effective an in methods our plants and from nectar Materials gained preferred 2. their information and The butterflies choices. both foraging plant conserve manner. floral butterfly-nectar to sustained seasons) examine influencing necessary multiple butterfly to factors is was (spanning examine the objectives objective studies two to assess second long-term The was to lack butterfly species. high and still objective different support of we interactions, of first to lack but abundance known The research the 2016), is the quantify this area objectives. Shristi, Given that This and Nepal, main Wetland. taxa. Rupa Sherpa two in at indicator (Smith, addressing preferences year diversity crucial as the by foraging throughout are them gap abundance floral choices preserve and this their diversity to foraging fulfill and and butterfly diversity to butterflies influence butterfly aimed However, of that Suwal about and 2020). utility butterflies, 2017; knowledge factors al., ecological of sufficient Rai, et the distribution Shrestha the 2014; determine Majupuria, 2018; and improve al., to al., and to et diversity, et studies (Smith Khanal (Nepali the ecological Nepal 2013; interactions on butterfly-plant extensive al., of focused examined et have parts have Khanal studies studies different few 2008; previous from Khanal, 2019), butterflies al., and on Bhusal et studies 2006; many their Khanal, examining been 2006; this studies have protect necessary. extinctions, there To are species area. choices While the potential plant in nectar and species and declines, conservation suitability other target population many habitat that insect diversity, further save efforts for research automatically from species any will group flagship 2005), species flagship be Dennis, butterfly and to of Deshmukh known conservation Tiple, are whichthe 2003; of butterflies Schweitzer, all As and degradation, Nelson extinction. habitat (Wagner, to and changes vulnerable fragmentation, environmental them fires, butterflies are to forest make which changes mono-cropping, on sensitive anthropogenic pollution, species particularly plant nitrogen size, are change, of population butterflies loss destruction human Moreover, the habitat global as 2005). biggest well (Stefanescu is in James, as The populations, and increase loss 1988). (Hoyle butterfly rapid habitat Graham, direct depend including the both and insects, to through (Bernays Due of butterflies reproduction many survival impacting 1995). because for the al., 1997) sites to et (Kunte, given or (New pose not food humans is attention as that threatened 40% required plants threat is the of if may specific extinction insects habitat extinction the require their of local to in species or biodiversity lead changes migration Minor may the 2019). either that (S´anchez-Bayo Wyckhuys, to decades functioning, Lepidopterans and lead few among ecosystem next decline the to over dramatic species critical a the of been be than has longer to There the lengths known worldwide. by 1992). tube are Porter, habits corolla 1979; with feeding insects Hermann-Parker, species their While and plant in (Cruden on constrained forage proboscis often cannot their Erhardt, they are of 1928; as length butterflies (Ilse, mouthparts, Essentially, Additionally, their flower-visiting 2003). 1993). of influence Sazima, directly length Ross, and flowers (Freitas and of pollen Boggs colour and and 1991; nectar structure to size, access shape, prevent the that structures special evolving tal et ,21) nldn h atrs fidsre,itneueo etlzr n netcds climate insecticides, and fertilizers of use intense industries, of rise fast the including 2011), ., ° ’5N8dg’0E Fgr ) elrdaRma iei eray21,i n fthe of one is 2016, February in site Ramsar a declared 1), (Figure 84deg6’40”E) 8’55”N ciawallichii Schima n au ( Katus and ) 3 me al et am atnpi indica Castanopsis > 09.Tewtadi motn for important is wetland The 2019). , tal. et ihntv idflwr like flowers wild native with ) 08.Ti td was study This 2008). , Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. utryseis(il ta. 05 hetae l,2018). al., et butterfly Shrestha of 2005; number al., the et plant ( (tubular (Tiple used each common species shape we For very butterfly corolla data, and available. abundance and sightings) ( was rare and (50-100 colour, very nectar diversity common flower as which species the butterfly woody), each from where the categorize or to point for base, sightings (herbaceous convenient tip Finally, corolla category most the the plant non-tubular). the to to to or recorded from base plucked proboscis also measured the was we was observed the from the was depth species, place distance restraining butterfly Corolla the might the by measuring butterfly which length. determined and at a was tube corolla feeding needle length corolla flower a every the the Proboscis or catch Moreover, measure forceps net. to 1964). with Raven, sweep made and proboscis a were (Ehrlich unfurled using attempts the by choices, of transect and foraging tip each morphological floral, butterfly on and leaf, on seen behavioral on butterfly collected based their data identified on for (1990). were Additionally, based Storrs plants field and and (Caldas Storrs the (2006) spotted following in be characteristics Majupuria h could identified walkedfruit and 12:00 12 species were was to Smith butterfly and 8:00 Butterflies maximum transect following data, between that abundance characteristics Each morning walking so and 2003). the days) observer diversity in windy Robbins, recorded. walked butterfly the and were and the and rainy of lines for (avoiding counted Transect m days replicates were sunny data. 5 18 on foraging above) of within of butterfly 1a). interval total and butterflies the (Figure an a for all front, observed) in at replicates and in resulting were A manner pace month, butterflies side, random per constant maximum (1977). and either twice slow, where stratified Pollard (to a scrubland a by transect at (i.e., in described the walked edge arranged method was lake’s were count transect the each, Each along transect long area. apart m the study m 500 the using 100 transects, in collected species 28 was plant of diverse objectives total of both periods Long for flowering (McDermott the and Data temperatures covered diversity cold due which winter to 2019, butterfly intolerant the July are during (assessing to they collected February as objective not season, was first this data during our 2019; al butterflies pre- November of address to lack seasons: winter To March the four and from to November), Nepal’s data to 2011). collected throughout (October we 2019 monsoon (GoN, abundance), post December February) September), to to to January (June (December monsoon from May), explored to fully (March monsoon was area shoreline. lake study the The along found are collection that Data fields crops, agriculture