DOCSLIB.ORG

The Report of the Iraq Inquiry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Report of the Iraq Inquiry The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Executive Summary Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors HC 264 Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 6 July 2016 for The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Executive Summary Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 6 July 2016 HC 264 © Crown copyright 2016 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] Print ISBN 9781474133319 Web ISBN 9781474133326 ID 23051602 46561 07/16 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 Pre‑conflict strategy and planning .................................................................................... 5 The UK decision to support US military action ................................................................. 6 UK policy before 9/11 ................................................................................................. 6 The impact of 9/11 ................................................................................................... 10 Decision to take the UN route .................................................................................. 16 Negotiation of resolution 1441 ................................................................................. 19 The prospect of military action ................................................................................. 21 The gap between the Permanent Members of the Security Council widens ........... 24 The end of the UN route .......................................................................................... 30 Why Iraq? Why now? ..................................................................................................... 40 Was Iraq a serious or imminent threat? ................................................................... 40 The predicted increase in the threat to the UK as a result of military action in Iraq . 47 The UK’s relationship with the US .................................................................................. 51 Decision‑making ............................................................................................................ 54 Collective responsibility ........................................................................................... 55 Advice on the legal basis for military action ................................................................... 62 The timing of Lord Goldsmith’s advice on the interpretation of resolution 1441 ...... 63 Lord Goldsmith’s advice of 7 March 2003 ............................................................... 65 Lord Goldsmith’s arrival at a “better view” ............................................................... 66 The exchange of letters on 14 and 15 March 2003 ................................................. 66 Lord Goldsmith’s Written Answer of 17 March 2003 ................................................ 67 Cabinet, 17 March 2003 .......................................................................................... 68 Weapons of mass destruction ........................................................................................ 69 Iraq WMD assessments, pre‑July 2002 ................................................................... 69 Iraq WMD assessments, July to September 2002 ................................................... 72 Iraq WMD assessments, October 2002 to March 2003 ........................................... 75 The search for WMD ................................................................................................ 77 1 The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Planning for a post‑Saddam Hussein Iraq ..................................................................... 78 The failure to plan or prepare for known risks ......................................................... 78 The planning process and decision‑making ............................................................ 81 The post‑conflict period .................................................................................................. 86 Occupation ............................................................................................................... 86 Looting in Basra ................................................................................................ 86 Looting in Baghdad .......................................................................................... 88 UK influence on post‑invasion strategy: resolution 1483 .................................. 89 UK influence on the Coalition Provisional Authority .......................................... 90 A decline in security ........................................................................................... 93 The turning point ............................................................................................... 96 Transition ................................................................................................................. 97 UK influence on US strategy post‑CPA ............................................................. 97 Planning for withdrawal ..................................................................................... 97 The impact of Afghanistan ................................................................................. 99 Iraqiisation ....................................................................................................... 101 Preparation for withdrawal ..................................................................................... 103 A major divergence in strategy ........................................................................ 103 A possible civil war .......................................................................................... 104 Force Level Review ......................................................................................... 107 The beginning of the end ................................................................................. 108 Did the UK achieve its objectives in Iraq? .................................................................... 109 Key findings ..................................................................................................................111 Development of UK strategy and options, 9/11 to early January 2002 ...................111 Development of UK strategy and options, January to April 2002 – “axis of evil” to Crawford .................................................................................................................111 Development of UK strategy and options, April to July 2002 ................................. 