rice 2.2 for and land grasses, vegetation terraced vegetation, native owned of aquatic privately mix floating of a some consists with covered as slope is well northern slope as the hill while western land, The cultivated butterflies. and for habitat favorable a providing ( Damaifal > 07.T drs u eodojcie(xmnn utryfrgn hie) ecletddt from data collected we choices), foraging butterfly (examining objective second our address To 2017). , rii solanacea) Ardisia aatn’ wnflwr( flower Swan Marantina’s , > < 0 ihig)t eemn h ieseicsau feach of status site-specific the determine to sightings) 100 ihig) ae(-5sgtns o ae(55 sightings), (15-50 rare not sightings) (2-15 rare sightings), 2 4 lbamarantina Globba ,adKr ( Kuro and ), iesPilosa) Bidens thus , et Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue1()Gorpi oaino h td rasono ai y mg rmMrh1,21;Rupa 2019; 16, March from image eye Rapid on shown area study the of location Geographic (a) 1 Figure 5 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. niiul,Pl adrr( Wanderer Pale individual), 1 aurota, and lonois counted ( were ( yellow Punchinello butterflies grass of them, families Among ( six swift all wetland. representing ( single species pansy the 138 of in individuals recorded 1,535 together, individuals All their and species Butterfly 3.1 corolla the and Results butterflies of 3. length proboscis the between significant relationship of significant case a the flowers. in for of 1949) (Tukey, test depth tests p to at post-hoc used Turkey’s significant in- Pearson, was by considered as and followed were (Neyman used model, tests Differences were ratio abundance best shape predictors. likelihood species the corolla nested and choose Butterfly used category, We to plant butterflies. distribution. 1933) colour, by Poisson flower Wedder- a choice whereas with and plant variable variables (Nelder nectar dependent dependent (GLM) affecting the as modelling factors used linear the was identify generalized used to we 1972) data, burn, interaction butterfly-plant our For individuals. species, of Where, = index richness Margalef’s = (e) index evenness Pielou’s = of (D) number Index Simpson total the denotes was = (e) abundance (H) index Species Index evenness the Shannon 1966). period. Pielou’s D, and study (Pielou, of 1958) the species Margalef’s value (Margalef, during 0 of the area. richness observed evenness to an larger species individuals the within of the from observed calculating measure so ranges species for simple diversity, species, of index a used no dominant number as Simpson’s representing or total used the common 1 was denotes to and species. index richness weight diversity rare Species more infinite diversity. to gives representing the belong weight it proportional lower 0 will because more of with sample index gives mean 1 a dominance to index arithmetic from a Shannon-Weiner weighted selected is the the a randomly It higher whereas individuals is species. the two index same that species; the Simpson’s probability of to the diversity. composition measures species and community and the 1958), abundance the Shannon- The higher (Margalef, about wetland. the index information Rupa the number, richness provides in diversity index Margalef’s butterfly quantify diversity (Simpson, 1966), to Weiner family Index (Pielou, butterfly Simpson each evenness of 1949), abundance Weaver, Pielou’s relative and richness, (Shannon species index diversity 1949), Shannon-Weiner the calculated We study of analysis the locations in Data the types cover 2.3 indicate land markers and white use and land the red, showing Thapa). in Wetland, Bhakta outlined Rupa of (@Damodar is photograph area area A catchment (b) the transects. blue, study in outlined is Lake iul) ebu ( Peablue viduals), anr guttata, uoi atlites, H p steSannWie pce iest ne,Di h ipo’ iest index, diversity Simpson’s the is D index, diversity species Shannon-Weiner the is i stepooto fidvdasblnigt h i the to belonging individuals of proportion the is ueahecabe, niiul,Cmo awn ( batwing Common individual), 1 apdsboeticus, Lampides − P i n P 9idvdas,Cmo v ig( ring five Common individuals), 69 = 0idvdas utriswr h otaudn pce,floe yStraight by followed species, abundant most the were butterflies individuals) 80 1 1 i n p = i 1 n( ln S .Eq.2 ...... p 8idvdas utris h es omnseisicue ine ( Pioneer included species common least The butterflies. individuals) 38 ln − i N H aeoi avatar, ( 1 np ln S ) .E.4 Eq...... ) E.3 .Eq...... i q 1 Eq...... niiul) hclt lars ( albatross Chocolate individuals), 3 r ie helena, Troides niiul) elwoag i ( tip orange Yellow individuals), 2 6 < .5 diinly ero’ orlto coefficient correlation Pearson’s Additionally, 0.05. phm baldus, Ypthima eeo flegyas, Zemeros niiul,Te elw( yellow Tree individual), 1 th pce,adNi h oa ubrof number total the is N and species, pislyncida, 5idvdas,adCommon and individuals), 45 2idvdas n Grey and individuals) 92 xa pyrene, Ixias adc harina, Gandaca S individuals), 4 stenumber the is indi- 2 Be- Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. l aiis43 .81808 18.67 0.41 2.59 1.64 8.31 0.87 3.82 1.23 0.60 0.83 0.82 0.85 0.89 138 0.75 4.00 20.00 13.00 62.00 29.00 0.98 10.00 0.46 0.89 0.85 0.96 0.94 4.33 0.76 0.84 2.48 families All 2.11 3.50 2.99 Species 1.72 Papilionidae Index Simpson Index Shannon Hesperiidae together. well pooled as were Nepal, Family families Wetland, all Rupa from in evenness, observed are data Pielou’s family Wetland when richness, butterfly values Rupa each overall species the for the index, calculated as diversity in index Simpson family richness index, each Margalef’s diversity and for Shannon-Weiner were The families) indices all Diversity 1. Table (pooling respectively. wetland Rupa 18.67, 1. richness, in Table and the species fauna in 0.87, index, showed butterfly summarized Simpson’s 1). Riodinidae 138, of index, (Annex family index diversity 0.98, species Shannon richness while butterfly 4.33, overall Margalef rare 3.50 The very and of 45 0.84. evenness index and of Pielou value rare, diversity a 61 Shannon with rare, highest diversity not lowest 29 the common, had 3 Nymphalidae observed Family we area, study our Nepal. richness In Wetland, Rupa and in evenness observed diversity, family Species butterfly each 3.2 of species and individuals of number The 2. Figure spp) 13 of individuals (90 (163 Papilionidae Hespiridae and spp), spp), spp) 20 62 4 of of of individuals individuals individuals (181 (650 (132 Pieridae family Riodinidae spp), 2). Nymphalidae spp), (Figure 29 the 10 of was of individuals individuals individuals (319 observed Lycaenidae most by the followed with family The 1). (Annex ( cerulean Dark aie bochus, niiul) n akpert( pierrot Dark and individuals), 5 7 richness auu ananda, Tarucus evenness Pielou niiul)butterflies individuals) 8 Index Richness Margalef’s Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ubr nprnhssa h otmo ahgahidct h apeszs(ubrof (number sizes sample the indicate graph each of bottom differences. significant the indicate at versus letters sightings). non-tubular parentheses lowercase (C) different in and graph, colours, Numbers each floral Within different flowers. (B) species, tubular plant woody ( versus herbaceous mean The 3. Figure colour (flower flower both factors flowers by at tested influenced abundance significantly the butterfly be to influence of found significantly four ( was none to For abundance shown Hesperidae Pieridae), 4). were However, 4D-O). and shape) (Figure (Figure (p corolla results Papilionidae, flowers and different category, Nymphalidae, pink revealed plant at (Lycaenidae, separately color, plants than family families flowers woody butterfly purple the that over each and revealed of plants were Examining white, test Tukey’s herbaceous yellow, 3B). species Moreover, at Figure of 3C). butterfly greater 0.05; flowers (Figure significantly 31 flowers the was non-tubular all preferred abundance over When flowers butterfly significantly tubular Butterflies and species. plant 3A), by 3). plant (Figure influenced (Figure nectar significantly was 0.27) 28 visitation = butterfly of feeding that observed total revealed were ( GLM a individuals category the 298 at of of results consisting recorded together, species abun- were analyzed 31 they butterfly only observed, flowers; on species at butterfly shape 138 the corolla of and Out category plant color, flower dance of Effects 3.3 oes(iue4C). (Figure flowers ( shape flower and χ 2 3 21 .0) ihmr utrisosre tylo oesta upeflwr Fgr 4B), (Figure flowers purple than flowers yellow at observed butterflies more with 0.007), = p 12.1, = χ 2 1 .0 .8,flwrclu ( colour flower 0.48), = p 0.50, = χ 2 1 .8 .2,wt oebtefle bevda uua oesta non-tubular than flowers tubular at observed butterflies more with 0.02), = p 5.78, = ± E ubro utrisosre e rneta A h oesof flowers the (A) at transect per observed butterflies of number SE) χ 2 4 23 .1) n ool hp ( shape corolla and 0.015), = p 12.3, = 8 χ 2 1 .2 p 1.22, = < Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ,L )nntblrvru uua oes ihnec rp,dffrn oecs letters indicate lowercase graph different each F, of (C, graph, sightings). bottom and each of the colours, Within (number at floral sizes parentheses flowers. different sample flowers in N) tubular the the Numbers K, M) versus differences. H, J, significant non-tubular E, G, D, indicate (B, O) (A, species, at L, plant butterflies Papilioni- I, of woody (J-L) number versus the Nymphalidae, herbaceous show (G-I) Graphs of Pieridae. Lycaenidae, (M-O) (D-F) and Hesperidae, dae, (A-C) observed: ( families mean The 4. Figure ± E ubro utrisosre e rnetfrec f5butterfly 5 of each for transect per observed butterflies of number SE) 9 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ool uelnt a .8m o oesvstdb eprdebtefle n h ogs a 94 mm 19.43 was longest mean the shortest and the butterflies Similarly, Hesperidae by 3). butterflies. visited Papilionidae (Appendix flowers tube by Papilionidae for corolla visited for mm flowers the mm 4.38 for and was 25.71 butterflies length was tube of longest corolla length the and proboscis Lycaenidae the (p for between flowers correlation visited significant of by length length a visited tube show species corolla results plant and Our of length number proboscis and between (A) Correlation species 3.5 butterflies of number (B). by species visited butterfly each species Plant 5. Figure 3B). (Figure species plant single a only visited species 3A). by butterfly (Figure followed species species), butterfly (10 single feeding a butterfly observed by receiving species observed visited were butterfly species of species), plant number host (11 total nectar Twenty-eight the counted. species, was visits. plant species species nectar plant plant each of on nectar popularity at the ascertain feeding To species butterfly of Number 3.4 iespilosa Bidens atn camara a iie ytems utryseis(3seis,floe by followed species), (13 species butterfly most the by visited was aoslapyranthe Catopsilia < .0,r=046 iue6.Tesots enpoocslnt a .0mm 7.10 was length proboscis mean shortest The 6). Figure 0.466; = r 0.001, 1 pce) and species), (10 5,Erm eae()and (5) hecabe Eurema (5), grtmhoustonianum Ageratum anr guttata Parnara 10 utrisvstdtems ln species plant most the visited butterflies 6seis;1 ln pce were species plant 15 species); (6 pislyncida Appias uaoimodoratum Eupatorium 4,wees9 whereas (4), Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aiiswt eaieylwdvriyi uaWtadmyb iie yalc faporaehs lns a plants; host appropriate of possible cover lack second a them by the helps A Additionally, limited likely be 2006). 2005). which may polyphagous al., Wetland fliers, (Janz, et Rupa are active Padhye habitats in 2005; nymphalids strong diversity of Pramod, low are most variety and relatively family that (Eswaran a with resources this is families utilize for in searching explanation to species when possible them areas many large for One that easier be reasons. may it which of explanation makes Hesperiidae), number which and quite a Riodinidae nature, had Wetland (i.e., to in there diversity Rupa Interestingly, due lower in had observed on. be (Sarath, the others families forage Wetlands may to while butterfly to due Nymphalidae), Some Kole them likely (i.e., for the families. is diversity resources among Wetland high and floral diversity Rupa abundant in 2013) in wetlands variation offers Prusty, fauna other large which butterfly and was area, in of Arun this biodiversity reported in rich (Murugesan, followed been vegetation The Lake rich richness, also 2017). Oussudu Shresth have species Nameer, Lycaenidae at findings 2000; and highest Tamrakar, as the similar Sreekumar and the Moreover, such by Shrestha have followed , 2019). diversity Prajapati, in to Shrestha, highest 1997; Nymphalidae and and the (Kunte, Rupa Joshi counted reported in Tamang, had others were also species and Nymphalidae butterflies butterfly have Lycaenidae 174 the of of studies by study, families total Previous our a six recorded In all (2016) family. al representing Lakes. et species Smith Begnas Similarly, 138 and wetland. from single the individuals in 1,535 recorded of total A Nepal. Discussion and Wetland, Rupa length in proboscis at butterfly foraged between they correlation flowers positive the significant of the length showing tube scatterplot corolla A 6. Figure 11 tal et a ,2018; ., Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ool et fptnilnca lnslmt h pce edn nte otoewt ucetylong sufficiently with those to them on maximum feeding the species that the showed in which limits utilization 2000) plants resource (Corbet, of nectar by indicator potential study morphological of the a same in as depth the length recorded At corolla were versa. proboscis vice of findings and use Similar