112 Development of UK strategy and options, late July to 14 September 2002 .......... 112 Development of UK strategy and options, September to November 2002 – the negotiation of resolution 1441 ................................................................................ 113 Development of UK strategy and options, November 2002 to January 2003 ........ 113 Development of UK strategy and options, 1 February to 7 March 2003 ................ 114 Iraq WMD assessments, pre‑July 2002 ................................................................. 115 Iraq WMD assessments, July to September 2002 ................................................. 116 Iraq WMD assessments, October 2002 to March 2003 ......................................... 117 The search for WMD .............................................................................................. 117 2 Executive Summary Advice on the legal basis for military action, November 2002 to March 2003 ....... 119 Development of the military options for an invasion of Iraq ................................... 120 Military planning for the invasion, January to March 2003 ..................................... 121 Military equipment (pre‑conflict) ............................................................................. 122 Planning for a post‑Saddam Hussein Iraq ............................................................. 122 The invasion .......................................................................................................... 123 The post‑conflict period ......................................................................................... 123 Reconstruction ....................................................................................................... 124 De‑Ba’athification ................................................................................................... 125 Security Sector Reform .......................................................................................... 125 Resources .............................................................................................................. 126 Military
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Corpus Christi College the Pelican Record
    CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE THE PELICAN RECORD Vol. LI December 2015 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE THE PELICAN RECORD Vol. LI December 2015 i The Pelican Record Editor: Mark Whittow Design and Printing: Lynx DPM Limited Published by Corpus Christi College, Oxford 2015 Website: http://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk Email: [email protected] The editor would like to thank Rachel Pearson, Julian Reid, Sara Watson and David Wilson. Front cover: The Library, by former artist-in-residence Ceri Allen. By kind permission of Nick Thorn Back cover: Stone pelican in Durham Castle, carved during Richard Fox’s tenure as Bishop of Durham. Photograph by Peter Rhodes ii The Pelican Record CONTENTS President’s Report ................................................................................... 3 President’s Seminar: Casting the Audience Peter Nichols ............................................................................................ 11 Bishop Foxe’s Humanistic Library and the Alchemical Pelican Alexandra Marraccini ................................................................................ 17 Remembrance Day Sermon A sermon delivered by the President on 9 November 2014 ....................... 22 Corpuscle Casualties from the Second World War Harriet Fisher ............................................................................................. 27 A Postgraduate at Corpus Michael Baker ............................................................................................. 34 Law at Corpus Lucia Zedner and Liz Fisher ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ministerial Code
    Published on The Institute for Government (https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk) Home > Ministerial code Ministerial code [1] What is the ministerial code? [2] [1] The ministerial code [3] is the set of rules and principles which outline the standards of conduct for government ministers [4]. There are separate codes for ministers for the UK government and devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The codes all include the ‘overarching duty’ of ministers to comply with the law and to abide by the Seven [2] Principles of Public Life [3], a set of ethical standards which apply to all holders of public office. The Northern Ireland Code also sets out rules and procedures specified in the Belfast Agreement, the 1998 Act, the St Andrews Agreement and the Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006. Who does the ministerial code apply to? [5] Ministerial codes apply to all government ministers. Sections of the UK, Scottish and Welsh codes also apply to special advisers [6] (who are also subject to separate codes), unpaid advisers (in the Welsh Code), Parliamentary Liaison Officers (in the Scottish Code) and parliamentary private secretaries [7] (in the UK Code). What does the ministerial code cover? [8] All of the ministerial codes cover similar ground in terms of the functioning of government and the impartiality of the civil service, accountability to parliament, use of government resources, propriety and ethics, and the separation between private and public interests. The codes also set out how each government should function, including the role of collective responsibility [9], or collegiality, and how decisions are made.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
    THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Ethics 2007.Pdf