lengths indicates the tube correlation butterflies. finding corolla supports significant This flowers. short finding a visited with observed this flowers of prefer also length time, proboscises tube we short corolla but with the flowers, butterfly and tubular that butterflies of preferred length butterflies proboscis that the a find between tubes we exhibited corolla flowers did tubular but tubular only and flowers, for Not proboscises tubular have butterfly non butterflies between fit and that morphological preference tubular suitable (Sultana universal both the ones. generally given on non-tubular This unsurprising, over feeding flowers is flowers. butterflies findings tubular tubular the prefered reported for Moreover, butterflies (2004) flowers. preference most non-tubular al., that found showed than et also also often who Raju (2011) more (2005), more colleagues al., flowers significantly and et flowers tubular Tiple Nimbalkar Nepalese visited tubular of of those India of visited to in butterflies similar preferences butterflies are that results color that revealed Our flowers. acquired shape, non-tubular corolla than and 2012). often examined, Yamaki, innate trait and plant the third Kandori The across determine 2011; and to al., within necessary et both is (Blackiston previous rewards, butterflies. research preferences in floral further color reported in innate Thus, variation findings over diverse high colors The is high-rewarding 2012). there blue Yamaki, that both (Ya and given for species our (Kandori preference unsurprising color to flowers is a Similar purple studies showed and species significant. and red butterfly not colors, flowers Nymphalid preferred other were ( blue a the flowers differences or that than yellow the found pink often and although study visiting more often, previous flowers seen a most blue transect) results, flowers visited per pink butterflies Lycaenidae, individuals that Nymphalidae Hesperidae, visited (0-1 found by contrast, Papilionidae driven rarely overall India In be were The in to 4). families appears study 2016). (Figure these study different Basavarajappa, white our as and a in than flowers Pieridae, (Santhosh often contrast, purple flowers and more and In blue flowers white, yellow, and purple 2005). for pink and Previous preference Dennis, example, white, blue For and yellow, yellow, flowers. study, Deshmukh results. preferred red, of pink butterflies visited our (Tiple, range butterflies flowers than In wide that pink often a found visitation. reported and more India butterfly have in significantly butterflies influence study in flowers to preferences one purple found colour floral and also examining was white, studies colour attractive yellow, flower to offer visited category, method to butterflies plant one appear to be may species. addition species habitats butterfly In herbaceous probable of availabil- diversity in Because large plants and found to herbaceous richness India area. due of the Bengal, study maintenance flora increase West For that epiphytic butterflies, their of preference to on plants. forests within resources dependent common host hill plants floral mostly such apparently the were Ochideaceae of This in families of abundance (2013) butterfly ity trees. the Ghorai Hesperid and to of and Sengupta due flowers Pierid by be the frequentthat conducted may more to study were plants than butterflies a herbaceous of shrubs example, towards visits and exhibit that and herbs species reported Santhosh also shrubs, butterfly of by by (2011) flowers study followed al., species, the a et butterfly Nimbalkar Additionally, conducted to to butterflies was climbers. nectar 2008). adult study and most Kobayashi, by woody the trees the and contributed utilization herbs, though of weeds Yumoto nectar even that flowers (Kitahara, that found species, the woodland (2016) found woody Basavarajappa, a than at But- near than in often plants plants. and study more herbaceous in nectar previous flower significantly at a at category, higher species results, visitation substantially (plant plant our was butterfly examined to herbaceous influence Similar factors of significantly flowers three to species. the all found were visited together, shape) terflies pooled lack corolla a species by and butterfly 1997). limited colour, Tscharntke, were all and richness (Steffan-Dewenter examining species lower When growing with families the butterfly for the plants that host found of Germany South in study tal et tal et n ,2017). ., ,21) oevr utrisaekont eqiklanr,adwl edl choose readily will and learners, quick be to known are butterflies Moreover, 2016). ., mr n od,20) n ieetsuyrpre htaPploia species Papilionidae a that reported study different a and 2005), Honda, and Omura ˆ 12 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hra r ajy aag r hiaKaa,M.JyRjJsi r mi odl n Mr. and Poudel, also We Amrit Wetland. Rupa Mr. Forests, in of Joshi, research Department Raj conducting The Jay for analysis. Basanta permit data Mr. research Mr. and Panthee, fieldwork the Khanal, Shristee during granted Bhaiya support Ms. Kathmandu, their Subedi, Babarmahal for Mr. Anoj Limbhu Tamang, Mr. Singh Sanjaya Smetacek, Mahendra Peter Mr. Mr. acknowledge Sharma, to like would We awareness public promote Acknowledgements to zones we butterfly diversity and or necessary, butterfly parks is high areas butterfly the such as of Finally, declared efforts. conservation conservation be that pollinators. and reveals areas of important butterflies Lake such types by these Rupa that which preferred surrounding for recommend reveals species shrubland habitat plant also the suitable native in but Cultivating not more found butterflies, study fauna. a too. for This butterfly farmlands provide resources purposes. for agriculture multiple will nectar appropriate surrounding for providing most the wetlands which of such are in protect pollinators, also resources importance to but diverse the need area, such confirms the wetland harboring emphasizes only the of further in study terms role our in important Thus, ecosystem realized an for of never sub- play (payment conservation PES only are but the of not for but recreation, terms required in butterflies, and important urgently for tourism, butterfly considered is was grounds different services), habitats Rupa influenced such for foraging study, our all of habitat flourishing Before management diversity. length enriched are butterfly The resource wetlands tube disturbances. a the human corolla is to within and Lake jected patches shape, Rupa wild butterflies. corolla that The Himalayan suggests colour, some species. study flower of category, plants The nectar plant foraging. of butterfly that choice show the affecting findings factors Our different the examined study This Conclusions occupy. pollinators ultimately foraging will important which butterfly these species, understand that butterfly preferences, fully ecosystems of to diverse diversity specific the as necessary the (Arroyo exhibit promote balance are flexible, traits to to level) help necessary preferred be species seem is of to information the may Such abundance at appear preferences. species relative (particularly preferences the butterfly studies foraging detailed on although apparent more depend butterfly the that ultimately in Moreover, suggested resulting choices level. has preferences, their family 52 different study have and the previous family Papilionidae, Additionally, at each a 11 foraging. within preferences observed Nymphalidae, may individuals species 90 of findings Hesperidae individual Lycaenidae, shape) lack significant 113 that 32 corolla the observed possible of to and only is lack contrast we it colour, This in as flower flowers. foraging, sizes, category, at individuals sample Pieridae (plant abundance small butterfly to factors Nymphalidae, due influence tested (Lycaenidae, be significantly examined the to families of shown four none remaining were species. and Pieridae), the plant purple, over for flowering and flowers yellow but of Papilionidae, of prefer variety non-tubular, to range greater over found highest were a flowers the Hesperidae on tubular family, utilize by feeding to visitation and permits butterfly able (Ranta analyzing proboscis were Similarly, When long proboscises tubes. a longest in corolla Thus, the 2009) long depths. with Dennis, with tube and and species flowers corolla Khurad that on corollas, (Tiple, foraged reported deep by Papilionids 1980) study prefer moderately that Lundberg, previous butterflies showed with A Pieridae also Hesperidae corollas. and India deepest and Lycaenidae central the to that Nymphalidae were with shows the butterflies corollas, butterflies study of such Papilionidae shallow likely Our range length more relatively corollas. the proboscis the deepest with proboscis, the within the the flowers and remain with longer visits the plants they flower that between on when found relation forage and upon the butterflies investigated fed Apollo (2020) only Clouded al of are et flowers Szigeti that length. (Sultana proboscis Moreover, reported flowers. They deep plants. on feed nectaring to unable al. therefore are et species butterfly short-tongued proboscises; 07 on httepoocshdsgicn oei h oeouinbtenbtefle n their and butterflies between co-evolution the in role significant had proboscis the that found 2017) , 13 tal. et 07.Thus, 2007). , Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ria,L n aia .(03 Foa ilg n olnto ehnssi w il species—from Viola two in mechanisms pollination and biology ‘Floral flowers?’, (2003) pollen M. to nectar Sazima, and L. Ghats’, Freitas, Western hills, Anaikatty of E. community Fernando, butterfly of ‘Structure Journal (2005) Print P. Zoos’ Pramod, and Lepidoptera’, R. of Eswaran, effects pollination 239–260. and pp. preferences 1, nectar coevolution’, , preferences, in ‘Flower study (1991) a A. Erhardt, plants: and ‘Butterflies (1964) Arunachal H. 586–608. from P. pp. Raven, Rhopalocera) and R. areas’, (Lepidoptera: P. protected Ehrlich, butterflies in of research of ‘Review importance research date) to and and (no University) status (Tribhuvan B. Conservation Museum Sinha, Pradesh: History and Natural P. of Durairaj, Botanists Nepal’, of in with Education ‘Contributions pulcherrima, and (2015) Caesalpinia Research R. of D. pollination ‘Butterfly Dangol, (1979) syndrome’, M. psychophilous S. a Hermann-Parker, on observations and form’, W. flower R. and morphology Cruden, butterfly flowers: Applicata nectaring Speyeria et ‘Butterfly in abundance perimentalis (2000) butterfly traits A. tropical history assessing S. life for Corbet, transects on Pollard limitation ‘Modified food (2003) K. diversity’, adult R. and of Robbins, effect and A. ‘The Caldas, (1993) L. C. Nymphalidae)’, Ross, (Lepidoptera: butterfly, and mormonia monarch L. the C. in learning Boggs, and vision ‘Color (2011) 509–520. of R. Siwalik pp. M. eastern Weiss, in (Nymphalidae)’, and plexippus D. butterflies A. of diversity Briscoe, ’, D., altitudinal phytophagous Blackiston, and in ‘Seasonal (2008) specificity B. host Khanal, of Nepal’, and evolution R. D. the Bhusal, ‘On (1988) M. Graham, Ecology Andes’, and Chilean E. central Bernays, the of subnival Research the Alpine in and Antarctic, (Asteraceae) lycopodioides Chaetanthera K. pollinating T. M. perspectives’, Arroyo, evolutionary and functional, ecological, pollination: and in pollen ‘Abiotic (2000) D. J. Ackerman, References https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qnk98sfdg https://datadryad.org/stash/share/sl1Gxc2KGVXJVqFWj40UmuBRAUAnWYo0JEffP0meEw4 Dryad.URL: on funding available acknowledges are Adhikari Data 318645). number Hari (decision paper. project SMARTLAND this STATEMENT the AVAILABILITY in DATA for used Finland image of Eye Academy the Rapid from the for Planet.org acknowledge olnadPollination and Pollen ora fNtrlHsoyMuseum History Natural of Journal ie nieLbay 94,p.886–892. pp. 69(4), Library, Online Wiley . p 61–77. pp. , tal. et ilgclConservation Biological tal. et 21)‘tohnuavrn’ h UNRdLs fTraee Species. 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P. system-a Arun, M., Murugesan, p 1805–1817. pp. , tal. et Oecologia tal. et 19)‘utrycnevto management’, conservation ‘Butterfly (1995) tal. et leir 3 p 131–144. pp. 13, Elsevier, . aary ora fItricpiayStudies Interdisciplinary of Journal Janapriya pigr 4() p 588–596. pp. 142(4), Springer, . os rn Journal Print Zoos’ h oa oit odn 3(9–0) p 289–337. pp. 231(694–706), London, Society Royal The . 20)‘esnadlnsaews itiuino utrisi ahn,northern Tamhini, in butterflies of distribution wise landscape and ‘Season (2006) ea ora fSineadTechnology and Science of Journal Nepal 22)‘ornwbtefl pce o ea:Aiaacea aidsjpts Lethe japetus, Tagiades chela, Nepal: for species butterfly new ‘Four (2020) Bionotes ie nieLbay 3() p 370–384. pp. 135(3), Library, Online Wiley . 21,p.21–23. pp. 22(1), , clgclEntomology Ecological 13,p.2175–2181. pp. 21(3), , pigr p 1–40. pp. Springer, . h clg fbtefle nBritain in butterflies of ecology The 16 ORA FPATRESOURCES PLANT OF JOURNAL nulrve fentomology of review Annual 2(1). , 63,p.2030 o:10.1111/j.1365- doi: 290–300. pp. 36(3), , ora fTraee Taxa Threatened of Journal ,p.134–147. pp. 6, , ora fTraee Taxa Threatened of Journal ora fteRylStatistical Royal the of Journal ilgclconservation Biological xodUniversity Oxford . ora fThreat- of Journal nulReviews Annual . ora of Journal () pp. 3(3), , 5(12), , 16(1), , Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eetdforests’, selected on communities S. plant Sultana, (1990) and J. butterfly Storrs, and of A. succession Storrs, ‘Early (1997) T. fields’, Tscharntke, set-aside and I. change’, Steffan-Dewenter, climate and habitat of light forests’, the eucalypt Australian C. in insects Stefanescu, of role ecological the Ecology ‘On of (1978) P. (2006) B. C. Springett, T. Majupuria, and P. C. Smith, (2016) N. LIBIRD. Shristi, and . L. Sherpa, P., collin diversity’, Smith, of ‘Measurement (1949) H. E. Nepal’, Simpson, central of region Manang the in R. B. Shrestha, Nepal’, valley, R. Weaver B. W. Shrestha, Communication), of Theory Mathematical of Press. the landscape upper Himalayan to (1949) the eastern W. Contributions Weaver, of Recent the and surroundings in E. the forest C. 