    Intelligence Ethics: The Definitive Work of 2007* Published by the Center for the Study of Intelligence and Wisdom Edited by Michael Andregg About the Eyes A spy asked, “Why the eyes?” They are the eyes of my daughter, who deserves a decent world to grow up in. They are the eyes of your mother, who deserves a decent peace to grow old in. They are the eyes of children blown to shreds by PGMs sent to the wrong address by faulty intelligence. And they are the eyes of children blown to shreds by suicide bombers inspired by faulty intelligence. They are the eyes of orphans and they are the eyes of God, wondering who fears ethical thought and why. Grandmother says it is time to grow up. The nation is in danger and the children are in peril. So sometimes you can set long books of rules aside and use the ancient Grandma Test. If she were watching, and knew everything you do, would she really approve? Copyright © 2007 by Michael Murphy Andregg All rights reserved. Published in the United States by the Center for the Study of Intelligence and Wisdom, an imprint of Ground Zero Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andregg, Michael M. ISBN 0-9773-8181-1 1. Ethics. 2. Intelligence Studies. 3. Human Survival. Printed in the United States of America First Edition A generic Disclaimer : Many of our authors have had diverse and interesting government backgrounds and some are still on active duty. Others are professors of intelligence studies with active security clearances.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigatory Inquiries and the Inquiries Act 2005
    Investigatory inquiries and the Inquiries Act 2005 Standard Note: SN/PC/02599 Last updated: 19 July 2011 Author: Chris Sear Section Parliament and Constitution Centre The Inquiries Act 2005 made significant changes to the system of public inquiries in the UK including the repeal of the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 which had formed the main basis for statutory inquiries over some 80 years. The 2005 Act provides a statutory framework for inquiries into matters of public concern, and this note list the inquiries established under the Inquiries Act 2005 and, provides some assessments of the impact of the Act. This note does not encompass routine administrative inquiries into, for example, planning or social security matters, nor specialist inquiries such as transport accident or companies act investigations. It does however discuss some alternative ways of establishing inquiries into matters of public concern, other than those set up under the 2005 Act, as well as some of the issues raised by public inquiries such as the need to keep the cost of inquiries under control. This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Report of the Iraq Inquiry: Executive Summary
    Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 6 July 2016 for The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Executive Summary Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 6 July 2016 HC 264 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 1 23/06/2016 14:22 © Crown copyright 2016 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identifi ed any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] Print ISBN 9781474133319 Web ISBN 9781474133326 ID 23051602 46561 07/16 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fi bre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:22 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 1 23/06/2016 15:04 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 Pre‑conflict strategy and planning .................................................................................... 5 The UK decision to support US military action ................................................................. 6 UK policy before 9/11 ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications
    Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications Jessica R. Adolino, Ph. D. Professor of Political Science James Madison University Draft prepared for presentation at the European Studies Association Annual Meeting May 9-12, 2019, Denver, Colorado Please do not cite or distribute without author’s permission. By almost any measure, since the immediate aftermath of the June 16, 2016 Brexit referendum, the British government has been in a state of chaos. The turmoil began with then- Prime Minister David Cameron’s resignation on June 17 and succession by Theresa May within days of the vote. Subsequently, May’s decision to call a snap election in 2017 and the resulting loss of the Conservatives’ parliamentary majority cast doubt on her leadership and further stirred up dissension in her party’s ranks. Perhaps more telling, and the subject of this paper, is the unprecedented number of ministers1—from both senior and junior ranks—that quit the May government over Brexit-related policy disagreements2. Between June 12, 2017 and April 3, 2019, the government witnessed 45 resignations, with high-profile secretaries of state and departmental ministers stepping down to return to the backbenches. Of these, 34 members of her government, including 9 serving in the Cabinet, departed over issues with some aspect of Brexit, ranging from dissatisfaction with the Prime Minister’s Withdrawal Agreement, to disagreements about the proper role of Parliament, to questions about the legitimacy of the entire Brexit process. All told, Theresa May lost more ministers, and at a more rapid pace, than any other prime minister in modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • Suez 1956 24 Planning the Intervention 26 During the Intervention 35 After the Intervention 43 Musketeer Learning 55
    Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd i 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East Louise Kettle 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiiiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Louise Kettle, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/1 3 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3795 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3797 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3798 1 (epub) The right of Louise Kettle to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iivv 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Learning from History 1 Learning from History in Whitehall 3 Politicians Learning from History 8 Learning from the History of Military Interventions 9 How Do We Learn? 13 What is Learning from History? 15 Who Learns from History? 16 The Learning Process 18 Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 21 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Edited by K H a L I D K O S E R & T H O M a S T H O R P Strategic