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() p 21–30. pp. 4(4), , re n huso ea n h Himalayas the and Nepal of Shrubs and Trees leir 3,p.8–27. pp. 232, Elsevier, . ATMYCATRE,7(/) p 187–190. pp. 70(5/6), CHATTERJEE, SANTIMAY . h ahmtclTer fCmuiain yC hno (and Shannon CE by Communication, of Theory Mathematical The ora fMuti Science Mountain of Journal ora fIsc Conservation Insect of Journal lutae hcls fNplsbutterflies Nepal’s of checklist Illustrated () p 10208–10215. pp. 9(5), , utriso ensadRp aese,Pkaa Nepla Pokhara, Watershed, Rupa and Begnas of Butterflies nature 17 .26. p. , auePbihn ru,1344) .688. p. 163(4148), Group, Publishing Nature . () p 1348–1356. pp. 6(3), , pigr p 1–13. pp. Springer, . pigr 512,p.83–93. pp. 15(1–2), Springer, . igisBosHouse. Books Pilgrims . adnBo House. Book Walden . () p 93–102. pp. 3(1), , nvriyo illinois of University . utainJournal Australian Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ule mulciber aglea chrysippus Danaus genutia Danaus Status Butterfly tytia Parantica septentrionis Tirmala iphita Junonia Family atlites Junonia Individuals orithyra Junonia lemonias Junonia almana Junonia confuse Ypthilma newara Ypthima huebneri Ypthima Name nikaea Local Ypthima baldus Ypthima confuse Lethe area Data. study List Red the IUCN Name in to recorded Scientific species according was butterfly species ) sightings Concern helena of (Troides Least number batwing as Common on categorized was of Based which individual Nepal. Single Wetland, sightings). Rupa ( (50–100 rare in very into Butterfly categorized of were Diversity 1: Annex Appendix ()’, indica Quisqualis in fitness J. Yan, management’, England and New 95–112. southern conservation, of pp. ecology, Lepidoptera 185(1–2), ‘Shrubland York: Elsevier, (2003) F. New D. Schweitzer, southeastern and variance’, W. and M. of Nelson, analysis L., D. the Wagner, in means individual ‘Comparing 99–114. (1949) W. associations: J. flower Tukey, feeding–nectar morphology’, 855–884. butterfly flower ‘Adult pp. nectar (2009) 43(13–14), and Francis, H. butterfly, L. & Taylor R. affiliation, Dennis, taxonomic and of M. visits constraints A. resource Khurad, plant D., A. nectar conservation’, Tiple, influencing for ‘Factors 213. implications (2005) p. H. campus: 28(3/4), L. university LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA, .’, R. EUROPAEA a Nepal Dennis, of on and lowlands P. butterflies eastern V. by in Deshmukh, butterflies D., of A. ‘Diversity Tiple, (2019) R. B. Shrestha, and A. (April). Joshi, R., S. Tamang, (December). Nepal’, Eastern from ) R. S. Tamang, butterfly’, a in choice Nepal’, Park, V. National Szigeti, Rara from Nymphalidae) Lepidoptera: Taxa Threatened (Insecta: 1872) (Moore, agnicula P. S. Suwal, tal. et tal. et tal. et 21)‘olntrrsosst oa oorcag,nca n cn rmt reproductive promote scent and nectar change, colour floral to responses ‘Pollinator (2016) tal. et 22)‘r l utriseul ouainws rbsi eghvrainpeit flower predicts variation length proboscis Population-wise equal? butterflies all ‘Are (2020) 11) p 40–40.di 10.11609/jott.4899.11.14.14902-14905. doi: 14902–14905. pp. 11(14), , 21)‘diinldsrbto eod fterr ea om oyoi c-album Polygonia Comma Nepal rare the of records distribution ‘Additional (2019) 21)‘ofimto fPl re we uaaGmt eiotr Hesperidae : Lepidoptera ( Gomata Burara Awlet Green Pale of ‘Confirmation (2019) nmlBehaviour Animal lsytgr1 ypaia Rare Rare Rare Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Rare rare Nymphalidae Very rare Nymphalidae Very Nymphalidae 15 Common rare Very 7 rare 3 Not Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae rare Not 5 Nymphalidae 1 Rare 1 Nymphalidae crow 80 blue Striped rare Rare Very 27 2 tiger Glassy Nymphalidae Nymphalidae tiger rare Rare Plain Not 35 tiger Nymphalidae Common Nymphalidae rare 12 tiger Not Chestnut tiger blue Nymphalidae Dark Rare pansy Chocolate Nymphalidae 6 2 pansy Grey pansy 30 Blue 5 pansy Lemon 45 pansy peacock ring three Confusing 10 ring three Newari ring four Common ring five Moore’s ring five Common brown tree Banded < ihig) ae(–5sgtns,ntrr 1–0sgtns,adcommon and sightings), (15–50 rare not sightings), (2–15 rare sightings), 2 leir 6,p.135–143. pp. 163, Elsevier, . cetfi reports Scientific 18 auePbihn ru,61,p.1–10. pp. 6(1), Group, Publishing Nature . oalepidopterologica Nota oetEooyadManagement and Ecology Forest ora fNtrlHistory Natural of Journal Biometrics SO,pp. JSTOR, . SOCIETAS . ora of Journal . . Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aii bianor protenor Papilio aidoneus Atrophaneura helenus Papilio polytes Papilio egista Vagrans biblis Cethosia ganga Abrota perius ranga Athyma cardui Vanessa indica Vanessa bolina merione Ariadne danava Limenitis cashmirensis Aglais athamas Polyura phalantha Phalanta erymanthis risa thyodamas bisaltide Doleschallia inachus Kallima bhutanica zaida sankara Neptis cartica Neptis hylas Neptis aconthea Euthalia hordonia Pantoporia lilaea Symbrenthia hypselis Symbrenthia niphanda Symbrenthia hyperbius Argyreus mekara Nemetis insana Lethe Status Butterfly phedima Melanitis leda Melanitis perseus Mycalesis Family mineus Mycalesis Individuals malsara Mycalesis francisca Mycalesis medus Orsotrioena julii Tanaecia lepidea Tanaecia malelas Name hypermnestra Local Elymnias nama core Euploea Name Scientific pnl aiindeRare Papilionidae Rare rare Not Papilionidae rare Very Papilionidae Rare Nymphalidae Papilionidae 8 rare Not Papilionidae rare Rare Very 3 19 Nymphalidae Nymphalidae 5 1 rare Very Rare rare Very Nymphalidae Nymphalidae rare rare Very Very Nymphalidae 22 Peacock Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Common Rare 3 1 Spangle Nymphalidae Rare batwing Common Nymphalidae Helen 12 Red Rare 1 Mormon Common 2 Nymphalidae rare Very Vagrant 2 1 lacewing Nymphalidae rare Rare rare Leopard Very Very major 4 Nymphalidae Sergeant Nymphalidae Nymphalidae sergeant Rare 6 Common sergeant Nymphalidae Blackvein 15 Rare Rare rare sergeant Very Staff Nymphalidae Nymphalidae sergeant Nymphalidae 1 Colour Rare lady Painted 3 2 2 admiral Nymphalidae rare red Very Indian Rare 15 eggfly Nymphalidae Great Nymphalidae castor Common rare Very 9 5 commodore rare 1 Common Not Nymphalidae tortoiseshell Indian Nymphalidae Rare nawab 4 Common Rare Nymphalidae leopard Common rare Nymphalidae Rare 1 Very 7 Rustic Nymphalidae Nymphalidae maplet rare Common Very 2 Rare 29 Common Nymphalidae leaf Nymphalidae Autumn 11 oakleaf Orange rare rare Very 8 Very sailor green 10 Pale Nymphalidae Nymphalidae sailor 1 banded Broad rare Not sailor Plain 1 Nymphalidae sailor Common 6 baron rare rare Common Not Not Lascar Common Nymphalidae Nymphalidae rare Rare Not 1 1 jester Common rare Rare Nymphalidae Rare rare Not Nymphalidae Not jester Spotted rare Nymphalidae Very Nymphalidae jester Nymphalidae 16 Nymphalidae tailed Blue Nymphalidae fritillary rare Very Indian forester red 18 Nymphalidae 20 Straight rare Very forester Common 33 Nymphalidae brown 5 evening Dark 10 43 brown 7 29 evening Common brown 2 bush Common Rare bushbrown brand Nymphalidae Dark brown 2 bush line White brown 1 bush Lilacine brown Jungle earl Common count Grey 6 palmfly Spotted palmfly Common Circe Crow Indian Common 19 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. roaaamantes bochus Jamides paramuta Arhopala maha Zizeeria karsandra Zizeeria otis Zizina alecto Jamides celeno Jamides flegyas Zemeros adonira neophron Abisara egeon Dodona aurota Belonois pyrene Ixias harina Gandaca avatar Pareronia pasithoe descombesi Delias eucharis Delias nerissa nadina Cepora hecabe Eurema andersonii Eurema lyncida Appias glaucippe Hebomoia brassicae Pieris cannida Pieris pyranthe Catopsilia pomona Catopsilia galba Spialia subvittatus Ochus salsala dasahara guttata Parnara Status Butterfly bambusae Telicota curvifascia litigiosa Tagiades Family menaka Tagiades Individuals dan machaon Papilio agamemnon Graphium chirnoides Graphium aristolochiae Pachliopta helena Troides Name memnon Local Papilio sarpedon Graphium paris Papilio Name Scientific ag abu yandeVr rare Very Rare Lycaenidae Lycaenidae rare Not Rare Lycaenidae Rare Lycaenidae rare Not Lycaenidae 2 rare Common Not 5 Lycaenidae rare Very rare Rare Not rare Lycaenidae Not Riodinidae 23 10 Riodinidae Lycaenidae Rare Riodinidae Pieridae 12 rare Very rare Riodinidae Very 22 Oakblue Large rare Very Cerulean 30 92 Dark Pieridae Oakblue Hooked 34 Pieridae Blue 5 Rare Grass 30 Pale Pieridae 1 Blue rare Grass Not Dark rare Very Blue 5 Grass Lesser Pieridae rare Cerulean Very Rare Metallic 1 Cerulean Pieridae Rare Rare Common Pieridae 2 Punchinello 2 punch Pieridae Pieridae Striped Pieridae Pieridae Judy Tailed Punch 5 Orange rare 22 Not Pioneer 1 tip Rare orange Yellow rare Rare Not Rare yellow 1 5 Tree 14 12 Pieridae wanderer Pale Pieridae Jezabel rare Red-Base Very Pieridae Pieridae Pieridae Jezabel Red-spot rare Rare Not jezabel Common jezabel rare Breast Rare Very Pieridae Red rare Very 38 jezabel Painted Pieridae Pieridae Hesperiidae Gull 5 Hesperiidae Rare Common 29 4 Pieridae 5 Gull Lesser Yellow Hesperiidae Grass Common Common Yellow rare Three-spot-grass Not 2 yellow rare grass Hesperiidae Not spot 16 One 4 1 Hesperiidae albatross Chocolate 1 Rare Hesperiidae rare 12 Tip Very Orange Great 15 White Rare Cabbage Hesperiidae Large Hesperiidae White Rare Cabbage rare Indian Not Hesperiidae 69 rare Emigrant Very Mottled Papilionidae 23 Emigrant Hesperiidae 22 Common Papilionidae rare Indian Very hopper 3 Tiger 2 Papilionidae bob rare Chestnut Very rare Flat 8 Very Rare Small Common 9 Papilionidae 19 swift Papilionidae Rare Straight Papilionidae Dart 2 palm Dark Rare Papilionidae Demon Restricted Papilionidae Flat 1 Snow Water flat snow Spotted Flat 1 Pied 12 Fulvous 1 Swallowtail Yellow Common 8 Jay Tailed 3 Jay Veined Rose Common birdwing Common Mormon Great Bluebottle Common Peacock Paris 20 Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Common Common 8 Indian 7 Red 6 Plain 5 Glassy 4 Common 3 Red 2 1 tubular Non NT= S.N and Tubular T= plants. nectar the in feed to butterfly the influencing Factors 2: Annex emolus Anthene othona manea pheritima Rapala amasa Zeltus atymnus strabo boeticus Lampides Status Butterfly transpecta Lestranicus puspa Acytolepsis epicles Family dubiosa Individuals nora Prosotas lacturnus Everes lohita Spindasis syama Spindiasis bulis ananda Tarucus Name rosimon Local Castalius nissa Rapala centaurus Arhopala Name Scientific tiger tiger Admiral species Butterfly jester tiger Fritilary Admiral Tiger iit le5Lceia Rare rare Very Lycaenidae Rare Lycaenidae rare Very rare rare Very Lycaenidae Not Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Rare 5 2 Lycaenidae 12 rare Very 1 24 Lycaenidae 1 Rare rare Not Rare rare 3 Not Rare Lycaenidae Blue Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Ciliate Rare Lycaenidae tit Lycaenidae Orchid 2 rare Very flash Lycaenidae Slate flash rare Copper Rare Very Rare Lycaenidae tit Fluffy 14 23 Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Yamfly 6 20 Rare blue Forget-me-not rare 9 Not blue 15 Pea blue Lycaenidae hedge rare Very banded White Lycaenidae blue 1 hedge Common Lycaenidae Sapphire Purple 8 2 5 lineblue Tailless lineblue Common 7 Cupid 20 Indian silverline Long-brand 1 silverline Club sunbeam Bright Pierrot Dark Pierrot Common Flash Common Oakblue Centaur lilaea Symbrenthia genutia Danaus bius hyper- Argyreus indica Vanessa pus chrysip- Danaus aglea Parantica genutia Danaus indica Vanessa Name Scientific 13 12 18.2 13 13 10 18.2 (mm) length Proboscis 13 21 camara Lantana folia rhambi- Sida elegans pilosa Bidens camara Lantana rus teropho- hys- Parthenium tum odora- Eupatorium camara Lantana species Plant od elwT12 3 2 T 5 NT yellow T yellow woody 12 T pink herb 3 white T herb 9 herb T yellow 12 woody white T T herb purple yellow woody woody category Plant color Flower shape Flower (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 6Striped Plain 26 Peacock 25 Common 24 Plain 23 Glassy 22 Glassy 21 Common 20 Common 19 Common 18 Common 17 Striped 16 Common 15 Lemon 14 Grey 13 Grey 12 Peacock Chocolate 11 10 9 S.N pansy pansy Pansy species Butterfly crow blue Tiger pansy ring five Tiger tiger tiger tiger sailor crow indian crow indian crow blue tiger pansy pansy ciber mul- Euploea pus chrysip- Danaus almana Junonia baldus Ypthima pus chrysip- Danaus aglea Parantica aglea Parantica genutia Danaus hylas Neptis core Euploea ciber mul- Euploea genutia Danaus nias lemo- Junonia atlites Junonia atlites Junonia almana Junonia iphita Junonia Name Scientific 9.3 8 12 13 13 11.4 13 (mm) length Proboscis 9.3 11 11.4 5.1 13 13 13 10 7 12 12 22 nianum housto- Ageratum nianum housto- Ageratum tum odora- Eupatorium latifolia Borreria pilosa Bidens nianum housto- Ageratum pilosa Bidens nianum housto- Ageratum adenophora Ageratina erecta Tagetes nianum housto- Ageratum tum odora- Eupatorium camara Lantana pilosa Bidens nianum housto- Ageratum zoides cony- Ageratum camara Lantana adenophora Ageratina species Plant ebbu 4 3 T 17 T 4 blue T purple 9 herb T yellow herb 12 5 blue T herb 4 T purple herb T yellow 3 herb T white woody 12 3 T blue herb T white herb T yellow herb purple woody herb category Plant ebprl 4 4 T 9 purple T 4 5 purple herb T T 4 herb purple T 5 purple woody T white herb T blue herb