    HOW TO PREVENT: EXTREMISM AND POLICY OPTIONS With a lead essay from HAZEL BLEARS Strategic Prevention is Vital to Tackle Extremism / Angela Salt Religion as a Partner on the International Stage / Francis Campbell The Importance of Theological Clarity and Rebuttal in Preventing Extremism / Usama Hasan Nigeria: Hope, Challenges and Opportunity / Fatima Akilu To Prevent, Understand Religious Ideology / Peter Welby Extremism and Complexity of Thinking / Sara Savage Pakistan: Lessons from Deradicalising Young Taliban Fighters / Feriha Peracha, Raafia Raees Khan, Asma Ayub and Kanza Aijaz Educating To Protect Young People Against Extremism / Jo Malone Building Community Resilience to Prevent Extremism in Conflict-Afected Environments / Alpaslan Özerdem Social Engagement: An Efective Way to Tackle Radicalisation / Brian Grim Singapore: Prevention Requires Participation / Rohan Gunaratna Mobilising Religious Leaders to Efectively Prevent Extremism / Banke Adetayo Preventing Violent Extremism: From Dialogue to Delivery / Khalid Koser & Amy E. Cunningham Edited by KHALID KOSER & THOMAS THORP 1 This volume is published with the support of the Education and Security: The Challenge of Religious Diversity initiative at McGill University. Copyright © December 2015 by the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Edited by Khalid Koser and Thomas Thorp. Global Perspectives series Editorial Board: Mark Juergensmeyer, University of California, Santa Barabara; John Campbell, Council on Foreign Relations; Gregory Sterling, Yale University; Brian Grim, Religious Freedom and Business Foundation. All rights reserved. Citation, reproduction and or translation of this publication, in whole or in part, for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorised provided the source is fully acknowledged. With the exception of Tony Blair Faith Foundation staf, the views expressed by authors remain solely their own and may not necessarily be the view of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Whitehall Confidential? the Publication of Political Memoirs
    House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee Whitehall Confidential? The Publication of Political Memoirs Fifth Report of Session 2005–06 HC 689-I House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee Whitehall Confidential? The Publication of Political Memoirs Fifth Report of Session 2005–06 Report and Annex, together with formal minutes Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 18 July 2006 HC 689-I Published on 25 July 2006 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Public Administration Select Committee The Public Administration Select Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the reports of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, of the Health Service Commissioners for England, Scotland and Wales and of the Parliamentary Ombudsman for Northern Ireland, which are laid before this House, and matters in connection therewith and to consider matters relating to the quality and standards of administration provided by civil service departments, and other matters relating to the civil service. Current membership Dr Tony Wright MP (Labour, Cannock Chase) (Chairman) Mr David Burrowes MP (Conservative, Enfield Southgate) Paul Flynn MP (Labour, Newport West) David Heyes MP (Labour, Ashton under Lyne) Kelvin Hopkins MP (Labour, Luton North) Mr Ian Liddell-Grainger MP (Conservative, Bridgewater) Julie Morgan MP (Labour, Cardiff North) Mr Gordon Prentice MP (Labour, Pendle) Paul Rowen MP (Liberal Democrats, Rochdale) Grant Shapps MP (Conservative, Welwyn Hatfield) Jenny Willott MP (Liberal Democrats, Cardiff Central) The following Member was also a member of the Committee for part of this inquiry: Julia Goldsworthy MP (Liberal Democrats, Falmouth and Cambourne).
    [Show full text]
  • UK Land Operations in Iraq 2007
    House of Commons Defence Committee UK land operations in Iraq 2007 First Report of Session 2007–08 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 20 November 2007 HC 110 [Incorporating HC 727-i & ii, Session 2006–07] Published on 3 December 2007 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £15.50 The Defence Committee The Defence Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies. Current membership Rt Hon James Arbuthnot MP (Conservative, North East Hampshire) (Chairman) Mr David S Borrow MP (Labour, South Ribble) Mr David Crausby MP (Labour, Bolton North East) Linda Gilroy MP (Labour, Plymouth Sutton) Mr David Hamilton MP (Labour, Midlothian) Mr Mike Hancock MP (Liberal Democrat, Portsmouth South) Mr Dai Havard MP (Labour, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney) Mr Adam Holloway MP (Conservative, Gravesham) Mr Bernard Jenkin MP (Conservative, North Essex) Mr Brian Jenkins MP (Labour, Tamworth) Mr Kevan Jones MP (Labour, Durham North) Robert Key MP (Conservative, Salisbury) Willie Rennie MP (Liberal Democrat, Dunfermline and West Fife) John Smith MP (Labour, Vale of Glamorgan) The following Members were also Members of the Committee during the Parliament. Mr Colin Breed MP (Liberal Democrat, South East Cornwall) Derek Conway MP (Conservative, Old Bexley and Sidcup) Mr Mark Lancaster MP (Conservative, North East Milton Keynes) Mr Desmond Swayne MP (Conservative, New Forest West) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunset for the Royal Marines? the Royal Marines and UK Amphibious Capability
    House of Commons Defence Committee Sunset for the Royal Marines? The Royal Marines and UK amphibious capability Third Report of Session 2017–19 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 30 January 2018 HC 622 Published on 4 February 2018 by authority of the House of Commons The Defence Committee The Defence Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies. Current membership Rt Hon Dr Julian Lewis MP (Conservative, New Forest East) (Chair) Leo Docherty MP (Conservative, Aldershot) Martin Docherty-Hughes MP (Scottish National Party, West Dunbartonshire) Rt Hon Mark Francois MP (Conservative, Rayleigh and Wickford) Graham P Jones MP (Labour, Hyndburn) Johnny Mercer MP (Conservative, Plymouth, Moor View) Mrs Madeleine Moon MP (Labour, Bridgend) Gavin Robinson MP (Democratic Unionist Party, Belfast East) Ruth Smeeth MP (Labour, Stoke-on-Trent North) Rt Hon John Spellar MP (Labour, Warley) Phil Wilson MP (Labour, Sedgefield) Powers The committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications Committee reports are published on the Committee’s website at www.parliament.uk/defcom and in print by Order of the House. Evidence relating to this report is published on the inquiry page of the Committee’s website. Committee staff Mark Etherton (Clerk), Dr Adam Evans (Second Clerk), Martin Chong, David Nicholas, Eleanor Scarnell, and Ian Thomson (Committee Specialists), Sarah Williams (Senior Committee Assistant), and Carolyn Bowes and Arvind Gunnoo (Committee Assistants).
    [Show full text]