white herb herb color Flower shape Flower (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 3Common blue Pea 43 Indian 42 Indian 41 Common 40 Club 39 blue Pea 38 Copper 37 Copper 36 Common 35 Club 34 Lemon 33 Lemon 32 Lemon 31 Common 30 Common 29 Common 28 27 S.N v ring five crow indian crow indian species Butterfly pierrot cupid cupid pierrot silverline flash flash cerulian silverline pansy pansy pansy rosimon Castalius boeticus Lampides nus lactur- Everes nus lactur- Everes rosimon Castalius syama Spindiasis boeticus Lampides itima pher- Rapala itima pher- Rapala celeno Jamides syama Spindiasis nias lemo- Junonia nias lemo- Junonia nias lemo- Junonia baldus Ypthima core Euploea core Euploea Name Scientific 8 12 12 12 5.1 12 12 (mm) length Proboscis 8 7 4 4 8 8 7 9 9 6.1 23 pilosa Bidens erecta Duranta tum confer- pilosa Bidens folia rhambi- Sida camara Lantana bens procum- Tridax pilosa Bidens tum odora- Eupatorium negundo Vitex tum odora- Eupatorium tum odora- Eupatorium camara Lantana folia hyssopi- Cuphea pilosa Bidens elegans Zinnia pilosa Bidens species Plant od elwT12 8 T 5 T yellow 9 T white woody 5 white herb T 9 T 9 herb purple purple T woody 12 T woody purple 8 5 purple woody T 6 herb yellow T T 5 woody purple T white woody T pink herb white herb herb category Plant ebwieT5 7 T 4 T 5 white T purple herb 3 T purple woody NT white herb yellow herb herb color Flower shape Flower (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 0Mottled Common 60 Common 59 Chocolate 58 Mottled 57 Chocolate 56 Red 55 Common 54 Mottled 53 Mottled 52 Common Common 51 50 Spangle 49 Common 48 Common 47 Common 46 Great 45 44 S.N mormon mime Mormon species Butterfly Emigrant yellow grass yellow grass Albatross Emigrant Albatross jezeble spot yellow grass Emigrant Emigrant mormon mormon mormon the pyran- Catopsilia hecabe Eurema lyncida Appias the pyran- Catopsilia lyncida Appias scombesi de- Delias hecabe Eurema the pyran- Catopsilia the pyran- Catopsilia polytes Papilio polytes Papilio tenor pro- Papilio polytes Papilio polytes Chilasa non mem- Papilio Name Scientific 25 25 32 25 25 14 34 (mm) length Proboscis 16 15 15 14 16 14 16 15 16 16 24 pilosa Bidens tum odora- Eupatorium latifolia Borreria iana wight- Sambucus tum odora- Eupatorium pilosa Bidens adnata Sambucus rus teropho- hys- Parthenium elegans Zinnia pilosa Bidens glabra Bougainvillea camara Lantana coccinea Salvia burghii rox- Mussaenda clit quamo- Ipomoea camara Lantana tum odora- Eupatorium species Plant ebwieN 4 3 NT 2 white T 5 T herb white 20 T 12 pink herb 29 T white herb T pink T 28 herb 26 yellow woody red woody T 12 T herb yellow 9 T pink woody yellow T herb woody purple woody category Plant ebwieT5 9 T 4 white T 4 T herb purple 9 NT 5 purple woody white herb T T herb purple white woody herb color Flower shape Flower (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 7Straight Straight 77 Straight 76 Common 75 Straight 74 Straight 73 Himalayan 72 Common 71 Straight 70 Straight 69 Chocolate 68 Chocolate 67 Mottled 66 Common 65 Red 64 Red 63 Common 62 61 S.N jezeble spot jezeble spot yellow grass species Butterfly Swift Swift Swift flat small Swift Swift flat spotted flat small Swift Swift Albatross Albatross Emigrant yellow grass guttata Parnara guttata Parnara guttata Parnara hara dasa- Sarangesa guttata Parnara guttata Parnara munda Celaenorrbinus hara dasa- Sarangesa guttata Parnara guttata Parnara lyncida Appias lyncida Appias the pyran- Catopsilia hecabe Eurema scombesi de- Delias scombesi de- Delias hecabe Eurema Name Scientific 14 14 16 15 16 16 15 (mm) length Proboscis 17 17 17 12 17 17 20 12 17 17 25 pudica phureus sul- Cosmic lata lanceo- Coreopsis latifolia Borreria zoides cony- Ageratum pilosa Bidens lobata Urena rus teropho- hys- Parthenium latifolia Borreria folia rhambi- Sida camara Lantana tum odora- Eupatorium elegans Zinnia erecta Tagetes indica Castanopsis tum odora- Eupatorium folia rhambi- Sida species Plant ebpn T12 3 NT 4 pink T 3 T herb 12 white NT purple 9 herb T yellow 6 herb T yellow 17 herb T purple woody 4 T yellow herb 9 yellow NT herb 3 T herb white NT purple woody yellow herb herb category Plant ebprl T2 3 NT 4 T purple 4 T yellow herb 3 5 yellow T herb T purple herb T white herb white herb herb color Flower shape Flower (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ne .Pooso utrisseisosre nRp ae .Vnsaidc edn on feeding indica Vanessa a. Lake. Rupa in observed species butterflies of Photoes Camara 4. Annex (mm) length tube Corolla (mm) length Proboscis length tube corolla and mm) (in length proboscis butterflies by butterfly visited for flowers family) of (by mm) statistics (in Descriptive Straight 3. Annex Straight 80 Straight 79 78 S.N on atn aaay aii eo nEptru drtmz aii rtnron protenor Papilio z. odoratum Eupatorium on memon Papilio y. camara Lantana on s lacturnu adenophora on genutia conyzoides on chrysippus elegans Zinnia on mulciber Euploea grtmadenophora Ageratum .Agni yebu on hyperbius b. grtmconyzoides Ageratum .Jnnalmna on lemonias Junonia o. .Erm nesn on andersoni Eurema t. Swift Swift Swift species Butterfly iespilosa Bidens emdu confertum Desmodium .Prniaalain aglea Parantica j. aiyNme Mean Number Family irde1 .339 2–17 3–12 2–17 5 3.5 2–12 5 14–34 4–9 14–16 5 5 1 5.1–18.2 3.5 1.45 5 12–20 1.25 3.96 2.70 4 2.25 3.84 25 8 15 6.63 6.55 0 2.60 12 6.69 6.42 1.75 0.83 dae 16 11 17 Papilioni 4.38 Lycaenidae 2.80 25.71 Pieridae 32 15.18 7.10 Nymphalidae 2.15 11.63 13 7 Hesperidae 16 11 16.46 Papilionidae Lycaenidae Pieridae 32 Nymphalidae 13 Hesperidae grtmconyzoides Ageratum .Jnnaamn on almana Junonia e. guttata Parnara guttata Parnara guttata Parnara Name Scientific .Jnnaamn on almana Junonia m. 94 .42 59–29 15 20 8.44 19.43 7 .Jnnalmna on lemonias Junonia r. inaelegans Zinnia atn camara Lantana grtmconyzoides Ageratum .Ctpii ooaon pomona Catopsilia w. rn Lobata Urena 17 17 17 (mm) length Proboscis .Epoacr on core Euploea h. atn camara Lantana c. aasgenutia Danaus .Delias p. 26 .Dla ecmeio atn aaav Everes v. Camara Lantana on descombesi Delias u. atn Camara Lantana uhahyssopifolia Cuphea .Sidsslht on lohita Spindasis k. erecta Duranta nosa uligi- Acmella phureus sul- Cosmic species Plant pasithoe eito Median deviation Standard grtmconyzoides Ageratum inaelegans Zinnia .Jnnalmna on lemonias Junonia f. on .Dnu hyipson chrysippus Danaus n. on od upeT7 4 T 3 T purple T yellow woody yellow herb herb category Plant iarhambifolia Sida uaoimodoratum Eupatorium .Vnsacru on cardui Vanessa s. atn camara Lantana .Tgie iiis on litigiosa Tagaides x. avaCoccinea Salvia color Flower .Epoacr on core Euploea I. .Jnnaiphita Junonia d. iespilosa Bidens ag Range range quartile Inter .Danaus q. .Danaus l. Ageratum Ageratum Lantana shape Flower g. (mm) length Corolla Posted on Authorea 20 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159795420.03686607 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 27